CN101586351B - Vent pipe for engineering in cold area - Google Patents
Vent pipe for engineering in cold area Download PDFInfo
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- CN101586351B CN101586351B CN2009101041046A CN200910104104A CN101586351B CN 101586351 B CN101586351 B CN 101586351B CN 2009101041046 A CN2009101041046 A CN 2009101041046A CN 200910104104 A CN200910104104 A CN 200910104104A CN 101586351 B CN101586351 B CN 101586351B
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Abstract
The invention discloses a vent pipe for engineering in cold area, comprising an outer pipe supporting engineering load with penetrating pipe wall and a solid metal inner pipe for ventilation and heat conduction. The outer pipe is provided with a rib for supporting the inner pipe. The metal inner pipe is fixedly connected with the rib for supporting the inner pipe so that a chamber layer surrounding the solid metal inner pipe for receiving gas is formed between the solid metal inner pipe and the outer pipe. The chamber layer for receiving gas is provided respectively with entities for sealing end port of the chamber layer in vertical end port portions of the pipe, which therefore forms the vent pipe having the chamber layer for receiving gas. The vent pipe effects to inhibit or alleviate frost heaving and thaw collapse problem of engineering in cold area.
Description
Technical field
The foundation structure field of Han Qu of the present invention area engineering construction, the air chimney of using in the engineering of particularly a kind of Han Qu area.
Background technology
In Han Qu tundra engineering construction all over the world, particularly the differential settlement that decline caused of ever-frozen ground (frozen soil and the discontinuous ever-frozen ground for years) upper limit of the roadbed of railway of building in the tundra and highway, embankment bottom is the main mode that causes road damage.For example perennial cryolithic zone is passed in most of highway section on the Qinghai-Tibet Highway of western China, blue or green Kanggong road, because frozen soil melts the differential settlement that causes road, make the road surface occur depression or projection often suddenly, bury great hidden danger for the safe handling of road, cause the traffic safety accident thus.Be the incidence of the differential settlement that reduces the perennial cryolithic zone infrastructure, the engineering measure of adopting usually in this class frozen soil engineering has: bury heat insulating material underground at roadbed; Slabstone (rubble) bank protection (roadbed) is thrown in lifting roadbed height or employing; Sunshade (plate) road maintenance base; With bridge for the road or in roadbed, embankment or house foundation floor pre-buried air chimney etc.At present, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway that the ever-frozen ground district is passed in most of highway section has just adopted above-mentioned engineering measure, and is preventing to have obtained certain effect aspect the sedimentation.In above-mentioned frozen soil engineering measure, roadbed is buried heat insulating material underground and with the construction costs expense height of bridge for the road; The engineering quantity of throwing slabstone (rubble) bank protection (roadbed) and sunshade (plate) road maintenance base is bigger, regulates inconvenience, and along with the warming of global climate, cold control effect will weaken gradually; And air chimney is the cold engineering measure of distinguishing a kind of not additional labor cooling unit that adopts in the engineering construction, and its construction volume can be not excessive, and is comparatively economical again.The air chimney that uses in cold at present district's engineering construction is solid wall concrete pipe or plastic pipe, normally select for use internal diameter be 25cm～50cm pipe wall thickness number centimetre be prefabricated into QC, this air chimney level is laid in the engineering foundation structure, with the natural blast of ground layer is that motive power is mechanism of action, because the Han Qu tundra is subjected to airflow influence remarkable, ground layer not only wind is many, wind speed is big, and cardinal wind intensity height, utilization is from putting down the air-flow of average wind scooter 0.5 meter per second that passes in the air chimney that crouches, heat is taken away in conduction of heat by the air chimney pipe wall material, influences the thermal field of tube wall ambient medium.The tube wall of this air chimney is an entity, and its effect is based on forced-convection heat transfer in principle, and the conduction of heat of the pipe wall material by air chimney just just can have influence on the thermal field of tube wall ambient medium.Though the mechanism of action of this solid wall air chimney and its validity, only by the heat exchange action of tube wall, efficient can be too not high.At this situation, there is the scholar to propose the effect that saturating wall type air chimney solves tube wall and causes the not high problem of heat exchanger effectiveness, as notification number is that by name " the saturating wall type air chimney of using in the frozen soil engineering " of CN1189625C discloses a kind of wall type air chimney, this air chimney still belongs to the air chimney of single-wall structure, it adopts expanded metal lath to be rolled into cylindrical shape, on tube wall, be provided with a large amount of gravity vents, and be provided with the air chimney head that the atresia steel plate is made, but the door of opening and closing is housed at air chimney head at the air chimney air intake.The saturating wall construction of this wall type air chimney can make the cold air that enters air chimney directly carry out interchange of heat with the tube wall ambient medium, plays beneficial effect thereby ambient medium is lowered the temperature.Though but the air chimney of this structure can be taken away the heat of subgrade soils the inside fast by the low temperature natural wind through saturating wall type pipeline in the winter time, but extraneous a large amount of cold is brought into caused the frost heave disease in the roadbed, and also can cause roadbed thaw collapse disease because of a large amount of external heats being brought in the soil body through the higher relatively natural wind of temperature of saturating wall type pipeline in summer.Therefore, the saturating wall type air chimney of this single-wall structure in solving Han Qu area engineering the frozen soil frost heave or the thawing problem on still exist not enoughly, be a kind of sorry really.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is deficiency at the prior art existence, a kind of air chimney of using in the Han Qu area engineering of thermal diode effect that has is provided, it is by adopting the ventilative outer tube of tube wall, ventilate and the real preferably wall metal inner pipe of conductivity of heat with being used for, and form the cavity layer that is used to hold gas between real wall metal inner pipe and the outer tube around real wall metal inner pipe, the composite structure that constitutes plays effective inhibition or alleviates the frost heave of cold district engineering and the effect of thaw collapse disease problem.
The object of the present invention is achieved like this: comprise being used to bear the engineering load and outer tube that tube wall is breathed freely, with the real wall metal inner pipe that is used to ventilate and conduct heat, described be used to bear be provided with in the engineering load and the pipe outer tube that tube wall is ventilative be used to support in the rib of pipe, the rib of pipe in the real wall metal inner pipe that is used to ventilate and conduct heat is fixedly connected on and is used to support, make the cavity layer that is used to hold gas that forms between real wall metal inner pipe and the outer tube around real wall metal inner pipe, the described cavity layer that is used to hold gas is positioned at the entity that the vertical two ends part of pipe is provided for enclosed cavity layer port respectively, constitutes the air chimney with the cavity layer that holds gas thus.
The described bed thickness 5～30cm that is used to hold the cavity layer of gas.
The internal diameter of described real wall metal inner pipe is 25cm～50cm, thickness of pipe wall 0.05～1.2cm.
Describedly be used to bear the engineering load and outer tube that tube wall is ventilative adopts precast concrete pipe or plastic pipe, the tube wall of described precast concrete pipe or plastic pipe is provided with some air-vents, and the vertical two ends part of precast concrete pipe or plastic pipe tube wall is the real wall of atresia.
Thickness of pipe wall 5cm～the 18cm of described precast concrete pipe or plastic pipe.
The described outer tube that is used to bear load adopts the fabricated bar cage of welding fabrication, and the vertical two ends of fabricated bar cage is partly welded real wall steel pipe.
Described fabricated bar cage main muscle diameter be 1.2～5.0cm, stirrup diameter 0.6～1.0cm.
The described entity that is used for enclosed cavity layer port is the length 30～80cm of precast concrete or plastic production, the envelope of wall thickness 5～30cm, and this envelope is fixed between the pipe end of inner and outer pipe.
The described entity that is used for enclosed cavity layer port is the closed circle that steel plate is made, and this closed circle is fixed between the pipe end of inner and outer pipe.
Describedly being used to bear the engineering load and outer tube that tube wall is ventilative and being used to the real wall metal inner pipe that ventilates and conduct heat, is that the pipeline section splicing of 150～300cm is formed by many sections length.
Owing to adopted such scheme, be used to bear the engineering load and outer tube that tube wall is ventilative and be used to the real wall metal inner pipe that ventilates and conduct heat, formation has the air chimney of the cavity layer that holds gas.The air chimney of this composite construction is arranged in the soil body of Han Qu area engineering, be used in bear the engineering load and the ventilative outer tube of tube wall contact with the native stone of engineering foundation, and make cavity layer and extraneous sealing, gas in the cavity layer that holds gas can be contacted with native stone by the ventilative tube wall of outer tube and carries out interchange of heat, allow the two-port of air chimney expose engineering foundation, and natural wind can be conducted heat through realizing ventilating from the real wall metal inner pipe of air chimney, the frozen soil layer of engineering foundation carries out interchange of heat by the tube wall and the external world of gas in the cavity layer that holds gas and real wall metal inner pipe like this.At cold season, because the cool ambient air temperature is low, and temperature is higher relatively in the engineering foundation, make the gas in the cavity layer that holds gas of air chimney produce density variation because of the temperature contrast of inside and outside both sides, gas produces convection current under the density variation of changes in temperature temperature, thereby convection current and the metal inner pipe of the heat in the engineering foundation by the gas in the cavity layer conducted to the external world, extraneous low-temperature cold wind from the interior pipe of composite construction air chimney fast by the time take away heat, when taking away heat, also extraneous cold is brought in the engineering soil body, realize cooling cooling purpose in the engineering foundation, but because the effect of air in the cavity layer, the cold of bringing into reduces to some extent with respect to present used air chimney, thereby can effectively alleviate extraneous cold to a certain extent from too much the entering in the engineering soil body and the frost heave disease problem that causes of air chimney; At warm season, outside air temperature is higher, cause the gas temperature in the cavity layer that holds gas also relatively low and temperature is relatively low in the engineering soil body, hot air is when pipe passes through in air chimney, because cold air density is bigger, hot air density is less, make the interior gas of the cavity layer that holds gas of combined type air chimney be in static relatively state, at this moment holding the interchange of heat of the gas temperature in extraneous and engineering foundation in the cavity layer of gas in the composite construction air chimney is mainly undertaken by conduction of heat, because the coefficient of heat conduction of gas is lower, so the heat that transmits is less, at this moment the gas that holds in the composite construction air chimney in the cavity layer of gas has played the effect of heat shielding in the heat exchanging process in extraneous and the engineering foundation, thereby has effectively reduced the thawing disease problem of frozen soil.The described cavity layer that is used to hold gas is positioned at the entity that the vertical two ends part of pipe is provided for enclosed cavity layer port respectively, can will be used to hold the cavity layer and the outside air isolation of gas effectively, the gas that is used in the cavity layer that holds gas has thermal diode effect in heat exchanging process.
The described bed thickness 5～30cm that is used to hold the cavity layer of gas can form relative thicker gas blanket between the pipe in conducting heat with ventilating at the native stone of engineering foundation, with satisfied purpose of carrying out interchange of heat by gas.
Describedly being used to bear the engineering load and outer tube that tube wall is ventilative and being used to the real wall metal inner pipe that ventilates and conduct heat, is that the pipeline section splicing of 150～300cm is formed by many sections length.Make like this and conveniently and transportation, help again laying according to the needs splicing of engineering at the construction field (site).
Air chimney of the present invention has essential difference with present used single wall air chimney or saturating wall type air chimney, and be used to bear the engineering load and outer tube employing precast concrete pipe or plastic pipe or fabricated bar cage that tube wall is ventilative, make easily, construct, adopt the frost heave and the thaw collapse disease problem that can suppress or alleviate cold district engineering effectively in the ever-frozen ground area.
The invention will be further described below in conjunction with drawings and Examples.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is a kind of example structure schematic diagram of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is the structural representation of another kind of embodiment of the present invention.
In the accompanying drawing, 1 is engineering foundation, and 2 is outer tube, and 2a is an air-vent, and 3 is interior pipe, and 4 for being used to support the rib of interior pipe, and 5 is cavity layer, and 6 for being used for the entity of enclosed cavity layer port, and 7 is real wall steel pipe.
The specific embodiment
Fig. 1 is a kind of embodiment of air chimney of the present invention, and the air chimney of using in the engineering of this Han Qu area comprises and is used to bear the engineering load and outer tube 2 that tube wall is ventilative and is used to the real wall metal inner pipe 3 that ventilates and conduct heat.Describedly be used to bear the engineering load and outer tube 2 that tube wall is ventilative adopts precast concrete pipe or plastic pipes, thickness of pipe wall 5cm～the 18cm of described precast concrete pipe or plastic pipe, the tube wall of precast concrete pipe or plastic pipe is provided with some air-vent 2a, and the vertical two ends part of precast concrete pipe or plastic pipe tube wall is the real wall of atresia.Described be used to bear the engineering load and the wall thickness outer tube 2 that tube wall is ventilative for can satisfy requirement of strength, can be when external diameter adopts 40cm～70cm, wall thickness selects 5cm～8cm, when external diameter adopts 70cm～100cm, wall thickness selects 8cm～12cm, when external diameter adopted 100cm～120cm, wall thickness selected 12cm～18cm.The internal diameter of described real wall metal inner pipe 3 is 25cm～50cm, thickness of pipe wall 0.05～1.2cm, and steel, iron, aluminium and alloy material are made moulding preferably can to adopt heat-conductive characteristic.Described be used to bear be provided with in the engineering load and the pipe outer tube 2 that tube wall is ventilative be used to support in the rib 4 of pipe, the rib 4 of pipe can be one-body molded with precast concrete pipe or plastic pipe in being used to support, and also can adopt the reinforcing bar that is embedded in precast concrete pipe or plastic pipe.The rib 4 of pipe in described real wall metal inner pipe 3 support fixation that are used to ventilate or be welded on are used to support, make between real wall metal inner pipe 3 and the outer tube 2 cavity layer 5 that is used to hold gas that forms around real wall metal inner pipe, the described bed thickness 5～30cm that is used to hold the cavity layer 5 of gas.The described cavity layer 5 that is used to hold gas is positioned at the vertical two ends part of pipe and is provided for the entity 6 of enclosed cavity layer port respectively with cavity layer 5 closed at both ends, the described entity that is used for enclosed cavity layer port 6 is precast concrete or the length 30～80cm of plastic production, the envelope of wall thickness 5～30cm, this envelope adopts cemented or is adhesively fixed between the pipe end of inner and outer pipe, assurance is used to hold cavity layer 5 closed at both ends of gas, and the gas that is used in the cavity layer 5 that holds gas is isolated from the outside.Described be used to bear the engineering load and the ventilative outer tube 2 of tube wall, with the real wall metal inner pipe 3 that is used to ventilate and conduct heat, can be that the pipeline section splicing of 150～300cm is formed by many sections length, only envelope is set, constitutes air chimney thus with the cavity layer that holds gas at the pipeline section port that exposes engineering foundation 1 head and the tail two ends.
Fig. 2 is the another kind of embodiment of air chimney of the present invention, and the air chimney of using in the engineering of this Han Qu area comprises and is used to bear the engineering load and outer tube 2 that tube wall is ventilative and is used to the real wall metal inner pipe 3 that ventilates and conduct heat.The described outer tube 2 that is used to bear load adopts the fabricated bar cage of welding fabrications, and the vertical two ends of fabricated bar cage is partly welded real wall steel pipe 7, the fabricated bar cage main muscle diameter be 1.2～5.0cm, stirrup diameter 0.6～1.0cm.The internal diameter of described real wall metal inner pipe 3 is 25cm～50cm, thickness of pipe wall 0.05～1.2cm, and steel, iron, aluminium and alloy material are made moulding preferably can to adopt heat-conductive characteristic.Described be used to bear be provided with in the engineering load and the pipe outer tube 2 that tube wall is ventilative be used to support in the rib 4 of pipe, the rib 4 of pipe is for being welded on the reinforcing bar in the fabricated bar cage in being used to support, the rib 4 of pipe in the described real wall metal inner pipe 3 that is used to ventilate is fixedly welded on and is used to support, make between real wall metal inner pipe 3 and the outer tube 2 cavity layer 5 that is used to hold gas that forms around real wall metal inner pipe, the described bed thickness 5～30cm that is used to hold the cavity layer 5 of gas.The described cavity layer 5 that is used to hold gas is positioned at the vertical two ends part of pipe and is provided for the entity 6 of enclosed cavity layer port respectively with cavity layer 5 closed at both ends, be used for the closed circle of the entity 6 of enclosed cavity layer port for the steel plate making, this closed circle is weldingly fixed between the pipe end of inner and outer pipe, assurance is used to hold cavity layer 5 closed at both ends of gas, and the gas that is used in the cavity layer that holds gas is isolated from the outside.Described be used to bear the engineering load and the ventilative outer tube 2 of tube wall, with the real wall metal inner pipe 3 that is used to ventilate and conduct heat, can be that the pipeline section splicing of 150～300cm is formed by many sections length, only closed circle is set, constitutes air chimney thus with the cavity layer that holds gas at the pipeline section port that exposes engineering foundation 1 head and the tail two ends.
With the highway in Han Qu area or the soil subgrade engineering of railway is the laying construction of example explanation air chimney of the present invention, width according to roadbed adopts many sections inner and outer pipes to splice the air chimney of the cavity layer that to have to hold gas, air chimney is embedded in the roadbed, along route direction, the spacing of taking 3～6 times of composite construction air chimney external diameters is that the center to center distance of adjacent air chimney is arranged the laying air chimney, both can save tubing, the efficient of air chimney is given full play to.Should consider the size of air-vent or grid when banketing, the anti-filter bed layer of sand gravel of different stage is set or have the geotextiles of very strong gas permeability, so that the soil particle that both can let in air around also can preventing enters in the air chimney in saturating wall type air chimney outer wrapping.In roadbed and embankment that perennial cryolithic zone constructs a railway, answer the well-designed roadbed cross-section structure of burying air chimney underground, should make air chimney as far as possible near following frozen soil layer, angle from air chimney intensity and subgrade stability, the buried depth of air chimney should be greater than 3～5 times caliber, the big caliber pipe of concrete enforcement can get the small value the desirable big value of little caliber; Conversely, under the fixed situation of the buried depth of engineering, from cooling effect and economy, the outer tube diameter of air chimney should be 1/3～1/5 of buried depth.Simultaneously, in the process of pipe laying, enter into frozen soil layer under the roadbed for preventing to ooze under the surface water, can before laying air chimney, level lay plastic draining board, lay air chimney then, (promptly below air chimney, being preset with band drain), so as the surface water that will infiltrate roadbed by plastic draining board in time row reduce the influence of surface water from roadbed to roadbed.
The present invention not only is confined to be used for subgrade construction, equally also is applicable to the Foundation Design of other air chimney established in Han Qu area.
Claims (10)
1. the air chimney of using in the Han Qu area engineering, it is characterized in that: comprise being used to bear the engineering load and outer tube (2) that tube wall is breathed freely, with the real wall metal inner pipe (3) that is used to ventilate and conduct heat, described be used to bear be provided with in the engineering load and the pipe outer tube (2) that tube wall is ventilative be used to support in the rib (4) of pipe, the rib (4) of pipe in the real wall metal inner pipe (3) that is used to ventilate and conduct heat is fixedly connected on and is used to support, make the cavity layer that is used to hold gas (5) that forms between real wall metal inner pipe (3) and the outer tube (2) around real wall metal inner pipe, the described cavity layer (5) that is used to hold gas is positioned at the entity (6) that the vertical two ends part of pipe is provided for enclosed cavity layer port respectively, constitutes the air chimney with the cavity layer that holds gas thus.
2. the air chimney of using in the engineering of Han Qu according to claim 1 area is characterized in that: the described bed thickness 5～30cm that is used to hold the cavity layer (5) of gas.
3. the air chimney of using in the engineering of Han Qu according to claim 1 area is characterized in that: the internal diameter of described real wall metal inner pipe (3) is 25cm～50cm, thickness of pipe wall 0.05～1.2cm.
4. the air chimney of using in the engineering of Han Qu according to claim 1 area, it is characterized in that: describedly be used to bear the engineering load and outer tube (2) that tube wall is ventilative adopts precast concrete pipe or plastic pipe, the tube wall of described precast concrete pipe or plastic pipe is provided with some air-vents (2a), and the vertical two ends part of precast concrete pipe or plastic pipe tube wall is the real wall of atresia.
5. the air chimney of using in the engineering of Han Qu according to claim 4 area is characterized in that: the thickness of pipe wall 5cm～18cm of described precast concrete pipe or plastic pipe.
6. the air chimney of using in the engineering of Han Qu according to claim 1 area, it is characterized in that: the described fabricated bar cage that is used to bear outer tube (2) employing welding fabrication load and that tube wall is ventilative, the vertical two ends of fabricated bar cage is partly welded real wall steel pipe (7).
7. the air chimney of using in the engineering of Han Qu according to claim 6 area is characterized in that: the main muscle diameter of described fabricated bar cage is 1.2～5.0cm, stirrup diameter 0.6～1.0cm.
8. the air chimney of using in the engineering of Han Qu according to claim 1 area, it is characterized in that: the described entity (6) that is used for enclosed cavity layer port is precast concrete or the length 30～80cm of plastic production, the envelope of wall thickness 5～30cm, and this envelope is fixed between the pipe end of inner and outer pipe.
9. the air chimney of using in the engineering of Han Qu according to claim 1 area is characterized in that: the closed circle that the described entity (6) that is used for enclosed cavity layer port is made for steel plate, this closed circle is fixed between the pipe end of inner and outer pipe.
10. the air chimney of using in the engineering of Han Qu according to claim 1 area, it is characterized in that: described be used to bear the engineering load and the ventilative outer tube (2) of tube wall, with the real wall metal inner pipe (3) that is used to ventilate and conducts heat, be that the pipeline section splicing of 150～300cm is formed by many sections length.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN2009101041046A CN101586351B (en) | 2009-06-17 | 2009-06-17 | Vent pipe for engineering in cold area |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN2009101041046A CN101586351B (en) | 2009-06-17 | 2009-06-17 | Vent pipe for engineering in cold area |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN101586351A CN101586351A (en) | 2009-11-25 |
| CN101586351B true CN101586351B (en) | 2011-01-12 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| CN2009101041046A Expired - Fee Related CN101586351B (en) | 2009-06-17 | 2009-06-17 | Vent pipe for engineering in cold area |
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Families Citing this family (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101818832B (en) * | 2010-01-27 | 2012-10-10 | 傅礼铭 | Cold/heat flow medium supply pipeline with supercharging device |
| CN101769410B (en) * | 2010-01-27 | 2012-05-23 | 傅礼铭 | Hot/cold flow medium supplying pipeline with air cavity |
| CN102620471A (en) * | 2010-02-23 | 2012-08-01 | 傅礼铭 | Solar heating and cooling system for building |
| CN101829957A (en) * | 2010-05-28 | 2010-09-15 | 盐城市丰特铸造机械有限公司 | Shot blasting ingress pipe capable of ventilating and reducing temperature |
| CN103485354B (en) * | 2013-10-17 | 2015-04-22 | 兰州理工大学 | Frame-aeration cooling anchor pipe structure for keeping frozen soil slope stable and construction method |
| CN106676988A (en) * | 2016-12-29 | 2017-05-17 | 中交第公路勘察设计研究院有限公司 | Construction method for permeable wall type ventiduct roadbed |
| CN106676987A (en) * | 2016-12-29 | 2017-05-17 | 中交第公路勘察设计研究院有限公司 | Construction method for rubble stone-ventilating board composite roadbed of expressway at permafrost area |
| CN108195748B (en) * | 2018-01-17 | 2023-08-15 | 绍兴文理学院元培学院 | Test device and method for treating effect of yin-yang slope |
| CN109403360B (en) * | 2018-12-13 | 2020-08-07 | 黑龙江省公路科学研究院 | Roadbed slope freeze-thaw collapse prevention and control method based on dot matrix type assisted integration drainage |
| CN110983890A (en) * | 2019-12-12 | 2020-04-10 | 四川浩克山青水绿科技有限责任公司 | Existing line soil roadbed frost heaving and thawing sinking treatment method |
| CN113356184B (en) * | 2021-07-26 | 2022-08-09 | 黑龙江省建筑安装集团有限公司 | Civil engineering building composite pile |
| CN113789818B (en) * | 2021-11-17 | 2022-02-08 | 中国飞机强度研究所 | Special frost-proof device that melts of aircraft design |
-
2009
- 2009-06-17 CN CN2009101041046A patent/CN101586351B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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| CN101586351A (en) | 2009-11-25 |
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