CN101235279B - Highly effective viscosity-reducing agent for thermodynamic oil extraction process - Google Patents
Highly effective viscosity-reducing agent for thermodynamic oil extraction process Download PDFInfo
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- CN101235279B CN101235279B CN 200710003100 CN200710003100A CN101235279B CN 101235279 B CN101235279 B CN 101235279B CN 200710003100 CN200710003100 CN 200710003100 CN 200710003100 A CN200710003100 A CN 200710003100A CN 101235279 B CN101235279 B CN 101235279B
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- oil
- reducing agent
- ethene
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- sodium
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- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 63
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 52
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 120
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 235000010290 biphenyl Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 235000013877 carbamide Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000003209 petroleum derivative Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- CAMXVZOXBADHNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium nitrite Chemical compound [NH4+].[O-]N=O CAMXVZOXBADHNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 230000005496 eutectics Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- OUUQCZGPVNCOIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Superoxide Chemical compound [O-][O] OUUQCZGPVNCOIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 150000001492 aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229920003169 water-soluble polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 claims description 114
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 73
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 53
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims description 50
- -1 aromatic olefin Chemical class 0.000 claims description 50
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 50
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 44
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 36
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 36
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 claims description 36
- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 31
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000011976 maleic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 244000061456 Solanum tuberosum Species 0.000 claims description 21
- 235000002595 Solanum tuberosum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 21
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- QPUYECUOLPXSFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methylnaphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(C)=CC=CC2=C1 QPUYECUOLPXSFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- ZPVFWPFBNIEHGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-octanone Chemical compound CCCCCCC(C)=O ZPVFWPFBNIEHGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- BGTOWKSIORTVQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclopentanone Chemical compound O=C1CCCC1 BGTOWKSIORTVQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 19
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000004945 emulsification Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000002283 diesel fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 125000005233 alkylalcohol group Polymers 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- YNPNZTXNASCQKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenanthrene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C=CC2=C1 YNPNZTXNASCQKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- BBEAQIROQSPTKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C=CC3=CC=CC4=CC=C1C2=C43 BBEAQIROQSPTKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000004305 biphenyl Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- POAOYUHQDCAZBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-butoxyethanol Chemical group CCCCOCCO POAOYUHQDCAZBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl acetate Substances CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- CATSNJVOTSVZJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N heptan-2-one Chemical compound CCCCCC(C)=O CATSNJVOTSVZJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- QQZOPKMRPOGIEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Oxohexane Chemical compound CCCCC(C)=O QQZOPKMRPOGIEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Naphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000003945 anionic surfactant Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthracene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC=CC=C3C=C21 MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCO MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000004780 naphthols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 235000012538 ammonium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- GTBXZWADMKOZQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-phenanthrol Chemical compound C1=CC2=CC=CC=C2C2=C1C(O)=CC=C2 GTBXZWADMKOZQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical group OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 241000158728 Meliaceae Species 0.000 claims description 8
- CWRYPZZKDGJXCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N acenaphthene Chemical compound C1=CC(CC2)=C3C2=CC=CC3=C1 CWRYPZZKDGJXCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethylene glycol Natural products OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 7
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- XTAHYROJKCXMOF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydroaceanthrylene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(CCC3=CC=C4)=C3C4=CC2=C1 XTAHYROJKCXMOF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- GVEPBJHOBDJJJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoranthrene Natural products C1=CC(C2=CC=CC=C22)=C3C2=CC=CC3=C1 GVEPBJHOBDJJJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- QNLZIZAQLLYXTC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-dimethylnaphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=C(C)C(C)=CC=C21 QNLZIZAQLLYXTC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N monopropylene glycol Natural products CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- RCWCSHFOVJNMSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-dihydroxytetradecan-3-one Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)C(O)CO RCWCSHFOVJNMSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 5
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002736 nonionic surfactant Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- PUPZLCDOIYMWBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N (+/-)-1,3-Butanediol Chemical compound CC(O)CCO PUPZLCDOIYMWBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- OAYXUHPQHDHDDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethanol Chemical compound CCCCOCCOCCO OAYXUHPQHDHDDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- KGIGUEBEKRSTEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-vinylpyridine Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=N1 KGIGUEBEKRSTEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- XBDYBAVJXHJMNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydroanthracene Natural products C1=CC=C2C=C(CCCC3)C3=CC2=C1 XBDYBAVJXHJMNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229940078916 carbamide peroxide Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- YQHLDYVWEZKEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N cumene hydroperoxide Chemical compound OOC(C)(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 YQHLDYVWEZKEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- LRMHFDNWKCSEQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethoxyethane;phenol Chemical compound CCOCC.OC1=CC=CC=C1 LRMHFDNWKCSEQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000021323 fish oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- XJRBAMWJDBPFIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl vinyl ether Chemical compound COC=C XJRBAMWJDBPFIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- PFUVRDFDKPNGAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium peroxide Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][O-] PFUVRDFDKPNGAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- IFLREYGFSNHWGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetracene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC4=CC=CC=C4C=C3C=C21 IFLREYGFSNHWGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- AQLJVWUFPCUVLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N urea hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO.NC(N)=O AQLJVWUFPCUVLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004711 α-olefin Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- JNYAEWCLZODPBN-JGWLITMVSA-N (2r,3r,4s)-2-[(1r)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]oxolane-3,4-diol Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1O JNYAEWCLZODPBN-JGWLITMVSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- UICXTANXZJJIBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(1-hydroperoxycyclohexyl)peroxycyclohexan-1-ol Chemical compound C1CCCCC1(O)OOC1(OO)CCCCC1 UICXTANXZJJIBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- LCPVQAHEFVXVKT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2,4-difluorophenoxy)pyridin-3-amine Chemical compound NC1=CC=CN=C1OC1=CC=C(F)C=C1F LCPVQAHEFVXVKT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- XMNIXWIUMCBBBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-phenylpropan-2-ylperoxy)propan-2-ylbenzene Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(C)(C)OOC(C)(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 XMNIXWIUMCBBBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- WFUGQJXVXHBTEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-hydroperoxy-2-(2-hydroperoxybutan-2-ylperoxy)butane Chemical compound CCC(C)(OO)OOC(C)(CC)OO WFUGQJXVXHBTEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- LOCGAKKLRVLQAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methylphenanthrene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=C3C(C)=CC=CC3=CC=C21 LOCGAKKLRVLQAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 3
- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium chloride Substances [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- OMPJBNCRMGITSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzoylperoxide Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(=O)OOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 OMPJBNCRMGITSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- IMROMDMJAWUWLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethenol Chemical compound OC=C IMROMDMJAWUWLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- SCKXCAADGDQQCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Performic acid Chemical group OOC=O SCKXCAADGDQQCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000005211 alkyl trimethyl ammonium group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000019270 ammonium chloride Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000019400 benzoyl peroxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- DOWJXOHBNXRUOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylphenanthrene Natural products C1=CC2=CC=CC=C2C2=C1C(C)=CC=C2 DOWJXOHBNXRUOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- NXPPAOGUKPJVDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphthalene-1,2-diol Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=C(O)C(O)=CC=C21 NXPPAOGUKPJVDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002503 polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- CHQMHPLRPQMAMX-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium persulfate Substances [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O CHQMHPLRPQMAMX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl alcohol Substances CC(C)(C)O DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- GJBRNHKUVLOCEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl benzenecarboperoxoate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 GJBRNHKUVLOCEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-M Methacrylate Chemical compound CC(=C)C([O-])=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- ATRRKUHOCOJYRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium bicarbonate Chemical compound [NH4+].OC([O-])=O ATRRKUHOCOJYRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 abstract 2
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 235000012501 ammonium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000001099 ammonium carbonate Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000012185 ceresin wax Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000001760 fusel oil Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000000084 colloidal system Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000003129 oil well Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000010779 crude oil Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000001603 reducing effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- HXGDTGSAIMULJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetnaphthylene Natural products C1=CC(C=C2)=C3C2=CC=CC3=C1 HXGDTGSAIMULJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001804 emulsifying effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010426 asphalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012752 auxiliary agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000994 depressogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 1
- 150000002989 phenols Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
- Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
- Lubricants (AREA)
Abstract
High efficiency viscosity-reducing agent which is used on THE thermal oil extraction technology, which is formed by the following raw materials with percentage by weight, firstly phenyl benzene, fused ring aromatic hydrocarbon or fused ring aromatic hydrocarbon derivative which does not contain chlorine element and sulfur element, secondly liquid petroleum product whose aromatic hydrocarbons content is no more than 5%, petroleum resin which is liquid state under the constant temperature or hydrocarbons natural aggregation which is particle state under the constant temperature, thirdly water-soluble anionic surface active agent, water-soluble non-ionic surface active agent, oil solubility anionic surface active agent or oil solubility non-ionic surface active agent, fourthly fusel oil, fifthly alcohol ether, sixthly oil solubility or water-soluble polymer which respectively has nonpolar portion which has eutectic crystal with ceresin wax molecular and polar portion which can make wax crystal system twisty on main chain and or branch chain, seventhly hyperoxide, eighthly carbamide, ammonium carbonate, ammonium acid carbonate or ammonium nitrite and ninthly ketone. The high efficiency viscosity-reducing agent has strong suitability, strong viscosity-reducing ability, safety and reliability, can largely reduce extract cost and increase the yield of oil pump, and increases the final recovery efficiency of oil reservoir.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of oil production auxiliary agent, especially a kind of highly effective viscosity-reducing agent for thermodynamic oil extraction process.
Background technology
At present, thermodynamic oil extraction process is mainly used in viscous crude, high solidifying oil exploitation, generally uses viscosity-depression agent as auxiliary addition agent.Existing such viscosity-depression agent is divided into water-base viscosity-reducing agent and oil base viscosity-depression agent two classes usually, wherein water-base viscosity-reducing agent specifically is divided into again water-soluble viscosity-depression agent, emulsion oil-in-water viscosity-depression agent, the oil base viscosity-depression agent specifically is divided into again oil-soluble viscosity reducer, organic solvent type viscosity-depression agent, and different defectives is all arranged.
Water-soluble viscosity-depression agent mainly is comprised of tensio-active agent and water, is used for thermodynamic oil extraction process and has following defective: the one, and it mainly utilizes reducing viscosity by emulsifying principle viscosity reduction, and directly dissolved bitumen matter, colloid, wax crystalline substance are limited for viscosity reducing effect; The 2nd, after injecting oil reservoir, oil well is difficult to automatically be diffused into crude oil; The 3rd, there are not when low effect or effect opposite when Crude Oil is moisture.
The emulsion oil-in-water viscosity-depression agent mainly is comprised of tensio-active agent, water and organic solvent etc., be used for thermodynamic oil extraction process and have following defective: the one, it mainly utilizes reducing viscosity by emulsifying principle viscosity reduction, directly dissolving, broken bituminous matter, colloid, wax crystalline substance are limited in one's ability, and be limited for viscosity reducing effect; The 2nd, after injecting oil reservoir, oil well is difficult to automatically be diffused into crude oil; The 3rd, when Crude Oil moisture when low effect extreme difference or effect opposite; The 4th, O/w emulsion immediately layering under the high temperature fluid heating can't realize that collaborative companion annotates construction technology.
Oil-soluble viscosity reducer mainly is comprised of oil soluble pour point depressant, organic solvent etc., has following defective: the one, although oil-soluble viscosity reducer can suppress or dispersing wax crystalline substance, colloid, bituminous matter, can't make it reach true sol particle granularity, and viscosity reduction is limited in one's ability; The 2nd, its flash-point is lower, annotates with the high temperature fluid companion to have the construction safety problem; The 3rd, it is with strong points, and the shaker test workload is large; The 4th, it can't solve the emulsified particle blockage problem that exists in the oil reservoir; The 5th, there is ageing problem, namely its viscosity reduction ability prolongs in time and constantly reduces; The 6th, its cost is high, is difficult to heavy dose of application the in thermodynamic oil extraction process.
The organic solvent type viscosity-depression agent mainly is comprised of hydrocarbon organic solvent, has following defective: the one, and it is brilliant to wax, the colloid dissolving power is limited, and to stratiform bituminous matter dissolving power extreme difference, viscosity reduction is limited in one's ability; The 2nd, its flash-point is lower, annotates with the high temperature fluid companion to have the construction safety problem; The 3rd, it is difficult to suppress the geometrical dimension of bituminous matter, wax-crystal structure; The 4th, it can't solve the emulsified particle blockage problem that exists in the oil reservoir; The 5th, there is ageing problem, namely its viscosity reduction ability prolongs in time and constantly reduces; The 6th, add-on is too large, causes cost of winning significantly to improve, and is difficult in thermodynamic oil extraction process practical.
In a word, existing viscosity-depression agent poor practicability in thermodynamic oil extraction process is difficult to large-scale application.
Summary of the invention
The technical problem to be solved in the present invention provides a kind of highly effective viscosity-reducing agent for thermodynamic oil extraction process, this highly effective viscosity-reducing agent has the repertoire of water-base viscosity-reducing agent and oil base viscosity-depression agent concurrently, can use or common companion's notes with high temperature fluid is collaborative, can make bituminous matter, colloid, the wax-crystal structure micritization, can effectively solve oil reservoir emulsion plugging problem, can effectively solve the ageing problem of medicament, it is strong to have suitability, the viscosity reduction ability is strong, safe and reliable, the excellent characteristics such as field conduct is simple, and consumption is few can effectively be assisted existing various heating exploitation technique heavy crude producings, high solidifying oil reservoir, significantly reduce cost of winning, prolong the oil well production cycle, increase oil well output, improve the oil reservoir ultimate recovery factor.
For solving the problems of the technologies described above, a kind of highly effective viscosity-reducing agent for thermodynamic oil extraction process of the present invention, it is comprised of the raw material of following weight per-cent:
1) mixture 0.1～4% a kind of or that two or more arbitrary proportion is mixed between them of the condensed ring aromatic hydrocarbon derivative of biphenyl, condensed ring aromatic hydrocarbon or not chloride element, element sulphur;
2) aromaticity content surpasses under 5% liquid petroleum product, the normal temperature for being the mixture 35～97.7% a kind of or that two or more arbitrary proportion is mixed between them in the hydro carbons nature aggregate of graininess under liquid petroleum resin or the normal temperature;
3) mixture 0.1～18% a kind of or that two or more arbitrary proportion is mixed between them of water soluble anionic surfactant, water soluble nonionic surfactant, oil soluble anion surfactant or oil soluble nonionogenic tenside;
4) potato spirit 0.5～5%;
5) close flash point is greater than the mixture 0.5～10% a kind of or that two or more arbitrary proportion is mixed between them of 20 ℃ alcohol ether;
6) on main chain and/or side chain, have respectively and the nonpolar part of paraffin molecule eutectic and make the mixture 0.1～2% a kind of or that two or more arbitrary proportion is mixed between them of oily molten or water-soluble polymers of the polar portion of wax Jingjing type distortion;
7) superoxide≤6%;
Can decomposite the mixture 0.5～20% a kind of or that two or more arbitrary proportion is mixed between them of urea, volatile salt, bicarbonate of ammonia or the ammonium nitrite of rare gas element when 8) being heated;
9) close flash point is greater than the mixture 0.5～5% a kind of or that two or more arbitrary proportion is mixed between them of 20 ℃ ketone.
Described condensed ring aromatic hydrocarbon is: naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, acenaphthene, tetracene, pyrene or benzo acenaphthene; The condensed ring aromatic hydrocarbon derivative of described not chloride element, element sulphur is: methylnaphthalene, dimethylnaphthalene, naphthols, naphthalenediol, methylphenanthrene or phenanthrol.
Described aromaticity content above 5% liquid petroleum product is: oils, emulsification oils or varsol; Under the described normal temperature for liquid petroleum resin be: under the normal temperature for being liquid modification hydrocarbon petroleum resin under liquid hydrocarbon petroleum resin or the normal temperature; Described aromaticity content surpass under 5% liquid petroleum product, the normal temperature be under liquid petroleum resin or the normal temperature in the natural aggregate of the hydro carbons of graininess, the content of its chlorine element and element sulphur is less than thousandth; Above-mentioned raw materials can directly be bought from the market.
Described oils is: diesel oil, solvent oil, heavy aromatics oil fuel or plastics, rubber cracking oil; The close flash point of described plastics, rubber cracking oil is greater than 40 ℃; Above-mentioned raw materials can directly be bought from the market.
Described emulsification oils is: diesel oil emulsification, emulsification heavy aromatics oil fuel or oil-in-water type paraffin remover; Above-mentioned raw materials can directly be bought from the market.
Described varsol is: residue at the bottom of the still that mixed olefins, hybrid ring alkene, mixing aromatic olefin, mixing heavy benzene or petroleum resin production technique form; Above-mentioned raw materials can directly be bought from the market.
Described water soluble anionic surfactant is: alkyl sodium sulfonate, alkyltrimethyl ammonium chloride, polyethenoxy alkylphenols carboxylic acid sodium salt, polyoxyethylated alkyl alcohol carboxylic acid sodium salt, polyethenoxy alkylphenols sulfonate sodium, polyoxyethylated alkyl alcohol sulfonate sodium, polyoxyethylated alkyl alcohol sulfuric ester sodium salt, polyxyethylated phenol marrow sulfuric ester sodium salt, structural formula are C
nF
2n+1The carboxylic acid sodium type fluorine surfactant of COONa, wherein n represents that 4～10 integer, structural formula are C
8F
17CONH (CH
2)
5The carboxylic acid sodium type fluorine surfactant of COONa, structural formula are R
fOC
6H
4The carboxylic acid sodium type fluorine surfactant of COONa, structural formula are C
nF
2n+1SO
3Na sodium sulfonate type fluorine surfactant, wherein n represents 5 or 7 or 9, structural formula is C
3F
7(CH
2)
nSO
3The sodium sulfonate type fluorine surfactant of Na, wherein n represents 5 or 7 or 9, structural formula is C
nF
2n+1C
6H
4SO
3The sodium sulfonate type fluorine surfactant of H, wherein n represents 5 or 7 or 9, structural formula is C
7F
15CH
2OSO
3The sulfuric acid type fluorine surfactant of Na, structural formula are (CF
3)
2CF
2(CH
2)
6OSO
3The sulfuric acid type fluorine surfactant of Na or structural formula are C
8F
17SO
2NH (CH
2)
3NH (CH
2)
3NHCH
2CH
2OSO
3The sulfuric acid type fluorine surfactant of Na;
Described water soluble nonionic surfactant: polyoxyethylated alkyl alcohol, polyethenoxy alkylphenols, polyoxyethylene octyl phenol ether, polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene propylene glycol or sorbitan monocarboxylate Soxylat A 25-7;
Described oil soluble anion surfactant is: petroleum sodium sulfonate, oil carboxylic acid sodium, mahogany acid potassium or mahogany acid ammonium;
Described oil soluble nonionogenic tenside is: F (CF
2)
m(CH
2)
nH, wherein m=10 or 12, n=8 or 12 or 14 or 18 or 24, polyoxyethylene stearylamine-7, lauroyl ethylene glycol amine, fish oil acyl ethylene glycol amine, polyoxyethylene alkylamide, C
10F
19O (CH
2CH
2O)
23C
100F
19Or
Wherein n represents 1 or 2, A
rThe expression aryl.
Described close flash point is butyl glycol ether, diethylene glycol ether or Diethylene Glycol butyl ether greater than 20 ℃ alcohol ether.
Described have respectively with the nonpolar part of paraffin molecule eutectic on main chain and/or side chain and make the oily molten or water-soluble polymers of the polar portion of wax Jingjing type distortion be: alkylphenol formaldehyde resin, polyacrylic ester, the poly carboxylic acid vinyl acetate, ethene and vinyl carboxylate copolymer, ethene and carboxylic acid propylene multipolymer, ethene and acrylate copolymer, ethene and alkylmethacrylate polymer, ethene and maleic acid ester copolymer, vinylbenzene and maleic acid ester copolymer, alpha-olefin and maleic acid ester copolymer, vinyl-acetic ester and acrylate copolymer, vinyl-acetic ester and maleic acid ester copolymer, ethene, vinyl alcohol and vinyl carboxylate copolymer, ethene, vinylformic acid and acrylate copolymer, ethene, vinyl methyl ether and maleic acid ester copolymer, ethene, vinyl-acetic ester and maleic acid ester copolymer, ethene, vinyl carboxylates and propene sulfonic acid salt copolymer, ethene, acrylate and propene sulfonic acid salt copolymer or acrylate, vinylpyridine and butyleneglycol double methacrylate multipolymer.
Described superoxide is organo-peroxide or inorganic peroxide, and described organo-peroxide is peroxyformic acid, dicumyl peroxide, dibenzoyl peroxide, methylethyl ketone peroxide, peroxidized t-butyl perbenzoate, cyclohexanone peroxide, tertbutanol peroxide or cumyl hydroperoxide; Described inorganic peroxide is hydrogen peroxide, sodium peroxide, carbamide peroxide, Sodium Persulfate or SPC-D.
Described close flash point greater than 20 ℃ ketone is: cyclopentanone, hexanone, heptanone or octanone.
A kind of highly effective viscosity-reducing agent for thermodynamic oil extraction process of the present invention is mixed by following material normal temperature and pressure.
The condensed ring aromatic hydrocarbon derivative of described biphenyl, condensed ring aromatic hydrocarbon and not chloride element, element sulphur can be its any one, also can be its arbitrary proportion mixture, has the ability of the brilliant wax nuclear of distortion wax;
It can be its any one that described aromaticity content surpasses under 5% liquid petroleum product, the normal temperature for the hydro carbons nature aggregate for graininess under liquid petroleum resin or the normal temperature, also can be its arbitrary proportion mixture, have dissolving paraffin, bitum ability;
Described water soluble anionic surfactant, water soluble nonionic surfactant, oil soluble anion surfactant or oil soluble nonionogenic tenside can be its any one, also can be its arbitrary proportion mixture, have reduce the profit surface tension, in the ability of the brilliant surface adsorption of wax;
Described close flash point can be its any one greater than 20 ℃ alcohol ether, also can be its arbitrary proportion mixture, has the ability of the mutual solubility that increases oil and water;
Having respectively with the nonpolar part of paraffin molecule eutectic and the oily molten or water-soluble polymers of the polar portion that makes the distortion of wax Jingjing type on described main chain and/or the side chain can be its any one, also can be its arbitrary proportion mixture, have with the paraffin molecule eutectic and and make the ability of wax Jingjing type distortion;
Described superoxide has the ability that can decomposes comes from by oxygen base or active oxygen atom, can increase content or cancel this component according to customer requirements;
Described urea, volatile salt, bicarbonate of ammonia or ammonium nitrite have the ability that can decomposite rare gas element when being heated;
Described close flash point can be its any one greater than 20 ℃ ketone, also can be its arbitrary proportion mixture, has dissolving paraffin, bitum ability.
The present invention has following beneficial effect:
This highly effective viscosity-reducing agent has the repertoire of water-base viscosity-reducing agent and oil base viscosity-depression agent concurrently, can use or common companion's notes with high temperature fluid is collaborative, can make bituminous matter, colloid, the wax-crystal structure micritization, can effectively solve oil reservoir emulsion plugging problem, can effectively solve the ageing problem of medicament, it is strong to have suitability, and viscosity reduction pour point depression ability is strong, and is safe and reliable, field conduct is simple, the excellent characteristics such as consumption is few can effectively be assisted existing various heating exploitation technique heavy crude producings, high solidifying oil reservoir significantly reduces cost of winning, prolong the oil well production cycle, increase oil well output, improve the oil reservoir ultimate recovery factor, remarkable in economical benefits.
Embodiment
The invention will be further described below in conjunction with embodiment:
Embodiment 1
A kind of highly effective viscosity-reducing agent for thermodynamic oil extraction process of the present invention, it is comprised of the raw material of following weight per-cent:
1) biphenyl 4%;
2) diesel oil 35%;
3) alkyl sodium sulfonate 18%;
4) potato spirit 5%;
5) butyl glycol ether 10%;
6) alkylphenol formaldehyde resin 2%;
7) peroxyformic acid 0.5%,
Dicumyl peroxide 0.5%;
8) urea 20%;
9) cyclopentanone 5%
Chlorine element in the described diesel oil, the content of element sulphur are less than thousandth.A kind of highly effective viscosity-reducing agent for thermodynamic oil extraction process of the present invention is to be mixed by the above-mentioned raw materials normal temperature and pressure.
Embodiment 2
A kind of highly effective viscosity-reducing agent for thermodynamic oil extraction process of the present invention, it is comprised of the raw material of following weight per-cent:
1) naphthalene 0.1%;
2) under the normal temperature be the hydro carbons nature aggregate 97.7% of graininess;
3) alkyltrimethyl ammonium chloride 0.1%;
4) potato spirit 0.5%;
5) diethylene glycol ether 0.5%;
6) polyacrylic ester 0.1%;
7) volatile salt 0.5%;
8) cyclopentanone 0.5%;
Be that the content of chlorine element, element sulphur in the hydro carbons nature aggregate of graininess is less than thousandth under the described normal temperature.A kind of highly effective viscosity-reducing agent for thermodynamic oil extraction process of the present invention is to be mixed by the above-mentioned raw materials normal temperature and pressure.
Embodiment 3
A kind of highly effective viscosity-reducing agent for thermodynamic oil extraction process of the present invention, it is comprised of the raw material of following weight per-cent:
1) methylnaphthalene 1%;
2) diesel oil emulsification 89%;
3) the polyethenoxy alkylphenols carboxylic acid sodium salt 1%;
4) potato spirit 1%;
5) the Diethylene Glycol butyl ether 1%;
6) the poly carboxylic acid vinyl acetate 1%;
7) dibenzoyl peroxide 2%;
8) bicarbonate of ammonia 2%;
9) hexanone 2%;
Chlorine element in the described diesel oil emulsification, the content of element sulphur are less than thousandth.A kind of highly effective viscosity-reducing agent for thermodynamic oil extraction process of the present invention is to be mixed by the above-mentioned raw materials normal temperature and pressure.
Embodiment 4
A kind of highly effective viscosity-reducing agent for thermodynamic oil extraction process of the present invention, it is comprised of the raw material of following weight per-cent:
1) biphenyl 0.5%,
Anthracene 0.5%,
Dimethylnaphthalene 1%;
2) under the normal temperature be liquid modification hydrocarbon petroleum resin 82.7%;
3) the polyoxyethylated alkyl alcohol carboxylic acid sodium salt 3%;
4) potato spirit 2%;
5) diethylene glycol ether 2%;
6) ethene and vinyl carboxylate copolymer 0.3%;
7) methylethyl ketone peroxide 1%;
8) ammonium nitrite 4%;
9) heptanone 3%;
Be that the content of chlorine element, element sulphur in the liquid modification hydrocarbon petroleum resin is less than thousandth under the described normal temperature.A kind of highly effective viscosity-reducing agent for thermodynamic oil extraction process of the present invention is to be mixed by the above-mentioned raw materials normal temperature and pressure.
Embodiment 5
A kind of highly effective viscosity-reducing agent for thermodynamic oil extraction process of the present invention, it is comprised of the raw material of following weight per-cent:
1) phenanthrene 1%,
Naphthols 2%;
2) mixed olefins 36%,
Hybrid ring alkene 36.4%;
3) the polyethenoxy alkylphenols sulfonate sodium 5%;
4) potato spirit 3%;
5) butyl glycol ether 3%;
6) ethene and carboxylic acid propylene multipolymer 0.6%;
7) peroxidized t-butyl perbenzoate 3%;
8) volatile salt 6%;
9) octanone 4%
Chlorine element in described mixed olefins and the hybrid ring alkene, the content of element sulphur are respectively less than thousandth.
A kind of highly effective viscosity-reducing agent for thermodynamic oil extraction process of the present invention is to be mixed by the above-mentioned raw materials normal temperature and pressure.
Embodiment 6
A kind of highly effective viscosity-reducing agent for thermodynamic oil extraction process of the present invention, it is comprised of the raw material of following weight per-cent:
1) acenaphthene 2%,
Naphthalenediol 2%;
2) under the normal temperature be liquid hydrocarbon petroleum resin 63%;
3) the polyoxyethylated alkyl alcohol sulfonate sodium 7%;
4) potato spirit 4%;
5) diethylene glycol ether 4%;
6) ethene and acrylate copolymer 1%;
7) cyclohexanone peroxide 4%;
8) urea 8%;
9) cyclopentanone 5%
Be that the content of chlorine element, element sulphur in the liquid hydrocarbon petroleum resin is less than thousandth under the described normal temperature; A kind of highly effective viscosity-reducing agent for thermodynamic oil extraction process of the present invention is to be mixed by the above-mentioned raw materials normal temperature and pressure.
Embodiment 7
A kind of highly effective viscosity-reducing agent for thermodynamic oil extraction process of the present invention, it is comprised of the raw material of following weight per-cent:
1) biphenyl 1%,
Tetracene 1%,
Methylphenanthrene 1%;
2) solvent oil 30%,
Heavy aromatics oil fuel 29%;
3) polyoxyethylated alkyl alcohol sulfuric ester sodium salt 9%;
4) potato spirit 5%;
5) butyl glycol ether 5%;
6) alkylphenol formaldehyde resin 0.5%,
Poly carboxylic acid vinyl acetate 0.3%,
Ethene and vinyl carboxylate copolymer 0.2%,
Ethene and acrylate copolymer 0.5%,
Ethene and alkylmethacrylate polymer 0.5%;
7) tertbutanol peroxide 5%;
8) bicarbonate of ammonia 10%;
9) hexanone 3%
Chlorine element in described solvent oil, the heavy aromatics oil fuel, element sulphur at the content of petroleum resin less than thousandth.A kind of highly effective viscosity-reducing agent for thermodynamic oil extraction process of the present invention is to be mixed by the above-mentioned raw materials normal temperature and pressure.
Embodiment 8
A kind of highly effective viscosity-reducing agent for thermodynamic oil extraction process of the present invention, it is comprised of the raw material of following weight per-cent:
1) pyrene 2%;
2) under the normal temperature be the hydro carbons nature aggregate 58% of graininess;
3) polyethenoxy alkylphenols sulfuric ester sodium salt 11%;
4) potato spirit 4%;
5) butyl glycol ether 6%;
6) ethene and maleic acid ester copolymer 2%;
7) cumyl hydroperoxide 3%;
8) urea 12%;
9) heptanone 2%
Be that the content of chlorine element, element sulphur in the hydro carbons nature aggregate of graininess is less than thousandth under the described normal temperature.A kind of highly effective viscosity-reducing agent for thermodynamic oil extraction process of the present invention is to be mixed by the above-mentioned raw materials normal temperature and pressure.
Embodiment 9
A kind of highly effective viscosity-reducing agent for thermodynamic oil extraction process of the present invention, it is comprised of the raw material of following weight per-cent:
1) biphenyl 0.5%,
Benzo acenaphthene 0.5%,
Methylnaphthalene 1%,
Naphthols 1%,
Phenanthrol 1%;
2) diesel oil emulsification 20%;
Plastics, rubber cracking oil 29%;
3) alkyl sodium sulfonate 3%,
Polyoxyethylated alkyl alcohol 3%;
Petroleum sodium sulfonate 3%,
Polyoxyethylene stearylamine-7 4%;
4) potato spirit 5%;
5) diethylene glycol ether 7%;
6) vinylbenzene and maleic acid ester copolymer 2%;
7) hydrogen peroxide 5%;
8) bicarbonate of ammonia 14%;
9) octanone 1%
Chlorine element in described diesel oil emulsification and plastics, the rubber cracking oil, the content of element sulphur is less than thousandth, and the close flash point of described plastics, rubber cracking oil is greater than 40 ℃.A kind of highly effective viscosity-reducing agent for thermodynamic oil extraction process of the present invention is to be mixed by the above-mentioned raw materials normal temperature and pressure.
Embodiment 10
A kind of highly effective viscosity-reducing agent for thermodynamic oil extraction process of the present invention, it is comprised of the raw material of following weight per-cent:
1) biphenyl 0.5%,
Naphthalene 0.5%,
Phenanthrene 0.5%,
Pyrene 0.5%,
Methylnaphthalene 0.5%,
Naphthols 0.5%;
2) under the normal temperature be liquid modification hydrocarbon petroleum resin 44%;
3) the polyethenoxy alkylphenols carboxylic acid sodium salt 4%,
Polyethenoxy alkylphenols 4%,
Oil carboxylic acid sodium 4%,
Lauroyl ethylene glycol amine 3%;
4) potato spirit 5%;
5) butyl glycol ether 8%;
6) the poly carboxylic acid vinyl acetate 0.5%,
Ethene and carboxylic acid propylene multipolymer 0.5%,
Ethene and alkylmethacrylate polymer 0.5%,
Vinylbenzene and maleic acid ester copolymer 0.3%,
Alpha-olefin and maleic acid ester copolymer 0.2%;
7) sodium peroxide 5%;
8) ammonium nitrite 16%;
9) cyclopentanone 1%;
Hexanone 1%;
Be that the content of chlorine element, element sulphur in the liquid modification hydrocarbon petroleum resin is less than thousandth under the described normal temperature.A kind of highly effective viscosity-reducing agent for thermodynamic oil extraction process of the present invention is to be mixed by the above-mentioned raw materials normal temperature and pressure.
Embodiment 11
A kind of highly effective viscosity-reducing agent for thermodynamic oil extraction process of the present invention, it is comprised of the raw material of following weight per-cent:
1) phenanthrol 2%;
2) the oil-in-water type paraffin remover 42.5%;
3) polyethenoxy alkylphenols sulfuric ester sodium salt 4%,
Polyoxyethylene octyl phenol ether 4%,
Mahogany acid potassium 4%,
Fish oil acyl ethylene glycol amine 4%;
4) potato spirit 5%;
5) diethylene glycol ether 9%;
6) polyacrylic ester 0.5%,
Vinyl-acetic ester and acrylate copolymer 0.5%,
Acrylate, vinylpyridine and butyleneglycol double methacrylate copolymer 1 %;
7) SPC-D 6%;
8) volatile salt 17%;
9) heptanone 0.25%,
Octanone 0.25%;
Chlorine element in the described oil-in-water type paraffin remover, the content of element sulphur are less than thousandth.
A kind of highly effective viscosity-reducing agent for thermodynamic oil extraction process of the present invention is to be mixed by the above-mentioned raw materials normal temperature and pressure.
Embodiment 12
A kind of highly effective viscosity-reducing agent for thermodynamic oil extraction process of the present invention, it is comprised of the raw material of following weight per-cent:
1) tetracene 0.5%,
Benzo acenaphthene 0.5%;
Methylnaphthalene 0.5%,
Naphthols 0.5%;
2) under the normal temperature be liquid hydrocarbon petroleum resin 10%;
It is liquid modification hydrocarbon petroleum resin 10% under the normal temperature;
It is the hydro carbons nature aggregate 17% of graininess under the normal temperature;
3) polyoxyethylated alkyl alcohol sulfuric ester sodium salt 3%,
Polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene propylene glycol 3%;
Petroleum sodium sulfonate 3%,
Mahogany acid potassium 3%,
Mahogany acid ammonium 3%,
Polyoxyethylene alkylamide 2%;
4) potato spirit 5%;
5) butyl glycol ether 10%;
6) the poly carboxylic acid vinyl acetate 0.4%,
Vinyl-acetic ester and maleic acid ester copolymer 0.4%,
Ethene, vinyl alcohol and vinyl carboxylate copolymer 0.4%,
Ethene, vinyl carboxylates and propene sulfonic acid salt copolymer 0.4%,
Ethene, acrylate and propene sulfonic acid salt copolymer 0.4%;
7) carbamide peroxide 6%;
8) urea 18%;
9) cyclopentanone 1.5%,
Heptanone 1.5%;
Under the described normal temperature be under liquid hydrocarbon petroleum resin, the normal temperature under liquid modification hydrocarbon petroleum resin and the normal temperature for the content of the chlorine element in the hydro carbons nature aggregate of graininess, element sulphur less than thousandth.A kind of highly effective viscosity-reducing agent for thermodynamic oil extraction process of the present invention is to be mixed by the above-mentioned raw materials normal temperature and pressure.
Embodiment 13
A kind of highly effective viscosity-reducing agent for thermodynamic oil extraction process of the present invention, it is comprised of the raw material of following weight per-cent:
1) biphenyl 0.5%,
Anthracene 0.5%,
Acenaphthene 0.5%,
Benzo acenaphthene 0.5%,
Methylnaphthalene 0.5%,
Naphthols 0.5%,
Menaphthyl phenanthrene 0.5%,
Phenanthrol 0.5%;
2) heavy aromatics oil fuel 7%,
Diesel oil emulsification 7%,
Mix aromatic olefin 8%,
Mix heavy benzene 8%,
Residue 8% at the bottom of the still that the petroleum resin production technique forms;
3) the polyoxyethylated alkyl alcohol carboxylic acid sodium salt 5%;
Sorbitan monocarboxylate Soxylat A 25-7 5%;
Sulfonated petro-leum 5%;
Lauroyl ethylene glycol amine 3%;
4) potato spirit 5%;
5) diethylene glycol ether 10%;
6) ethene, vinylformic acid and acrylate copolymer 0.5%,
Ethene, vinyl methyl ether and maleic acid ester copolymer 0.5%,
Ethene, vinyl-acetic ester and maleate copolymer 1 %;
7) Sodium Persulfate 2%;
8) bicarbonate of ammonia 19%;
9) hexanone 1%,
Octanone 1%;
Chlorine element at the bottom of the still that described heavy aromatics oil fuel, diesel oil emulsification, mixing aromatic olefin, mixing heavy benzene and petroleum resin production technique form in the residue, element sulphur content are respectively less than thousandth.A kind of highly effective viscosity-reducing agent for thermodynamic oil extraction process of the present invention is to be mixed by the above-mentioned raw materials normal temperature and pressure.
Embodiment 14
A kind of highly effective viscosity-reducing agent for thermodynamic oil extraction process of the present invention, it is comprised of the raw material of following weight per-cent:
1) biphenyl 0.5%,
Anthracene 0.5%,
Acenaphthene 0.5%,
Benzo acenaphthene 0.5%,
Methylnaphthalene 0.5%,
Naphthols 0.5%,
Menaphthyl phenanthrene 0.5%,
Phenanthrol 0.5%;
2) heavy aromatics oil fuel 7%,
Diesel oil emulsification 7%,
Mix aromatic olefin 7%,
Mix heavy benzene 8%,
Residue 8% at the bottom of the still that the petroleum resin production technique forms;
3)
Structural formula is C
4F
9COO
-The carboxylic acid sodium type fluorine surfactant 1% of Na,
Structural formula is C
5F
11COO
-The carboxylic acid sodium type fluorine surfactant 1% of Na,
Structural formula is C
6F
13COO
-The carboxylic acid sodium type fluorine surfactant 1% of Na,
Structural formula is C
7F
15COO
-The carboxylic acid sodium type fluorine surfactant 1% of Na,
Structural formula is C
8F
17COO
-The carboxylic acid sodium type fluorine surfactant 1% of Na,
Structural formula is C
9F
19COO
-The carboxylic acid sodium type fluorine surfactant 1% of Na,
Structural formula is C
10F
21COO
-The carboxylic acid sodium type fluorine surfactant 1% of Na,
Structural formula is C
8F
17CONH (CH
2)
5The carboxylic acid sodium type fluorine surfactant 1% of COONa,
Structural formula is R
fOC
6H
4The carboxylic acid sodium type fluorine surfactant 1% of COONa,
Structural formula is C
5F
11SO
3The sodium sulfonate type fluorine surfactant 1% of Na,
Structural formula is C
7F
15SO
3The sodium sulfonate type fluorine surfactant 1% of Na,
Structural formula is C
9F
19SO
3The sodium sulfonate type fluorine surfactant 1% of Na,
Structural formula is C
3F
7(CH
2)
5SO
3The sodium sulfonate type fluorine surfactant 1% of Na,
Structural formula is C
3F
7(CH
2)
7SO
3Na) sodium sulfonate type fluorine surfactant 1%,
Structural formula is C
3F
7(CH
2)
9SO
3The sodium sulfonate type fluorine surfactant 1% of Na,
Structural formula is C
5F
11C
6H
4SO
3The sodium sulfonate type fluorine surfactant 1% of H;
Structural formula is C
7F
15C
6H
4SO
3The sodium sulfonate type fluorine surfactant 1% of H;
Structural formula is C
9F
19C
6H
4SO
3The sodium sulfonate type fluorine surfactant 1% of H;
4) potato spirit 5%;
5) the Diethylene Glycol butyl ether 5%;
6) ethene, vinylformic acid and acrylate copolymer 0.5%,
Ethene, vinyl methyl ether and maleic acid ester copolymer 0.5%,
Ethene, vinyl-acetic ester and maleate copolymer 1 %;
7) SPC-D 6%;
8) urea 20%;
9) cyclopentanone 1%,
Hexanone 1%,
Heptanone 1%;
Chlorine element at the bottom of the still that described heavy aromatics oil fuel, diesel oil emulsification, mixing aromatic olefin, mixing heavy benzene and petroleum resin production technique form in the residue, element sulphur content are respectively less than thousandth.A kind of highly effective viscosity-reducing agent for thermodynamic oil extraction process of the present invention is to be mixed by the above-mentioned raw materials normal temperature and pressure.
Embodiment 15
A kind of highly effective viscosity-reducing agent for thermodynamic oil extraction process of the present invention, it is comprised of the raw material of following weight per-cent:
1) pyrene 4%;
2) under the normal temperature be the hydro carbons nature aggregate 65% of graininess;
3)C
10F
19O(CH
2CH
2O)
23C
100F
19 1％，
F(CF
2)
10(CH
2)
8H 1％，
F(CF
2)
12(CH
2)
12H 1％，
F(CF
2)
10(CH
2)
14H 1％，
F(CF
2)
12(CH
2)
18H 1％，
F(CF
2)
12(CH
2)
24H 1％，
4) potato spirit 2%;
5) butyl glycol ether 6%;
6) ethene and maleate copolymer 1 %;
7) carbamide peroxide 1%;
8) bicarbonate of ammonia 10%;
9) hexanone 1%,
Heptanone 1%
Octanone 1%;
Be that the content of chlorine element, element sulphur in the hydro carbons nature aggregate of graininess is less than thousandth under the described normal temperature; Described A
rRepresent aryl.A kind of highly effective viscosity-reducing agent for thermodynamic oil extraction process of the present invention is to be mixed by the above-mentioned raw materials normal temperature and pressure.
Embodiment 16
A kind of highly effective viscosity-reducing agent for thermodynamic oil extraction process of the present invention, it is comprised of the raw material of following weight per-cent:
1) pyrene 2%;
2) under the normal temperature be the hydro carbons nature aggregate 60% of graininess;
3) polyethenoxy alkylphenols sulfuric ester sodium salt 11%;
4) potato spirit 4%;
5) butyl glycol ether 6%;
6) ethene and maleic acid ester copolymer 2%;
7) cumyl hydroperoxide 3%;
8) urea 11%;
9) octanone 1%;
Be that the content of chlorine element, element sulphur in the hydro carbons nature aggregate of graininess is less than thousandth under the described normal temperature.A kind of highly effective viscosity-reducing agent for thermodynamic oil extraction process of the present invention is to be mixed by the above-mentioned raw materials normal temperature and pressure.
Embodiment 17
A kind of highly effective viscosity-reducing agent for thermodynamic oil extraction process of the present invention, it is comprised of the raw material of following weight per-cent:
1) biphenyl 0.5%,
Benzo acenaphthene 0.5%,
Methylnaphthalene 1%,
Naphthols 1%,
Phenanthrol 1%;
2) diesel oil emulsification 20%;
Plastics, rubber cracking oil 30%;
3) alkyl sodium sulfonate 3%,
Polyoxyethylated alkyl alcohol 3%;
Petroleum sodium sulfonate 3%,
Polyoxyethylene stearylamine-7 4%;
4) potato spirit 5%;
5) diethylene glycol ether 7%;
6) vinylbenzene and maleic acid ester copolymer 2%;
7) hydrogen peroxide 5%;
8) bicarbonate of ammonia 12%;
9) heptanone 2%
Chlorine element in described diesel oil emulsification and plastics, the rubber cracking oil, the content of element sulphur is less than thousandth, and the close flash point of described plastics, rubber cracking oil is greater than 40 ℃.A kind of highly effective viscosity-reducing agent for thermodynamic oil extraction process of the present invention is to be mixed by the above-mentioned raw materials normal temperature and pressure.
Embodiment 18
A kind of highly effective viscosity-reducing agent for thermodynamic oil extraction process of the present invention, it is comprised of the raw material of following weight per-cent:
1) biphenyl 0.5%,
Naphthalene 0.5%,
Phenanthrene 0.5%,
Pyrene 0.5%,
Methylnaphthalene 0.5%,
Naphthols 0.5%;
2) under the normal temperature be liquid modification hydrocarbon petroleum resin 46%;
3) the polyethenoxy alkylphenols carboxylic acid sodium salt 4%,
Polyethenoxy alkylphenols 4%,
Oil carboxylic acid sodium 4%,
Lauroyl ethylene glycol amine 3%;
4) potato spirit 5%;
5) butyl glycol ether 8%;
6) the poly carboxylic acid vinyl acetate 0.5%,
Ethene and carboxylic acid propylene multipolymer 0.5%,
Ethene and alkylmethacrylate polymer 0.5%,
Vinylbenzene and maleic acid ester copolymer 0.3%,
Alpha-olefin and maleic acid ester copolymer 0.2%;
7) sodium peroxide 3%;
8) ammonium nitrite 14%;
9) cyclopentanone 1%,
Hexanone 1%,
Heptanone 1%,
Octanone 1%;
Be that the content of chlorine element, element sulphur in the liquid modification hydrocarbon petroleum resin is less than thousandth under the described normal temperature.A kind of highly effective viscosity-reducing agent for thermodynamic oil extraction process of the present invention is to be mixed by the above-mentioned raw materials normal temperature and pressure.
Embodiment 19
A kind of highly effective viscosity-reducing agent for thermodynamic oil extraction process of the present invention, it is comprised of the raw material of following weight per-cent:
1) phenanthrol 2%;
2) the oil-in-water type paraffin remover 43%;
3) polyethenoxy alkylphenols sulfuric ester sodium salt 4%,
Polyoxyethylene octyl phenol ether 4%,
Mahogany acid potassium 4%,
Fish oil acyl ethylene glycol amine 4%;
4) potato spirit 5%;
5) diethylene glycol ether 9%;
6) polyacrylic ester 0.5%,
Vinyl-acetic ester and acrylate copolymer 0.5%,
Acrylate, vinylpyridine and butyleneglycol double methacrylate copolymer 1 %;
7) SPC-D 6%;
8) volatile salt 12%;
9) cyclopentanone 2%;
Hexanone 1%
Octanone 1%
Heptanone 1%;
Chlorine element in the described oil-in-water type paraffin remover, the content of element sulphur are less than thousandth.A kind of highly effective viscosity-reducing agent for thermodynamic oil extraction process of the present invention is to be mixed by the above-mentioned raw materials normal temperature and pressure.
Claims (8)
1. highly effective viscosity-reducing agent that is used for thermodynamic oil extraction process, it is characterized in that: it is comprised of the raw material of following weight per-cent:
1) mixture 0.1～4% a kind of or that two or more arbitrary proportion is mixed between them of the condensed ring aromatic hydrocarbon derivative of biphenyl, condensed ring aromatic hydrocarbon or not chloride element, element sulphur;
2) aromaticity content surpasses under 5% liquid petroleum product, the normal temperature for being the mixture 35～97.7% a kind of or that two or more arbitrary proportion is mixed between them in the hydro carbons nature aggregate of graininess under liquid petroleum resin or the normal temperature;
3) mixture 0.1～18% a kind of or that two or more arbitrary proportion is mixed between them of water soluble anionic surfactant, water soluble nonionic surfactant, oil soluble anion surfactant or oil soluble nonionogenic tenside;
4) potato spirit 0.5～5%;
5) close flash point is greater than the mixture 0.5～10% a kind of or that two or more arbitrary proportion is mixed between them of 20 ℃ alcohol ether;
6) on main chain and/or side chain, have respectively and the nonpolar part of paraffin molecule eutectic and make the mixture 0.1～2% a kind of or that two or more arbitrary proportion is mixed between them of oily molten or water-soluble polymers of the polar portion of wax Jingjing type distortion;
7) superoxide≤6%;
Can decomposite the mixture 0.5～20% a kind of or that two or more arbitrary proportion is mixed between them of urea, volatile salt, bicarbonate of ammonia or the ammonium nitrite of rare gas element when 8) being heated;
9) close flash point is greater than the mixture 0.5～5% a kind of or that two or more arbitrary proportion is mixed between them of 20 ℃ ketone.
2. highly effective viscosity-reducing agent as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that: described condensed ring aromatic hydrocarbon is: naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, acenaphthene, tetracene, pyrene or benzo acenaphthene; The condensed ring aromatic hydrocarbon derivative of described not chloride element, element sulphur is: methylnaphthalene, dimethylnaphthalene, naphthols, naphthalenediol, methylphenanthrene or phenanthrol.
3. highly effective viscosity-reducing agent as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that: described aromaticity content surpasses 5% liquid petroleum product and is: oils, emulsification oils or varsol; Under the described normal temperature for liquid petroleum resin be: under the normal temperature for being liquid modification hydrocarbon petroleum resin under liquid hydrocarbon petroleum resin or the normal temperature; Described aromaticity content surpass under 5% liquid petroleum product, the normal temperature be under liquid petroleum resin or the normal temperature in the natural aggregate of the hydro carbons of graininess, the content of its chlorine element and element sulphur is less than thousandth;
Described oils is: diesel oil, solvent oil, heavy aromatics oil fuel or plastics, rubber cracking oil; The close flash point of described plastics, rubber cracking oil is greater than 40 ℃;
Described emulsification oils is: diesel oil emulsification, emulsification heavy aromatics oil fuel or oil-in-water type paraffin remover;
Described varsol is: residue at the bottom of the still that mixed olefins, hybrid ring alkene, mixing aromatic olefin, mixing heavy benzene or petroleum resin production technique form.
4. highly effective viscosity-reducing agent as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that:
Described water soluble anionic surfactant is: alkyl sodium sulfonate, alkyltrimethyl ammonium chloride, polyethenoxy alkylphenols carboxylic acid sodium salt, polyoxyethylated alkyl alcohol carboxylic acid sodium salt, polyethenoxy alkylphenols sulfonate sodium, polyoxyethylated alkyl alcohol sulfonate sodium, polyoxyethylated alkyl alcohol sulfuric ester sodium salt, polyethenoxy alkylphenols sulfuric ester sodium salt, structural formula are C
nF
2n-1The carboxylic acid sodium type fluorine surfactant of COONa, wherein n represents that 4～10 integer, structural formula are C
8F
17CONH (CH
2)
5The carboxylic acid sodium type fluorine surfactant of COONa, structural formula are R
fOC
6H
4The carboxylic acid sodium type fluorine surfactant of COONa, structural formula are C
nF
2n+1SO
3Na sodium sulfonate type fluorine surfactant, wherein n represents 5 or 7 or 9, structural formula is C
3F
7(CH
2)
nSO
3The sodium sulfonate type fluorine surfactant of Na, wherein n represents 5 or 7 or 9, structural formula is C
nF
2n+1C
6H
4SO
3The sodium sulfonate type fluorine surfactant of H, wherein n represents 5 or 7 or 9, structural formula is C
7F
15CH
2OSO
3The sulfuric acid type fluorine surfactant of Na, structural formula are (CF
3)
2CF
2(CH
2)
6OSO
3The sulfuric acid type fluorine surfactant of Na or structural formula are C
8F
17SO
2NH (CH
2)
3NH (CH
2)
3NHCH
2CH
2OSO
3The sulfuric acid type fluorine surfactant of Na;
Described water soluble nonionic surfactant: polyoxyethylated alkyl alcohol, polyethenoxy alkylphenols, polyoxyethylene octyl phenol ether, polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene propylene glycol or sorbitan monocarboxylate Soxylat A 25-7;
Described oil soluble anion surfactant is: petroleum sodium sulfonate, oil carboxylic acid sodium, mahogany acid potassium or mahogany acid ammonium;
Described oil soluble nonionogenic tenside is: F (CF
2)
m(CH
2)
nH, wherein m=10 or 12, n=8 or 12 or 14 or 18 or 24, polyoxyethylene stearylamine-7, lauroyl ethylene glycol amine, fish oil acyl ethylene glycol amine, polyoxyethylene alkylamide, C
10F
19O (CH
2CH
2O)
23C
100F
19Or
Wherein n represents 1 or 2, A
rThe expression aryl.
5. highly effective viscosity-reducing agent as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that: described close flash point is butyl glycol ether, diethylene glycol ether or Diethylene Glycol butyl ether greater than 20 ℃ alcohol ether.
6. highly effective viscosity-reducing agent as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that:
Described have respectively with the nonpolar part of paraffin molecule eutectic on main chain and/or side chain and make the oily molten or water-soluble polymers of the polar portion of wax Jingjing type distortion be: alkylphenol formaldehyde resin, polyacrylic ester, the poly carboxylic acid vinyl acetate, ethene and vinyl carboxylate copolymer, ethene and carboxylic acid propylene multipolymer, ethene and acrylate copolymer, ethene and alkylmethacrylate polymer, ethene and maleic two or two acid ester copolymers, vinylbenzene and maleic acid ester copolymer, alpha-olefin and maleic acid ester copolymer, vinyl-acetic ester and acrylate copolymer, vinyl-acetic ester and maleic acid ester copolymer, ethene, vinyl alcohol and vinyl carboxylate copolymer, ethene, vinylformic acid and acrylate copolymer, ethene, vinyl methyl ether and maleic acid ester copolymer, ethene, vinyl-acetic ester and maleic acid ester copolymer, ethene, vinyl carboxylates and propene sulfonic acid salt copolymer, ethene, acrylate and propene sulfonic acid salt copolymer or acrylate, vinylpyridine and butyleneglycol double methacrylate multipolymer.
7. highly effective viscosity-reducing agent as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that: described superoxide is organo-peroxide or inorganic peroxide, and described organo-peroxide is peroxyformic acid, dicumyl peroxide, dibenzoyl peroxide, methylethyl ketone peroxide, peroxidized t-butyl perbenzoate, cyclohexanone peroxide, tertbutanol peroxide or cumyl hydroperoxide; Described inorganic peroxide is hydrogen peroxide, sodium peroxide, carbamide peroxide, Sodium Persulfate or SPC-D.
8. highly effective viscosity-reducing agent as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that: described close flash point greater than 20 ℃ ketone is: cyclopentanone, hexanone, heptanone or octanone.
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| CN 200710003100 CN101235279B (en) | 2007-02-02 | 2007-02-02 | Highly effective viscosity-reducing agent for thermodynamic oil extraction process |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 200710003100 CN101235279B (en) | 2007-02-02 | 2007-02-02 | Highly effective viscosity-reducing agent for thermodynamic oil extraction process |
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| CN101235279A CN101235279A (en) | 2008-08-06 |
| CN101235279B true CN101235279B (en) | 2013-04-24 |
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| CN102604621B (en) * | 2012-01-20 | 2013-03-13 | 中国石油大学(北京) | Novel high-efficiency composite viscosity reducer for super heavy oil |
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| WO2023123119A1 (en) * | 2021-12-29 | 2023-07-06 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Viscosity reducer compositions, methods for producing, and methods of using |
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