CN101642840A - Induction welding method for aluminum water-cooling base plate and stainless joint - Google Patents
Induction welding method for aluminum water-cooling base plate and stainless joint Download PDFInfo
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- CN101642840A CN101642840A CN200910013541A CN200910013541A CN101642840A CN 101642840 A CN101642840 A CN 101642840A CN 200910013541 A CN200910013541 A CN 200910013541A CN 200910013541 A CN200910013541 A CN 200910013541A CN 101642840 A CN101642840 A CN 101642840A
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Abstract
The invention relates to an induction welding method for an aluminum water-cooling base plate and a stainless joint, which mainly comprises the following steps: processing the stainless joint and thewater-cooling base plate by sodium hydroxide and sulfuric acid solution and drying; bending a zinc-aluminum alloy flux-cored welding wire with a melting point of 420-480 DEG C into a circle and placing the zinc-aluminum alloy flux-cored welding wire to the root part of the stainless joint exposing out of the end surface of the water-cooling base plate and the chamfering position of a screw hole ofthe end surface of the water-cooling base plate; connecting an induction coil of the water-cooling base plate with one induction heating power supply and placing the water-cooling base plate into theinduction coil; connecting an induction coil of the stainless joint with the other high frequency induction heating power supply and placing the stainless joint into the induction coil. The temperature in the welding position of the water-cooling base plate rises to 450-480 DEG C and the temperature in the welding position of the stainless joint rises to 500-550 DEG C during welding. The invention more ideally solves the problem of welding two different material components of aluminum and stainless steel; welded brazing filler metal has full and even appearance and completely fills a seam andcan lead the welding position to be sealed permanently; and the stable working state of an IGBT power module is ensured.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the processing method of the IGBT power model constant temperature cooling device of electric locomotive and EMUs.
Background technology
At present, the constant temperature cooling device of the IGBT power model of electric locomotive and EMUs generally adopts aluminum water-cooling base plate, in the High-Voltage Electrical Appliances cabinet casing of i.e. electric locomotive or EMUs tens water-cooling base plates are installed, each water-cooling base plate is equipped with the IGBT power model more than 2.Above-mentioned water-cooling base plate mainly is made up of water-cooled frid, water-cooled cover plate, weld tabs and stainless joint etc.The processing method of this aluminum water-cooling base plate mainly is: the water-cooled frid after the thick machined, water-cooled cover plate are welded as a whole them by vacuum brazing with weld tabs, bore the hole of 2 Φ 10.8 and process the screw thread of M12 * 1 at its end face afterwards, two stainless joints (being the Inlet and outlet water joint) that will have M12 * 1 screw thread then are respectively installed in the screw of water-cooling base plate endface position, carry out the gas welding sealing at stainless joint root that exposes the water-cooling base plate end face and water-cooling base plate end face screw chamfering place.
There is following shortcoming in above-mentioned welding processing mode: the gas welding sealing is by manually-operated, because the melting temperature difference of two kinds of materials, the extremely difficult control of welding temperature, even welding temperature reaches, scolder also is difficult in two body combinations under the impact of oxygen, acetylene air-flow chamfering place adds the seam sealing fully.When cooling system is worked, water pump runs up and impels cooling medium to circulate in the system pipeline high speed, if there is small leakage the intake-outlet of water-cooling base plate and stainless joint junction, will burn out electric elements even form short circuit, cause locomotive normally to move, its consequence is hardly imaginable.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide and a kind ofly can realize the aluminum water-cooling base plate of the chamfering place positiver sealing that the water-cooling base plate end face combines with stainless joint two bodies and the induction welding method of stainless joint.
The present invention mainly is the method that adopts induction welding, and particular content is as follows:
One, the surface treatment of two body welds
1, respectively stainless joint and water-cooling base plate end face part being placed temperature is that 75-85 ℃ 8%-10% sodium hydroxide solution soaks 15-20 second, to remove the alumite on the water-cooling base plate and the greasy dirt on stainless joint surface.
2, take out above-mentioned workpiece, place again that about 10% sulfuric acid solution soaks 5-6 second under the normal temperature, be attached to alkali lye on substrate and the joint with neutralization.
3, water washes the surface of the work that cleaned, and makes it not retain the material of any influence welding.
4, the workpiece crossed of drying and flushing is installed to stainless joint the water-cooling base plate end face area then and prepares welding.
Two, welding material
1, welding material of the present invention is: diameter 2.5-3.5 millimeter, fusing point 420-480 ℃ allumen band medicine core (brazing flux) welding wire.
2, the demarcation composition of above-mentioned welding wire scolder is as follows:
Pb 0.005%MAX
Fe 0.005%MAX
Cu 0.005%MAX
Cd 0.005%MAX
Al 2.4%MAX
The Zn surplus.
3, above-mentioned its Main Ingredients and Appearance of welding wire brazing flux is the fluoride of free from corrosion caesium.The effect of this brazing flux is: will dissolve the oxide-film that connects the aluminium parts surface after the brazing flux fusing, and can prevent oxidation again, the moistening again aluminium of brazing flux surface makes solder freely to flow into weld seam by capillarity, and cooling back brazing flux forms the film that one deck tightly depends on parts surface.
4, the usage of welding wire: in advance above-mentioned welding wire rounding is placed stainless joint root and water-cooling base plate end face screw chamfering place, the i.e. weld of two bodies that exposes the water-cooling base plate end face.Preferably the welding wire lock ring of rounding is at the stainless joint root, flows into many and inhomogeneous, not full, the rough solder side of solder profile between the few two soldered bodies that caused of the solder stainless joint end wall that climbs of solder in the plate body hole to prevent solder fusing back.
Three, welding equipment and frock
1. welding equipment is an induction heating equipment: induction heating equipment of the present invention is a SSF-60 type superaudio low-power induction heating equipment, and this equipment mainly is made up of main frame and transformer two parts.Two of this induction heating equipments use simultaneously, and they link to each other with the induction coil of stainless joint and the induction coil of water-cooling base plate respectively.
2. weld induction coil with one of frock-stainless joint
It is to be finished by the induction coil of stainless joint that stainless joint is carried out eddy-current heating.This coil is the coiled pipe of being made by copper pipe, is shaped as the circle corresponding with the stainless joint profile in this coiled pipe circle.When stainless joint places the circular space of this induction coil, gap value between the two is the 3-7 millimeter.These induction coil two ends are that input and output side is provided with the joint that links to each other with a high-frequency induction heating power transformer input and output wiring terminal, this joint can directly link to each other with induction heating power, also can link to each other indirectly by the transition copper pipe that is located on the induction heating power.
The high-frequency signal of the main frame of above-mentioned induction heating power and transformer output and operating current are that the copper pipe wall by induction coil is transmitted on the workpiece, for preventing that high temperature that eddy-current heating produces is to Copper Tube Corrosion and softening, the recirculated water mechanism that this induction heating power has pair copper pipe to cool off, when induction coil linked to each other with this high-frequency induction heating power, recirculated water was just connected.
The induction coil corresponding with stainless joint can be one, and the weld seam that has promptly welded between a stainless joint and the water-cooling base plate moves on on another stainless joint again, welds the weld seam between another stainless joint and the water-cooling base plate; This induction coil is preferably identical two, i.e. weld seam between two stainless joints of water-in and water-out and the water-cooling base plate welds simultaneously.
3. weld with the induction coil on two-water-cooling base plate of frock
It is to be finished by the induction coil of water-cooling base plate that water-cooling base plate is carried out eddy-current heating.This coil is the coiled pipe of being made by copper pipe, is shaped as the oblateness corresponding with the water-cooling base plate profile in this coiled pipe circle.When water-cooling base plate places the oblate space of this induction coil, gap value between the two is the 3-7 millimeter.These induction coil two ends are that input and output side is provided with the joint that links to each other with another high-frequency induction heating power transformer input and output wiring terminal, this joint can directly link to each other with induction heating power, also can link to each other indirectly by the transition copper pipe that is located on the induction heating power.
The high-frequency signal of the main frame of above-mentioned induction heating power and transformer output and operating current are that the copper pipe wall by induction coil is transmitted on the workpiece, for preventing that high temperature that eddy-current heating produces is to Copper Tube Corrosion and softening, the recirculated water mechanism that this induction heating power has pair copper pipe to cool off, when induction coil linked to each other with this high-frequency induction heating power, recirculated water was just connected.
4. welding is prepared
The induction coil input and output side of water-cooling base plate is linked to each other with the transformer input and the output wiring terminal of an induction heating power respectively.The water-cooling base plate that is assembled with stainless joint is placed in the above-mentioned induction coil, and it is adjusted, making gap value between the two is the 3-7 millimeter, afterwards water-cooling base plate is fixed with anchor clamps.Induction coil input and output side with stainless joint links to each other with the transformer input and the output wiring terminal of another high-frequency induction heating power respectively again.The stainless joint that is fixed on the water-cooling base plate is placed in the above-mentioned induction coil, and it is adjusted, making gap value between the two is the 3-7 millimeter.
5. welding
High-frequency induction heating power is linked to each other with power supply, press start key, then the ascending power demand that slowly transfers to of the power governor on the high-frequency induction heating power (is promptly tested the weld substrate by the contact temperature sensor, the temperature of joint and welding wire, when their temperature reaches temperature required scope, the power that show this moment is power demand, when welding operation, need only like this power is transferred to this power bracket, needn't all measure temperature) at every turn, utilize electromagnetic induction principle, heating object is sharply heated up at short notice, the temperature of aluminum water-cooling base plate weld rises to 450-480 ℃, and the temperature of stainless joint weld rises to 500-550 ℃.Place the solder fusing of weld this moment, kept this temperature 2-4 minute, and the moistening aluminium of brazing flux surface makes solder freely to flow into weld seam and along the stainless joint end wall certain altitude that climbs by capillarity.Heating after finishing is turned power down, presses stop key again.Cooling back solder connects the film that formation one deck tightly depends on the surface at parts.
The present invention utilizes electromagnetic induction principle, convert the magnetic field of same frequency to by inductance coil after, act on the metal object that is in this magnetic field.Utilize eddy current effect, in metal object, generate the rotatory current of inducting (being eddy current) that is directly proportional with magnetic field intensity.By the resistance in the metal object, convert thereof into heat energy by rotatory current, also have hysteresis effect, Kelvin effect, edge effect etc. simultaneously, also can generate little heat, they make the temperature of metal object raise rapidly jointly, realize the purpose of Fast Heating.
The present invention compared with prior art has following advantage:
1, the present invention has solved the Welding Problems of aluminium and two kinds of unlike material parts of stainless steel more satisfactoryly, and full, even, the complete joint filling of welding back solder profile can make the weld permanent seal, has guaranteed IGBT power model stable working state.
2, the present invention can realize welding automatic control, than welding quality stable hand-manipulated, reliable; Continued operation incessantly again simultaneously, the welding efficiency height.
3, the present invention adopt the eddy-current heating time short, speed is fast; and be contactless; therefore slighter than other mode of heating oxidations, be convenient to gas shield and multinomial intelligent protection, it is very little that near the weld metallographic is damaged, the structural life-time that has prolonged water-cooling base plate.
4, easy operating of the present invention, and handling safety.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is that the induction coil master of stainless joint of the present invention looks schematic diagram.
Fig. 2 is the induction coil schematic top plan view of stainless joint of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is that the induction coil master of water-cooling base plate of the present invention looks schematic diagram.
Fig. 4 is the induction coil schematic top plan view of water-cooling base plate of the present invention.
Fig. 5 is that the master after aluminum water-cooling base plate of the present invention, stainless joint, induction welding equipment and the frock assembling looks simplified schematic diagram.
Sequence number explanation among the figure: 1. stainless joint; 2. allumen welding wire; 3. the induction coil of water-cooling base plate; 4. the transition copper pipe of belt lacing; 5. water-cooling base plate; 6. water-cooling base plate stationary fixture; 7. the induction coil of stainless joint; 8. the transition copper pipe of belt lacing; 9. the high-frequency induction heating power main frame that links to each other with the induction coil of stainless joint; 10. the high-frequency induction heating power transformer that links to each other with the induction coil of stainless joint; 11. the high-frequency induction heating power main frame that links to each other with the induction coil of water-cooling base plate; 12. the high-frequency induction heating power transformer that links to each other with the induction coil of water-cooling base plate.
The specific embodiment
Example 1
Respectively stainless joint and water-cooling base plate end face part being placed temperature is that 85 ℃ 8% sodium hydroxide solution soaked 20 seconds, take out above-mentioned workpiece, place under the normal temperature 10% sulfuric acid solution to soak again 5 seconds, surface of the work that the water flushing was cleaned and oven dry are installed to stainless joint the water-cooling base plate end face then.Cut-off footpath 2.5 millimeters, fusing point 420-480 ℃ allumen band flux-cored wire, the demarcation composition of this welding wire scolder is as follows: Pb 0.005%MAX, Fe 0.005%MAX, Cu 0.005%MAX, Cd0.005%MAX, Al 2.4%MAX, Zn surplus.Above-mentioned welding wire rounding is placed the stainless joint root and the water-cooling base plate end face screw chamfering place of exposing the water-cooling base plate end face, and the welding wire lock ring of rounding is at the stainless joint root.The induction coil of stainless joint is the coiled pipe of being made by φ 8 * δ 1mm copper tube, is shaped as the circle corresponding with the stainless joint profile in this coiled pipe circle, as depicted in figs. 1 and 2.When stainless joint places the circular space of this induction coil, gap value between the two is the 3-7 millimeter.This induction coil input and output side is provided with the joint that links to each other with a high-frequency induction heating power transformer input and output wiring terminal, and this joint links to each other indirectly by the transition copper pipe that is located at belt lacing on the induction heating power.The recirculated cooling water mechanism that this induction heating power has pair copper pipe to cool off.The induction coil of water-cooling base plate also is the coiled pipe of being made by φ 8 * δ 1mm copper tube, is shaped as the oblateness corresponding with the water-cooling base plate profile in this coiled pipe circle, as shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4.When water-cooling base plate places the oblate space of this induction coil, gap value between the two is the 3-7 millimeter.This induction coil input and output side is provided with the joint that links to each other with another high-frequency induction heating power transformer input and output wiring terminal, and this joint links to each other indirectly by the transition copper pipe that is located at belt lacing on the induction heating power.This induction heating power has the cooling water mechanism of the circulation that pair copper pipe cools off.Two transition copper pipes, one end that the induction coil input and output side of water-cooling base plate is corresponding with high-frequency induction heating power respectively links to each other, and this two transition copper pipe links to each other with this high-frequency induction heating power transformer input and output wiring terminal respectively.The water-cooling base plate that is assembled with stainless joint is placed in the above-mentioned induction coil, and it is adjusted, making gap value between the two is the 3-7 millimeter, afterwards water-cooling base plate is fixed with anchor clamps.Again that the induction coil input and output side of stainless joint is corresponding with another high-frequency induction heating power respectively two transition copper pipes, one end links to each other, and this two transition copper pipe links to each other with this high-frequency induction heating power transformer input and output wiring terminal respectively.The stainless joint that is fixed on the water-cooling base plate is placed in the above-mentioned induction coil, and it is adjusted, making gap value between the two is the 3-7 millimeter, as shown in Figure 5.Two induction heating equipments of the present invention are SSF-60 type superaudio low-power induction heating equipment, and their technical parameter is:
Working power three-phase 380V/50HZ
Operating voltage range 342V-430V
Maximum input current 97A
Peak power output 60KW
Frequency of oscillation 10-40KHZ
Cooling water flow (main frame) 40L/min (0.1KPa)
Cooling water flow (transformer) 41L/min (0.1KPa)
With above-mentioned two induction heating powers energising, press start key, with the ascending power demand that slowly transfers to of the power governor on the high-frequency induction heating power, make the temperature of aluminum water-cooling base plate weld rise to 450 ℃ then, the temperature of stainless joint weld rises to 500 ℃.Place the solder fusing of weld this moment, kept this temperature 4 minutes, and the moistening aluminium of brazing flux surface makes solder freely to flow into weld seam and along the stainless joint end wall certain altitude that climbs, to turn power down by capillarity, presses stop key again.Cooling back solder connects the film that formation one deck tightly depends on the surface at parts.The induction coil of above-mentioned stainless joint is moved on on another stainless joint again the operation above repeating.
Example 2
Respectively stainless joint and water-cooling base plate end face part being placed temperature is that 75 ℃ 10% sodium hydroxide solution soaked 15 seconds, take out above-mentioned workpiece, place under the normal temperature 9% sulfuric acid solution to soak again 6 seconds, surface of the work that the water flushing was cleaned and oven dry are installed to stainless joint the water-cooling base plate end face then.Cut-off footpath 3.5 millimeters, fusing point 420-480 ℃ allumen band flux-cored wire, the demarcation composition of this welding wire scolder is as follows: Pb 0.005%MAX, Fe 0.005%MAX, Cu 0.005%MAX, Cd0.005%MAX, Al 2.4%MAX, Zn surplus.Above-mentioned welding wire rounding is placed the stainless joint root and the water-cooling base plate end face screw chamfering place of exposing the water-cooling base plate end face, and the welding wire lock ring of rounding is at the stainless joint root.The induction coil of stainless joint is to make two identical coiled pipes by φ 8 * δ 1mm copper tube, is shaped as the circle corresponding with the stainless joint profile in this coiled pipe circle, as depicted in figs. 1 and 2.Insert the circular space of this induction coil when stainless joint after, gap value between the two is the 3-7 millimeter.This induction coil input and output side is provided with the joint that links to each other with above-mentioned induction heating power transformer input and output wiring terminal, and this joint links to each other indirectly by the transition copper pipe that is located on the induction heating power.The recirculated cooling water mechanism that this induction heating power has pair copper pipe to cool off.The induction coil of water-cooling base plate also is the coiled pipe of being made by φ 8 * δ 1mm copper tube, is shaped as the oblateness corresponding with the water-cooling base plate profile in this coiled pipe circle, as shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4.Insert the oblate space of this induction coil when water-cooling base plate after, gap value between the two is the 3-7 millimeter.This induction coil input and output side is provided with the joint that links to each other with above-mentioned induction heating power transformer input and output wiring terminal, and this joint links to each other indirectly by the transition conduit that is located on the induction heating power.This induction heating power has the cooling water mechanism of the circulation that pair copper pipe cools off.Two transition copper pipes, one end that the induction coil input and output side of water-cooling base plate is corresponding with high-frequency induction heating power respectively links to each other, and this two transition copper pipe links to each other with this high-frequency induction heating power transformer input and output wiring terminal respectively.The water-cooling base plate that is assembled with stainless joint is placed in the above-mentioned induction coil, and it is adjusted, making gap value between the two is the 3-7 millimeter, afterwards water-cooling base plate is fixed with anchor clamps.
Again that two induction coil input and output sides of two stainless joints are corresponding with another high-frequency induction heating power respectively two transition copper pipes, one end links to each other, and this two transition copper pipe links to each other with this high-frequency induction heating power transformer input and output wiring terminal respectively.Two stainless joints that are fixed on the water-cooling base plate are placed in above-mentioned two induction coils, and it is adjusted, making induction coil and stainless joint gap value between the two is the 3-7 millimeter, as shown in Figure 5.Two induction heating equipments of the present invention are SSF-60 type superaudio low-power induction heating equipment, and their technical parameter is:
Working power three-phase 380V/50HZ
Operating voltage range 342V-430V
Maximum input current 97A
Peak power output 60KW
Frequency of oscillation 10-40KHZ
Cooling water flow (main frame) 40L/min (0.1KPa)
Cooling water flow (transformer) 41L/min (0.1KPa)
Above-mentioned two high-frequency induction heating powers are linked to each other with power supply, press start key, with the ascending power demand that slowly transfers to of the power governor on the high-frequency induction heating power, make the temperature of aluminum water-cooling base plate weld rise to 480 ℃ then, the temperature of stainless joint weld rises to 550 ℃.Place the solder fusing of weld this moment, kept this temperature 2 minutes, and the moistening aluminium of brazing flux surface makes solder freely to flow into weld seam and along the stainless joint end wall certain altitude that climbs, to turn power down by capillarity, presses stop key again.Cooling back solder connects the film that formation one deck tightly depends on the surface at parts.
Claims (6)
1. the induction welding method of aluminum water-cooling base plate and stainless joint is characterized in that:
(1) respectively stainless joint and water-cooling base plate end face part being placed temperature is that 75-85 ℃ 8-10% sodium hydroxide solution soaks 15-20 second, take out above-mentioned workpiece, place again that about 10% sulfuric acid solution soaks 5-6 second under the normal temperature, surface of the work that the water flushing was cleaned and oven dry are installed to stainless joint the water-cooling base plate end face then;
(2) cut-off footpath 2.5-3.5 millimeter, fusing point 420-480 ℃ allumen band flux-cored wire place its rounding at the stainless joint root and the water-cooling base plate end face screw chamfering place of exposing the water-cooling base plate end face;
(3) the induction coil input and output side with water-cooling base plate links to each other with the transformer input and the output wiring terminal of an induction heating power respectively, the water-cooling base plate that is assembled with stainless joint is placed in the above-mentioned induction coil, and it is adjusted, making gap value between the two is the 3-7 millimeter, afterwards water-cooling base plate is fixed with anchor clamps, induction coil input and output side with stainless joint links to each other with the transformer input and the output wiring terminal of another high-frequency induction heating power respectively again, the stainless joint that is fixed on the water-cooling base plate is placed in the above-mentioned induction coil, and it is adjusted, making gap value between the two is the 3-7 millimeter
(4) above-mentioned two high-frequency induction heating powers are linked to each other with power supply, by start key and the ascending power demand that slowly transfers to, make the temperature of aluminum water-cooling base plate weld rise to 450-480 ℃, the temperature of stainless joint weld rises to 500-550 ℃, place the solder fusing of weld, keep this temperature 2-4 minute, and turned power down, press stop key again.
2. the induction welding method of aluminum water-cooling base plate according to claim 1 and stainless joint is characterized in that: the demarcation composition of above-mentioned welding wire scolder is as follows:
Pb 0.005%MAX
Fe 0.005%MAX
Cu 0.005%MAX
Cd 0.005%MAX
Al 2.4%MAX
The Zn surplus.
3. the induction welding method of aluminum water-cooling base plate according to claim 1 and stainless joint, it is characterized in that: the induction coil of stainless joint is the coiled pipe of being made by copper pipe, be shaped as the circle corresponding with the stainless joint profile in this coiled pipe circle, this induction coil input and output side is provided with the joint that links to each other with a high-frequency induction heating power transformer input and output wiring terminal.
4. the induction welding method of aluminum water-cooling base plate according to claim 1 and stainless joint, it is characterized in that: the induction coil of water-cooling base plate is the coiled pipe of being made by copper pipe, be shaped as the oblateness corresponding with the water-cooling base plate profile in this coiled pipe circle, this induction coil input and output side is provided with the joint that links to each other with another high-frequency induction heating power transformer input and output wiring terminal.
5. the induction welding method of aluminum water-cooling base plate according to claim 1 and stainless joint is characterized in that: the welding wire lock ring of rounding is at the stainless joint root.
6. the induction welding method of aluminum water-cooling base plate according to claim 1 and stainless joint is characterized in that: the induction coil of stainless joint is identical two.
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CN103447683A (en) * | 2013-08-29 | 2013-12-18 | 安庆市灵宝机械有限责任公司 | High-frequency welding coal cutting pick device |
CN103639559A (en) * | 2013-11-14 | 2014-03-19 | 北京航空航天大学 | Loop heat pipe evaporator large-area soldering method |
CN104439731A (en) * | 2014-11-24 | 2015-03-25 | 中国兵器科学研究院宁波分院 | Steel-aluminum welding structure auxiliary seat and manufacturing method |
CN105478989A (en) * | 2016-01-07 | 2016-04-13 | 山东齐鲁电机制造有限公司 | Welding process for outgoing line of air inner-cooled turbine generator |
CN105798412A (en) * | 2016-05-17 | 2016-07-27 | 中国海洋大学 | Pipeline brazing method |
CN111633355A (en) * | 2020-05-27 | 2020-09-08 | 常州鑫力航金属新材料有限公司 | Environment-friendly corrosion-free self-brazing solder for brazing aluminum alloy and copper alloy and preparation method thereof |
CN111633355B (en) * | 2020-05-27 | 2022-04-15 | 常州鑫力航金属新材料有限公司 | Environment-friendly corrosion-free self-brazing solder for brazing aluminum alloy and copper alloy and preparation method thereof |
CN114211210A (en) * | 2021-12-31 | 2022-03-22 | 上海飞卓智能科技有限公司 | Quick response temperature surface mounting process |
CN114211210B (en) * | 2021-12-31 | 2022-12-09 | 飞卓科技(上海)股份有限公司 | Quick response temperature surface mounting process |
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