CN101255006A - Production method of high-bandwidth multi-mode fiber - Google Patents
Production method of high-bandwidth multi-mode fiber Download PDFInfo
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- CN101255006A CN101255006A CN 200810023382 CN200810023382A CN101255006A CN 101255006 A CN101255006 A CN 101255006A CN 200810023382 CN200810023382 CN 200810023382 CN 200810023382 A CN200810023382 A CN 200810023382A CN 101255006 A CN101255006 A CN 101255006A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
- C03B37/00—Manufacture or treatment of flakes, fibres, or filaments from softened glass, minerals, or slags
- C03B37/10—Non-chemical treatment
- C03B37/12—Non-chemical treatment of fibres or filaments during winding up
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
- C03B2203/00—Fibre product details, e.g. structure, shape
- C03B2203/10—Internal structure or shape details
- C03B2203/18—Axial perturbations, e.g. in refractive index or composition
- C03B2203/19—Alternating positive/negative spins or twists
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
- C03B2203/00—Fibre product details, e.g. structure, shape
- C03B2203/36—Dispersion modified fibres, e.g. wavelength or polarisation shifted, flattened or compensating fibres (DSF, DFF, DCF)
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Abstract
The invention relates to a production method of high bandwidth multimode fiber, in particular to a production method of the high bandwidth multimode fiber. The method is based on the research of ten gigabit multimode fiber and designed by special process, which leads the frequency response curve to be relatively flat in a plurality of main frequency bands of wireless communication; the method is mainly used in a fiber-bearing radio wave system so as to meet the needs of fiber users. The production includes: washing, drying and assembling of a mandrel and a sleeve of the high bandwidth multimode fiber, drawing technology, argon-helium gas mixture in a drawing furnace, sinusoidal rubbing of the fiber, double wrapping and filtering of semi-finished products of high bandwidth multimode fiber, performance detection of the high bandwidth multimode fiber and packaging and warehousing of the finished products of the high bandwidth multimode fiber. The indexes of the high bandwidth multimode fiber produced by the production method conform to the indexes of ISO/IEC11801 multimode fiber OM3; furthermore, the high bandwidth multimode fiber has flat spectrum response in the main wireless communicative frequency bands such as 3G, IEEE802.11b/g, IEEE802.11, and is capable of transmitting the wireless communicative signals.
Description
Technical field
What the present invention relates to is a kind of production method of high-bandwidth multi-mode fiber, be on the development basis of 10,000,000,000 multimode optical fiberss (OM3), through the special process design, make its frequency response curve comparatively smooth in the several main frequency range of radio communication, mainly in bearing optical fiber radiowave (RoF:RadioOver Fiber) system, use, to satisfy the needs that Fiber to the home (FTTH).
Background technology
CHROMATIC DISPERSION IN FIBER OPTICS mainly comprises material dispersion, waveguide dispersion and modal dispersion, and therefore single-mode fiber does not exist modal dispersion owing to have only single mode transfer.But for multimode optical fibers, because the existence of a plurality of transmission modes, its intermode dispersion will cause the broadening of light pulse, greatly limit the bandwidth characteristic of multimode optical fibers.
Bandwidth is the sign of the optical characteristics of multimode optical fibers at frequency domain, and it generally tries out the differential mode delay (DMD) of multimode optical fibers in the sign of time domain.The differential mode delay of so-called multimode optical fibers promptly uses the single-mode optics pulse incident of small light spot at an end face of multimode optical fibers to be measured, and in the delay and the division situation of the other end test light pulse of optical fiber, by changing the incoming position of light pulse, difference pulse delay time of receiving terminal, this time difference is exactly the differential mode delay of multimode optical fibers.
For satisfying the requirement of 10Gbit/s Ethernet transmission, New O M3 multimode optical fibers has appearred now.Compare the numerical aperture of 50/125 μ m optical fiber and core diameter is less, the number of guided modes is less, bandwidth is higher and cost is lower with 62.5/125 μ m optical fiber.Therefore, novel 50/125 μ m OM3 multimode optical fibers will be widely used in the construction of ultra-high speed local area network.After several years, 62.5/125 μ m can withdraw from multimode optical fibers main flow market gradually, but also there is certain defective in the bandwidth of present OM3, its frequency response curve that is used in the bearing optical fiber radiowave (RoF) is comparatively uneven in the several main frequency range of radio communication, does not reach 10Gbit/s in directly using in bearing optical fiber radiowave (RoF) system.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is at above-mentioned weak point, a kind of production method of high-bandwidth multi-mode fiber is provided, according to requirement to multimode optical fibers bandwidth and Frequency Response, influence the variation of refractive index profile by changing drawing process, develop the optical fiber of novel high bandwidth, promptly for a kind of definite refractive index profile, obtain the mould field distribution and the group delay of optical fiber, go into condition by mould field distribution and light beam and obtain the power percentage coupling, obtain the pusle response characteristics and the Frequency Response of optical fiber by power coupled system and optical fiber group delay, and then drawing process revised, until obtaining satisfied result.
Production method of high-bandwidth multi-mode fiber takes following scheme to realize:
The production method of high-bandwidth multi-mode fiber step is as follows:
1, the plug of high-bandwidth multi-mode fiber and sleeve pipe cleaning, dry and assembling
Select for use PCVD (PCVD:Plasma Activated VapourDeposition) processing method to make the fibre-optical mandrel of specific refractive index section, select for use outer vapour deposition (OVD:Outside Vapour Deposition) processing method to make the thimble tube surrounding layer.By pickling and alkali cleaning plug and sleeve pipe are cleaned, remove the assorted dirt matter on plug and the top layer of sleeve pipe own; After cleaning is finished plug and sleeve pipe are put into the drying cupboard drying respectively 6～10 hours, feed nitrogen (N in the drying cupboard
2) carry out drying; After drying is finished, plug and sleeve pipe are assembled, sealed, and be installed in the high-speed wire-drawing tower and carry out wire drawing.
2, drawing process (Online RIC)
Drawing process (Online RIC) is meant the molten technology that contracts and carry out synchronously with wire drawing after the plug that will originally make and the sleeve-assembled.By vacuum pump with the vacuum degree control between plug and the sleeve pipe below 10mbar, thereby guaranteed the online molten quality that contracts.The fiber drawing furnace temperature is controlled at 1800 ℃～2000 ℃, and the wire drawing production rate is 1000～1500 meters/minute, terminal adopts two wire coilers around receiving optical fiber, and therebetween through once, the secondary optical fiber coatings applies, and optical fiber coatings can adopt acrylic resin paint.
3, fiber drawing furnace helium argon gas body is used with
For the gas field is stablized, the gas field feeds on the basis of argon gas (Ar) in original fiber drawing furnace, has added helium (He).Helium (He) not only helps the stable of the interior gas field of stove, also can play useful effect for the geometric parameter and the decay of optical fiber.But feed the hydrogen loss that too much helium (He) will increase optical fiber.Therefore adopted the technology of helium (He) with argon gas (Ar) mixed admission, and the intake method and the charge flow rate at each position of optimization fiber drawing furnace, adjust the ratio of helium (He) and two kinds of gases of argon gas (Ar), fiber drawing furnace is taked upper, middle and lower three road intake methods, its middle and upper part feeds argon gas (Ar) 30～40L/min, helium (He) 5～10L/min, the middle part feeds argon gas (Ar) 5～7L/min, and the bottom feeds argon gas (Ar) 1～3L/min.Successfully guaranteed the intensity of optical fiber and the parameters of optical fiber, and the hydrogen loss of optical fiber does not raise.
4, the sinusoidal rubbing of optical fiber: increase the rubbing device, rubbing method reasonable in design
In optical fiber, introduce certain ununiformity, can improve the broadband character of multimode optical fibers.In drawing process, form in the structure that does not change optical fiber, do not have under the situation of tangible additional attenuation, introduce the inhomogeneous row of optical fiber structure, thereby effectively improved the differential mode delay characteristic of multimode optical fibers.Adopt the sinusoidal rubbing device of optical fiber that the optical fiber in pulling process is just carried out rubbing, reverse the rubbing wheel by sine light is reversed rubbing, the rubbing device places the traction wheel top, the cure system below, structure comprises that sine reverses rubbing wheel, transition wheel, working panel, support, electrical control panel etc.By setting amplitude and the frequency that sine reverses the rubbing wheel, the amplitude that sine reverses the rubbing wheel is 10 °～80 °, the frequency that sine reverses the rubbing wheel is 0.02～10 time/s, different with drawing speed, optical fiber is produced the twisting action of one-period, thereby introduced the inhomogeneous row of optical fiber structure, effectively improved the differential mode delay characteristic of multimode optical fibers.
5, high-bandwidth multi-mode fiber work in-process after-combustion screening
The high-bandwidth multi-mode fiber work in-process that draw by above-mentioned several steps are screened after-combustion, and it is 9.4～9.8 newton that screening adds tension force, and purpose is to check the physical strength of high-bandwidth multi-mode fiber.
6, the Performance Detection of high-bandwidth multi-mode fiber
The optical fiber of producing according to above-mentioned steps is carried out every Performance Detection, test item comprises its geometrical dimension, optics and transmission performance, mechanical property, environmental performance, and the conventionally test of index such as macrobending loss, particularly adopt optical fibre refractivity tester (NR-9200) that the refractive index profile of optical fiber is tested and adopt the bandwidth test instrument (PK2500) of multimode optical fibers that bandwidth of an optical fiber is tested.
Wherein the geometrical dimension index comprises cladding diameter, core/covering concentricity, non-circularity of cladding, coating diameter (not painted), covering/coating concentricity, coating out of roundness etc.
Optics and transmission performance indicators comprise optical fiber at 850nm, the reduction coefficient at 1310nm place, and bandwidth, numerical aperture (NA), optical fiber is at 850nm, effective group index at 1310nm place.
Index such as mechanical property and macrobending loss comprises the tensile strength (10m gauge length) of optical fiber, the antifatigue parameter, and optical fiber is at 850nm, the macrobending loss of 1310nm (100 circles, φ 75mm), coating peak peal force.
The environmental performance index comprises that optical fiber is at 850nm, the temperature cycle additional attenuation of 1310nm (60 ℃～+ 85 ℃), optical fiber be at 850nm, (+85 ℃ ± 2 ℃ of the aging resistance of 1310nm, 85%RH, 30 days), optical fiber is at 850nm, (10 ℃ to+85 ℃ of the temperature of 1310nm---humidity circulation additional attenuations, 90% relative humidity), optical fiber is at 850nm, the immersion additional attenuation of 1310nm (23 ± 2 ℃, 30 days).
Qualified after tested high-bandwidth multi-mode fiber then is the high-bandwidth multi-mode fiber finished product.
7, high-bandwidth multi-mode fiber finished product packing warehouse-in.
Each index of high-bandwidth multi-mode fiber that production method of the present invention is produced meets the index of ISO/IEC11801 multimode optical fibers OM3; And the wireless communication frequency band spectrum sound main at 3G, IEEE802.11b/g, IEEE802.11 etc. is smooth, can transmit these wireless communication signals; There is certain defective in the bandwidth of original OM3 multimode optical fibers, it is comparatively uneven at the several main wave band of radio communication that it is used in bearing optical fiber radiowave (RoF) frequency response curve, directly in bearing optical fiber radiowave (RoF) system, use and do not reach 10Gb/s, each index in the high-bandwidth multi-mode fiber involved in the present invention meets and is better than the G651 multimode optical fibers standard of ITU-T, meets the index of IEC60793-2-10 multimode optical fibers Ala.2; And reach more than the 10Gb/s in the transmission speed of 850nm wave band, transmission range reaches 300 meters, can be used in bearing optical fiber radiowave (RoF) system.
The principal feature of the high-bandwidth multi-mode fiber that production method of the present invention is produced is as follows:
(1) this optical fiber is that a kind of operation wavelength is novel 50/125 μ m gradation type (GI) multimode optical fibers of 850nm.
(2) be different from the graded index profile of traditional 50/125 μ m fiber core, it transfers to 850nm with the normal distribution curve peak value of bandwidth from 980nm.The bandwidth curve peak value is for it can cover 850nm and two windows of 1300nm, because all electron devices have been accustomed to using the light source of 850nm or 1300nm between two parties.
(3) vertical cavity surface emitting laser of adapted 850nm (VCSEL) light source, " laser bandwidth " of novel 50/125 μ m optical fiber is 2000MHzkm, can support 10Gbit/s Ethernet single passage transmission 300m.
(4) smooth at main wireless communication frequency band spectrum sound such as 3G, IEEE802.11b/g, IEEE802.11, can transmit these wireless communication signals.
(5) owing to replaced traditional " mould bandwidth " with " laser bandwidth ", the measurement of relevant parameter has also been made into " limit mould inject (RML, RestrictedModeLaunch) " novel method from traditional " full injection method (OFL; OverfilledLaunch) ".
(6) mounting characteristics of New O M3 optical fiber is identical with traditional multimode optical fibers.
Description of drawings
The invention will be further described below with reference to accompanying drawing.
Fig. 1 is fiber drawing tower and optical fiber rubbing device synoptic diagram
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with diagram, illustrate that the production technique of this high-bandwidth multi-mode fiber (G651) is implemented:
Embodiment 1:
1) plug of high-bandwidth multi-mode fiber and sleeve pipe cleaning, dry and assembling
By pickling and alkali cleaning plug and sleeve pipe are cleaned, purpose is to remove the assorted dirt matter on plug and the top layer of sleeve pipe own; After cleaning is finished plug and sleeve pipe are put into drying cupboard respectively dry 8 hours, feed nitrogen (N in the drying cupboard
2) carry out drying; After drying is finished, plug and sleeve pipe are assembled, sealed, and be installed in the high-speed wire-drawing tower and carry out wire drawing.
2) drawing process (Online RIC)
Drawing process (Online RIC) is meant the molten technology that contracts and carry out synchronously with wire drawing after the plug that will originally make and the sleeve-assembled, shown among Fig. 11.Thereby the vacuum degree control between plug and the sleeve pipe has been guaranteed the online molten quality that contracts below 10mbar by vacuum pump.The fiber drawing furnace temperature is controlled at 1800 ℃, and the wire drawing production rate is 1000 meters/minute, terminal adopts two wire coilers around receiving optical fiber, and therebetween through once, the secondary optical fiber coatings applies, and optical fiber coatings can adopt acrylic resin paint.
3) fiber drawing furnace helium argon gas body is used technology with
Adopt the technology of helium (He) and argon gas (Ar) mixed admission, and optimize the intake method and the charge flow rate at each position of fiber drawing furnace, the ratio of helium (He) and two kinds of gases of argon gas (Ar) is optimized at 2 positions in Fig. 1.Fiber drawing furnace is taked upper, middle and lower three road intake methods, and its middle and upper part feeds argon gas (Ar) 30L/min, helium (He) 5L/min, and the middle part feeds argon gas (Ar) 5L/min, and the bottom feeds argon gas (Ar) 1L/min.
4) the sinusoidal rubbing of optical fiber: increase the rubbing device, rubbing method reasonable in design
In drawing process, adopt the sinusoidal rubbing device of optical fiber, the rubbing mode of taking sine to reverse, shown among Fig. 13, the optical fiber in pulling process is just carried out rubbing, reverse the rubbing wheel by sine light is reversed rubbing, and amplitude and frequency that offset of sinusoidal is reversed rubbing wheel are set, drawing speed is 1000m/min, and the amplitude that sine reverses the rubbing wheel is 10 °～80 °, and the frequency that sine reverses the rubbing wheel is 0.02～10 time/s.
5) high-bandwidth multi-mode fiber work in-process after-combustion screening
The high-bandwidth multi-mode fiber work in-process that draw by above-mentioned several steps are screened after-combustion, and it is 9.4 newton that screening adds tension force, and purpose is to check the physical strength of high-bandwidth multi-mode fiber.
6) Performance Detection of high-bandwidth multi-mode fiber
The optical fiber of producing according to above-mentioned steps is carried out every Performance Detection, test item comprises its geometrical dimension, optics and transmission performance, mechanical property, environmental performance, and the conventionally test of index such as macrobending loss, particularly adopt optical fibre refractivity tester (NR-9200) that the refractive index profile of optical fiber is tested and adopt the bandwidth test instrument (PK2500) of multimode optical fibers that bandwidth of an optical fiber is tested.Qualified after tested high-bandwidth multi-mode fiber then is the high-bandwidth multi-mode fiber finished product.
7) high-bandwidth multi-mode fiber finished product packing warehouse-in
High-bandwidth multi-mode fiber (G651 optical fiber) the key technical indexes that production method of the present invention is produced meets the index of ISO/IEC11801 multimode optical fibers OM3; And the wireless communication frequency band spectrum sound main at 3G, IEEE802.11b/g, IEEE802.11 etc. is smooth, can transmit these wireless communication signals; Each index meets and is better than the G651 multimode optical fibers standard of ITU-T, meets the index of IEC60793-2-10 multimode optical fibers Ala.2; And reach more than the 10Gb/s in the transmission speed of 850nm wave band, transmission range reaches 300 meters, can be used in bearing optical fiber radiowave (RoF) system.Specifically see attached list.
G651 high-bandwidth multi-mode fiber the key technical indexes
Claims (2)
1, a kind of production method of high-bandwidth multi-mode fiber is characterized in that its step comprises:
(1) plug of high-bandwidth multi-mode fiber and sleeve pipe cleaning, dry and assembling
Select for use the PCVD processing method to make the fibre-optical mandrel of specific refractive index section, select for use outer gas-phase deposition method to make the thimble tube surrounding layer, by pickling and alkali cleaning plug and sleeve pipe are cleaned, remove the assorted dirt matter on plug and the top layer of sleeve pipe own; After cleaning is finished plug and sleeve pipe are put into the drying cupboard drying respectively 6～10 hours, feed nitrogen (N in the drying cupboard
2) carry out drying; After drying is finished, plug and sleeve pipe are assembled, sealed, and be installed in the high-speed wire-drawing tower and carry out wire drawing;
(2) drawing process
Drawing process is the molten technology that contracts and carry out synchronously with wire drawing after the plug that will originally make and the sleeve-assembled, by the vacuum tightness between vacuum pump control plug and the sleeve pipe is below the 10mbar, the fiber drawing furnace temperature is 1800 ℃～2000 ℃, the wire drawing production rate is 1000～1500 meters/minute, the terminal pair wire coilers that adopt are around receiving optical fiber, through once, the secondary optical fiber coatings applies therebetween;
(3) fiber drawing furnace helium argon gas body is used with
Fiber drawing furnace is taked upper, middle and lower three road intake methods, and top feeds argon gas (Ar) 30～40L/min, helium (He) 5～10L/min, and the middle part feeds argon gas (Ar) 5～7L/min, and the bottom feeds argon gas (Ar) 1～3L/min;
(4) the sinusoidal rubbing of optical fiber
Adopt the sinusoidal rubbing device of optical fiber that the optical fiber in pulling process is just carried out rubbing, reverse the rubbing wheel by sine light is reversed rubbing, the sinusoidal rubbing device of optical fiber places traction wheel top and cure system below, structure comprises that sine reverses rubbing wheel, transition wheel, working panel, support, electrical control panel, the amplitude that sine reverses rubbing wheel rubbing wheel is 10 °～80 °, and the frequency that sine reverses rubbing wheel rubbing wheel is 0.02～10 time/s;
(5) high-bandwidth multi-mode fiber work in-process after-combustion screening
The high-bandwidth multi-mode fiber work in-process that draw by above-mentioned several steps are screened after-combustion, and it is 9.4～9.8 newton that screening adds tension force;
(6) Performance Detection of high-bandwidth multi-mode fiber
The optical fiber of producing according to above-mentioned steps is carried out every Performance Detection, test item comprises the conventionally test of its geometrical dimension, optics and transmission performance, mechanical property, environmental performance and macrobending loss index, adopt optical fibre refractivity tester (NR-9200) that the refractive index profile of optical fiber is tested, adopt the bandwidth test instrument (PK2500) of multimode optical fibers that bandwidth of an optical fiber is tested;
Wherein the geometrical dimension index comprises cladding diameter, core/covering concentricity, non-circularity of cladding, coating diameter (not painted), covering/coating concentricity and coating out of roundness;
Optics and transmission performance indicators comprise optical fiber at 850nm, and the reduction coefficient at 1310nm place, bandwidth, numerical aperture (NA) and optical fiber is at 850nm, effective group index at 1310nm place;
Index such as mechanical property and macrobending loss comprises the tensile strength (10m gauge length), antifatigue parameter, optical fiber of optical fiber at 850nm, the macrobending loss of 1310nm (100 circles, φ 75mm) and coating peak peal force;
The environmental performance index comprises that optical fiber is at 850nm, the temperature cycle additional attenuation of 1310nm (60 ℃～+ 85 ℃), optical fiber be at 850nm, (+85 ℃ ± 2 ℃ of the aging resistance of 1310hm, 85%RH, 30 days), optical fiber is at 850nm, (10 ℃ to+85 ℃ of the temperature of 1310nm---humidity circulation additional attenuations, 90% relative humidity), optical fiber is at 850nm, the immersion additional attenuation of 1310nm (23 ± 2 ℃, 30 days);
The high-bandwidth multi-mode fiber of test passes is the high-bandwidth multi-mode fiber finished product;
(7) high-bandwidth multi-mode fiber finished product packing warehouse-in.
2, production method of high-bandwidth multi-mode fiber according to claim 1 is characterized in that described optical fiber coatings can adopt acrylic resin paint.
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Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2010124535A1 (en) * | 2009-04-27 | 2010-11-04 | 中天科技光纤有限公司 | Manufacture method for single mode fiber of undersea optical cable with high strength and large coil length |
| CN102981215A (en) * | 2012-11-19 | 2013-03-20 | 中天科技光纤有限公司 | Small coating diameter low water peak single-mode fiber with coating easy to peel and production process thereof |
| CN103269990A (en) * | 2010-10-19 | 2013-08-28 | 住友电气工业株式会社 | Sealing structure for optical fiber drawing furnace |
| CN106396360A (en) * | 2016-08-30 | 2017-02-15 | 武汉睿芯特种光纤有限责任公司 | Method for preparing gain fiber through online fusion shrinking and drawing |
| CN111620560A (en) * | 2020-06-10 | 2020-09-04 | 长飞光纤光缆股份有限公司 | Drawn optical fiber twisting control device and method and multimode optical fiber |
-
2008
- 2008-04-10 CN CN 200810023382 patent/CN101255006A/en active Pending
Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2010124535A1 (en) * | 2009-04-27 | 2010-11-04 | 中天科技光纤有限公司 | Manufacture method for single mode fiber of undersea optical cable with high strength and large coil length |
| CN103269990A (en) * | 2010-10-19 | 2013-08-28 | 住友电气工业株式会社 | Sealing structure for optical fiber drawing furnace |
| CN103269990B (en) * | 2010-10-19 | 2016-05-11 | 住友电气工业株式会社 | The seal construction of fiber drawing furnace for optical fiber |
| CN102981215A (en) * | 2012-11-19 | 2013-03-20 | 中天科技光纤有限公司 | Small coating diameter low water peak single-mode fiber with coating easy to peel and production process thereof |
| CN102981215B (en) * | 2012-11-19 | 2015-05-13 | 中天科技光纤有限公司 | Small coating diameter low water peak single-mode fiber with coating easy to peel and production process thereof |
| CN106396360A (en) * | 2016-08-30 | 2017-02-15 | 武汉睿芯特种光纤有限责任公司 | Method for preparing gain fiber through online fusion shrinking and drawing |
| CN106396360B (en) * | 2016-08-30 | 2019-01-25 | 武汉睿芯特种光纤有限责任公司 | A kind of gain fibre preparation method of online collapsing wire drawing |
| CN111620560A (en) * | 2020-06-10 | 2020-09-04 | 长飞光纤光缆股份有限公司 | Drawn optical fiber twisting control device and method and multimode optical fiber |
| CN111620560B (en) * | 2020-06-10 | 2021-11-09 | 长飞光纤光缆股份有限公司 | Drawn optical fiber twisting control device and method and multimode optical fiber |
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