CN101237154A - Dynamics battery-super capacitance mixed dynamic system for electric car - Google Patents
Dynamics battery-super capacitance mixed dynamic system for electric car Download PDFInfo
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- CN101237154A CN101237154A CNA2008100573900A CN200810057390A CN101237154A CN 101237154 A CN101237154 A CN 101237154A CN A2008100573900 A CNA2008100573900 A CN A2008100573900A CN 200810057390 A CN200810057390 A CN 200810057390A CN 101237154 A CN101237154 A CN 101237154A
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/72—Electric energy management in electromobility
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Abstract
The invention relates to a power battery-super capacitor hybrid power system for electric automobiles, belonging to the electric automobile technical field. The power battery-super capacitor hybrid power system for the electric automobiles comprises a power battery pack, a motor controller and a 24V storage battery, a boost DC /DC converter, a bi-directional DC/DC converter and a super capacitance group, wherein, the low voltage end of the boost DC /DC converter is connected with the output end of the power battery pack, the high voltage end of the boost DC /DC converter is connected with the motor controller; the super capacitance group and the high voltage end of the bi-directional DC/DC converter are directly hitched with the high voltage end of the boost DC/DC converter, and the low voltage end of the bi-directional DC/DC converter is connected with the 24V storage battery. The power battery of the power battery-super capacitor hybrid power system for the electric automobiles has smooth output current, small peak current, high discharge efficiency and long service life; when the battery pack SOC is lower, the hybrid system still ensures the normal power output capability; and the super capacitance can directly absorb the braking feedback energy and has high energy conversion efficiency.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to the electric vehicle engineering field, particularly a kind of dynamics battery-super capacitance mixed dynamic system of used for electric vehicle.
Background technology
Electric automobile has environmental protection, energy-conservation and characteristics that energy conversion efficiency is high, is subjected to increasingly extensive attention.Power battery pack is the core of electric automobile, and be one of key technology of exploitation power system of electric automobile the useful life of the energy efficiency of raising power battery pack discharge process and the utilance of battery energy storage, prolongation power battery pack.
Be subjected to the restriction of electrokinetic cell operation principle and manufacture level, (for example: Ni-MH battery group, lithium ion battery group etc.) discharging efficiency is not fully up to expectations for the advanced power battery pack of used for electric vehicle at present.Experimental study is the result show, the energy efficiency of certain model 100Ah lithium-ion-power cell group when the 100A constant-current discharge is 86%, and the energy efficiency during the 200A constant-current discharge has only 69%, and promptly the discharging efficiency of power battery pack reduces along with the increase of discharging current; Simultaneously, result of study shows that also the state-of-charge of battery pack (SOC) also has remarkable influence to discharging efficiency, and along with the reduction of battery pack SOC level, battery power discharge efficient significantly descends; In addition, heavy-current discharge can shorten the useful life of battery pack, thereby increases the use cost of electric automobile, and under lower battery pack SOC level, this effect is more obvious.Therefore, the desirable service condition of power battery pack should be a low discharging current constantly, and still, when power battery pack directly drove electric automobile, this discharging condition can influence the performance of electric powered motor performance.The dynamical system structure of pure electric automobile commonly used as shown in Figure 1 at present, mainly by power battery pack, step-down DC/DC converter,, electric machine controller and 24V storage battery form, its annexation is: the output of power battery pack links to each other with the high-pressure side and the electric machine controller of step-down DC/DC converter simultaneously, and the low-pressure end of step-down DC/DC converter links to each other with the 24V storage battery.This dynamical system adopts power battery pack as unique energy source.Because vehicle frequently quickens under the operating mode of city, causes the frequent heavy-current discharge of power battery pack, has reduced the energy efficiency and the useful life of battery pack, thereby has influenced the energy efficiency and the useful life of car load.
On the other hand, when electric automobile moved in the city, because the city operating mode, vehicle frequently was in the running of acceleration, deceleration and idling, though in the vehicle accelerator, require dynamical system to provide more high-power, power battery pack is in the heavy-current discharge state, still, and at vehicle deceleration, slide in the process, the power output of dynamical system is very little even be zero, and at this moment, the power battery pack discharging current is little or do not discharge.The city operating mode statistical result showed of vehicle, vehicle slides, deceleration and idling cause the time of dynamical system zero output be approximately gross vehicle running time about 30%, the flash-over characteristic of Vehicular dynamic battery group shows as that peak current is big, average current is little.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is for overcoming the weak point of prior art, a kind of dynamics battery-super capacitance mixed dynamic system of used for electric vehicle is provided, in this dynamical system, the battery power discharge electric current is basicly stable near current average, discharging current is little and change gently the discharging efficiency and the useful life of having improved battery pack.Simultaneously, the output U-I characteristic by the DC/DC converter that boosts is carried out adaptive control to the charge and discharge process of super capacitor.
The dynamics battery-super capacitance mixed dynamic system of a kind of used for electric vehicle that the present invention proposes, it is characterized in that this system comprises: power battery pack, the DC/DC converter that boosts, electric machine controller, two-way DC/DC converter, super capacitor group and 24V storage battery; Its annexation is: the low-pressure end of the DC/DC converter that boosts links to each other with the output of power battery pack, and the high-pressure side of the DC/DC converter that boosts links to each other with electric machine controller; On the high-pressure side of DC/DC converter that boosts, directly articulate simultaneously the high-pressure side of super capacitor group and two-way DC/DC converter, the low pressure termination 24V storage battery of two-way DC/DC converter.
Operation principle of the present invention: before dynamical system starts, because self-discharge characteristics, the terminal voltage of super capacitor may be lower, when this voltage significantly is lower than the floating voltage of battery pack, can not directly start the DC/DC converter that boosts is the super capacitor charging, otherwise, can cause bigger charging current to impact, damage booster converter, electrokinetic cell and super capacitor.At this moment, needing the 24V storage battery is that super capacitor carries out precharge by two-way DC/DC converter, up to the terminal voltage of super capacitor equal or floating voltage near power battery pack till.Then, the DC/DC converter that boosts just enters operating state, and power battery pack continues the super capacitor group is charged by the DC/DC converter that boosts, till the terminal voltage of super capacitor group reaches the unloaded output voltage of the DC/DC converter that boosts.
After dynamical system started, power battery pack provided electric energy by the DC/DC converter that boosts for electric machine controller.Because the U-I output characteristic that Boost Converter Design becomes to descend, when vehicle needs power increased, along with the increase of power battery pack discharging current, the output voltage of booster converter reduced, causes the discharge of super capacitor group.Super capacitor group and power battery pack provide electric energy for electric machine controller together.And the discharging current of super capacitor group is directly proportional with the rate of change of power battery pack discharging current, and this phenomenon has suppressed the further increase of the discharging current of power battery pack; When the vehicle needs power reduction, the discharging current of power battery pack reduces, and the output voltage of booster converter raises, super capacitor is in charged state, is vehicle accelerator storage power next time.Therefore, under the effect of the DC/DC converter U-I output characteristic of boosting, the charge and discharge process of the discharge process of power battery pack and super capacitor group has obtained adaptive control, and the power battery pack discharging current is stabilized near the average current.
Characteristics of the present invention and effect:
The present invention adapts to the requirement of electric automobile during traveling power fluctuation, owing to the self adaptation charge and discharge process of super capacitor group, has reduced the peak discharge current of power battery pack, makes the discharging current smooth variation of power battery pack, is near the average current substantially.The energy efficiency and the useful life of battery pack have been improved.Because the efficiency for charge-discharge height (about 99 percent) of super capacitor group, long service life (cycle-index can reach hundreds of thousands), thereby the energy efficiency and the useful life of having improved whole dynamical system.
Under the operating mode of city, power battery pack of the present invention is in the operating state than the low discharge electric current substantially, therefore, power battery pack can be discharged into lower SOC level, thereby make the energy storage of power battery pack be used more effectively.
Super capacitor group of the present invention directly is articulated on the dc bus, can directly absorb the electric energy of drive motors in the braking procedure feedback, the energy conversion efficiency height.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is a traditional electric automobile dynamical system structure chart.
Fig. 2 is a mixed power system structure block diagram of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is the DC/DC of boosting an inverter main circuit structure chart of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is the DC/DC of boosting a converter control circuit block diagram of the present invention.
Dynamical system energy flow graph when being the precharge of super capacitor group by the 24V storage battery before Fig. 5 hybrid power system starts.
When Fig. 6 hybrid power system starts, the dynamical system energy flow graph when power battery pack is charged for the super capacitor group by the DC/DC converter that boosts.
Fig. 7 be hybrid power system of the present invention in the vehicle accelerator, the dynamical system energy flow graph when the super capacitor group is in discharge condition.
Fig. 8 be hybrid power system of the present invention in the vehicle accelerator, the variation diagram of boost DC/DC converter output current, voltage power supply point
Fig. 9 be hybrid power system of the present invention in vehicle deceleration or dynamical system idling process, the dynamical system energy flow graph when the super capacitor group is in charged state.
Figure 10 be hybrid power system of the present invention in vehicle deceleration or dynamical system idling process, the variation diagram of boost DC/DC converter output current, voltage power supply point.
Figure 11 is the dynamical system energy flow graph of hybrid power system of the present invention when being in the braking energy feedback state.
Embodiment
With reference to accompanying drawing, will further narrate specific embodiments of the present invention.
The dynamics battery-super capacitance mixed dynamic system that the present invention proposes is formed structure as shown in Figure 2, and this system comprises: power battery pack, the DC/DC converter that boosts, electric machine controller, two-way DC/DC converter, super capacitor group and 24V storage battery; Its annexation is: the low-pressure end of the DC/DC converter that boosts links to each other with the output of power battery pack, and the high-pressure side of the DC/DC converter that boosts links to each other with electric machine controller; On the high-pressure side of DC/DC converter that boosts, directly articulate simultaneously the high-pressure side of super capacitor group and two-way DC/DC converter, the low pressure termination 24V storage battery of two-way DC/DC converter.
The embodiment of this each part of system is respectively described below:
Power battery pack adopts the LiMn2O4 electrokinetic cell of 100Ah, and the nominal voltage of battery cell is 3.6V, the monomer series-connected use of 50 joints altogether, and the battery pack operating voltage range is 150-210V.
1, the DC/DC converter that boosts is made up of main circuit and the control circuit that drives this main circuit work, and main circuit adopts BOOST main circuit structure, effciency of energy transfer height.When control circuit adopts the voltage negative feedback control strategy, increased the Current Negative Three-Point Capacitance adjusting, made the DC/DC converter that boosts have the U-I output characteristic of decline.Each embodiment of circuit is specifically formed structure and is respectively described below:
Main circuit structure is made of switch transistor T and coupled boost inductance L and power diode D as shown in Figure 3.Switch transistor T adopts the IGBT power model of 300A/600V, and it is 60uH that boost inductance L adopts crystallite magnetic core, design inductance value, and it is 300A/600V that power diode D adopts fast recovery diode, nominal operation index.Its course of work is: in switch transistor T conduction period, and input voltage U
1Form current circuit by L and T, power storage is in inductance L; In switch transistor T between the off period, input voltage U
1By L and D output voltage U
2, since the energy storage effect of inductance L, output voltage U
2Greater than input voltage U
1Therefore, by the alternate conduction and the shutoff of switching tube, can be with lower input voltage U
1Be transformed to higher output voltage U
2Output voltage U
2Value be decided by the G of switch transistor T, the driving voltage U at S two ends
DriThe work duty ratio.Driving voltage U
DriControl circuit output by the DC/DC converter that boosts.
Boost the DC/DC converter control circuit as shown in Figure 4, form by outer voltage circuit and current inner loop circuit.This outer voltage circuit mainly is made up of operational amplifier N2C, Hall current sensor N1 and follower N2B; The current inner loop circuit mainly is made up of operational amplifier N2C, pwm modulator N3 and chip for driving N4.Main circuit adopts two closed loop controlling structures of outer voltage and current inner loop, can make the DC/DC converter that boosts have the maximum current protective feature of constant current, job security height.
The annexation of each parts of control circuit and the course of work are: in outer voltage, voltage given signal Ug is connected on the positive input terminal of operational amplifier N2C (adopting LM324), voltage feedback signal U
fBe connected on the negative input end of operational amplifier N2C, simultaneously, obtain the negative input end that Ui also is connected on operational amplifier N2C, U behind the current feedback signal process follower N2B (adopting LM324) by Hall current sensor N1 (adopting KH-300A) output
g, U
fAnd satisfy between the Ui:
U
g-U
i＝U
f
In control circuit, U
gBe constant, along with the increase of output current, Ui increases, causes output voltage and U
fReduce, thus the converter U-I output characteristic that obtains descending.In current inner loop, the regulated voltage signal of operational amplifier N2C output is connected on the positive input terminal of operational amplifier N2D (adopting LM324), current feedback signal is connected on the negative input end of operational amplifier N2D, the output of operational amplifier N2D is connected on 2 ends of pwm modulator N3, in the present invention, pwm modulator N3 adopts SG3524, magnitude of voltage according to 2 ends, the pulse signal that N3 has certain duty ratio in the output of 11 and 14 ends, this signal is connected on 2 of chip for driving N4, between 4 ends, chip for driving N4 adopts UCC27321, chip for driving N4 is from 6,7 and 5 ends output driving pulse voltage signal Udri, between the G and S end that directly are added in switch transistor T among Fig. 3 after the resistance R 12, make switching tube produce the course of work of alternate conduction and shutoff.
In the pilot system of the present invention, the unloaded output voltage that designs the DC/DC converter that boosts is 360V, and the descending slope of U-I output characteristic is 1.5V/A, and maximum output current is 100A.
The product that the super capacitor group adopts U.S. Maxwell company to provide, super capacitor monomer nominal capacity is 2600F, the monomer series-connected use of 144 joints altogether, the real work voltage range is 200-360V, maximum charging current is that 400A, maximum discharge current are 600A.
Super capacitor group of the present invention directly is articulated in the output of the DC/DC converter that boosts, and along with DC/DC converter rise of output voltage or the decline of boosting, regulates charging current or discharging current automatically.The super capacitor group directly is articulated on the dc bus simultaneously, can directly absorb the electric energy of drive motors in the braking procedure feedback, the energy conversion efficiency height.
24V storage battery of the present invention carries out precharge by two-way DC/DC converter to the super capacitor group, till the terminal voltage of super capacitor reaches the idle end voltage of power battery pack.Storage battery adopts automobile-used 190Ah/24V lead-acid battery;
The low-pressure end of two-way DC/DC converter is designed to constant voltage 28V output, and maximum output current is 200A; High-pressure side is designed to the constant current output of 30A, and maximum output voltage is 200V.
Operation principle of the present invention is described in detail as follows:
System of the present invention carries out adaptive control according to the output U-I characteristic of the DC/DC converter that boosts to the discharge process of power battery pack and the charge and discharge process of super capacitor group.Below, will with reference to Fig. 5 to Figure 11 the operation logic of this system be made an explanation respectively.
As shown in Figure 5, when electric automobile is placed for a long time, because the effect of super capacitor self discharge effect and electric capacity monomer balancing circuitry, the electric capacity both end voltage can drop to about zero gradually, at this moment, if directly start the DC/DC converter that boosts, power battery pack is charged to the super capacitor group by booster converter, can produce excessive charging current, cause the damage of electrokinetic cell, booster converter and super capacitor.In the present invention, at first adopt the 24V storage battery with constant 30A electric current super capacitor to be carried out precharge by two-way DC/DC, when the terminal voltage of super capacitor group reach 200V, during near the idle end voltage of power battery pack, two-way DC/DC converter quits work.Fig. 5 has provided the dynamical system energy flow graph when the 24V storage battery is the precharge of super capacitor group.At this moment, two-way DC/DC converter is operated in pressure-increasning state.
As shown in Figure 6, provided the energy flow graph when " dynamics battery-super capacitance " hybrid power system starts, the terminal voltage of power battery pack is exported higher voltage after passing through the DC/DC converter that boosts, and continues the super capacitor group is charged.Under the effect of the DC/DC converter output external characteristic that boosts, along with the terminal voltage of super capacitor group increases gradually, charging current reduces gradually, up to the floating voltage 360V that reaches the DC/DC converter that boosts.At this moment working point is shown in the point of the A among Fig. 8.
As shown in Figure 7, provided " dynamics battery-super capacitance " hybrid power system in vehicle start or accelerator, the dynamical system energy flow graph when the super capacitor group is in discharge condition.In vehicle start or accelerator, the demand power of motor increases, and requires dc bus that bigger electric current is provided, under the effect of the DC/DC converter output U-I characteristic (as shown in Figure 8) of boosting, the booster converter output current increases, and voltage descends, simultaneously, super capacitor group discharge; The booster converter output voltage descends fast more, and the discharging current of super capacitor group is big more, thereby has suppressed the further increase of electrokinetic cell discharging current.
As shown in Figure 8, provided " dynamics battery-super capacitance " hybrid power system in vehicle start or accelerator, the variation diagram of boost DC/DC converter output current, voltage power supply point.The working point moves to the B point from the A point along external characteristic curve, electric current increases, voltage descends, in this process, and the super capacitor discharge.
As shown in Figure 9, provided " dynamics battery-super capacitance " hybrid power system in vehicle deceleration or dynamical system idling process, the dynamical system energy flow graph when the super capacitor group is in charged state.In the vehicle deceleration process, the demand power of motor reduces, and the DC/DC converter output current that boosts reduces, and voltage rises, and meanwhile, the super capacitor group is recharged; The booster converter output voltage rises fast more, and the charging current of super capacitor group is big more, thereby has kept the less output current of electrokinetic cell, has guaranteed the mild of power battery pack discharging current.
As shown in figure 10, provided " dynamics battery-super capacitance " hybrid power system in vehicle deceleration or dynamical system idling process, the variation diagram of boost DC/DC converter output current, voltage power supply point.The working point moves to the C point from the B point along external characteristic curve, electric current reduces, voltage rises, and in this process, super capacitor is recharged.
As shown in figure 11, provided dynamical system energy flow graph when " dynamics battery-super capacitance " hybrid power system is in the braking energy feedback state.When vehicle was realized braking energy feedback in braking procedure, motor was in generating state, and the electric power generation electric current directly charges to the super capacitor group through the electric machine controller input.In this course, super capacitor group terminal voltage rises, and when super capacitor group terminal voltage was lower than the floating voltage of the DC/DC converter that boosts, electrokinetic cell still can be exported less current, has guaranteed the mild of power battery pack discharging current.In hybrid power system of the present invention, braking energy feedback control is simple, capacity usage ratio is high.
Claims (3)
1, a kind of dynamics battery-super capacitance mixed dynamic system of used for electric vehicle comprises power battery pack, electric machine controller and 24V storage battery; It is characterized in that this system also comprises: the DC/DC converter that boosts, two-way DC/DC converter and super capacitor group; Its annexation is: the low-pressure end of the DC/DC converter that boosts links to each other with the output of power battery pack, and the high-pressure side of the DC/DC converter that boosts links to each other with electric machine controller; On the high-pressure side of DC/DC converter that boosts, directly articulate simultaneously the high-pressure side of super capacitor group and two-way DC/DC converter, the low pressure termination 24V storage battery of two-way DC/DC converter.
2, hybrid power system according to claim 1 is characterized in that, the described DC/DC of boosting converter is made up of the control circuit of main circuit and this main circuit work of driving, is made of switch transistor T and coupled boost inductance L and power diode D.
3, hybrid power system according to claim 2, it is characterized in that, described control circuit adopts two closed loop controlling structures of outer voltage and current inner loop, and this outer voltage circuit mainly is made up of operational amplifier N2C, Hall current sensor N1 and follower N2B; The current inner loop circuit mainly is made up of operational amplifier N2C, pwm modulator N3 and chip for driving N4.
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2008
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