CN101652618B - 降低液化天然气热值的方法和装置 - Google Patents

降低液化天然气热值的方法和装置 Download PDF

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CN101652618B
CN101652618B CN200780049775.6A CN200780049775A CN101652618B CN 101652618 B CN101652618 B CN 101652618B CN 200780049775 A CN200780049775 A CN 200780049775A CN 101652618 B CN101652618 B CN 101652618B
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stream
lng
logistics
gas
raw materials
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CN101652618A (zh
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C·M·耶恩格勒
S·杜特
P·豪德格斯
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Chevron USA Inc
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Chevron USA Inc
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    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
    • F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
    • F25J3/0228—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream characterised by the separated product stream
    • F25J3/0233—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream characterised by the separated product stream separation of CnHm with 1 carbon atom or more
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    • F17C13/00—Details of vessels or of the filling or discharging of vessels
    • F17C13/004—Details of vessels or of the filling or discharging of vessels for large storage vessels not under pressure
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    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
    • F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
    • F25J3/0204—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream characterised by the feed stream
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    • F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
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Abstract

本发明提供了通过除去天然气液体产物同时冷凝蒸发气降低引入的LNG热值的方法和装置。将LNG从储存容器中泵出且随后通过交叉换热加热到露点温度。将此加热了的LNG的一部分输送出去以蒸发，同时将剩余部分进一步通过与脱甲烷塔的塔顶蒸气交叉换热来加热，且随后作为原料输送到所述脱甲烷塔中。在所述脱甲烷塔的底部将NGL回收，且将所述塔顶蒸气与来自所述LNG储存容器的蒸发气混合。这些混合的蒸气通过与所述LNG原料部分交叉换热冷凝，且随后将它们用泵增压到管线压力并经蒸发器输送到气体管线中。

Description

降低液化天然气热值的方法和装置
发明领域
本发明涉及降低液化天然气(LNG)的热值。更具体地，本发明涉及通过除去天然气液体产物同时冷凝蒸发气降低输入的LNG的热值。
发明背景
天然气是一种有价值的、环境友好的能源。随着清洁的易精炼原油的量逐渐减少，天然气已被接受为替代能源。天然气可从天然气储层回收或作为伴生气体自原油储层回收。实际上，适用于本方法的天然气可从产生轻质烃气体的任何工艺回收。
天然气可在世界各地发现。世界各地发现的天然气储量中的大部分与油不同，且随着新储层的发现和加工，LNG工业将继续发展。具有大量天然气储层的国家包括阿尔及利亚、澳大利亚、文莱、印度尼西亚、利比亚、马来西亚、尼日利亚、阿曼、卡塔尔及特立尼达和多巴哥。
LNG转运站存在于日本、韩国和欧洲以及美国。LNG货轮可在专用的海上接收转运站卸载它们的货物，所述专用的海上接收转运站储存LNG并使LNG再气化以便分配到国内市场。陆上转运站可包括码头、LNG处理设备、储存罐、蒸发器系统和与地方输气管线和发电厂的相互连接。海上转运站通常再气化并直接将气体泵送到海上天然气管线中或可将天然气储存在海底盐穴中以便以后注入到海上管线中。
LNG通常在约-162℃的深冷温度和在大气压力下或大气压力附近的蒸气压下在双壁罐或容器中储存。LNG的核心容积由内罐提供，而外罐设计用来提供第二容积、保持绝热并提供保护免受环境的不利影响。使用常规蒸发器系统将LNG加热并转化为可使用的气体。在蒸发器系统中将LNG从约-160℃加热以将其从液相转化为可使用的气体，以使得它能转移到管线中。
在LNG从轮船卸载到LNG接收转运站中的深冷储存罐中时，一部分液化天然气因若干加热因素如泵热、热漏泄和闪蒸而蒸发。将这些生成的蒸气压缩并用作燃料或通过与正从专用BOG冷凝器中的深冷储存罐中泵出的LNG换热而再次冷凝。随后通常将从BOG冷凝器输出的再冷凝的蒸气与通过LNG输出泵泵送到蒸发器中且随后被泵送到气体管线中的主LNG物流混和。
近来，消费者对于被再气化并从它们的LNG接收转运站输出的LNG要求严格的规格。这些要求包括具有恰当的热值、燃料品质和组成(C2、C3和较重组分)。因为LNG液化站主要由于使天然气液化所必需的工艺操作条件而不能有效改进以便满足所述严格规格，所以LNG C2+组分的分离通常在LNG再气化转运站中进行。
在LNG再气化转运站中天然气液体(NGL：是指天然气中存在的可作为液化石油气和天然汽油提取或分离的烃)的回收以多种方法进行，但所有方法都需要加入许多复杂的旋转机械项目。例如，一种方法需要压缩机来压缩贫C1气体到管线压力，而另一方法需要将全部LNG泵送到中间压力(介于LNG罐泵与输送泵之间的压力)，这使该工艺增加了一个新步骤。
捕获BOG的常规方法涉及将气体压缩到等于正从储存罐中泵出的LNG的压力的压力。在专用冷凝器容器中将BOG与LNG物流混和，在此BOG被再冷凝并吸收到LNG中。另一常规方法涉及将BOG压缩到管线压力并将其与蒸发器下游物流混和。这种方法需要将BOG压缩到高压。
需要开发一种提供更好的BOG处理和NGL回收系统同时保持满足不同消费者需求的灵活性的新方法。该新方法还应该致力于降低设备投资成本以及操作费用，而同时又提供可靠且安全的操作。
发明概述
本发明通过除去液体石油气产物并结合以蒸发气的冷凝实现了降低输入的LNG热值的方法和装置的优势。
在本发明的一个方面，降低LNG热值的方法包括：将LNG物流分流为分离原料流和蒸发原料流；使所述分离原料流与混和的蒸发气和塔顶馏分物流交叉换热；将所述分离原料流分成塔顶馏分物流和塔底物流；使所述混和的蒸发气和塔顶馏分物流与所述蒸发原料流混和。
任选地，在上述方法中，分离原料流与蒸发物流之间的流量比在约20∶80到40∶60范围内。
任选地，在上述方法中，LNG物流压力在约75psig到125psig范围内。
任选地，在上述方法中，LNG物流处于露点温度下。
任选地，在上述方法中，所述分离在脱甲烷塔中进行。
任选地，在上述方法中，所述混和的蒸发气和塔顶馏分物流在将所述分离原料流分成所述塔顶馏分物流和所述塔底物流之前通过将蒸发气物流与所述分离原料流混和而形成。
任选地，在上述方法中，所述混和的蒸发气和塔顶馏分物流在将所述分离原料流分成所述塔顶馏分物流和所述塔底物流之后通过将蒸发气物流与所述塔顶馏分物流混和而形成。
任选地，在上述方法中，所述塔顶馏分物流包含至少约98摩尔％的甲烷。
任选地，在上述方法中，所述分离原料流与所述混和的蒸发气和塔顶馏分物流的交叉换热冷凝所述混和的蒸发气和塔顶馏分物流中的至少一部分。
在本发明的另一方面，降低LNG热值的装置包括：用于泵出LNG物流的泵；用于将LNG物流分流为分离原料流和蒸发物流的流量控制设备；至少一个用于使所述分离原料流与混和的蒸发气和塔顶馏分物流交叉换热的换热器；和用于将所述分离原料流分成所述塔顶馏分物流和塔底物流的分离塔。
任选地，在上述装置中，所述流量控制设备控制所述分离原料流与所述蒸发物流之间的流量比在约20∶80到40∶60范围内。
任选地，在上述装置中，所述泵保持LNG物流处于约75psig到125psig范围内的压力下。
任选地，在上述装置中，所述LNG物流处于露点温度下。
任选地，在上述装置中，所述分离塔为脱甲烷塔。
任选地，上述装置还包括布置在所述分离塔上游的用于混和蒸发气与所述分离原料流的集管。
任选地，上述装置还包括布置在所述分离塔下游的用于混和蒸发气与所述塔顶馏分物流的集管。
任选地，上述装置还包括布置在所述换热器下游的用于混和所述混和的蒸发气和塔顶馏分物流与所述蒸发物流的集管。
任选地，上述装置还包括用于压缩所述蒸发气物流的压缩机。
附图描述
图1说明了本发明的实施方案的流程图。
发明详述
在图1中所说明的本发明的实施方案中，液化天然气在容器(B)中被维持在选择的压力下。一般来说，该容器针对特定压力设计，且LNG的温度与在该选择的压力下的泡点温度平衡。然而，将容易理解的是，在低于该泡点温度的温度下储存LNG完全在目前技术的范围之内，而且本方法涵盖LNG储存温度的全部范围。储存LNG的容器的设计对于本发明并非关键，且包括位于陆上或水上位置中的海上的固定储存。或者，LNG可储存在例如位于轮船中或卡车、驳船、火车等上的可移动容器中。
本方法可应用于在可能的储存压力的全部范围内储存的LNG，包括从环境压力到1500psig和更高压力的压力。在一个实施方案中，LNG在约5psig或更低的压力下储存。在实际操作中，优选保持LNG处于略微高于环境压力(例如100-200毫巴表压)的储存压力下以确保可接受的压力控制。
在本发明的方法中，用船上的泵(A)将在(1)处的LNG从LNG运输船卸下。随后将在(2)处的加压了的LNG转移到LNG容器(B)中。
将LNG(3)从容器(B)转移并用泵(C)加压。将从泵(C)输出的加压了的LNG(4)转移到换热器(D)中，通过交叉换热加热到足够接近不产生任何蒸气的温度(露点温度)，并作为(5)输出。在(4)处LNG的压力优选在约75psig到125psig范围内和在(4)与(5)(跨越换热器(D))之间的温度变化在约+25℃到约+30℃范围内。
换热器(D)为气体直接接触型冷凝器如板翅式换热器以使传热最大化。
将加热加压了的LNG(5)分流为分离原料流(11)和蒸发原料流(6)。可通过使用流量控制装置如阀门(未图示)实现按流量分流。流量比优选在约20∶80到约40∶60范围内(物流(11)占20％到40％，物流(6)占80％到60％)。通过改变物流(11)与物流(6)之间的流量比，能控制管线气体中C2+组分的量以满足特定市场需求。分离原料流(11)在换热器(H)中进一步加热，换热器(H)是与换热器(D)相同类型的换热器，且作为预热了的LNG物流(12)输出。(11)与(12)(跨越换热器(H))之间的温度变化在约+1℃到约+5℃范围内。
本发明还至少部分地涉及回收BOG的方法，BOG是在LNG蒸发过程之前在LNG储存和处理过程中产生的。因为LNG维持在低于(且通常大大低于)环境温度的温度下，所以少量LNG将在储存和处理过程中因通过容器壁吸收的热而蒸发。为了防止随着LNG蒸发在LNG容器中的过压条件，必须处理蒸发了的BOG。由于将BOG作为能源的价值且如果将BOG排到大气中会有环境上的惩罚，因此希望回收并再加工排出的BOG。
因此，将LNG容器(B)中放出的蒸发气(21)用压缩机(K)加压且作为(22)输出。压缩机(K)为离心型压缩机或往复型压缩机。
随后将压缩了的蒸发气(22)与预热了的LNG物流(12)经集管(未图示)混和，且将混和的物流(13)转移到闪蒸罐(I)中。随后将混和的物流(13)闪蒸为蒸气物流(17)和液体物流(14)。该闪蒸罐(I)为通常使用类型的低压缓冲罐或相分离器罐。
随后将液体物流(14)转移到脱甲烷塔(J)中并分成塔顶馏分物流(16)和NGL塔底物流(15)。将NGL塔底物流(15)输送到其它工艺中。
脱甲烷塔(J)是使用塔底热源如塔底再沸器的再沸吸收塔。合适的塔底热源的其它实例包括锅型再沸器、热虹吸再沸器、板翅式换热器、内部再沸器、侧位再沸器和它们的组合。脱甲烷塔(J)通常包括在同一塔内的汽提段和吸收段。在脱甲烷塔(J)中，再沸器回流物流中的上升蒸气通过与来自液体物流(14)的下降液体密切接触而至少部分冷凝，由此生成塔顶馏分物流(16)。塔顶馏分物流(16)的甲烷浓度为至少约98摩尔％。冷凝的液体沿脱甲烷塔(J)下降且作为NGL塔底物流(15)移出。
塔顶馏分物流(16)与蒸气物流(17)经集管(未图示)混和并作为混和的蒸发气和塔顶馏分物流(18)输出。随后将混和的蒸发气和塔顶馏分物流(18)转移到换热器(H)中，通过与去往脱甲烷塔(J)的LNG原料部分交叉换热而冷却并部分冷凝，且作为(19)输出。(18)与(19)(跨越换热器(H))之间的温度变化在约-3℃到约-18℃范围内。
冷却的塔顶馏分物流(19)通过在换热器(D)中与LNG原料部分交叉换热而进一步冷却并冷凝，且作为(20)输出。(19)与(20)(跨越换热器(D))之间的温度变化在约-3℃到约-10℃范围内。
随后将冷却了的塔顶馏分物流(20)转移到闪蒸罐(L)中并闪蒸为蒸气物流(23)和液体物流(24)。随后使蒸气物流(23)再循环回容器(B)，而将液体物流(24)转移到泵(M)并加压。
通过集管(未图示)将蒸发原料流(6)与从泵(M)输出的加压了的液体物流(25)混和为(7)。
随后将LNG(7)转移到闪蒸罐(E)中并闪蒸为蒸气物流(26)和LNG物流(8)。将LNG物流(8)用泵(F)进一步加压并作为(9)输出。随后在蒸发器(G)中将LNG物流(9)蒸发且作为气体(10)输出。
一般来说，蒸发压力将由(10)处的管线输送压力加上引起跨越蒸发器(G)的压力损失的一些相对小的压差来设定。当加压了的LNG(9)通过蒸发器(G)时LNG被蒸发。说明性的蒸发器包括管壳式换热器、开架式蒸发器等。蒸发了的LNG(10)处于管线输送压力下且可输送到管线输送系统或另一天然气消费者。一般来说，将天然气压缩到的管线输送压力大于1000psig。1300psig附近的压力是示例性的。
下表为富LNG情形的实施例(表1)和贫LNG情形的实施例(表2)。富LNG情形的甲烷浓度在约85摩尔％到89摩尔％范围内。贫LNG情形的甲烷浓度在约90摩尔％到95摩尔％范围内。
表1
Figure G2007800497756D00071
表2
Figure G2007800497756D00081

Claims (13)

1.降低LNG热值的方法，包括：
将LNG物流分流为分离原料流和蒸发原料流；
将所述分离原料流与蒸发气混合形成混合物流，其中蒸发气在深冷储存罐中产生；
将所述混合物流送入闪蒸罐，闪蒸为蒸气物流和液体物流；
将所述液体物流分离成塔顶馏分物流和塔底物流；
使所述分离原料流与混和的蒸气物流和塔顶馏分物流交叉换热；
和
使所述混和的蒸气物流和塔顶馏分物流与所述蒸发原料流混和。
2.权利要求1的方法，其中所述分离原料流与所述蒸发原料流之间的流量比在20：80到40：60范围内。
3.权利要求1的方法，其中所述LNG物流的压力在75psig到125psig范围内。
4.权利要求1的方法，其中所述LNG物流处于露点温度。
5.权利要求1的方法，其中所述液体物流在脱甲烷塔中被分成所述塔顶馏分物流和所述塔底物流。
6.权利要求1的方法，其中所述塔顶馏分物流包括至少98摩尔％的甲烷。
7.权利要求1的方法，其中所述分离原料流与所述混和的蒸气物流和塔顶馏分物流的交叉换热冷凝所述混和的蒸气物流和塔顶馏分物流中的至少一部分。
8.降低LNG热值的装置，包括：
深冷储存罐，其盛有LNG和其中产生的蒸发气；
用于泵送来自所述深冷储存罐的LNG物流的泵；
用于将所述LNG物流分流为分离原料流和蒸发原料流的流量控制设备；
用于将所述分离原料流与所述蒸发气混合形成混合物流的集管；
用于将所述混合物流闪蒸为蒸气物流和液体物流的闪蒸罐；
用于将所述液体物流分离成塔顶馏分物流和塔底物流的分离塔；和
至少一个用于使所述分离原料流与混和的蒸气物流和塔顶馏分物流交叉换热的换热器；和
用于将所述混和的蒸气物流和塔顶馏分物流与所述蒸发原料流混和的集管。
9.权利要求8的装置，其中所述流量控制设备控制所述分离原料流与所述蒸发原料流之间的流量比在20：80到40：60范围内。
10.权利要求8的装置，其中所述泵将所述LNG物流保持在75psig到125psig范围内的压力下。
11.权利要求8的装置，其中所述LNG物流处于露点温度。
12.权利要求8的装置，其中所述分离塔是脱甲烷塔。
13.权利要求8的装置，还包括用于压缩所述蒸发气的压缩机。
CN200780049775.6A 2006-12-21 2007-12-14 降低液化天然气热值的方法和装置 Expired - Fee Related CN101652618B (zh)

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