CN101449055A - 来自低温能源的发电 - Google Patents

来自低温能源的发电 Download PDF

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CN101449055A
CN101449055A CNA2006800547708A CN200680054770A CN101449055A CN 101449055 A CN101449055 A CN 101449055A CN A2006800547708 A CNA2006800547708 A CN A2006800547708A CN 200680054770 A CN200680054770 A CN 200680054770A CN 101449055 A CN101449055 A CN 101449055A
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tower
heat exchanger
freezing mixture
air
heat
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约翰·阿萨尔
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03G—SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS; MECHANICAL-POWER PRODUCING DEVICES OR MECHANISMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR OR USING ENERGY SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03G6/00—Devices for producing mechanical power from solar energy
    • F03G6/02—Devices for producing mechanical power from solar energy using a single state working fluid
    • F03G6/04—Devices for producing mechanical power from solar energy using a single state working fluid gaseous
    • F03G6/045—Devices for producing mechanical power from solar energy using a single state working fluid gaseous by producing an updraft of heated gas or a downdraft of cooled gas, e.g. air driving an engine
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D1/00—Wind motors with rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor 
    • F03D1/04—Wind motors with rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor  having stationary wind-guiding means, e.g. with shrouds or channels
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D9/00—Adaptations of wind motors for special use; Combinations of wind motors with apparatus driven thereby; Wind motors specially adapted for installation in particular locations
    • F03D9/20—Wind motors characterised by the driven apparatus
    • F03D9/25—Wind motors characterised by the driven apparatus the apparatus being an electrical generator
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D9/00—Adaptations of wind motors for special use; Combinations of wind motors with apparatus driven thereby; Wind motors specially adapted for installation in particular locations
    • F03D9/30—Wind motors specially adapted for installation in particular locations
    • F03D9/34—Wind motors specially adapted for installation in particular locations on stationary objects or on stationary man-made structures
    • F03D9/35—Wind motors specially adapted for installation in particular locations on stationary objects or on stationary man-made structures within towers, e.g. using chimney effects
    • F03D9/37—Wind motors specially adapted for installation in particular locations on stationary objects or on stationary man-made structures within towers, e.g. using chimney effects with means for enhancing the air flow within the tower, e.g. by heating
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03G—SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS; MECHANICAL-POWER PRODUCING DEVICES OR MECHANISMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR OR USING ENERGY SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03G7/00—Mechanical-power-producing mechanisms, not otherwise provided for or using energy sources not otherwise provided for
    • F03G7/04—Mechanical-power-producing mechanisms, not otherwise provided for or using energy sources not otherwise provided for using pressure differences or thermal differences occurring in nature
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2240/00—Components
    • F05B2240/10—Stators
    • F05B2240/13—Stators to collect or cause flow towards or away from turbines
    • F05B2240/131—Stators to collect or cause flow towards or away from turbines by means of vertical structures, i.e. chimneys
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2260/00—Function
    • F05B2260/20—Heat transfer, e.g. cooling
    • F05B2260/24—Heat transfer, e.g. cooling for draft enhancement in chimneys, using solar or other heat sources
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
    • Y02E10/46—Conversion of thermal power into mechanical power, e.g. Rankine, Stirling or solar thermal engines
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70—Wind energy
    • Y02E10/72—Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70—Wind energy
    • Y02E10/728—Onshore wind turbines

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Wind Motors (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及从冷却剂(4)产生能量的系统，包括与涡轮机(2)结合的发电机(13)，进入塔的底部的空气流(30)供给到涡轮机。塔配有与驱动发电机的中心轴(2)一体形成的多个叶片级(40)和交替设置的热交换器级(10)。当被加热空气在塔中上升藉此产生人造垂直风时，所述叶片通过被加热的空气的上升作用来驱动。冷却剂(4)通过从位于最上方高度的热交换器穿过这些热交换器(10)下降来供给这些热交换器(10)。

Description

来自低温能源的发电
技术领域
本发明涉及通过人造风和中等速度涡轮机发电的利用低温能源的设备和方法。
背景技术
目前，用于发电的安全能源基本上是使用大直径风车的风力发电。
选择大直径是因为能够收集的能量是基于收集表面的这一事实，换言之就是风车叶片的直径的平方。
然而，由于随着直径(以及叶片数目)增加的系统惯性增加造成来自低风速的能量回收丧失(风车能产生电流的最低速度增加)，因此这种明智的选择有其局限性。
然而，这种能量也基于风速的立方，然而人们既不能控制风速也不能控制其方向。直径越大，风车变得越高。在支承支架在配合时(在底座处)时的弯曲力矩变得很大并需要使风车“具有羽状(feather)”以减速风所述，这很大程度地减小了可用风的“窗口”。
当前有大量文献涉及利用很早之前就已知的现象，即热空气上升。这些文献记载了通过使用“风车”或在一种具有通风(draft)效应的烟囱内的涡轮机收集这些人造风的能量，它们的主要优点是具有恒定的风向。
作为示例，可对照专利文献GB 2302139、DE 19831492和DE 3636248。
然而，类似系统的成本效益使它们迄今为止不能投入应用。基于每桶石油的价格的增长，这种情况将会改变。该设施的产出则将成为主要因素。
发明内容
本发明的目的是给出一种改进的、更灵活的系统，这种系统允许通过将“风车”系统转化成特定的“涡轮机”系统而回收更多的能量。
因为上述的原因，如今使用的风车仅限于低于80或90km/h的风速。
“额定”速度一般大约为20-30km/h。
气体涡轮机在它们具有高得多的气体速度——一般大约为800km/h的亚音速(飞机发动机可超过音速)——时工作，并且输出明显更大。
对其而言，如下所述的系统位于中等速度水平(大约100-300km/h)，并根据主要特征，使用显著提高输出的若干级鳍片(而不是风车)。
本发明因此涉及这样一种系统。
总地来说，本发明的实际目的是给出一种设计成通过机械手段将以若干级——即以分级方式——设置的热交换器的系统中传递的热量回收作为来源发电的系统。其它特征记载于所附权利要求书中。
在这些设置的热交换级之间插设有级，所述级包括固定于中心的垂直旋转轴的鳍片或叶片，该轴是一向下延伸直到成为位于下部的发电机的轴的轴。
根据本发明的一个方面，可通过提供明显高于空气排出部(在顶部)的空气吸入部(在底部)获得或多或少的显著速度加速。
附图说明
下面参照附图仅以示例为目的描述一个实施例，在附图中：
图1示出根据本发明的布置的垂直的半个截面。
图2和图3示出一叶片级的水平剖视图(图1的平面A)，分别代表两个实施例：多叶片和多带冠叶片。基于设施尺寸和所达到的风速作出选择。
具体实施方式
系统由塔形成，所述塔由具有同一中心垂直轴20的两个同心圆柱1、2构成。
通过空气与位于塔的若干级(例如地面高度和“奇数级”)上的热交换器10(带鳍片的系统)的静止金属壁接触而获得作为热空气的向上气流的人造空气流30，热交换器10位于外圆柱1和内圆柱2之间。
在地面高度处的空气30的加热高度代表第一加热高度9(实际为“预热”)，在该位置空气输入的环形部7大于输出8，因此出现加速现象。在这个高度上，空气在流过第一级E1的热交换器10a前在高度9预热，以在穿透作为第一高度的涡轮机叶片之一的级E2前再次被加热。
“偶数级”绕塔的垂直中心轴20移动和转动，从而构成系统的“涡轮机”部分。它们包括涡轮机的鳍片或叶片40，所述鳍片或叶片40焊接在系统的内圆柱2上以通过由热空气30的力产生的转动来带动，所述热空气30以远高于风车额定速度的速度上升。
热交换器10直接固定于外圆柱1并在需要时(大直径场合下)通过球轴承12或等效结构(由于轴转动而热交换器是静止不动的)以承材支撑或安装在中心轴上。
相比而言，涡轮机鳍片—叶片40直接固定，并较佳地仅固定在内圆柱2上，恰好就象涡轮机在其旋转支承件上的鳍片。然而，图1示出一种情形，其中叶片的端部支靠在环状托架3上。
在隔热导管中循环的冷却剂4被带至最上方的热交换器10d，并从那里再次下落以连续和顺序地从最上方至最下方向供给其它热交换器10c、10b和10a。
冷却剂4的循环是自然完成的，就象热水从大厦的中央加热区的自然循环，但可由向运动提供恒定节奏的一个或多个循环泵来辅助冷却剂4的环流。
在下落中，冷却剂4一点点地失去其热量，所述热量被传递至周围的空气。
被吸入系统底部的空气具有外部空气的温度并具有相同的湿度。
一旦空气与其中流过已丧失大部分温度的冷却剂的地面高度处的第一热交换器(预加热)的鳍片接触，则空气被预热。结果，空气膨胀，从而产生向上推动该空气经过所述预加热鳍片以使其流过级E1的热交换器并随后流过级E2处的涡轮机的叶片40的过压。
结果，通过中央圆柱2的循环移动的建立而产生能量传递，这表现为空气的压力卸荷和温度降低。
空气然后移动至奇数级E3，在那里空气与其中循环温度高于级E1的冷却剂的其它热交换器接触。从而循环再次开始：另外加热、新过压、流过级E4的鳍片、施加于轴的附加转动、压力卸荷以及空气温度的降低。
这样直到到达最后的涡轮机，在那里，在失去一部分能量后，热空气被排至大气中。
很明显，该系统当空气经过第一转动高度时能够更好地利用空气(“避开”Besse所描述的堵塞)。从原理上说，本系统类似于具有远高于诸单个涡轮机的总输出的组合循环涡轮机。
传至涡轮机叶片的应力总和因此累积并给予中央圆柱2(系统的转子)一转动，该转动经由设置在塔的底部的其底座上的发电机提供一电流，该电流由于基于输出速度(因此能量基于该速度的三次方)而是可观的。
要注意，发电机13在其转动中释放热量。假设发电机位于塔内，显然这种热量将传递至周围的空气，从而在特定情形下能回收估计2％的能量。
为了能在需要时持久地使用这种系统，可为冷却剂提供存储装置，例如隔热储罐。
冷却剂的热量可从不同来源获得，例如地热源、太阳能传感器或来自工业过程的热回收。
例如，当将太阳能用来加热冷却剂4时，冷却剂在日间可在与日常工作的回路分离的回路中被加热并存储在一个或多个储罐中以供晚上使用(外部空气变得较冷，结果提供更高的产量，这至少部分地补偿由于存储过程中冷却剂的冷却造成的损耗)。
当地热能用于加热冷却剂时，加热和存储有利地以不同方式完成：冷却剂由在带有与矿井底部对齐的鳍片的管线中循环的普通水构成，管线的外表面通过例如适宜的涂料来防止化学侵蚀。
由于从矿井将热量“泵送”至冷却剂需要花费一定时间，因此提供若干管线网络就将是足够的。例如，如果使冷却剂达到矿井底部水的温度(例如80℃)需要16小时，则提供三个管线网络就已足够(8小时从网络“用空”热量，16小时在矿井的底部回收这些热量，因此在这16小时中，另外两个网络进行接管)。因此，三个管线网络实现24小时工作。
假设转动速度是一致的(可通过简单调节冷却剂的流率来调节)，所获得的电流是同步的，并通过简单(和已有)的调整而直接送至配电电路，或者是低电压、或者是中等电压、或者是高电压配电电路。
本发明因此描述用于形成人造风的冷却剂的能量的传递和分级回收的系统，这种系统尤为灵活和有效。应当理解，可对下述本发明的装置提供许多变化而不超过本发明的范围。从而，尤其在启动时提供相对于转子逐渐配合不同高度的叶片的装置。

Claims (13)

1.从冷却剂(4)产生能量的系统，该系统包括与涡轮机(2)结合的发电机(13)，进入塔的底部的空气流(30)供给到所述涡轮机(2)，其特征在于，所述塔配有与驱动所述发电机的中心轴(2)一体形成的多个叶片级(40)和交替设置的热交换器级(10)，藉此通过被加热的空气在所述塔中上升时的上升作用来驱动所述叶片，所述冷却剂(4)通过从位于最上方高度的热交换器(10)下降经过所述热交换器(10)来供给所述热交换器(10)。
2.如权利要求1所述的系统，其特征在于，所述塔和轴是圆柱形和同轴的。
3.如权利要求2所述的系统，其特征在于，所述热交换器(10)通过承材固定于外圆柱(1)。
4.如权利要求3所述的系统，其特征在于，所述热交换器的内端藉由球轴承或等效装置支靠在所述中心轴上。
5.如前面任何一项权利要求所述的系统，其特征在于，所述叶片是带冠式叶片。
6.如前面任何一项权利要求所述的系统，其特征在于，在所述塔的底部的所述空气输入包括较佳地通过所述冷却剂工作的预热系统。
7.如前面任何一项权利要求所述的系统，其特征在于，所述系统包括位于热交换器级(10)之间的3级至10级之间的叶片交换器(40)。
8.如前面任何一项权利要求所述的系统，其特征在于，在所述塔的底部的所述空气吸入部(7)基本大于在所述塔的顶部的空气排出部(8)。
9.如前面任何一项权利要求所述的系统，其特征在于，所述系统包括用于存储冷却剂的装置。
10.如前面任何一项权利要求所述的系统，其特征在于，来自所述冷却剂(4)的热量是从太阳能传感器或地热源获得的。
11.如权利要求10所述的系统，其特征在于，所述热源是地热并提供设置在矿井底部的三个管线网络，可选择使用或不使用所述管线网络。
12.如前面任何一项权利要求所述的系统，其特征在于，所述冷却剂是水。
13.如前面任何一项权利要求所述的系统，其特征在于，所产生的电流是同步的。
CNA2006800547708A 2006-03-31 2006-11-06 来自低温能源的发电 Pending CN101449055A (zh)

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