CN101600881A - 传感变速箱 - Google Patents

传感变速箱 Download PDF

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CN101600881A
CN101600881A CNA2008800032772A CN200880003277A CN101600881A CN 101600881 A CN101600881 A CN 101600881A CN A2008800032772 A CNA2008800032772 A CN A2008800032772A CN 200880003277 A CN200880003277 A CN 200880003277A CN 101600881 A CN101600881 A CN 101600881A
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sensorised
sensor
multiplier
gearbox
bearing
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乌尔泽莱·伊里瓦伦·古鲁兹
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Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy Innovation and Technology SL
Gamesa Eolica SA
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D80/00—Details, components or accessories not provided for in groups F03D1/00 - F03D17/00
    • F03D80/70—Bearing or lubricating arrangements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16H—GEARING
    • F16H57/00—General details of gearing
    • F16H57/01—Monitoring wear or stress of gearing elements, e.g. for triggering maintenance
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D15/00—Transmission of mechanical power
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D15/00—Transmission of mechanical power
    • F03D15/10—Transmission of mechanical power using gearing not limited to rotary motion, e.g. with oscillating or reciprocating members
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D7/00—Controlling wind motors 
    • F03D7/02—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor
    • F03D7/04—Automatic control; Regulation
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2260/00—Function
    • F05B2260/40—Transmission of power
    • F05B2260/403—Transmission of power through the shape of the drive components
    • F05B2260/4031—Transmission of power through the shape of the drive components as in toothed gearing
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2260/00—Function
    • F05B2260/70—Adjusting of angle of incidence or attack of rotating blades
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2260/00—Function
    • F05B2260/80—Diagnostics
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2270/00—Control
    • F05B2270/10—Purpose of the control system
    • F05B2270/107—Purpose of the control system to cope with emergencies
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16H—GEARING
    • F16H57/00—General details of gearing
    • F16H57/01—Monitoring wear or stress of gearing elements, e.g. for triggering maintenance
    • F16H2057/012—Monitoring wear or stress of gearing elements, e.g. for triggering maintenance of gearings
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70—Wind energy
    • Y02E10/72—Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T74/00—Machine element or mechanism
    • Y10T74/19—Gearing
    • Y10T74/19642—Directly cooperating gears
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T74/00—Machine element or mechanism
    • Y10T74/21—Elements
    • Y10T74/2186—Gear casings

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Wind Motors (AREA)
  • Force Measurement Appropriate To Specific Purposes (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及一种具有多个传感器(8和14)的传感变速箱，这些传感器安装在固定到变速箱(1)上的一套部件(5和12)上并测量旋转轴(11)上的载荷和由风力发电机的运转所产生得轴向和径向应力。安装在所选择的部件(5和12)上的传感器(8和14)在特定的时间段或者在变速箱的整个生命周期内实施传感操作，进行瞬时测量并把数据传输到一控制系统，该控制系统通过控制转速和风力发电机的螺距或者执行紧急停止来控制机器的功率。

Description

传感变速箱
技术领域
在本发明中，采用位移和负载传感器来测量旋转轴的轴向和径向移动以及由该轴传输到变速箱轴承和箱体的力。
位移和力的测量在轴支撑件和变速箱轴承上进行，以获得影响部件的变形、轴支撑件上反作用力的大小和方向以及每个时刻获得的轴向力与径向力之间的比值。
本系统适用于具有旋转元件的任何机械系统或者具有轴、轴承和轴承座的旋转机器，特别适合于风轮机中所使用的变速箱。
背景技术
变速箱是所受的结构力和动态力的振荡分量非常明显的部件，这就容易导致机械疲劳，因此其结构完整性缺陷的可能性就会增加。
由于运行负荷的不确定，目前设计和制造的变速箱的安全系数宽，这就使得它们的设计尺寸过大。为了优化这些部件，考虑到它们遭受的实际负载状态，无论是在可能的显著幅度和传输方向上，都有必要减小前面所提到的系数。
安装在结构、部件和变速箱辅助元件上的传感器的使用提供了有关载荷力和方向的直接或间接信息，以及它们所遭受的实际变形，这些有助于减小因为实际负载不确定所使用的安全系数。
文献WO 2005/010358中提到在风力部件中使用传感器，其中包括带有传感主轴的风轮机，其控制减小了载荷的影响。传感器元件的使用是为了获知由于主轴中的转子所导致的力，从而据此去调整风轮机叶片的螺距或可变的角。
美国第2005/0282678号文献介绍了一种用于变速箱的扭转传感器，其是种连接元件，这些连接元件之间的轴向和纵向移动被测定，尤其被感知，虽然该变速器的几何形状、布局和操作不同于本发明。
最后，专利第EP 1292809号介绍了一款用来检测固体材料的膨胀和张力的传感器。传感器安装在部件的内部，而外部部件具有若干轴向布置的槽。
这些专利都没有提到在机器的固定件中安装传感器用来获得由于变速箱运行而产生的旋转轴上的载荷及轴向和径向力。
发明内容
本发明目的在于变速箱的箱体或外壳合辅助部件上具有传感器，用来测量它们的局部变形及旋转机器的轴和轴承通常所遭受的力，特别是变速箱的轴和轴承所遭受的力，这些力通过轴传递，同时被这些轴承所支撑。
轴所经受的力通过接触传输给轴承，类似地，轴承将力传递给轴承座。传感器测量可以在旋转轴和轴承或者它们的支撑件上进行，换言之，即结构、锁闭盖、法兰或者其他机械提升系统。
本发明的另一个目的是确定传感器的数目以及它们安装的位置，使检测得以同时在合适的轴向或径向方向上进行，及时和同步地获得轴向和径向力并全程管理该数据。
本发明的另一个目的是在旋转机器中集成这些传感器，这些传感器能够运用在连续运动的元件上，以测量旋转轴支撑在其上的轴承的局部和总体变形。
本发明的另一个目的是获得控制系统的精确测量及其管理不同的机器状态和临时事件，例如不同的荷载和速度、运行的开始和停止、暂停、紧急停止、叶片的一个或多个螺距控制、转速调节、由机器内的运转或操作负荷而导致的临时状态、以及出现在元件设计中的不同假定状态。
从前面的描述中可以提炼出应用本发明的系统所具备的优点：
了解负荷和实际的变形；
可以根据实际负荷调整设计值；
根据实际负荷优化设计；
减少变速箱及其元件发生故障的可能；
提高风轮机的实用性；
增加对超负荷的耐受力；
降低维修成本。
得益于细长但结实的传感器结构设计和敏感元件定位点的圆形形状，在由轴承支撑的轴的方向得到了响应牵引-压缩轴向载荷的良好信号，并且响应垂直于由轴承支撑的轴的轴对称的任何径向方向上的径向力。
尽管使传感器的结构更灵活以结合敏感元件，但组件的等效刚性不会受到任何改变，因此，不同的传感轴支撑件中的力分布是不变的。
附图说明
图1是变速箱的全视图，可以看到旋转轴的布置以及连接传感器的部分；
图2是一个剖面图，对应于变速箱的中间轴的末端，示出了轴承、传感器、辅助部件、外壳和盖子布置；
图3对应于变速箱衬套的一种可能的设计，测量由旋转轴传输的径向力的传感器安装在该衬套上；
图4示出了中间轴盖以及外缘肋条的细节，用以测量由前面所述的旋转轴所传输的轴向力。
具体实施方式
其反作用力将要测量的轴或轴线由两个或更多的衬套或轴承支撑，所述衬套或轴承向变速箱外壳或箱体传输轴向和径向力，我们将测量旋转轴的反作用力。传感部件的添加使得能够测量这些径向和轴向力。
如图1所示，变速箱包括一个主体(1)，其一端连接到一个转子轮毂(2)，另一端连接到一个发电机(3)(图中未显示)。连接到发电机(3)的一侧被一外壳(7)遮盖，该外壳具有三个主后盖：主轴盖(4)、中间轴盖(5)和快速轴盖(6)。变速箱的轴和轴承在外壳内部，外壳覆盖和保护前述盖。
在图2中，展示了中间轴盖(5)的剖面图，在俯视平面图中，可以看到变速箱外壳(7)位于其内侧。外壳下面是一个衬套(12)，在此处包括紧临轴承(9)的径向传感器元件(8)。在该中间轴盖(5)内，轴向传感器元件安置在机械加工的肋条(10)内，肋条(10)是为了该目的布置在其周围。
用这种方法来获得传感系统是本发明的目的，在该方法中，用包括传感器衬套(12)、特定轴承(9)、辅助部件(13)和盖(5)的一套元件来替代轴支撑元件(11)和轴承，该一套元件重现原始几何形状和功能。辅助部件(13)安装在轴(11)与轴承(9)之间，以固定和居中这两个元件。衬套(12)用于测量径向载荷，根据需要测量的载荷，其切向和径向地具有传感器元件(8)。图3显示了该布局的细节。
为了测量轴向载荷，根据轴平面，绕着盖(5)布置了一些机械加工的肋条(10)，用来安置传感器元件。图4显示了轴向传感器元件(14)的确切位置。
为了确定传感器(8和14)的尺寸及传感器元件的最佳测量点，它们的结构响应通过理论和/或虚拟的仿真分析例如有限元方法来计算，目的是为了评估传感器的刚度和阻抗。
传感器元件可以是电动式(extensiometric)、压电式、电容式、电阻式、纤维光学式或其他传感技术。布置和组装将取决于该技术。
根据所要测量的大小级别以及初步的理论分析和模拟的结果，传感器元件将被安置在先前确定的测量方向上，以获得轴向和径向传感器。
将进行传感器组装，使新的元件组适应变速箱总的组装规范，使得在力的分布方面没有大的变动。
传感器最后连接到信号调节和处理所需要的电子元件。

Claims (6)

1.一种传感变速箱，安装在转子轮毂(2)与发电机(3)之间，所述传感变速箱包括多个安装在变速箱内外的传感器，其特征在于，传感器(8和14)安装在接近轴承和轴的位置，最好是在衬套(12)和轴承座或盖(5)内，测量旋转轴的变形、负载以及轴向和径向力，并在控制风轮机的功率的控制系统中即时监测和实施。
2.根据权利要求1所述的传感变速箱，其特征在于，由于盖(5)固定到外壳壁(7)的旋转轴(4、5和6)支撑处，传输轴负载(11)到外壳(7)，根据被测负载及每一个角度位置的不同敏感度，盖(5)具有若干肋条(10)，每一肋条(10)连接一个传感器元件(14)。
3.根据权利要求2所述的传感变速箱，其特征在于，盖(5)上的传感器(14)记录轴向力和变形。
4.根据权利要求1所述的传感变速箱，其特征在于，衬套(12)位于外壳(7)或变速箱的主体上，同时支撑着轴承(9)和旋转轴(11)，具有多个传感器元件(8)，它们的固定终止于一些辅助部件(13)，这些辅助部件安装在旋转轴(11)与轴承(9)之间以固定和居中这两个元件。
5.根据权利要求4所述的传感变速箱，其特征在于，衬套(12)上的传感器元件(8)被联合起来以测量径向负载。
6.根据前述任一项权利要求书所述的传感变速箱，其特征在于，传感器所发出的信号供给风轮机的控制系统，转变成数字数据，所述数字数据可以存储在信息系统中并且直接用于转速控制系统上的实时动作、紧急停止、调节一个或多个叶片的螺距等。
CNA2008800032772A 2007-01-26 2008-01-21 传感变速箱 Pending CN101600881A (zh)

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ESP200700444 2007-01-26
ES200700444A ES2303480B1 (es) 2007-01-26 2007-01-26 Multiplicadora sensorizada.

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WO (1) WO2008090253A1 (zh)

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EP2110550A4 (en) 2013-06-05
WO2008090253A1 (es) 2008-07-31

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