CN101534013A - 风轮机能量存储及频率控制 - Google Patents
风轮机能量存储及频率控制 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了风轮机能量存储及频率控制。产生命令(22)用于控制在能源(16)和辅助负载(18)之间耦连的能量存储装置的充电状态。还产生命令用于把功率从能量存储装置提供到辅助负载,以及使用来自能量存储装置的功率以便控制DC链路(24)电压、能源转矩、电网(26)侧电力潮流或其组合。还可以产生命令用于向能源的辅助负载提供频率兼容的功率。
Description
技术领域
本发明大体上涉及能量存储,而且更具体地涉及出于可再生能源的多重目的而使用能量存储。本发明另外还涉及风轮机(wind turbine),而且更具体地涉及风轮机电气系统中的电网(grid)频率柔性。
背景技术
风轮机具有通过转轴连接到发电机上的装有叶片的转子。发电机的示例包括双馈感应发电机(DFIG)和永磁(PM)发电机。为了把电功率馈送到电网,使用功率电子元件进行功率调节。在一个示例中,功率电子元件包括连接到直流(DC)链路的背对背电压源型变换器。对于DFIG,发电机的定子端被直接连接到电网,并且功率电子装置被连接在转子和定子端之间。对于PM机,交流(AC)电机端经由功率电子装置进行连接。
随着新电网规程被开发用于风力发电厂(wind farm)以及随着风力发电厂的市场渗透水平的增加,风力的可变性对公用事业公司而言变得更加不可接受。例如,公用事业公司正在强制推行或希望强制推行与功率调节速率限制(powerramp rate limit)、低压穿越、工频控制、惯性响应(inertial response)以及缩减(curtailment)有关的要求。
期望的是具有一种有效应对风力的可变性以帮助满足有关公用事业公司要求的系统和方法。
风轮机一般是针对特定电网频率比如50Hz或60Hz设计并指定的。针对每种风轮机类型都开发了至少两种配置,其中一种可应用于50Hz而另一种可应用于60Hz。一般地初始设计是针对一个电网频率完成的,然后针对第二电网频率进行修改。两种设计都必须进行独立的验证。因而,由于需要第二设计和验证,所以增加了设计、工程、部件采购、备件以及培训要求。
期望的是具有一种不管什么电网频率都允许灵活安装风轮机的风轮机电气系统设计。
发明内容
简而言之,依照本文所公开的一个实施例,一种能量存储系统包括:不间断电源(UPS)系统,其包括被耦连在能源和该能源的辅助负载之间的能量存储装置;和控制系统,其被配置成产生命令用于控制能量存储装置的充电状态,把功率从能量存储装置提供到辅助负载,以及使用来自能量存储装置的功率以便控制DC链路电压、能源转矩、电网侧电力潮流(power flow)或其组合。
依照本文所公开的另一个实施例,一种方法包括:产生命令用于控制在能源和该能源的辅助负载之间耦连的能量存储装置的充电状态;把功率从能量存储装置提供到辅助负载;以及使用来自能量存储装置的功率以便控制DC链路电压、能源转矩、电网侧电力潮流或其组合。
依照本文所公开的另一个实施例,一种风轮机包括:多个辅助风轮机负载;辅助负载变换器;和控制系统,其被配置成切换辅助负载变换器的元件以提供频率兼容的功率至辅助负载。
附图说明
当参照附图阅读以下详细描述时,将更好地理解本发明的这些以及其它特征、方面和优点,其中在全部附图中同样的符合代表同样的部件,其中:
图1是依照本文所公开的一个实施例的能量存储系统的框图。
图2是依照本文所公开的另一个实施例的能量存储系统的框图。
图3是依照本文所公开的另一个实施例的能量存储系统的框图。
图4是依照本文所公开的一个实施例的频率灵活的电气系统的框图。
图5是依照本文所公开的另一个实施例的另一频率灵活的电气系统的框图。
具体实施方式
在本文所描述的实施例中,两用能量存储(storage)被添加到能源-尤其是诸如(图1所示的)风轮机30的可再生能源中,用于增强性能和能量捕获。风轮机一般已包括带有用于重要的总线负载的能量存储器的不间断电源(UPS)设备。本文所公开的实施例用存储器来支持重要的总线负载和其它辅助负载以及来为功率变换系统提供功率支持,该功率变换系统把功率从能源供给到网络或电网。如本文所用的,“一”以及单数的其它形式意思是包含一个或多个元件,除非另有清楚说明。
例如,图1是能量存储系统10的框图,该能量存储系统10包括:不间断电源(UPS)系统12,其包括耦连在能源16和能源16的辅助负载18之间的能量存储装置14;和控制系统20,其被配置成产生命令22用于控制能量存储装置14的充电状态、把功率从能量存储装置14提供到辅助负载18以及使用来自能量存储装置14的功率以便控制DC链路24电压、能源转矩、电网26侧电力潮流或其组合。辅助负载18一般包括为支持能源的操作而需要的至少一个负载。在风轮机实施例中这种负载的若干示例包括偏航驱动(yaw drive)、泵、温度调节器以及迎角调节(pitch)控制发动机56(图4)。其它示例包括监测及诊断设备和照明设备(未示出)。
图1另外图解说明了在能源16的功率变换系统28和辅助负载18之间耦连的能量存储装置14。在这上下文中所用的“之间”意思是包含能量存储装置14的一端耦连到辅助负载18而另一端耦连到功率变换系统28。到功率变换系统28的耦连可以位于功率变换系统28的任一端或者位于功率变换系统28的DC链路24。在图1的实施例中,例如,发电机32把风轮机30耦连到功率变换系统28,并且能量存储装置14被耦连在功率变换系统28的DC链路24和辅助负载18之间。在更特定的实施例中,UPS系统12包括耦连到功率变换系统28的双向变换器36和耦连到辅助负载的UPS逆变器38,并且能量存储装置14被耦连在双向变换器和UPS逆变器之间。
能量存储装置14可包括任何所需的存储装置,其存储容量取决于系统要求。若干示例包括超级电容器、电化学电池、燃料电池、飞轮(flywheel)。另外,可使用这些装置的组合。实行充电状态的控制以试图防止能量存储装置被充电得太足以致无能力再吸收能量的情形以及防止充电不足以满足系统要求的相反情形。充电状态目标将随能源16的操作条件和应用而变化。
图2是依照另一个实施例的能量存储系统110的框图,其中能量存储装置14被耦连到发电机32和功率变换系统28之间的AC连接34。在这个实施例中,AC-DC变换器37用来把AC功率变换成恒定的DC电压以供能源辅助负载使用。
图3是依照另一个实施例的能量存储系统210的框图,其中能源16包括多个风轮机30,130。如图3所示,一个存储单元114可被耦连到多个风轮机。另外,如图1和图2所示多个存储单元可被耦连到一个或多个风轮机。控制系统20在提供用于供给功率的命令时可基于辅助负载18,118要求和功率变换系统28,128支持要求的优先级进行编程。当耦连到单个能量存储装置或一组能量存储装置上的能源的数量增加时,这种优先级权衡可能变得更有挑战性。
上述实施例已关于系统进行了描述但也可应用于控制方法。例如,在与图1所示的有关的一个实施例中,一种方法包括:产生命令22用于控制在能源16和辅助负载18之间耦连的能量存储装置14的充电状态;把功率从能量存储装置提供到辅助负载;以及使用来自能量存储装置的功率以便控制DC链路24电压、能源转矩、电网26侧电力潮流或其组合。
通过使用本文所公开的用于能量存储及控制的选定实施例,可以更有效地应对公用事业公司要求。就风力发电厂而言,如果使用足够的能量存储量,则发电厂都将能减轻电网连接和隔离操作的风力间歇现象。
作为控制电网侧电力潮流的示例,通过在风速和风力增加时倾斜(pitching)风轮机叶片(换言之,通过缩减)来典型地保持功率调节速率限制。只要能量存储装置的充电状态低于上限,能量存储装置就可替代地用来吸收一些超额能量。相比而言,当风速和自风轮机的功率输出下降而没有能量存储时,就没有用于控制电网功率减少的有效方法。如果存储器被正确地定制,则它除了提供UPS电源之外还可以用来控制减少速率(ramp)。
作为另一示例,就控制发电机转矩而论,当出现电网故障以致风轮机不能向电网输送功率时,如果没有适当的缓解办法,则(由功率变换系统28施加到发电机上的)制动转矩(breaking torque)经历从额定值到近零值的快速转变。转矩的突然变化对变速箱(比如图4的变速箱31)和转轴有负面影响。如果突然减小转矩,则转轴将经历扭转瞬变,这会负面影响变速箱寿命并且将促使转轴加速。这种瞬变的常规缓解办法涉及向电网侧变换器增加制动电阻器以致把功率暂时转至电阻器从而帮助暂时保持该转矩。使用能量存储器可以消除电阻器,并且这会有益于替代地捕获经过能量存储装置的能量和实现低压穿越。
在关于控制DC链路电压的示例中,在弱电网应用中可以应对稳定性问题。在能源的控制环路和电网之间的高速相互作用期间,如果控制环路与电网的弱电网络相互作用,则会存在稳定性问题。在这些情形下,DC链路电压可能波动。通过以产生不易变化的DC链路的方式提供来自能量存储装置的能量,混合现象(compounding)得以减小。
工频控制是公用事业公司的另一关注问题。当电网频率变化时,常规响应是倾斜叶片以便暂时让风漏过并降低风轮机输出。具有能量存储能力可以减少快速倾斜叶片的需要。
公用事业公司所关心的另一特征是惯性响应。常规同步发电机自然对由于这种发电机的转动惯量引起的频率扰动做出响应。一些公用事业运营商要求风轮机以类似方式对频率扰动做出响应。特别当频率降到阈值以下时,可能需要短持续时间的功率增加(例如,增加额定功率的百分之五)。在于2008年1月31日提交的共同转让的申请号12/023368中描述了一种用于应对这些问题的技术,该技术不需要使用能量存储,该申请被并入本文以供参考并且描述了一种被配置用于提供瞬态功率产生调节信号的功率整形器。本申请所公开的能量存储概念对于在针对这些调节信号产生并供给功率方面提供灵活性而言是有用的。
通过使用能量存储装置来平稳功率,本文所公开的实施例可另外有益于因风紊流(wind turbulence)引起的功率波动和闪动,这是通过把风紊流吸收到能量存储器内并且在需要时供给能量以提供更恒定的功率。
图4是依照本文所公开的一个实施例的电网频率灵活的电气系统310的框图,其可与上述公开的实施例组合使用或作为单独实施例使用。在这个实施例中,风轮机组件29包括:多个辅助风轮机负载48,50,52,56;功率变换系统41;和控制系统58,其被配置成产生命令60以切换辅助负载变换器44的元件从而把频率兼容的功率提供给辅助负载。在一个实施例中,具有基本恒定频率和电压的功率被提供给公共的辅助总线46。至少一些辅助风轮机负载被耦连到公共的辅助总线。在图4的示例中,一些辅助风轮机负载(例如偏航驱动48、泵50、温度调节器52以及迎角调节系统54)被直接耦连到公共的辅助总线。
图4的实施例另外图解说明了辅助负载变换器44,其耦连在公共的辅助总线46和功率变换系统41的变换器40及42的DC链路62之间。至DC链路的连接可用来提供短期能量存储。图5图解说明了替代性实施例410,其中辅助负载变换器64被耦连到功率变换系统的AC电网链路66。
图4和图5的实施例对实现如下的整体风轮机设计是有用的:适于向敏感性控制设备提供高质量功率,并且不需要用于不同电网频率的辅助负载部件;因而对提供规模经济、一次性工程节约、备件管理、简化的作业程序以及快速的整体布局是有用的。采用如上所述的类似方式,能源可包括一个或多个风轮机30。另外,还可以引入上述类型的一个或多个能量存储单元(例如,通过促使图1的UPS逆变器38以关于图4的辅助负载变换器44所讨论的方式进行转换)。
虽然本文仅图解说明和描述了该发明的某些特征,但是本领域技术人员会想到许多修改和变化。因此,要理解所附权利要求旨在覆盖所有落入该发明的真实精神内的这种修改和变化。
元件列表
10,110,210,310,410 能量存储系统
12 UPS系统
14 能量存储装置
16 能源
18,118 负载
20 控制系统
22 命令
24 DC链路
26 电网
28,128 功率变换系统
30,130 风轮机
31 传动装置
32 发电机
34 AC连接
36 变换器
37 变换器
38 逆变器
40 变换器
41 功率变换系统
42 变换器
44 变换器
46 总线
48 偏航驱动
50 泵
52 加热器
54 变换系统
56 电动机
58 控制系统
60 命令
62 DC链路
64 变换器
66 AC链路
Claims (10)
1.一种能量存储系统(10),包括:
不间断电源(UPS)系统(12),包括被耦连在能源(16)和该能源的辅助负载(18)之间的能量存储装置(14);和
控制系统(20),其被配置成产生命令(22)用于控制能量存储装置的充电状态,把功率从能量存储装置提供到辅助负载,以及使用来自能量存储装置的功率以便控制DC链路(24)电压、能源转矩、电网(26)侧电力潮流或其组合。
2.如权利要求1所述的能量存储系统,其中该控制系统被进一步配置成生成命令用于当出现由能源供给的功率过量时把能量从能源提供到能量存储装置。
3.如权利要求1所述的能量存储系统,其中该能量存储装置被耦连在能源的功率变换系统(28)和辅助负载之间。
4.如权利要求3所述的能量存储系统,其中UPS系统包括被耦连到功率变换系统的双向变换器(36)和被耦连到辅助负载的UPS逆变器(38),且其中该能量存储装置(14)被耦连在双向变换器和UPS逆变器之间。
5.如权利要求3所述的能量存储系统,其中所述能源包括风轮机(30)。
6.如权利要求3所述的能量存储系统,其中负载包括能源的多个辅助负载,且其中控制器被进一步配置成切换UPS系统的元件以提供频率兼容的功率至辅助负载。
7.一种方法,包括:
产生命令(22)用于控制在能源(16)和该能源的辅助负载(18)之间耦连的能量存储装置的充电状态;
把功率从能量存储装置提供到辅助负载;以及
使用来自能量存储装置的功率以便控制DC链路(24)电压、能源转矩、电网(26)侧电力潮流或其组合。
8.如权利要求7所述的方法,其中所述能源包括风轮机(30),且其中使用功率另外包括应对下列组中的至少一个公用事业要求:功率调节速率限制、低压穿越、工频控制、惯性响应、功率平稳以及缩减。
9.一种风轮机组件(310),包括:
多个辅助风轮机负载(48,50,52);
辅助负载变换器(44,64);
控制系统(58),其被配置成切换辅助负载变换器的元件以提供频率兼容的功率至辅助负载。
10.如权利要求9所述的风轮机组件,其中该风轮机组件包括功率变换系统(41),且其中所述辅助负载变换器包括被耦连到功率变换系统的DC链路上的DC-AC变换器。
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Also Published As
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US20090230689A1 (en) | 2009-09-17 |
EP2101392B1 (en) | 2016-06-29 |
CN101534013B (zh) | 2013-11-06 |
US7952232B2 (en) | 2011-05-31 |
ES2585403T3 (es) | 2016-10-05 |
EP2101392A2 (en) | 2009-09-16 |
DK2101392T3 (en) | 2016-08-22 |
EP2101392A3 (en) | 2012-12-12 |
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