CN101250430A - Emulsified diesel containing industrial alcohols and method for preparing same - Google Patents
Emulsified diesel containing industrial alcohols and method for preparing same Download PDFInfo
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- CN101250430A CN101250430A CNA2008100471540A CN200810047154A CN101250430A CN 101250430 A CN101250430 A CN 101250430A CN A2008100471540 A CNA2008100471540 A CN A2008100471540A CN 200810047154 A CN200810047154 A CN 200810047154A CN 101250430 A CN101250430 A CN 101250430A
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Abstract
The invention relates to emulsified diesel oil which contains industrial alcohol and the process for preparation. The technical proposal is that the component and the content of the emulsified diesel oil comprise industrial alcohol 11-23wt%, mixed surfactant 1-4wt%, cosolvent 1-5wt%, organic nitrate ester compound 1-2.5wt%, high molecular polymer 1-2.5wt% and light diesel oil 68-82wt%. The process for preparation comprises adding Span-80 which is 0.47-3.74wt% in light diesel oil under normal temperature and normal pressure according to the content of each component, recording as a system one, adding Tween-80 which is 0.07-2.13% into industrial alcohol, recording as system two, simultaneously and gradually adding system two, cosolvent, organic nitrate ester compound and high molecular polymer in the system one, and mechanically stirring for 0.5-1.5 hours. The process for preparation of the invention has low production cost and simple technique, emulsified diesel oil which contains industrial alcohol has the characters of transparency and long retention period, which can be largely popularized and applied as tank oil.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to the oil fuel chemical field.Be particularly related to a kind of diesel oil emulsification that contains industrial alcohols and preparation method thereof.
Background technology
The whole world grows with each passing day to the demand of petroleum-based energy because oil non-renewable, prospective oil reduce gradually, and nervous petroleum-based energy imbalance between supply and demand aggravation becomes inevitable.The general preparation method of diesel oil emulsification is: adopting with tensio-active agent is the compound prescription and the specific emulsifying device of main auxiliary agent, makes immiscible with nonpolar diesel oil or polar compound that solvability is minimum such as water or methyl alcohol or ethanol are emulsified into diesel oil emulsification.The oil in water emulsion energy-saving effect that makes like this is obvious, and fuel combustion is abundant, and environment protection significance is great.
Additive amount is big but this class that documents and materials are reported makes pure and mild diesel oil blended diesel oil emulsification, the cost height, fuel-economizing does not save money, (Wang Yan is far for the problems such as special emulsifying device that the high speed shear that will adopt the preparation propellant combination stirs, Liu Yongqi. mechanical stirring prepares the research [J] of diesel oil-methanol-water emulsion fuel. energy research and information, 2002,18 (3): 173-177; Liu Jun. diesel oil emulsification addictive [P]. China 200610033060.9,2006); Commonly contain pure diesel oil and then need, make that containing of gained, pure diesel oil cost also increased greatly with highly purified methyl alcohol or ethanol.Therefore, how utilizing low-cost industrial methyl alcohol or industrial alcohol to prepare the alcohol fuel that combustion efficacy is good and economic benefit is excellent, is a major challenge that present oil fuel chemical field is faced.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of this invention is to provide the preparation method that a kind of cost is low, technology simply contains the diesel oil emulsification of industrial alcohols; The diesel oil emulsification that contain industrial alcohols prepared with this method is transparent, long preservative period, can be used as the tank oil large-scale popularization and use.
For achieving the above object, the technical solution used in the present invention is: the component and the content thereof of this diesel oil emulsification are that industrial alcohols is that 11～23wt%, mixed surfactant are that 1～4wt%, solubility promoter are that 1～5wt%, organic nitrates compounds are that 1～2.5wt%, high molecular polymer are that 1～2.5wt%, solar oil are 68～82wt%.
The preparation method of this diesel oil emulsification is: by above-mentioned each components contents, add the Span-80 of 0.47～3.74wt% at normal temperatures and pressures in solar oil, be designated as system one; The Tween-80 that adds 0.07～2.13wt% in industrial alcohols is designated as system two; Again system two, solubility promoter, organic nitrates compounds, high molecular polymer are added system one, mechanical stirring 0.5～1.5 hour simultaneously gradually.
The HLB value of the mixed surfactant that Span-80 in the described system one and the Tween-80 in the system two constitute is 5～10.
Described industrial alcohols or be 90%～95% industrial alcohol or be 90%～95% industrial methanol for methanol content for ethanol content.
Described solubility promoter is one or more the mixture in methyl tertiary butyl ether, propyl carbinol, Pentyl alcohol, 2-Ethylhexyl Alcohol, dme, Di Iso Propyl Ether, oleic acid, the mixed methyl aliphatic ester.
Described organic nitrates compounds is a kind of in cyclo-dodecyl nitric ether, 2-ethylhexyl nitric ether, cyclohexyl nitrate, the positive butyl ester of nitric acid, ethyl nitrate, the isooctyl ester nitrate.
Described high molecular polymer is a kind of in polymethacrylate, ethylene-propylene copolymer, the hydrogenated isoprene.
Described solar oil is 5
#Solar oil, 0
#Solar oil ,-10
#Solar oil ,-20
#A kind of in the solar oil.
Because adopt above technical scheme, preparation method's cost of the present invention is low, technology is simple; The prepared diesel oil emulsification that contains industrial alcohols has characteristics transparent, long preservative period, can be used as the tank oil large-scale popularization and uses.
Four, embodiment:
Embodiment 1
A kind of diesel oil emulsification that contains industrial alcohols and preparation method thereof.The component and the content thereof of this diesel oil emulsification are: ethanol content is that 90%～95% industrial alcohol is that 11～15wt%, HLB value are that 5～7 mixed surfactant is that 2～2.5wt%, methyl tertiary butyl ether are that 1～2wt%, cyclo-dodecyl nitric ether are that 1～1.5wt%, polymethacrylate are 1～1.5wt%, 0
#Solar oil is 80～82wt%.
The preparation method of present embodiment is: by above-mentioned each components contents, at normal temperatures and pressures to 0
#Add Span-80 in the solar oil, be designated as system one; In ethanol content is 90%～95% industrial alcohol, add Tween-80, be designated as system two; Again system two, methyl tertiary butyl ether, cyclo-dodecyl nitric ether, polymethacrylate are added system one simultaneously gradually, mechanical stirring promptly got the diesel oil emulsification that contains industrial alcohols in 0.5～1.5 hour.
Embodiment 2
A kind of diesel oil emulsification that contains industrial alcohols and preparation method thereof.The component and the content thereof of this diesel oil emulsification are: methanol content is that 90%～95% industrial methanol is that 11～15wt%, HLB value are that 5～7 mixed surfactant is that 2～3wt%, propyl carbinol are that 1～2wt%, 2-ethylhexyl nitric ether are that 1～1.5wt%, ethylene-propylene copolymer are 1～1.5wt%, 0
#Solar oil is 80～82wt%.
The preparation method of present embodiment is: by above-mentioned each components contents, at normal temperatures and pressures to 0
#Add Span-80 in the solar oil, be designated as system one; In methanol content is 90%～95% industrial methanol, add Tween-80, be designated as system two; Again system two, propyl carbinol, 2-ethylhexyl nitric ether, ethylene-propylene copolymer are added system one simultaneously gradually, mechanical stirring promptly got the diesel oil emulsification that contains industrial alcohols in 0.5～1.5 hour.
Embodiment 3
A kind of diesel oil emulsification that contains industrial alcohols and preparation method thereof.The component and the content thereof of this diesel oil emulsification are: ethanol content is that 90%～95% industrial alcohol is that 15～20wt%, HLB value are that 7～8.5 mixed surfactant is that 2～2.5wt%, Pentyl alcohol are that 2～3wt%, cyclohexyl nitrate are that 1.5～2wt%, hydrogenated isoprene are 1～1.5wt%, 5
#Solar oil is 71～76wt%.
The preparation method of present embodiment is: by above-mentioned each components contents, at normal temperatures and pressures to 5
#Add Span-80 in the solar oil, be designated as system one; In ethanol content is 90%～95% industrial alcohol, add Tween-80, be designated as system two; Again system two, Pentyl alcohol, cyclohexyl nitrate, hydrogenated isoprene are added system one simultaneously gradually, mechanical stirring promptly got the diesel oil emulsification that contains industrial alcohols in 0.5～1.5 hour.
Embodiment 4
A kind of diesel oil emulsification that contains industrial alcohols and preparation method thereof.The component and the content thereof of this diesel oil emulsification are: methanol content is that 90%～95% industrial methanol is that 15～20wt%, HLB value are that 7～8.5 mixed surfactant is that 2.5～3wt%, 2-Ethylhexyl Alcohol are that 2～3wt%, the positive butyl ester of nitric acid are that 1～1.5wt%, hydrogenated isoprene are 1～1.5wt% ,-10
#Solar oil is 71～76wt%.
The preparation method of present embodiment is: by above-mentioned each components contents, at normal temperatures and pressures to-10
#Add Span-80 in the solar oil, be designated as system one; In methanol content is 90%～95% industrial methanol, add Tween-80, be designated as system two; Again system two, 2-Ethylhexyl Alcohol, the positive butyl ester of nitric acid, hydrogenated isoprene are added system one simultaneously gradually, mechanical stirring promptly got the diesel oil emulsification that contains industrial alcohols in 0.5～1.5 hour.
Embodiment 5
A kind of diesel oil emulsification that contains industrial alcohols and preparation method thereof.The component and the content thereof of this diesel oil emulsification are: ethanol content is that 90%～95% industrial alcohol is that 15～20wt%, HLB value are that 7～8.5 mixed surfactant is that 2～2.5wt%, dme are that 2～3.5wt%, ethyl nitrate are that 1～2wt%, polymethacrylate are 1～2wt%, 5
#Solar oil is 70～75wt%.
The preparation method of present embodiment is: by above-mentioned each components contents, at normal temperatures and pressures to 5
#Add Span-80 in the solar oil, be designated as system one; In ethanol content is 90%～95% industrial alcohol, add Tween-80, be designated as system two; Again system two, dme, ethyl nitrate, polymethacrylate are added system one simultaneously gradually, mechanical stirring promptly got the diesel oil emulsification that contains industrial alcohols in 0.5～1.5 hour.
Embodiment 6
A kind of diesel oil emulsification that contains industrial alcohols and preparation method thereof.The component and the content thereof of this diesel oil emulsification are: methanol content is that 90%～95% industrial methanol is that 15～20wt%, HLB value are that 5～7 mixed surfactant is that 2.5～3wt%, Di Iso Propyl Ether are that 2～3wt%, isooctyl ester nitrate are that 1～2wt%, ethylene-propylene copolymer are 1～2wt%, 0
#Solar oil is 70～75wt%.
The preparation method of present embodiment is: by above-mentioned each components contents, at normal temperatures and pressures to 0
#Add Span-80 in the solar oil, be designated as system one; In methanol content is 90%～95% industrial methanol, add Tween-80, be designated as system two; Again system two, Di Iso Propyl Ether, isooctyl ester nitrate, ethylene-propylene copolymer are added system one simultaneously gradually, mechanical stirring promptly got the diesel oil emulsification that contains industrial alcohols in 0.5～1.5 hour.
Embodiment 7
A kind of diesel oil emulsification that contains industrial alcohols and preparation method thereof.The component and the content thereof of this diesel oil emulsification are: ethanol content is that 90%～95% industrial alcohol is that 11～15wt%, HLB value are that 3～5 mixed surfactant is that 1～3wt%, oleic acid are that 2～3wt%, isooctyl ester nitrate are that 1～1.5wt%, ethylene-propylene copolymer are 1～1.5wt% ,-20
#Solar oil is 80～82wt%.
The preparation method of present embodiment is: by above-mentioned each components contents, at normal temperatures and pressures to-20
#Add Span-80 in the solar oil, be designated as system one; In ethanol content is 90%～95% industrial alcohol, add Tween-80, be designated as system two; Again system two, oleic acid, isooctyl ester nitrate, ethylene-propylene copolymer are added system one simultaneously gradually, mechanical stirring promptly got the diesel oil emulsification that contains industrial alcohols in 0.5～1.5 hour.
Embodiment 8
A kind of diesel oil emulsification that contains industrial alcohols and preparation method thereof.The component and the content thereof of this diesel oil emulsification are: methanol content is that 90%～95% industrial methanol is that 11～15wt%, HLB value are that 3～5 mixed surfactant is that 1.5～3wt%, mixed methyl aliphatic ester are that 1～3wt%, isooctyl ester nitrate are that 1～1.5wt%, ethylene-propylene copolymer are 1～1.5wt% ,-10
#Solar oil is 80～82wt%.
The preparation method of present embodiment is: by above-mentioned each components contents, at normal temperatures and pressures to-10
#Add Span-80 in the solar oil, be designated as system one; In methanol content is 90%～95% industrial methanol, add Tween-80, be designated as system two; Again system two, mixed methyl aliphatic ester, isooctyl ester nitrate, ethylene-propylene copolymer are added system one simultaneously gradually, mechanical stirring promptly got the diesel oil emulsification that contains industrial alcohols in 0.5～1.5 hour.
Embodiment 9
A kind of diesel oil emulsification that contains industrial alcohols and preparation method thereof.The component and the content thereof of this diesel oil emulsification are: ethanol content is that 90%～95% industrial alcohol is that 20～23wt%, HLB value are that 8.5～10 mixed surfactant is that the two mixed aid of 2～3wt%, propyl carbinol and 2-Ethylhexyl Alcohol is that 1～3wt%, ethyl nitrate are that 1～2wt%, polymethacrylate are 1～2wt%, 0
#Solar oil is 70～75wt%.
The preparation method of present embodiment is: by above-mentioned each components contents, at normal temperatures and pressures to 0
#Add Span-80 in the solar oil, be designated as system one; In ethanol content is 90%～95% industrial alcohol, add Tween-80, be designated as system two; Again the two mixed aid, ethyl nitrate, polymethacrylate of system two, propyl carbinol and 2-Ethylhexyl Alcohol added system one simultaneously gradually, mechanical stirring promptly got the diesel oil emulsification that contains industrial alcohols in 0.5～1.5 hour.
Embodiment 10
A kind of diesel oil emulsification that contains industrial alcohols and preparation method thereof.The component and the content thereof of this diesel oil emulsification are: methanol content is that 90%～95% industrial methanol is that 20～23wt%, HLB value are that 8.5～10 mixed surfactant is that the two mixed aid of 2～4wt%, propyl carbinol and methyl tertiary butyl ether is that 3～5wt%, cyclohexyl nitrate are that 1～2wt%, ethylene-propylene copolymer are 1～2wt%, 5
#Solar oil is 70～73wt%.
The preparation method of present embodiment is: by above-mentioned each components contents, at normal temperatures and pressures to 5
#Add Span-80 in the solar oil, be designated as system one; In methanol content is 90%～95% industrial methanol, add Tween-80, be designated as system two; Again the two mixed aid, cyclohexyl nitrate, ethylene-propylene copolymer of system two, propyl carbinol and methyl tertiary butyl ether added system one simultaneously gradually, mechanical stirring promptly got the diesel oil emulsification that contains industrial alcohols in 0.5～1.5 hour.
Embodiment 11
A kind of diesel oil emulsification that contains industrial alcohols and preparation method thereof.The component and the content thereof of this diesel oil emulsification are: ethanol content is that 90%～95% industrial alcohol is that 14～20wt%, HLB value are that 7～8.5 mixed surfactant is that the two mixed aid of 2～3wt%, propyl carbinol and Di Iso Propyl Ether is that 2～3wt%, ethyl nitrate are that 1～2wt%, hydrogenated isoprene are 1～2wt%, 0
#Solar oil is 72～80wt%.
The preparation method of present embodiment is: by above-mentioned each components contents, at normal temperatures and pressures to 0
#Add Span-80 in the solar oil, be designated as system one; In ethanol content is 90%～95% industrial alcohol, add Tween-80, be designated as system two; Again the two mixed aid, ethyl nitrate, hydrogenated isoprene of system two, propyl carbinol and Di Iso Propyl Ether added system one simultaneously gradually, mechanical stirring promptly got the diesel oil emulsification that contains industrial alcohols in 0.5～1.5 hour.
Embodiment 12
A kind of diesel oil emulsification that contains industrial alcohols and preparation method thereof.The component and the content thereof of this diesel oil emulsification are: methanol content is that 90%～95% industrial methanol is that 13～20wt%, HLB value are that 7～8.5 mixed surfactant is that 3～4wt%, Pentyl alcohol and 2-Ethylhexyl Alcohol and Di Iso Propyl Ether three's mixed aid is that 2～3wt%, cyclohexyl nitrate are that 1.5～2wt%, ethylene-propylene copolymer are 1.5～2wt% ,-10
#Solar oil is 71～76wt%.
The preparation method of present embodiment is: by above-mentioned each components contents, at normal temperatures and pressures to-10
#Add Span-80 in the solar oil, be designated as system one; In methanol content is 90%～95% industrial methanol, add Tween-80, be designated as system two; Mixed aid, cyclohexyl nitrate, ethylene-propylene copolymer with system two, Pentyl alcohol and 2-Ethylhexyl Alcohol and Di Iso Propyl Ether three adds system one simultaneously gradually again, and mechanical stirring promptly got the diesel oil emulsification that contains industrial alcohols in 0.5～1.5 hour.
Embodiment 13
A kind of diesel oil emulsification that contains industrial alcohols and preparation method thereof.The component and the content thereof of this diesel oil emulsification are: ethanol content is that 90%～95% industrial alcohol is that 20～23wt%, HLB value are that 8.5～10 mixed surfactant is that 2～3wt%, propyl carbinol, methyl tertiary butyl ether and Di Iso Propyl Ether three's mixed aid is that 2～3wt%, ethyl nitrate are that 1～2wt%, polymethacrylate are 1～2wt%, 5
#Solar oil is 70～73wt%.
The preparation method of present embodiment is: by above-mentioned each components contents, at normal temperatures and pressures to 5
#Add Span-80 in the solar oil, be designated as system one; In ethanol content is 90%～95% industrial alcohol, add Tween-80, be designated as system two; Mixed aid, ethyl nitrate, polymethacrylate with system two, propyl carbinol, methyl tertiary butyl ether and Di Iso Propyl Ether three adds system one simultaneously gradually again, and mechanical stirring promptly got the diesel oil emulsification that contains industrial alcohols in 0.5～1.5 hour.
Embodiment 14
A kind of diesel oil emulsification that contains industrial alcohols and preparation method thereof.The component and the content thereof of this diesel oil emulsification are: methanol content is that 90%～95% industrial methanol is that 20～23wt%, HLB value are that 8.5～10 mixed surfactant is that 2～4wt%, propyl carbinol and dme and 2-Ethylhexyl Alcohol three's mixed aid is that 2～5wt%, ethyl nitrate are that 2～2.5wt%, hydrogenated isoprene are 2～2.5wt%, 0
#Solar oil is 68～72wt%.
The preparation method of present embodiment is: by above-mentioned each components contents, at normal temperatures and pressures to 0
#Add Span-80 in the solar oil, be designated as system one; In methanol content is 90%～95% industrial methanol, add Tween-80, be designated as system two; Mixed aid, ethyl nitrate, hydrogenated isoprene with system two, propyl carbinol and dme and 2-Ethylhexyl Alcohol three adds system one simultaneously gradually again, and mechanical stirring promptly got the diesel oil emulsification that contains industrial alcohols in 0.5～1.5 hour.
Present embodiment 1～14 described method cost is low, technology is simple.Diesel oil emulsification with the industrial alcohols of this method preparation has characteristics transparent, long preservative period, can be used as the tank oil large-scale popularization and uses.
The pure diesel oil emulsification of preparing with this embodiment that contains carries out bench testing, and testing used type is bell 4JB1 diesel engine difficult to understand, is the diesel engine with direct injection that the Beijing FuTian environmental protection power Co., Ltd introduces the little discharge capacity of Japan Isuzu Motors company.Under the constant condition of 4JB1 diesel engine basic structure, adjust the mixing proportion of industrial alcohol (or industrial methanol), tensio-active agent, solubility promoter, cetane number improver, viscosity modifier, diesel oil containing alcohol for combustion mixing and emulsifying diesel oil is studied its emission performance, and with use 0
#Solar oil is compared, and test-results is as shown in table 1:
Table 1 4JB1 diesel engine uses different ingredients and contains pure diesel oil emulsification and compare and use 0
#The discharging rate of descent of solar oil
Claims (8)
1, a kind of preparation method who contains the diesel oil emulsification of industrial alcohols is characterized in that the component of this diesel oil emulsification and content thereof are: industrial alcohols is that 11～23wt%, mixed surfactant are that 1～4wt%, solubility promoter are that 1～5wt%, organic nitrates compounds are that 1～2.5wt%, high molecular polymer are that 1～2.5wt%, solar oil are 68～82wt%;
The preparation method of this diesel oil emulsification is: by above-mentioned each components contents, add the Span-80 of 0.47～3.74wt% at normal temperatures and pressures in solar oil, be designated as system one; The Tween-80 that adds 0.07～2.13wt% in industrial alcohols is designated as system two; Again system two, solubility promoter, organic nitrates compounds, high molecular polymer are added system one, mechanical stirring 0.5～1.5 hour simultaneously gradually.
2,, it is characterized in that the HLB value of the mixed surfactant that Span-80 in the described system one and the Tween-80 in the system two constitute is 5～10 according to the described preparation method who contains the diesel oil emulsification of industrial alcohols of claim 1.
3,, it is characterized in that described industrial alcohols or be 90%～95% industrial alcohol or be 90%～95% industrial methanol for methanol content for ethanol content according to the described preparation method who contains the diesel oil emulsification of industrial alcohols of claim 1.
4,, it is characterized in that described solubility promoter is one or more the mixture in methyl tertiary butyl ether, propyl carbinol, Pentyl alcohol, 2-Ethylhexyl Alcohol, dme, Di Iso Propyl Ether, oleic acid, the mixed methyl aliphatic ester according to the described preparation method who contains the diesel oil emulsification of industrial alcohols of claim 1.
5,, it is characterized in that described organic nitrates compounds is a kind of in cyclo-dodecyl nitric ether, 2-ethylhexyl nitric ether, cyclohexyl nitrate, the positive butyl ester of nitric acid, ethyl nitrate, the isooctyl ester nitrate according to the described preparation method who contains the diesel oil emulsification of industrial alcohols of claim 1.
6,, it is characterized in that described high molecular polymer is a kind of in polymethacrylate, ethylene-propylene copolymer, the hydrogenated isoprene according to the described preparation method who contains the diesel oil emulsification of industrial alcohols of claim 1.
7,, it is characterized in that described solar oil is 5 according to the described preparation method who contains the diesel oil emulsification of industrial alcohols of claim 1
#Solar oil, 0
#Solar oil ,-10
#Solar oil ,-20
#A kind of in the solar oil.
8, according to each the described prepared diesel oil emulsification that contains industrial alcohols of preparation method that contains the diesel oil emulsification of industrial alcohols in the claim 1～7.
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Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102260544A (en) * | 2011-06-15 | 2011-11-30 | 濮阳市宇宙生物能源有限公司 | Methyl ether diesel and preparation method thereof |
| CN102559300A (en) * | 2012-02-29 | 2012-07-11 | 上海鑫赛孚能源科技有限公司 | Alcohol ether diesel fuel for vehicles and preparation method thereof |
| CN102899106A (en) * | 2012-11-12 | 2013-01-30 | 陕西宝姜新能源有限责任公司 | Novel low carbon methanol diesel and additive and preparation method thereof |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1775917A (en) * | 2005-12-16 | 2006-05-24 | 上海新景福环保科技发展有限公司 | Biosynthetic diesel and its preparing method |
| CN100535084C (en) * | 2006-08-17 | 2009-09-02 | 段家祥 | Emulsifier for emulsification petrol, emulsification diesel oil and emulsification heavy oil |
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2008
- 2008-03-27 CN CN2008100471540A patent/CN101250430B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102260544A (en) * | 2011-06-15 | 2011-11-30 | 濮阳市宇宙生物能源有限公司 | Methyl ether diesel and preparation method thereof |
| CN102559300A (en) * | 2012-02-29 | 2012-07-11 | 上海鑫赛孚能源科技有限公司 | Alcohol ether diesel fuel for vehicles and preparation method thereof |
| CN102899106A (en) * | 2012-11-12 | 2013-01-30 | 陕西宝姜新能源有限责任公司 | Novel low carbon methanol diesel and additive and preparation method thereof |
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