CN101374723B - 装备有预冷器的双流式涡轮发动机 - Google Patents

装备有预冷器的双流式涡轮发动机 Download PDF

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CN101374723B
CN101374723B CN2007800032693A CN200780003269A CN101374723B CN 101374723 B CN101374723 B CN 101374723B CN 2007800032693 A CN2007800032693 A CN 2007800032693A CN 200780003269 A CN200780003269 A CN 200780003269A CN 101374723 B CN101374723 B CN 101374723B
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precooler
cowling
turbogenerator
air
cooling
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CN101374723A (zh
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A·波特
D·普拉特
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Airbus Operations SAS
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02CGAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F02C7/00Features, components parts, details or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart form groups F02C1/00 - F02C6/00; Air intakes for jet-propulsion plants
    • F02C7/12Cooling of plants
    • F02C7/14Cooling of plants of fluids in the plant, e.g. lubricant or fuel
    • F02C7/141Cooling of plants of fluids in the plant, e.g. lubricant or fuel of working fluid
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02KJET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F02K3/00Plants including a gas turbine driving a compressor or a ducted fan
    • F02K3/02Plants including a gas turbine driving a compressor or a ducted fan in which part of the working fluid by-passes the turbine and combustion chamber
    • F02K3/04Plants including a gas turbine driving a compressor or a ducted fan in which part of the working fluid by-passes the turbine and combustion chamber the plant including ducted fans, i.e. fans with high volume, low pressure outputs, for augmenting the jet thrust, e.g. of double-flow type
    • F02K3/06Plants including a gas turbine driving a compressor or a ducted fan in which part of the working fluid by-passes the turbine and combustion chamber the plant including ducted fans, i.e. fans with high volume, low pressure outputs, for augmenting the jet thrust, e.g. of double-flow type with front fan
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02KJET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F02K3/00Plants including a gas turbine driving a compressor or a ducted fan
    • F02K3/02Plants including a gas turbine driving a compressor or a ducted fan in which part of the working fluid by-passes the turbine and combustion chamber
    • F02K3/04Plants including a gas turbine driving a compressor or a ducted fan in which part of the working fluid by-passes the turbine and combustion chamber the plant including ducted fans, i.e. fans with high volume, low pressure outputs, for augmenting the jet thrust, e.g. of double-flow type
    • F02K3/075Plants including a gas turbine driving a compressor or a ducted fan in which part of the working fluid by-passes the turbine and combustion chamber the plant including ducted fans, i.e. fans with high volume, low pressure outputs, for augmenting the jet thrust, e.g. of double-flow type controlling flow ratio between flows
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02KJET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F02K3/00Plants including a gas turbine driving a compressor or a ducted fan
    • F02K3/08Plants including a gas turbine driving a compressor or a ducted fan with supplementary heating of the working fluid; Control thereof
    • F02K3/105Heating the by-pass flow
    • F02K3/115Heating the by-pass flow by means of indirect heat exchange
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02TCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T50/00Aeronautics or air transport
    • Y02T50/60Efficient propulsion technologies, e.g. for aircraft

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)
  • Wind Motors (AREA)

Abstract

根据本发明,预冷器(30)呈现具有环绕舱室轴线(L-L)的环形截面的形式,并且布置在内整流罩(10)的后部(10R)之内,该预冷器在外部与离开送风管(13)的冷流(9)接触,并且在内部与从所述冷流(9)抽取的冷却空气流(29)接触。

Description

装备有预冷器的双流式涡轮发动机
本发明涉及装备有预冷器(prérefroidisseur)的双流式涡轮发动机。
众所周知,在飞行器上,需要布置有热空气以实现某些功能,诸如驾驶舱和乘客舱中的空气调节以及飞行器某些装置的除冰。
还已知的是,此热空气来自飞行器的涡轮发动机并且在使用前必须进行大的冷却。为了这样做,提供了通常称为预冷器(航空英语为precooler)的热交换器,在其中从涡轮发动机的中央发生器抽取的热空气被从送风管(le canal de soufflante)抽取的、这就是说从涡轮发动机的冷流抽取的冷空气冷却。这样的预冷器通常置于所述送风管中,这在所述涡轮发动机的冷流中产生空气动力学扰动。
此外,从涡轮发动机的冷流中抽取并用来冷却从中央发生器抽取的热空气的冷空气导致产生重新加热的空气流,其必须被排到涡轮发动机的外部,这增加了飞行器的阻力。
本发明的目的是弥补现有技术的这些缺陷。
为了此目的,根据本发明,用于飞行器的双流式涡轮发动机包括:
-具有纵向轴线的中空的舱室,在其前部提供了空气进口,在其后部提供了空气出口;
-中央热流发生器,其轴向地布置在所述舱室中;
-轴向地布置在所述舱室中的送风机,位于所述中央发生器之前,并能够为所述涡轮发动机产生冷流;
-在内部由所述舱室支撑的外整流罩,以及环绕在所述中央发生器周围的内整流罩,在所述外整流罩和内整流罩之间限定了用于所述冷流的具有环形截面的送风管,并且所述内整流罩和所述中央发生器限定了环绕所述中央发生器的具有环形截面中间腔室,且在所述热流的周边提供了至少一个后开口;以及
-预冷器,包括用于从所述中央发生器吸取的热空气流的进口和用于借助于所述冷流而产生的冷却的热空气流的出口,
值得注意的是:
-所述预冷器布置在所述中间腔室之内,与内整流罩的后部有热接触,并在所述预冷器和所述中央发生器之间形成了中间通道;以及
-在所述预冷器的前面具有至少一个空气进口,其穿过所述内整流罩,并从所述冷流抽取冷却空气流,其能够至少冷却部分进入到所述预冷器中的热空气流。
因此,得益于本发明,避免了由于预冷器而在送风管中产生的空气动力学扰动,因为该预冷器现在被置于所述内整流罩的后部之中。此外,避免了由于排出重新加热的空气而导致的缺陷,因为所述预冷器在外面利用离开送风管的冷流且该冷流吹过所述内整流罩的后部,而在内部,通过所述空气进口从所述冷流吸取的所述冷却空气流从所述空气进口穿过所述中间通道直至所述后开口,并穿过所述后开口从该中间腔室排出。
优选地,所述空气进口装备有可控制的关闭装置。因此,当飞行状况如下时,即对于所述冷却的热空气流,所需的温度可以只借助于作用在预冷器外部上的冷流即可获得时,所述空气进口被关闭,使得没有任何冷却空气流从所述冷流抽走。
可以提供多个分布在内整流罩周边上的空气进口。但是,优选地,只使用一个单独的空气进口,其与装置相关联,用于将所述冷却空气流交替地设置成在所述中间腔室的内部围绕所述纵轴线而旋转。
优选地,为了在流经所述预冷器的热空气、从外面吹在预冷器上的冷流以及穿过该中间通道的冷却空气流之间获得满意的热交换面,规定了所述预冷器和所述中间通道呈这样的形式,其具有环形截面,并环绕所述纵向轴线沿所述内整流罩后部的整个内周边延伸。
在本发明的一个优选实施例中,所述内整流罩至少在其后部是双层壁,这就是说,其包括通过环形叠片(lame)形式的空隙彼此隔开的内壁和外壁,且所述预冷器布置在所述空隙中。
为了此目的,所述预冷器可包括:
-分配管,其连接到所述热空气流的进口上,并能够至少在所述环形空隙的大约整个长度(平行于舱室的纵向轴线)上分配所述热空气;以及
-收集管,其连接到所述冷却的热空气流的出口上,并能够至少在所述环形空隙的大约整个长度上收集所述冷却的热空气。
优选地,在所述分配管和所述收集管之间(这些管以对于热空气的冷却最佳的方式布置在内整流罩后部的内周边上),所述预冷器包括多个用于引导热空气的弯曲的管,所述管横过舱室的纵向轴线,并分布在所述环形空隙的长度上。
这种管可有利地由增强内整流罩的框架形成,该框架固定在该内整流罩的内壁和外壁上。
有利地,为了提供对冷却的热空气温度的更好更容易的调节,提供了优选地装备有可控阀的导管,其与所述预冷器平行地安装并将其热空气进口与其冷却的热空气出口相连。
附图的图形将使得易于理解如何实施本发明。在这些附图中,相同的标号代表相似的部件。
图1用示意性的轴向截面图显示了已知的双流式涡轮发动机。
图2和图3用类似图1的视图显示了根据本发明的涡轮发动机的两种变型。
图4用局部透视图表现了送风管中的冷空气进口。
图5用示意性的轴向半截面图显示了围绕图2和图3的发动机的热流的内整流罩。
图6和图7在更大的比例上显示了图5的整流罩的结构。
图8是从后部透视所述内整流罩的外部视图。
图9是从所述内整流罩前部的外部视图。
图10和图11分别是按照图8的X-X线和XI-XI线的局部截面。
由图1、图2和图3各自所示的双流式涡轮发动机包括具有纵向轴线L-L的中空舱室1,其在前部具有空气进口2,并在后部具有空气出口3。所述中空舱室1在内部支撑整流罩4,其优选地至少部分覆盖消声层5,用于减小所述涡轮发动机的内部噪声。
布置在中空舱室1内部的是:
-中央热流发生器6,其以已知的方式包括低压压缩机和高压压缩机、燃烧室和低压涡轮及高压涡轮,并产生所述涡轮发动机的轴向热流7;
-送风机8,其轴向地布置在所述中央发生器6的前面,并产生所述涡轮发动机的环形冷流9;以及
-环绕所述中央发生器6的内整流罩10,并在其自身和此发生器的外壳11之间形成环绕所述发生器的具有环形截面的中间腔室12,所述整流罩的后部10R形成所述热流7的喷口16的外壁。
在内整流罩10和位于外部的整流罩4之间形成送风管13,其具有环绕中央发生器6的环形截面,而冷流9穿过该截面流动。
在内整流罩10和中央发生器6之间,在前部形成环形空气进口缝隙14,并且在后部形成环形空气出口缝隙15。因此,中间腔室12能够由通气流f掠过,该通气流f从冷流9中在前缝隙14的水平抽取,并在所述热流7和所述冷流9的交界处在后缝隙15的水平排出,此通气流f用于调节中央发生器6的温度。
此外,舱室1以通常的方式由飞行器的翼部17(部分地显示)通过悬挂支柱18支撑。
在图1所示的已知的涡轮发动机中,提供了预冷器19,其布置在位于冷流9中的送风管13的上部。此预冷器19被通过导管21供应来自中央发生器6的热空气流20,在导管21上有热空气调节阀22。由预冷器19产生的经过冷却的热空气23通过导管24分配到用户设备(未示出),导管24穿过悬挂支柱18且该导管24可以装备有调节阀25。
因此,在此已知的布局中,预冷器19抽取热流的一部分来冷却热空气流20并产生冷却的热空气流23,并且这还导致通过所述预冷器形成与所述抽取的冷流相对应的重新加热的冷空气流(未示出)。在图1中以任何已知的方式将此重新加热的冷空气流排向外部,并通常导致阻力的增加。
因此容易理解,预冷器19在送风管13中的存在以及重新加热的冷空气的排出对于如图1中所示的已知发动机的性能是有害的。
在舱室1.1中,根据本发明及图2中所示,可以发现所有参考图1描述的元件2到18和元件20到25。
然而,在此舱室1.1中,预冷器19被预冷器30取代,该预冷器30布置在中间腔室12的内部,与整流罩10的后部10R有热接触。预冷器30呈现环绕轴线L-L的环形截面形状,并在此后部10R的整个周边上延伸。此外,预冷器30设置了中间通道26,该中间通道26具有围绕轴线L-L的环形截面,位于预冷器30自身和中央发生器6之间,所述中间通道26经由所述环形空气排出缝隙15通向后面。
此外,在图2的舱室1.1中,在预冷器30前面有空气进口27,其装备有关闭装置28并穿过所述整流罩10。当其打开时,空气进口27能够从所述冷流9抽取冷却空气流29。
因此,在外部,预冷器30被离开送风管13并触及内整流罩10的后部10R的冷流9冷却,而在内部,当空气进口27打开时,它又被穿过中间通道26并流出缝隙15的所述冷却空气流29冷却。
预冷器30包括进口31和出口32,进口31连接到引入热空气流20的导管21,出口32连接到输送冷却的热空气23的导管24。
在显示了图2的全部元件的图3中,在根据本发明的舱室1.2中还具有与预冷器30平行安装的分流导管33,该分流导管33连接其进口31和出口32并装备有阀34。通过此方式,如有必要,热空气可以直接从入口31引向出口33,从而绕过预冷器30。
在图4中描绘了空气进口27的一个实施例及其关闭器28(但没有促动后者的装置)。在腔室12中,在发生器6的壳体11上布置了叶片29A,用于使冷却的空气流29绕轴线L-L旋转。
由图5到图11所示的预冷器30的实施例在结构上结合在所述内整流罩10的所述后部10R中。
如在图5到图7中可见,所述后部10R包括内壁35和外壁36,它们彼此平行并由环形叠片形式的空隙37隔开。在此空隙中布置了框架38(图6)或39(图7),其固定在所述内壁35和外壁36上并限定将空隙37再分的弯曲管40的边界。管40横过舱室的轴线L-L并眼所述后部10R分布。
此外,所述预冷器30包括(见图8):
-分配管41,其连接到热空气进口31上,并能够沿整个所述后部10R在所述空隙37内(以及因而在管40内)分配所述热空气(见箭头42),并横贯该后部10R;以及
-收集管43,其与冷却的热空气出口32相连,并能够在所述后部10R的整个长度上收集穿过横跨管40的所述空隙37的所述空气(见箭头44)。
如图8到11中所示,管41和43的截面从前向后缩小,而对于分别提供的分配开口45和收集开口46则相反。

Claims (9)

1.一种用于飞行器的双流式涡轮发动机,包括:
-具有纵向轴线(L-L)的中空的舱室(1),在其前部提供了空气进口(2),并在其后部提供了空气出口(3);
-热流(7)的中央发生器(6),其轴向地布置在所述舱室(1)中;
-轴向地布置在所述舱室(1)中的送风机(8),其位于所述中央发生器(6)之前,并能够为所述涡轮发动机产生冷流(9);
-在内部由所述舱室(1)支撑的外整流罩(4),以及环绕在所述中央发生器(6)周围的内整流罩(10),在所述外整流罩(4)和内整流罩(10)之间限定了用于所述冷流(9)的具有环形截面的送风管(13),并且所述内整流罩(10)与所述中央发生器(6)一起限定了环绕所述中央发生器(6)的具有环形截面的中间腔室(12),并且在所述热流(7)的周边提供了至少一个后开口(15);以及
-预冷器,其包括用于从所述中央发生器(6)吸取的热空气流(20)的进口和用于借助于所述冷流(9)而产生的冷却的热空气流的出口,
其特征在于:
-所述预冷器(30)布置在所述中间腔室(12)之内,与所述内整流罩(10)的后部(10R)有热接触,并在所述预冷器(30)和所述中央发生器(6)之间形成了中间通道(26);
-在所述预冷器(30)的前面具有至少一个空气进口(27),其穿过所述内整流罩(10),并从所述冷流(9)抽取冷却空气流(29),所述冷却空气流(29)能够至少冷却部分进入到所述预冷器(30)中的热空气流(20);以及
所述空气进口(27)装备有可控制的关闭装置(28)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的涡轮发动机,其特征在于,在所述中间腔室(12)中在所述中央发生器(6)的壳体(11)上有用于使所述冷却空气流(29)绕所述轴线(L-L)旋转的叶片(29A)。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的涡轮发动机,其特征在于,所述预冷器(30)和所述中间通道(26)呈现环形截面并沿所述内整流罩(10)的所述后部(10R)的整个周边延伸,围绕所述纵向轴线(L-L)。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的涡轮发动机,其特征在于,至少在所述内整流罩(10)的后部(10R)中,所述内整流罩(10)包括内壁(35)和外壁(36),它们彼此平行,由环形叠片形式的空隙(37)彼此隔开,并且所述预冷器(30)布置在所述空隙(37)中。
5.根据权利要求4所述的涡轮发动机,其特征在于,所述涡轮发动机包括:
-分配管(41),其连接到所述热空气流(20)的所述进口(31)上,并且能够至少在所述环形空隙(37)的整个长度上分配所述热空气;和
-收集管(43),其连接到所述冷却的热空气流(23)的出口(32)上,并且能够至少在所述环形空隙(37)的整个长度上收集所述冷却的热空气。
6.根据权利要求5的涡轮发动机,其特征在于,在所述分配管(41)和所述收集管(43)之间,所述预冷器(30)包括多个用于引导热空气的弯曲的管(40),所述管(40)横过所述舱室的纵向轴线(L-L)并且分布在所述环形空隙(37)的长度上。
7.根据权利要求6的涡轮发动机,其特征在于,所述管(40)由经过增强所述内整流罩(10)的所述后部(10R)的框架(38,39)来形成,并且固定在所述内壁(35)和外壁(36)上。
8.根据权利要求1或2所述的涡轮发动机,其特征在于,所述涡轮发动机包括分流导管(33),其与所述预冷器(30)平行安装,连接所述热空气流(20)流动的所述进口(31)和所述冷却的热空气流(23)流动的所述出口(32)。
9.根据权利要求8所述的涡轮发动机,其特征在于,所述分流导管(33)装备有可控阀(34)。
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