CN101287000A - Media access control protocol for underwater sensor network based on TDMA - Google Patents

Media access control protocol for underwater sensor network based on TDMA Download PDF

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CN101287000A
CN101287000A CNA2008100165507A CN200810016550A CN101287000A CN 101287000 A CN101287000 A CN 101287000A CN A2008100165507 A CNA2008100165507 A CN A2008100165507A CN 200810016550 A CN200810016550 A CN 200810016550A CN 101287000 A CN101287000 A CN 101287000A
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node
time
sensor network
tdma
underwater sensor
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CN101287000B (en
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郭忠文
曲海鹏
洪锋
蒋永国
冯源
洪璐
张艳华
杨晓慧
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Ocean University of China
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Abstract

The invention relates to an underwater sensor network media access control protocol based on a TDMA and applied in an underwater sensor network with high bit error rate, high time delay and low bandwidth. The invention is an improved underwater sensor network media access control protocol based on the TDMA on the basis of the traditional TDMA. The concrete method comprises that: different optimal protection time is set according to different propagation delay in concrete network environments in which each node is positioned, so as to avoid conflicts brought by the change of time delay; delay time is utilized to distribute propagation time for each node, so as to solve problem of conflict-free propagation of the nodes of an underwater sensor; the delay time is encapsulated into super frames, so as to notify each node about data packet transmission time; finally, lightweight synchronous communication is realized. The underwater sensor network media access control protocol lowers the requirement for accurate synchronization of each node of a TDMA mechanism to some extent, reduces conflicts and improves channel utilization rate and network throughput.

Description

A kind of media access control protocol for underwater sensor network based on TDMA
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of media access control protocol for underwater sensor network based on TDMA.
Background technology
Water sound sensor network is an emerging network technology.It is a kind of cableless communication network that do not have under water, usually by submarine sensor node, the autonomous type underwater research vehicle of sound connection and the underwater sound wireless communication networks of forming as the station, sea of host node.They are deployed in specific zone and carry out the cooperation monitor task.Be mainly used in the zone that underwater sensor network is covered and carry out medium-term and long-term early warning under water, target detection, the monitoring of marine hydrology environmental key-element etc., its wide application prospect has caused the great attention of academia and army's event horizon.Underwater sensor network has become the research focus of wireless sensor network in recent years.But the changeable and general noise of underwater environment makes that the error rate is high and it is violent to postpone to change, and node is carried out cost is very high synchronously under water, and these challenges all make legacy protocol under water in the sensor network and unavailable.
Underwater acoustic channel is compared with radio channel, carrier frequency is low, narrow bandwidth, many ways propagation delay especially severe, the influence of Doppler frequency shift is very big, and transmission rate is low, the propagation rate of underwater sound wave is than low 5 orders of magnitude of electromagnetic speed, propagation delay time is long, about 0.67s/km, but medium access control (MAC) agreement that designs for the land sensor network and be indifferent to these problems.The existing MAC agreement of underwater sensor network mainly can be divided three classes: the first kind is based on handshake mechanism, and second kind is based on Aloha and CSMA, and last class is based on CDMA's.Underwater sensor network is faced with a lot of challenges at the MAC design aspect.Handshake mechanism has solved the problem that duplicates request message in the network, but for underwater sensor network, it has increased end-to-end delay greatly; The efficient of Aloha is not high; It is very high that TDMA carries out synchronous cost to all nodes.Therefore concerning underwater sensor network, need these agreements of redesign.Design under water the MAC agreement and need consider two subject matters: the first, propagation delay length makes node be difficult to realize synchronously, use carrier sense and handshake mechanism.The second, propagation delay be change and be easy to be subjected to various Effect of Environmental, traditional MAC agreement also is indifferent to the problem that propagation delay changes.
Tradition TDMA agreement is not suitable for underwater sensor network, and this mainly contains two reasons: the first, it needs, and all nodes reach exact time synchronization in the microsecond level at least in the whole network, but under water in the environment synchronous protocol implement need very high cost; If node can not be realized will producing conflict between each packet synchronously each other, TDMA has also just lost using value.The second, the MAC agreement (comprising TDMA) of land sensor network is usually ignored propagation delay problem end to end, but under water in the sensor network propagation delay be can not be uncared-for.The underwateracoustic channel has the shortcoming that postpones long, polytropy and sensitiveness, and this makes and distributes timeslice more difficult and need redesign superframe for each node.Simply TDMA is applied to underwater sensor network, then the length of timeslice should be the maximum propagation time delay that adds time of sending packet network at least, the just generation that can avoid conflict, a large amount of time is used for waiting for and avoiding conflict, causes communication efficiency very low.Definition of T is for sending the time of packet, and D is the maximum propagation time delay in the network.In the sensor network of land, end-to-end delay is very little, can ignore, if then node always has packet to send in the timeslice of oneself, TDMA almost can reach 100% channel utilization.And channel utilization only is T/ (T+D) in the underwater sensor network.As seen, it is also bad that this traditional TDMA is applied in the effect that obtains in the very big underwater sensor network of propagation delay.
Chinese patent CN1829201 has announced a kind of energy perception medium access control protocol implementation method, and it is a kind of MAC protocol method based on TDMA mechanism.Its adopts based on the structure of TDMA mechanism and the time slot allocation mode of preengaging in advance, all nodes in the sub-district are waken up at the control time slot of each frame, in order to elect the holder of follow-up plurality of data time slot, in order to keep system effectiveness, node just sends the atomic broadcasting of competition slot at next one control time slot after having grouping to arrive.But it only limits to the land sensor network, and is also inapplicable for the underwater sensor network that propagation delay is very big.
Summary of the invention
Technical problem to be solved by this invention provides a kind of media access control protocol for underwater sensor network based on TDMA, it is high and cause defectives such as channel utilization is low greatly because of propagation delay to utilize the different characteristic of delay of the high latency of underwater sensor network and different links to overcome under water the synchronous cost of node, by the transmission order that distributes each node retardation time is set, make the base station connect frame ground reception data by a frame, it is very short not have conflict and stand-by period, improved channel utilization, make flow maximize, and the lightweight synchronous communication of all nodes in the realization underwater sensor network, reduce under the TDMA mechanism requirement to the node precise synchronization, effectively reduce conflict, shorten the stand-by period.
The different optimum guard time that the present invention is provided with according to the difference of the propagation delay in the concrete network environment at each node place is to avoid changing the conflict that brings because of time delay; With distributing the transmission time for each node retardation time, to solve the nothing conflict transmission problem of underwater sensor node; And, finally realize the synchronous communication of lightweight being encapsulated into superframe retardation time to inform all nodes transmission packet times.
The present invention is achieved by the following technical solutions, and concrete steps of the present invention are as follows:
Step 1: aggregation node contrasts the distance of its neighbor node, these nodes are arranged by ascending order, is 1 according to node from the far and near number consecutively of the distance of aggregation node, 2, ..., n, and put in order according to this and to send packet sequence as node is i at the PS of TDMA stage i node transmission packet;
Step 2: aggregation node utilizes formula to calculate optimum guard time, utilizes optimum guard time to calculate T retardation time of each node then Defer(i), and being encapsulated into superframe this retardation time;
Step 3: aggregation node all node broadcasts superframes in network;
Step 4: after node is received superframe,, when finish retardation time, send packet to aggregation node according to giving out a contract for a project the time of decision oneself retardation time in the superframe.
Below the present invention will be further described:
1, the present invention is only applicable to the single-hop underwater sensor network, and node is through arriving aggregation node once jumping.Under water in the sensor network, communication between the node need be passed through multi-hop usually, this just needs by sub-clustering so that single-hop communication between the node, and the node of a leader cluster node in managing bunch all arranged in each bunch, and this bunch node is equivalent to the aggregation node in the single-hop networks.
2, optimum guard time is set to avoid changing the conflict that brings because of time delay
For fear of because of time delay changes the conflict that brings, need after each transmitting time, add a guard time T pBecause in the environment, the guard time that node needs is many under water; When increasing length of data package, promptly increase the time T that sends packet simultaneously, also need more guard times, so select different T pTo satisfy different network environments.Aggregation node is normally inequality to the distance of node, according to the difference of the propagation delay σ in the concrete network environment at each node place different guard time T is set p, T pBe a compromise value, increase T pThe probability that will reduce to conflict postpones but increased simultaneously end to end.Need look for the T of an optimum pValue is so that the network throughput maximum, and empirical tests satisfies as can be known φ ( T p / σ ) = 2 2 π e - T p 2 2 σ 2 ( T + T p ) T pOptimum.According to the order of giving out a contract for a project of each node, the optimum guard time of each node is the formation of a non-decreasing.
3, T retardation time is set Defer(i) for each node distributes the transmission time, node does not have the conflict transmission problem to solve under water
Definition T retardation time Defer(i) postamble that receives superframe for node i begins to send the time between oneself packet to it, and T is for sending the time (being the time that node is sent into packet channel) of packet, L iBe the distance that node i arrives aggregation node, s is a signal velocity; Aggregation node utilizes formula T defer ( i ) = ( i - 1 ) T + Σ i = 0 i - 1 T p ( i ) - 2 ( L i - L 1 ) / s (T wherein p(i) be the optimum guard time of each node, its computational methods provide in 2) calculate T retardation time of each node Defer(i) and it be encapsulated in the superframe.Node receives superframe, and according to the retardation time in the superframe giving out a contract for a project the time of oneself being set, sends packet to aggregation node when finish retardation time, and aggregation node does not just receive packet with having conflict, no stand-by period.
Advantage of the present invention is:
(1) compares with existing protocol, the synchronous communication of adopting lightweight is to be adapted to underwater environment, with distributing the transmission time for each node retardation time, to solve the nothing conflict transmission problem of node under water, each node need not to proofread clock, has reduced under the TDMA mechanism requirement to the node precise synchronization.
(2) the different optimum guard time that is provided with according to the difference of the propagation delay in the concrete network environment at each node place; change the conflict that brings because of time delay with effective minimizing; shorten the stand-by period, improve channel utilization and network throughput to greatest extent.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 single-hop underwater sensor network illustraton of model;
Each data packet arrival time sequencing figure of Fig. 2;
Fig. 3 is when adding T pThe time conflict situations figure;
Fig. 4 is when adding T pThe time data packet arrival time sequencing figure.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing enforcement of the present invention is done as detailed below:
In Fig. 1, middle dark node (0) is an aggregation node, the edge white nodes (1,2,3,4,5 ...) be general sensor nodes, they have formed the underwater sensor network of a single-hop, and node is through arriving aggregation node once jumping.In the underwater sensor network of reality, communication between the node is multi-hop, need by sub-clustering so that single-hop communication between the node, data in leader cluster node management bunch are all arranged in each bunch, use the method among the present invention to carry out the data between nodes transmission again, thereby reach good implementation result.
In Fig. 2, do not have in supposition under the situation of conflict, just the time of needing protection does not avoid conflict, and aggregation node utilizes formula T Defer(i)=(i-1) T-2 (L i-L 1)/s calculates retardation time, being encapsulated into superframe retardation time, behind the superframe that each node is received, when finish retardation time, send packet to aggregation node, the packet of each node will arrive aggregation node successively, be that aggregation node does not just receive packet with having conflict, no stand-by period, channel utilization can reach 100%.
In Fig. 3, in real network, produce conflict through regular meeting, need to add guard time and avoided.But when adding guard time T pThe time, packet also can produce conflict.Aggregation node is normally inequality to the distance of node in real network.Aggregation node to the delay of node i is: and T (s, i) *=T (s, i)+Δ T, wherein, T (s i) is the average delay of aggregation node and node i, Δ T be a Normal Distribution N (0, variable σ).Δ T iBe the skew of packet on time shaft of node i.So it is Δ T that contiguous two frame i and j produce the condition of conflict i-Δ T j＞T pIn case, satisfying this condition, the postamble of former frame will bump against the frame head of back one frame, will produce conflict like this.
In Fig. 4, because the transmission range in the underwater environment is very big, the covariance sigma of propagation delay is also very big.Aggregation node is normally inequality to the distance of node in real network, so their σ also is inequality, and σ has determined the size of guard time.Allow each node utilize oneself σ, calculate the optimum guard time T of oneself p, be designated as T p(i).When adding guard time T p(i) time, the guard time T of each packet p(i) formation of Zu Chenging is the formation of a non-decreasing.Be retardation time at this moment T defer ( i ) = ( i - 1 ) T + Σ i = 0 i - 1 T p ( i ) - 2 ( L i - L 1 ) / s , Aggregation node calculates the retardation time of each node, and being encapsulated into retardation time in the superframe, be broadcast to each node, each node is received superframe, and according to giving out a contract for a project the time of oneself is set the retardation time in the superframe, when finish retardation time, send packet to aggregation node, can reduce conflict greatly and produce probability.
Concrete implementation result: (1) solves the lightweight synchronous communication problem of node under water, and each node need not to proofread clock, has reduced under the TDMA mechanism requirement to the node precise synchronization; (2) effectively reduce conflict, shorten the stand-by period, improve channel utilization to greatest extent; (3) increased network throughput, when traffic load was high, network throughput increased especially; (4) simply be easy to dispose, help of the present invention popularizing.

Claims (7)

1, a kind of media access control protocol for underwater sensor network based on TDMA is characterized in that:
Step 1: aggregation node contrasts the distance of its neighbor node, these nodes are arranged by ascending order, is 1 according to node from the far and near number consecutively of the distance of aggregation node, 2, ..., n, and put in order according to this and to send packet sequence as node is i at the PS of TDMA stage i node transmission packet;
Step 2: aggregation node calculates optimum guard time, utilizes optimum guard time to calculate retardation time of each node then, and write in the superframe this retardation time;
Step 3: aggregation node all node broadcasts superframes in network;
Step 4: after node is received superframe,, when finish retardation time, send packet to aggregation node according to giving out a contract for a project the time of decision oneself retardation time in the superframe.
2, the media access control protocol for underwater sensor network based on TDMA according to claim 1 is characterized in that:
Aggregation node need be known the distance of its each node in the network in advance, and is each node serial number by this distance.
3, the media access control protocol for underwater sensor network based on TDMA according to claim 1 is characterized in that:
This agreement is only applicable to the underwater sensor network of single-hop, for the sensor network of multi-hop, needs to finish through sub-clustering.
4, the media access control protocol for underwater sensor network based on TDMA according to claim 1 is characterized in that:
This agreement is utilized formula T defer ( i ) = ( i - 1 ) T + Σ i = 0 i - 1 T p ( i ) - 2 ( L i - L 1 ) / s Calculate retardation time, utilize distribute the transmission time retardation time, to solve the nothing conflict transmission problem of node under water for each node.
5, the media access control protocol for underwater sensor network based on TDMA according to claim 4 is characterized in that:
Figure A2008100165500002C2
Be node 0 to i-1 optimum guard time add up and; the optimum guard time of each node is that the difference according to the propagation delay in the concrete network environment at each node place is provided with, and the optimum guard time that calculates each node of gained under different situations is different.
6, optimum guard time according to claim 5 is characterized in that: it is one can make the maximized compromise value of network traffic, and empirical tests satisfies φ ( T p / σ ) = 2 2 π e T p 2 2 σ 2 ( T + T p ) T pOptimum.
7, the media access control protocol for underwater sensor network based on TDMA according to claim 4, it is characterized in that: aggregation node is encapsulated into the slow time and issues each node in the superframe to inform the time of each node transmission data, each node sends packet to aggregation node when finish retardation time, each node need not to proofread clock like this, can realize internodal lightweight synchronous communication.
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