CN101616099A - Hardware forwarding table refreshing method and device and routing device - Google Patents
Hardware forwarding table refreshing method and device and routing device Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of hardware forwarding table refreshing method, hardware forwarding table refreshing device and a kind of routing device.For hardware forwarding table is provided with software copy, and realize a refresh operation to hardware forwarding table by following steps in the routing device internal memory: CPU is access memory at first, and the index that software copy is refreshed and will change list item is notified to the hardware refresh unit; The hardware refresh unit will change list item according to index and write hardware forwarding table one by one by the software copy in the dma mode access memory.The present invention can realize refreshing fast of hardware forwarding table.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to communication technical field, relate in particular to a kind of hardware forwarding table refreshing method, a kind of hardware forwarding table refreshing device and a kind of routing device.
Background technology
Along with development of internet technology, the network equipment of main flow as middle and high end switch and most of router, can both be supported transmitting of big specification; A kind of high speed route lookup system of content-based addressable memory just is provided as Chinese patent CN02100458.7: the route querying coprocessor by special setting receives the route refresh order that Routing Protocol is sent by central processing unit (CPU) interface, control SRAM (static memory) and CAM (Content Addressable Memory, Content Addressable Memory) carries out the hardware refresh and the storage of routing forwarding list item, thereby support jumbo route forwarding table.
But, the refresh technique that existing hardware is transmitted all is the ruuning situation of CPU according to upper-layer protocol basically, directly issue microcommand and carry out refreshing of hardware forwarding table, perhaps, the module (as the route querying coprocessor) by special setting is divided into the microcommand that can directly carry out with cpu command and carries out refreshing of hardware forwarding table; Because above-mentioned microcommand is the reading and writing at the wall scroll list item basically, so efficient is very low;
Particularly carry out list item when moving at needs, the processing that need carry out two steps just can be finished and (earlier the source contents in table be carried out hardware and read, carry out the hardware write operation of reading of content then in purpose list item position), that is to say, data in the hardware forwarding table at first will be copied and be uploaded to CPU and realize that hardware reads, be issued to hardware forwarding table by CPU again and realize that hardware writes, just can finish moving of one or several list item in the hardware forwarding table; Obviously, this process not only relates to copy and the transmission operation of data between hardware, and transfer of data is not directly directly to carry out between CPU and hardware forwarding table under a lot of situations, the transfer of intermediate demand third party device (retransmission unit or the chip that is provided with separately), efficiency of transmission is very low; In fact, it is the operation that can't avoid in the refreshing hardware forwarding table process that list item is moved, and also is operation the most consuming time simultaneously, and only can finish about 4k each second;
For some list items that have priority relationship, it is particularly evident that the defective of above-mentioned refreshing hardware forwarding table technology shows:
(1) for IPv4/v6FTN (VPN Routing﹠amp; Forwarding, VPN route and forwarding instance) table (be commonly called as and be routing table), (multipriority is high more more as the prefix figure place priority relationship between the route prefix of its list item, the route that has the 25bit prefix like this is with respect to the route with 20bit prefix, it has higher priority), when carrying out hardware store, the list item of high priority need be placed on before the low priority list item;
For instance, route table items IP1, IP2 and IP3 have the 24bit prefix, will insert a routing IP 4 with 32bit prefix now, then need earlier the IP1 list item to be moved the position of IP3 back, refresh in former IP1 list item position then and write the IP4 list item, shown in Figure 1A;
Again for example, delete the list item IP3 among Figure 1A now, then need the IP1 list item is moved the position of IP3 list item, it is invalid then former IP list item position to be changed to, shown in Figure 1B;
The principle that above-mentioned Figure 1A and Figure 1B only refresh for explanation IPv4/v6FTN list item, those skilled in the art can understand, and FTN table capacity is very big, can reach the M level in the equipment of general core layer, so often relates to a large amount of list items in its refresh process and move;
(2) for IPv4/v6ACL (Access Control List, Access Control List (ACL)) table, its list item is only from issuing the angle of object (big class), just be divided into the overall situation (Global), VLAN and port (Port) three class priority, and in each big class inside, be refined as a lot of groups again, such as ACL, MQC (Modular QoS Command-line, modular QoS order line), PBR (Policy Based Routing, the strategy route) etc., be provided with corresponding priority level between each group again; Therefore, when issuing the list item of specified type, need find the corresponding priority level position earlier at every turn, the list item of low priority is moved backward, the position that will descend forwarding list item to write again to be available;
For instance,, then need former Port piece is moved backward, on the position that is available, write this Port typing rule, as shown in Figure 2 if want between VLAN piece and Port piece, to insert a Port typing rule (Port Rule);
In actual applications, IPv4/v6ACL shows that not only specification is bigger, and the ACL that dynamically generates table is with in fact network users is relevant, and the ACL of static configuration shows need regular adjustment, and it relates to a large amount of list items equally and moves;
Be example with IPv4/v6FTN table and IPv4/v6ACL table above, existing refreshing hardware forwarding table technology has been carried out simple description, those skilled in the art can understand, and hardware forwarding table is not limited to above-mentioned two types certainly.But as can be seen from the above-mentioned description that IPv4/v6FTN table and IPv4/v6ACL are shown, existing refreshing hardware forwarding table technology all is that the hardware forwarding table of storage in the hardware (as SRAM and CAM) is directly operated, related to a large amount of forwarding-table items and moved problem, it is very slow to cause list item to refresh progress;
Above-mentionedly refresh that efficient is low to have caused following problem again: upgrade though the software of CPU is transmitted, but not have acquisition not synchronous timely for hardware forwarding table (as SRAM and CAM) storage, that carry out actual forwardings institute foundation in the hardware, therefore this forwarding-table item and Pending The Entry Into Force cause safe black hole; It is very difficult to want to overcome this safe black hole problem by software design.
Summary of the invention
Embodiments of the invention are intended to overcome the defective of above-mentioned prior art, the technical scheme that provides refreshing hardware fast to transmit, realize software, hardware forwarding table fast synchronously.
For achieving the above object, embodiments of the invention provide a kind of hardware forwarding table refreshing method, for hardware forwarding table is provided with software copy, and realize a refresh operation to hardware forwarding table by following steps in the routing device internal memory:
Step S1:CPU is access memory at first, and the index that described software copy is refreshed and will change list item is notified to the hardware refresh unit;
Step S2: described hardware refresh unit will change list item according to described index and write described hardware forwarding table one by one by software copy described in the direct memory access dma mode access memory.
Accordingly, embodiments of the invention also provide a kind of hardware forwarding table refreshing device, comprising:
The hardware refresh unit that is connected with hardware forwarding table with the CPU of routing device, and described hardware refresh unit respectively is by software copy in the direct memory access dma mode access memory, hardware forwarding table;
Described hardware refresh unit receives the index that routing device CPU formerly refreshes the variation list item that described software copy obtains during access memory, and will change list item according to described index and write described hardware forwarding table one by one, realize a refresh operation to described hardware forwarding table.
Accordingly, embodiments of the invention also provide a kind of routing device that is provided with above-mentioned hardware forwarding table refreshing device.
As shown from the above technical solution, than refresh technique existing, that the direct control hardware forwarding table carries out read/write, embodiments of the invention are that hardware forwarding table is provided with software copy, with refresh and the reading software copy in the mode of data replace the CPU operational hardware and transmit the mode of carrying out data read, can realize refreshing fast of hardware forwarding table, thereby improve effectively that CPU institute maintenance software is transmitted and routing device in synchronism between the hardware forwarding table, reduce the possibility that safe black hole produces.
With reference to the accompanying drawing description of a preferred embodiment, above-mentioned and other purpose of the present invention, feature and advantage will be more obvious by following.
Description of drawings
Figure 1A, 1B carry out the hardware refresh schematic diagram that list item adds, deletes for the IPv4/v6FTN table in the prior art;
Fig. 2 is for carrying out the hardware refresh schematic diagram that list item adds for the IPv4/v6ACL table in the prior art;
Fig. 3 A, 3B are respectively the flow chart of hardware forwarding table refreshing method embodiment provided by the invention;
Fig. 4 is the block diagram of hardware forwarding table refreshing device one embodiment provided by the invention;
Fig. 5 A, 5B are respectively hardware forwarding table refreshing device and are located at the application schematic diagram that routing device is transmitted device or the independent programming device that is provided with;
Fig. 6 A, 6B are respectively in the hardware forwarding table refreshing device shown in Figure 4, the block diagram of hardware refresh unit embodiment.
Embodiment
To describe specific embodiments of the invention in detail below.Should be noted that the embodiments described herein only is used to illustrate, be not limited to the present invention.
The present invention at first provides a kind of hardware forwarding table refreshing method, may further comprise the steps:
Step S0: in the routing device internal memory, software copy is set for hardware forwarding table, the structure of this software copy is consistent with the hardware forwarding table of routing device with content, its table item index is also identical with hardware forwarding table, therefore also can be described as the Shadow table of hardware forwarding table;
For example, the hardware forwarding table of routing device may comprise IPv4/v6FTN table, IPv4/v6ACL table or the like, and the hardware forwarding table of each type is preserved separately; So, in the internal memory also the hardware forwarding table corresponding to above-mentioned each type preserve its software copy respectively;
Again for example, dissimilar, the hardware forwarding table of same type may be kept at respectively in the different hardware owing to the specification reason even, for instance, may be stored on the different CAM chips; In this case, not only want the software copy of the hardware forwarding table in the corresponding preservation different hardware, and want respective record to store the hardware identifier of this hardware forwarding table, such as the CAM chip id;
In a word, software copy is equivalent to the loyalty copy of hardware forwarding table, and follow-up like this hardware forwarding table could be located rapidly and adjusts according to the variation of software copy.
After the preparation of finishing above-mentioned software copy, when the execution result needs according to upper-layer protocol carry out refreshing of hardware forwarding table, carry out following steps:
Step S1:CPU is access memory at first, and the index that software copy is refreshed and will change list item is notified to the hardware refresh unit;
Concrete, interpolation and deletion action that CPU can comprise new forwarding-table item to refreshing of software copy: when new forwarding-table item generated, CPU function software copy was inserted into suitable position with newly-generated list item; When forwarding-table item need be deleted, CPU deleted this list item from software copy;
As can be seen, the refresh operation of above-mentioned forwarding-table item is realized by software mode; Simultaneously, those skilled in the art can understand, and are generally undertaken by modes such as pointers for the operation of software copy, needn't relate to the copy of data, and it is very high therefore to refresh efficient; Like this, even there is the requirement of priority in operated list item, some or all of relevant entries is adjusted in a certain type file copy of needs, also can finish in a short period of time;
Above-mentioned duplicate of the document refresh finish after, the index that CPU will change list item is notified to the hardware refresh unit;
As a feasible embodiment, CPU can only inform the hardware refresh unit with the index that changes list item; This is applicable to the hardware forwarding table type that the list item adjusting range is less relatively, and for example the IPv4/v6FTN table when a list item adds or deletes, generally only relates to the operation of two list items;
As another feasible embodiment, CPU need to change in the identification software copy scope of list item, and with the initial index of this scope with finish index and be notified to the hardware refresh unit, but do not get rid of the situation that existence in this scope does not change list item; This is applicable to the hardware forwarding table type that the list item adjusting range is relatively large, and for example the IPv4/v6ACL table when a list item adds or deletes, often relates to the integral shift of list item piece;
The specifically mode of informing of above-mentioned change list entry index can be provided with respectively at dissimilar hardware forwarding tables in advance by the network management personnel, with the index that maximum reduction CPU need notify, accelerates follow-up hardware operation process.
After the operation of finishing above-mentioned steps S1, the table item index or the table item index scope of variation can be known in the hardware refresh unit, therefore can carry out actual hardware transmit with upgrade the back software copy synchronously, be execution in step S2: the hardware refresh unit is by DMA (Direct Memory Access, direct memory access) software copy described in the mode access memory will change list item according to described index and write described hardware forwarding table one by one;
Wherein, to look its storage condition different for concrete hardware forwarding table writing mode; For example, if preserve the keyword Key (source IP address, purpose IP address etc.) of hardware forwarding table among the CAM, preserve the Result as a result (retransmitting paramater, channel situation etc.) of hardware forwarding table among the SRAM, then can be earlier finish the renewal that writes in Result district among the SRAM, finish the renewal that writes in Key district among the CAM again according to index according to index; Certainly, if the information of every list item of hardware forwarding table is not separated to preserve, carry out the renewal operation that write operation just can be finished hardware forwarding table according to index so;
As can be seen, the write operation that the data that this step S2 only changes to software copy among the step S1 are carried out hardware forwarding table can realize refreshing of hardware forwarding table, and this has effectively improved the efficient that refreshes of hardware forwarding table undoubtedly:
For instance, route table items IP1 shown in Figure 1A, IP2 and IP3 have the 24bit prefix, to insert a routing IP 4 now with 32bit prefix, so software copy at first carry out with CPU software transmit fast synchronously, promptly obtain according to IP4, IP2, IP3, the IP1 order is arranged transmits copy, then by list item (IP4 and the IP1 of hardware refresh unit with its variation, perhaps the list item of IP4～IP1) writes hardware forwarding table and gets final product, wait for earlier in this and the prior art that the data that hardware reads IP1 finish, wait for that again hardware writes the data of IP1 (in last position) and finishes, the data (in the position of former IP1) that last hardware again writes IP4 are compared, simplify the refresh process link undoubtedly, shortened the refresh process flow process;
Especially, only be schematically exemplifying of carrying out for convenience of explanation shown in Figure 1A, in fact a hardware forwarding table refresh the operation that can not only relate to two list items, and the list item of operation is many more, advantage of the present invention embodies just more for obviously;
In addition, the bandwidth of carrying out internal storage access is often higher, therefore carry out hardware data and read with respect to being transmitted by the CPU access hardware in the prior art, the present invention is higher by the efficient that internal storage access carries out data read, helps further improving the efficient that refreshes of hardware forwarding table.
Above-mentioned steps S1～S2 shows a refresh operation of hardware forwarding table; By above-mentioned analysis for step S1 and step S2 as can be seen, the present invention can effectively improve the efficient that refreshes of hardware forwarding table than prior art, generally just can finish the synchronous refresh process in the time of ms level.
Further, it is that ruuning situation according to upper-layer protocol constantly refreshes that software among the CPU is transmitted, its refresh each time (comprising that part or integral body that a certain type of hardware is transmitted refresh) all corresponding software copy and hardware forwarding table synchronously; In the present invention, though software copy can realize basically real-time synchronously, but the hardware write operation still will be subject to hardware after all, therefore in the extremely short time, still sequence problem might appear, require in the extremely short time, same forwarding-table item to be carried out refreshing for twice such as CPU,, just may cause the conflict or the omission of twice refreshing instruction if the hardware refresh unit can't in time respond and handle; In order to overcome this problem, the invention provides preferable solution;
As shown in Figure 3A, hardware forwarding table refreshing method also comprises step S3: after described hardware refresh unit is finished hardware forwarding table and write, notify described CPU to carry out next time refreshing of hardware forwarding table by interrupt mode;
Perhaps, shown in Fig. 3 B, hardware forwarding table refreshing method also comprises step S3 ': after described hardware refresh unit was finished hardware forwarding table and write, set specified register to come identification hardware to transmit to refresh end; And CPU is the hold period poll after step S1, carries out next time refreshing of hardware forwarding table after being polled to the set of described appointment register;
No matter be according to above-mentioned any mode, can both guarantee CPU after previous hardware forwarding table is synchronous, the software copy of carrying out next time is synchronous again, thereby avoids the conflict of hardware instruction, the synchronous effect of optimizing hardware and transmitting;
Be necessary to point out because hardware writes itself and needs the regular hour, so the software that hardware forwarding table and CPU safeguarded can not realize between transmitting absolute synchronously, can there be certain hysteresis in the content of hardware forwarding table; But hardware forwarding table can efficiently refresh among the present invention, and therefore in terms of existing technologies, synchronism obtains to optimize significantly, has reduced the possibility that safe black hole produces.
Corresponding to above-mentioned hardware forwarding table refreshing method, the present invention also provides hardware forwarding table refreshing device, please refer to the embodiment that Fig. 4 provides, and this hardware forwarding table refreshing device 400 comprises:
The software copy 410 of hardware forwarding table; This software copy 410 is arranged in the routing device internal memory, and its structure is consistent with the hardware forwarding table of routing device with content, and its table item index is also identical with hardware forwarding table, therefore also can be described as the Shadow table of hardware forwarding table;
The hardware refresh unit 420 that is connected with hardware forwarding table with the CPU of routing device, and described hardware refresh unit respectively 420 is by software copy 410 described in the dma mode access memory;
Wherein, described hardware refresh unit 420 receives the index that routing device CPU formerly refresh the variation list item that described software copy 410 obtains during access memory, this index can be the index one by one that changes list item, also can be the range index that changes list item, promptly initial index and end index;
This hardware refresh unit 420 will change list item according to described index and write described hardware forwarding table one by one, realize a refresh operation to described hardware forwarding table;
By above-mentioned hardware forwarding table refreshing device 400 as can be seen, the hardware write operation that hardware refresh unit 420 only keeps for hardware forwarding table can realize refreshing of hardware forwarding table, therefore effectively improved refreshing hardware forwarding table efficient, generally in the time of ms level, just can finish the synchronous refresh process, the corresponding synchronism that has improved between software and hardware is transmitted.
Wherein, described hardware refresh unit can be arranged in the retransmission unit of routing device, perhaps, realizes by the programming device (as fpga chip) of independent setting;
Fig. 5 A shows the hardware refresh unit and is located at the application schematic diagram that routing device is transmitted device, wherein, the Key of hardware forwarding table is kept at respectively on the different hardware chips (though Fig. 5 A does not show with Result, but those skilled in the art can understand, the Key of dissimilar hardware forwarding tables can also further distinguish and be kept on the different chips, and the Result of dissimilar hardware forwarding tables also can further distinguish and be kept on the different chips); Fig. 5 B shows an application schematic diagram the hardware refresh unit being located at FPGA, wherein, dissimilar hardware forwarding tables is kept at respectively on different TCAM (Ternary Content Addressable Memory, Ternary Content Addressable Memory) chip and the sram chip;
From Fig. 5 A and Fig. 5 B as can be seen, the software copy in the internal memory is consistent with the structure of hardware forwarding table, the hardware refresh unit by software read (dma mode is read), hardware is write and is finished refreshing of hardware forwarding table.
Please further combined with Fig. 6 A and Fig. 6 B, as specific embodiment, described hardware refresh unit 620 can comprise:
Cpu instruction identification module 621 is provided to the interface of the CPU of described routing device, is used to discern the index of the routing device CPU variation list item that formerly the updating software copy obtains during access memory;
Internal storage access module 622 is provided to the interface of routing device internal memory and is connected with described cpu instruction identification module 621, is used for reading described index and changing list item accordingly by dma mode access memory software copy;
Further, for fear of the conflict of hardware refresh instruction, preferred embodiment of the present invention is for after a preceding hardware synchronization is finished, and carries out the refreshing of software copy next time again; As concrete implementation, can in hardware refresh unit 620, set up:
Perhaps, in hardware refresh unit 620, set up:
Specify register 625, be provided to the interface of routing device CPU and be connected, be used for finishing hardware forwarding table and write set afterwards, transmit with identification hardware and refresh end at described hardware writing module 623 with described hardware writing module 623;
Simultaneously, described CPU needs the hold period poll, carries out next time refreshing of hardware forwarding table after being polled to described appointment register 625 set, wherein, refreshes each time and comprises that part or integral body that a certain type of hardware is transmitted refresh; Shown in Fig. 6 B.
Corresponding to above-mentioned hardware forwarding table refreshing method and hardware forwarding table refreshing device, the present invention also provides the routing device that is provided with described hardware forwarding table refreshing device, this hardware forwarding table refreshing device can be set directly in the forwarding device of routing device, also can be arranged in the special programming device such as fpga chip.
Though described the present invention with reference to several exemplary embodiments, should be appreciated that used term is explanation and exemplary and nonrestrictive term.The spirit or the essence that do not break away from invention because the present invention can specifically implement in a variety of forms, so be to be understood that, the foregoing description is not limited to any aforesaid details, and should be in the spirit and scope that claim limited of enclosing explain widely, therefore fall into whole variations in claim or its equivalent scope and remodeling and all should be the claim of enclosing and contain.
Claims (10)
1. a hardware forwarding table refreshing method is characterized in that, for hardware forwarding table is provided with software copy, and realizes a refresh operation to hardware forwarding table by following steps in the routing device internal memory:
Step S1:CPU is access memory at first, and the index that described software copy is refreshed and will change list item is notified to the hardware refresh unit;
Step S2: described hardware refresh unit will change list item according to described index and write described hardware forwarding table one by one by software copy described in the direct memory access dma mode access memory.
2. hardware forwarding table refreshing method according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, the step that CPU will change the index notice hardware refresh unit of list item among the described step S1 comprises: the scope of the list item that changes in the CPU identification software copy, and with the initial index of this scope with finish index and be notified to the hardware refresh unit.
3. hardware forwarding table refreshing method according to claim 1 and 2 is characterized in that, also comprises step S3: after described hardware refresh unit is finished hardware forwarding table and write, notify described CPU to carry out next time refreshing of hardware forwarding table by interrupt mode; Wherein, refresh each time and comprise that part or integral body that a certain type of hardware is transmitted refresh.
4. hardware forwarding table refreshing method according to claim 1 and 2 is characterized in that, also comprises step S3 ': after described hardware refresh unit was finished hardware forwarding table and write, set specified register to come identification hardware to transmit to refresh end; And described CPU hold period poll carries out next time refreshing of hardware forwarding table after being polled to the set of described appointment register; Wherein, refresh each time and comprise that part or integral body that a certain type of hardware is transmitted refresh.
5. a hardware forwarding table refreshing device is characterized in that, comprising:
The hardware refresh unit that is connected with hardware forwarding table with the CPU of routing device, and described hardware refresh unit respectively is by software copy in the direct memory access dma mode access memory, hardware forwarding table; Described hardware refresh unit receives the index that routing device CPU formerly refreshes the variation list item that described software copy obtains during access memory, and will change list item according to described index and write described hardware forwarding table one by one, realize a refresh operation to described hardware forwarding table.
6. hardware forwarding table refreshing device according to claim 5 is characterized in that, described hardware refresh unit comprises:
The cpu instruction identification module is provided to the interface of the CPU of described routing device, is used to discern the index that routing device CPU formerly refreshes the variation list item that described software copy obtains during access memory;
The internal storage access module is provided to the interface of routing device internal memory and is connected with described cpu instruction identification module, is used for reading described index and changing list item accordingly by software copy described in the dma mode access memory;
The hardware writing module, the interface that is provided to hardware forwarding table also is connected with the internal storage access module with described cpu instruction identification module respectively, and the variation list item that is used for will reading according to index writes described hardware forwarding table one by one.
7. hardware forwarding table refreshing device according to claim 6 is characterized in that, described hardware refresh unit also comprises:
Interruption processing module is provided to the interface of routing device CPU and is connected with described hardware writing module, is used for notifying described CPU to carry out next time refreshing of hardware forwarding table by interrupt mode after described hardware writing module is finished hardware forwarding table and write; Wherein, refresh each time and comprise that part or integral body that a certain type of hardware is transmitted refresh.
8. hardware forwarding table refreshing device according to claim 6 is characterized in that, described hardware refresh unit also comprises:
Specify register, be provided to the interface of routing device CPU and be connected, be used for finishing hardware forwarding table and write set afterwards, transmit with identification hardware and refresh end at described hardware writing module with described hardware writing module;
Then described CPU hold period poll carries out next time refreshing of hardware forwarding table after being polled to the set of described appointment register; Wherein, refresh each time and comprise that part or integral body that a certain type of hardware is transmitted refresh.
9. according to the arbitrary described hardware forwarding table refreshing device of claim 5-8, it is characterized in that described hardware refresh unit is arranged in the retransmission unit of routing device, perhaps, realize by the programmable chip of independent setting.
10. routing device that is provided with the arbitrary described hardware forwarding table refreshing device of claim 5-9.
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| CN111314222A (en) * | 2020-02-12 | 2020-06-19 | 杭州涂鸦信息技术有限公司 | Routing data scheduling method and system suitable for load balancing |
| CN113472643A (en) * | 2021-06-15 | 2021-10-01 | 新华三信息安全技术有限公司 | Fault processing method and device |
| CN113472643B (en) * | 2021-06-15 | 2023-08-18 | 新华三信息安全技术有限公司 | Fault processing method and device |
| CN114567581A (en) * | 2022-01-14 | 2022-05-31 | 新华三技术有限公司合肥分公司 | Method and equipment for configuring table entry |
| CN114567581B (en) * | 2022-01-14 | 2023-12-26 | 新华三技术有限公司合肥分公司 | Method and equipment for configuring table items |
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