CN101303336B - Experimental apparatus of oversaturation total dissolved gas in dam water discharging downstream water - Google Patents
Experimental apparatus of oversaturation total dissolved gas in dam water discharging downstream water Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to an experimental device for supersaturated total dissolved gas of the downstream water body of discharging water of a dam. The device comprises a water column, valves, a flowmeter, an air compressor, a manometer, a total dissolved gas tester and a stirrer. A first valve and the flowmeter are respectively connected with the bottom of the water column by a pipeline, the outlet of the air compressor is communicated with the flowmeter by a second valve through one end of a three-way pipe, and is communicated with the atmosphere by a third valve through the other end of the three-way pipe; the scale position on the wall of the water column is connected with a latex pipe which is connected with the manometer; the total dissolved gas tester and the stirrer are independent, and the total dissolved gas tester is placed into the water column when measuring. The device of the invention can measure and control main physical parameters which influence the generation and release of supersaturated total dissolved gas such as water body pressure, aerification quantity, water depth and turbulent strength, so as to carry out quantitative analysis to the total dissolved gas, and therefore the device of the invention has important promoting effects for the protection of river aquatic ecological environment and the establishment of ecology friendly hydraulic engineering.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of water body total dissolved gas (TDG) supersaturation technology; Be particularly related to a kind of generation of tail water body supersaturation general dissolved gas and the experimental provision of release rule research when can be used for dam and sluicing, belong to hydraulic engineering dissolved gas supersaturation technical field.
Background technology
In the many large hydraulic engineerings of China, according to its water regulation demand, hydraulic engineering need be passed through outlet structure escape works such as spillway, flood discharging tunnel and sluice in the river course downstream.Its current can be followed a large amount of aerations when dam sluiced; This big flow, strong aerated flow the supersaturation dissolved gas can occur at the dam downstream river course; And this supersaturation solution gas cognition is present in the tens of kms in downstream even the hundreds of km water body; Cause hydrobiont trouble bubble illness such as fish, even cause the hydrobiont mass mortality, thereby the river aquatic ecosystem is caused serious harm.
Dam downstream supersaturation general dissolved gas (TDG) produces and discharges; Mainly relevant with air entrainment and the many factors such as the depth of water and flow velocity of cushion pool and river course under pressure-bearing size and the time of gas in water body, the dam of mixing; Therefore supersaturation general dissolved gas problem belongs to complicated aqueous vapor two-phase flow problem; It relates to many fields such as water conservancy project hydraulics, environmental hydraulics, liquid-gas interface mass transfer, and its research difficulty is very big.Therefore, the mechanism of production aspect research about water body supersaturation general dissolved gas at present is quite deficient, and the experimental provision that is used to study also lacks.
At present, in the hydraulic engineering general dissolved gas supersaturation problem is adopted research meanses such as prototype measurement, physical model experiment, mechanism experiment, numerical simulation usually.All there be difficulty and restrictive factor in various degree in these research meanses in the research of dam supersaturated total dissolved gas problem.Like prototype measurement is the research means of a kind of water body supersaturation general dissolved gas commonly used in the hydraulic engineering, but the observer must arrive the dam field observation that is sluicing, very inconvenience.In addition, this research means on the one hand in the high dam flood discharge many physical factors such as water flow, flow velocity, air entrainment, downstream pressure, the depth of water and physical condition all exist nonrepeatability or uncontrollability; On the other hand, also will be for guaranteeing the performance of comprehensive benefits such as hydraulic engineering generating, irrigation, high dam sluicing frequency is no doubt less, and the time is short, and this has limited carrying out of Prototype Observation again.Simultaneously owing to flow velocity in the cushion pool under the dam is big; Flow field, aeration field change violent; Said prototype measurement means still can't be implemented high-acruracy survey to three-dimensional flow field, pressure field and aeration concentrater field in the cushion pool under the dam etc., and it is far from being enough therefore the research of dam downstream general dissolved gas supersaturation problem only being relied on prototype measurement.
Secondly, in the little guide physical model experiment research hydraulic engineering of using always in the employing hydraulic engineering also there is very big difficulty in general dissolved gas supersaturation problem.So-called little guide physical model experiment is on the dam model of certain guide, to experimentize, and again the measurement on the model is expanded to prototype by guide.The main difficulty that this research means exists is: (1) therefore is difficult to produce the general dissolved gas supersaturation because the empirical model yardstick is little, air entrainment is few and mix factors such as gas pressure-bearing is little; (2) under the dam in the cushion pool complicated physical parameters such as current phenomenon, aeration and general dissolved gas distribution still unresolved in the law of similitude problem of model and actual prototype, the measurement of model experiment can't " amplify " and arrives actual prototype; (3) local inevitably flow field, temperature field, the concentration field etc. of changing of most of surveying instruments cause measurement result to have certain error.
In recent years, along with the raising of computer science level and the development of numerical simulation technology, some researchers begin to attempt adopting numerical simulation technology research general dissolved gas supersaturation problem.But many physical parameters need rely on enough experiments and former sight data to carry out calibration and checking in this model.And mechanism experiment research is through experimental provision; Simulate the various oversaturated physical conditions of general dissolved gas that influence such as general dissolved gas supersaturation pressure, aeration, flow velocity, thereby through researching and analysing the influence of various physical conditions to general dissolved gas supersaturation generation and dispose procedure.
Summary of the invention
The object of the invention is just to existing defective in the said prior art; The experimental provision of tail water body supersaturation general dissolved gas problem when providing a kind of dam to sluice; Through this experimental provision; Can realize water body pressure, air entrainment, the depth of water, turbulence intensity etc. are influenced the measurement control of the Main physical condition of generation of supersaturation general dissolved gas and dispose procedure, thereby reach Quantitative study generation of supersaturation general dissolved gas and dispose procedure; And to protection river aquatic ecological environment and set up ecological friendly type hydraulic engineering and have important facilitation.
The objective of the invention is to realize through the technical scheme that following measure constitutes.
The experimental provision of tail water body supersaturation general dissolved gas is characterized in that when dam of the present invention sluiced, and comprised water column, flowmeter, valve, air compressor machine, general dissolved gas analyzer and stirrer; First valve is connected with the water column bottom respectively through pipeline with flowmeter, and the air compressor machine outlet is communicated with flowmeter through an end of three-way pipe, and air compressor machine exports through the said three-way pipe other end and atmosphere; General dissolved gas analyzer and stirrer are independently.
In the technique scheme, said first valve is connected with the aperture of water column bottom and seals, and said flowmeter is connected with another aperture of water column bottom and seals, and the water column top is uncovered.
In the technique scheme, it highly is provided with said water column and is not less than 2m, and the diameter setting is not less than 20cm.
In the technique scheme, be carved with scale evenly and at intervals on the said water column outer wall.
In the technique scheme, each scale place all is provided with aperture on the said water column outer wall, on each aperture, connects emulsion tube, and emulsion tube is communicated with the interior water body of water column and seals.
In the technique scheme,, all be connected with mercury manometer on the said emulsion tube in order to measure water body saturation degree in the water column.
In the technique scheme, on three-way pipe one end that said air compressor machine outlet is communicated with flowmeter second valve is installed.
In the technique scheme, on the three-way pipe other end of said air compressor machine outlet and atmosphere the 3rd valve is installed.
The useful technique effect that the present invention compared with prior art has:
1, experimental provision of the present invention has overcome because dam or high dam sluicing frequency is few, the time is short; The uncontrollability and the nonrepeatability of many physical factors and physical condition have limited the difficulty to dam or high dam sluicing downstream general dissolved gas supersaturation Study on Problems simultaneously.
2, the installation of experimental provision of the present invention and measurement are all very convenient; Material requested and equipment investment are little, and cost is low.
3, experimental provision of the present invention is compared the prototype measurement means, and not only having solved hurries back and forth carries out the problem of prototype measurement in the different water power station, also practiced thrift a large amount of human and material resources inputs simultaneously.
4, utilize experimental provision of the present invention, can control the water body depth of water, pressure, air entrainment, turbulent fluctuation condition etc. very easily influences the oversaturated a series of key factors of general dissolved gas, and can realize the Quantitative study to general dissolved gas supersaturation problem.
5, utilize experimental provision of the present invention, can carry out dam or general dissolved gas supersaturation generation of high dam downstream and release rule research easily; Has important directive significance for the measure that slows down of further seeking dam or the supersaturation of high dam engineering general dissolved gas influence simultaneously; And to protection river aquatic ecological environment and set up ecological friendly type hydraulic engineering and have important facilitation.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 supersaturation general dissolved gas of the present invention produces the experimental provision structural representation;
Fig. 2 (a) the present invention contains the water body release experiment device synoptic diagram of supersaturation general dissolved gas;
The stirring release experiment and the instrumentation plan of Fig. 2 (b) general dissolved gas supersaturation of the present invention water body;
Fig. 3 the present invention is general dissolved gas saturation degree and depth of water graph of relation under different air entrainment conditions;
Fig. 4 the present invention is general dissolved gas saturation degree and pressure graph of relation under different air entrainment conditions;
Fig. 5 the present invention water body total dissolved gas (TDG) under the stirrer different rotating speeds discharges comparison diagram as a result;
Fig. 6 the present invention is general dissolved gas dispose procedure comparison diagram under the 400r/min rotating speed;
Fig. 7 the present invention is general dissolved gas dispose procedure comparison diagram under the 600r/min rotating speed.
Among the figure, 1 water column, 2 flowmeters, 3 air compressor machines, 4 general dissolved gas analyzers, 5 stirrers, 6 first valves, 7 second valves, 8 the 3rd valves, 9 mercury manometers, 10 emulsion tubes, 11 beakers, 12 three-way pipes.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing and through specific embodiment the present invention is done further detailed description, but do not mean that any qualification of the present invention.
The experimental provision structure that supersaturation general dissolved gas of the present invention produces is as shown in Figure 1, and this experimental provision comprises organic bath of glass post 1, and the water column overall height is set to 6 meters, is carved with scale for 1 meter at the every interval of water column outer wall; First valve 6 is installed on the aperture of water column 1 bottom and sealing, and flowmeter 2 also is installed on another aperture of water column 1 bottom and sealing; Air compressor machine 3 outlets are communicated with flowmeter 2 through an end of three-way pipe 12, and second valve 7 is installed on three-way pipe one end that air compressor machine is communicated with flowmeter, and air compressor machine 3 outlets are through three-way pipe 12 other ends and atmosphere; The 3rd valve 8 is installed on the three-way pipe other end of air compressor machine and atmosphere.On the water column outer wall, whenever be spaced apart one meter scale place and all connect an emulsion tube 10; Emulsion tube 10 is communicated with the interior water body of water column and adopts glass cement to seal; On emulsion tube, all connect a U type mercury manometer 9; Can measure different water depths hydrostatic pressure in the water column through mercury manometer, and adopt general dissolved gas analyzer 4 to measure the general dissolved gas saturation degree at the depth of water place, water body position of each scale of water column.Analyzer 4 also is used for measuring under different air entrainment conditions general dissolved gas saturation degree and depth of water relation in the water body, and makes its graph of relation.
The experimental provision structure that supersaturation general dissolved gas of the present invention discharges is as shown in Figure 2; On structure shown in Figure 1; With water column is that the U-shaped mercury manometer 9 that 6 meters scale places connect breaks off with emulsion tube 10, again beaker 11 is placed emulsion tube 10 belows, and the water in the water column then flows into beaker automatically; The different depth of waters in the control beaker are used stirrer 5 continuous stirring in beaker again, promptly obtain the dispose procedure of general dissolved gas supersaturation water body under the different turbulent fluctuation conditions.
Embodiment 1
Supersaturation general dissolved gas of the present invention generates the used instrument and equipment of experimental provision:
1, air compressor machine 3 is the TA-65 piston type air compressor that Kunshan Jin Cheng mechanical & electronic equipment corporation, Ltd produces;
2, flowmeter 2 is the LZB-15 type glass rotameter that Shanghai silver circulation instrument company produces;
3, general dissolved gas analyzer 4 is the TDG analyzer of U.S. YSI Inc. production;
4, mercury manometer is a U type mercury manometer.
The experimental procedure that this experimental provision supersaturation general dissolved gas generates:
(1), connects each parts according to layout shown in Figure 1;
(2), at first in water column 1, pack tap water into to 1m scale place;
(3), open air compressor machine 3; Open second valve 7 simultaneously, air is mixed the water column from water column 1 bottom through flowmeter 2 through second valve 7 again, regulate the aeration flow through regulating second valve opening; The flow size makes its aeration flow be stabilized in 0.12m by flowmeter 2 indications
3/ min.
(4), can see in the water column free-water level certain altitude that risen before the experiment beginning this moment, record water surface lift-off value Δ H is 0.5, and the water colunm height H after raising
1Be 5.0, the air entrainment computing formula in the water column is φ=Δ H/H
1* 100%, calculate φ=Δ H/H according to this formula
1* 100%=0.5/5.0 * 100%=10%.
(5), measure it through U type mercury manometer 9 and belong to the hydrostatic pressure at different scale depth of waters place, general dissolved gas analyzer 4 is placed on the depth of water place of different scales in the water column, measure the general dissolved gas saturation degree of different water depths.Experimental data is as shown in table 1.
Air entrainment is the general dissolved gas saturation degree of 10% o'clock different water depths in table 1 water column:
| The depth of water (m) | Absolute pressure (kN/m 2) | Saturation degree (100%) |
| 0.5 | 102.2 | 104.0 |
| 1.5 | 111.0 | 112.8 |
| 2.5 | 119.8 | 122.9 |
| 3.5 | 128.6 | 134.6 |
| 4.5 | 137.4 | 142.3 |
| 5.5 | 146.3 | 149.9 |
(6), regulate second valve 7 of air compressor machine outlet and the aperture of the 3rd valve 8, change the aeration flow, repeat above-mentioned experimental procedure (2)～(5) step, accomplishing the aeration flow respectively is 0.1m
3/ min, 0.05m
3Experiment measuring under the/min condition.Under two kinds of aeration flows, measure air entrainment is respectively 8% and 5% different water depths in the water column experimental data shown in table 2 and table 3.
Air entrainment is the general dissolved gas saturation degree of 8% o'clock different water depths in table 2 water column:
| The depth of water | Absolute pressure (kN/m 2) | Saturation degree (100%) |
| 0.4 | 101.4 | 102.0 |
| 1.4 | 104.9 | 113.0 |
| 2.4 | 115.8 | 126.0 |
| 3.4 | 126.0 | 129.5 |
| 4.4 | 130.8 | 143.5 |
| 5.4 | 143.5 | 148.0 |
Air entrainment is the general dissolved gas saturation degree of 5% o'clock different water depths in table 3 water column:
| The depth of water | Absolute pressure (kN/m 2) | Saturation degree (100%) |
| 0.25 | 102.3 | 105.0 |
| 1.25 | 109.8 | 112.3 |
| 2.25 | 117.5 | 121.1 |
| 3.25 | 127.9 | 133.9 |
| 4.25 | 135.0 | 143.5 |
| 5.25 | 144.7 | 152.0 |
Fig. 3 is general dissolved gas saturation degree and the depth of water graph of a relation that obtains according to above-mentioned experimental result; Fig. 4 is general dissolved gas saturation degree and pressure graph of a relation.Experimental result shows that the general dissolved gas saturation degree is directly proportional with the depth of water in the water body, and the general dissolved gas saturation degree also is directly proportional with pressure in the water body simultaneously.Experimental result also shows, the size of air entrainment mainly is through influencing hydrostatic pressure size in aerated water volume density and the water body, and then has influence on general dissolved gas degree of supersaturation in the water body.
More than experiment and conclusion can provide scientific basis and directive function for the generation that reduces dam or high dam downstream supersaturation general dissolved gas.Relation according to general dissolved gas degree of supersaturation and the depth of water and pressure; In actual engineering; Can through the water conservancy diversion bank is set, measure such as the flow that reduces to sluice, reduce the depth of water under the dam as far as possible, reduce the current hydrostatic pressure; Reduce air entrainment, thereby reach the purpose that reduces general dissolved gas saturation degree under the dam.Like this, just can avoid the supersaturation general dissolved gas to generate to hydrobiological adverse effects such as water body Mesichthyes.
The used instrument and equipment of supersaturation general dissolved gas release experiment device of the present invention:
1, air compressor machine 3 is the TA-65 piston type air compressor that Kunshan Jin Cheng mechanical & electronic equipment corporation, Ltd produces;
2, flowmeter 2 is the LZB-15 type glass rotameter that Shanghai silver circulation instrument company produces;
3, general dissolved gas analyzer 4 is the TDG analyzer of U.S. YSI Inc. production;
4, stirrer 5 is the DW-1-30W type stirrer of Yuhua Instrument Co., Ltd., Gongyi City's production;
5, mercury manometer is the U-shaped mercury manometer;
6, beaker 11 is totally 6.
The experimental procedure that this experimental provision supersaturation general dissolved gas discharges:
(1) connects each parts according to layout shown in Figure 1;
(2) in water column 1, pack tap water into to 1m scale place;
(3) open air compressor machine 3, air is mixed the water from the water column bottom, the aeration flow of regulating 2 indications of second valve, 7 apertures to flowmeter is stabilized in 0.15m
3/ min.
(4) treat in the water column behind the liquid level stabilizing; The U-shaped mercury manometer 9 that 6 meters scale places of water column are connected breaks off with emulsion tube 10, the oversaturated water of general dissolved gas in the water column is imported in the beaker of 2000ml with emulsion tube 10, when treating that the depth of water is 10cm in the beaker; Close emulsion tube, stop to discharge water.
(5) stirrer 5 is put into beaker; The control agitator speed is 200r/min, and the general dissolved gas saturation degree of the interior water body of continuous coverage beaker is process over time, promptly obtains under the 200r/min rotating speed; When the depth of water is 10cm in the beaker, the dispose procedure of supersaturation general dissolved gas;
(6) repeat above-mentioned steps (2)～(5); Wherein the depth of water in the beaker is changed into 20cm, measure the interior general dissolved gas saturation degree of beaker process over time, promptly obtain under the 200r/min rotating speed; When the depth of water is 20cm in the beaker, the dispose procedure of supersaturation general dissolved gas;
Under the stirrer 200r/min rotating speed that said step (5) and step (6) obtain, the change procedure data of the supersaturation general dissolved gas the when depth of water is respectively 10cm and 20cm in the beaker are as shown in table 4, and change procedure figure is as shown in Figure 5.
General dissolved gas saturation degree change procedure under the table 4 stirrer 200r/min rotating speed
| Time (min) | 10cm depth of water saturation degree (%) | 20cm depth of water saturation degree (%) |
| 1 | 108.58 | 108.58 |
| 5 | 106.16 | 106.60 |
| 9 | 104.81 | 105.14 |
| 11 | 104.29 | 104.32 |
| 19 | 102.75 | 102.86 |
| 27 | 101.84 | 101.98 |
| 35 | 101.35 | 101.46 |
| 43 | 101.02 | 101.21 |
| 55 | 100.72 | 100.99 |
Experimental result shows, the depth of water is bigger, and hydrostatic pressure is bigger in the water body, be dissolved in general dissolved gas in the water body and more be not easy to discharge and get back in the air, so the depth of water causes the dispose procedure of supersaturation general dissolved gas slow more more greatly.
(7) the control agitator speed is respectively 400r/min and 600r/min; Repeat above-mentioned steps (2)～(6); Obtain agitator speed and be respectively under 400r/min and the 600r/min condition, the dispose procedure of the supersaturation general dissolved gas the when depth of water is respectively 10cm and 20cm in the beaker.Experimental result data is shown in table 5 and table 6, and experimental result picture is respectively like Fig. 6 and shown in Figure 7.
General dissolved gas saturation degree change procedure under the table 5 stirrer 400r/min rotating speed
| Time (min) | 10cm depth of water saturation degree (%) | 20cm depth of water saturation degree (%) |
| 1 | 113.10 | 113.10 |
| 3 | 109.11 | 110.54 |
| 5 | 107.04 | 108.53 |
| 7 | 105.45 | 106.96 |
| 9 | 104.18 | 105.69 |
| 11 | 103.25 | 104.65 |
| 15 | 101.68 | 102.59 |
| 19 | 101.18 | 101.54 |
| 23 | 100.85 | 101.07 |
| 27 | 100.63 | 100.85 |
General dissolved gas saturation degree change procedure under the table 6 stirrer 600r/min rotating speed
| Time (min) | 10cm depth of water saturation degree (%) | 20cm depth of water saturation degree (%) |
| 1 | 115.93 | 115.93 |
| 2 | 115.54 | 115.72 |
| 3 | 115.37 | 115.57 |
| 4 | 115.20 | 115.43 |
| 6 | 114.95 | 115.18 |
| 8 | 114.77 | 114.97 |
| 10 | 114.60 | 114.81 |
| 12 | 114.38 | 114.57 |
Experimental result shows, the depth of water is bigger, and hydrostatic pressure is bigger in the water body, be dissolved in general dissolved gas in the water body and more be not easy to discharge and get back in the air, so the depth of water causes the dispose procedure of supersaturation general dissolved gas slow more more greatly.
Experimental result also shows; Agitator speed is high more, and the water body turbulent fluctuation is strong more, between general dissolved gas supersaturation water body and the air and the inner exchange of water body more fully; Therefore the supersaturation general dissolved gas is faster to the dispose procedure of atmosphere, and the decay of general dissolved gas saturation degree is faster in the water body.
Above experimental result can confirm to provide scientific basis and directive function for what dam or high dam downstream supersaturation general dissolved gas were subdued measure.Relation according to supersaturation general dissolved gas dispose procedure and the depth of water and turbulence intensity; In actual engineering, contain the current of supersaturation general dissolved gas for the high dam downstream, can be through adding wide river course, changing engineering measures such as channel roughness; Reduce the river course depth of water; Improve the turbulence intensity of current simultaneously, promote that oversaturated general dissolved gas causes adverse effect thereby avoided the supersaturation general dissolved gas to be stranded in the current for a long time to hydrobionts such as fish fast to the release of atmosphere in the current.
Claims (8)
1. a dam water discharge downstream water oversaturation total dissolved gas experimental provision is characterized in that, comprises water column (1), flowmeter (2), valve, air compressor machine (3), general dissolved gas analyzer (4) and stirrer (5); First valve (6) is connected with water column (1) bottom respectively through pipeline with flowmeter (2), and air compressor machine (3) outlet is communicated with flowmeter (2) through an end of a three-way pipe (12), and air compressor machine (3) exports through said three-way pipe (12) other end and atmosphere; General dissolved gas analyzer (4) and stirrer (5) are independently.
2. water body supersaturation general dissolved gas experimental provision according to claim 1; It is characterized in that; Said first valve (6) is connected with the aperture of water column (1) bottom and seals, and said flowmeter (2) is connected with another aperture of water column (1) bottom and seals, and the water column top is uncovered.
3. water body supersaturation general dissolved gas experimental provision according to claim 1 is characterized in that, it highly is provided with said water column (1) and is not less than 2m, and the diameter setting is not less than 20cm.
4. water body supersaturation general dissolved gas experimental provision according to claim 3 is characterized in that, is carved with scale evenly and at intervals on said water column (1) outer wall.
5. water body supersaturation general dissolved gas experimental provision according to claim 4; It is characterized in that; Each scale place all is provided with aperture on said water column (1) outer wall; Connect emulsion tube (10) on each aperture, emulsion tube (10) is communicated with the interior water body of water column and seals, and the other end of each emulsion tube is connected with mercury manometer.
6. water body supersaturation general dissolved gas experimental provision according to claim 5 is characterized in that, all is connected with mercury manometer (9) on the said emulsion tube (10).
7. water body supersaturation general dissolved gas experimental provision according to claim 1 is characterized in that, on three-way pipe (12) one ends that said air compressor machine (3) outlet is communicated with flowmeter (2) second valve (7) is installed.
8. water body supersaturation general dissolved gas experimental provision according to claim 1 is characterized in that, on the said other end of three-way pipe (12) of said air compressor machine (3) outlet and atmosphere the 3rd valve (8) is installed.
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103485305A (en) * | 2013-09-17 | 2014-01-01 | 河海大学 | Experimental device for release accelerating research of oversaturated gas in under-dam watercourses |
| CN103485305B (en) * | 2013-09-17 | 2014-07-09 | 河海大学 | Experimental device for release accelerating research of oversaturated gas in under-dam watercourses |
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