CN101221060A - Thermal dissipation type mass flowmeter and method for measuring mass flux - Google Patents
Thermal dissipation type mass flowmeter and method for measuring mass flux Download PDFInfo
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- CN101221060A CN101221060A CNA2007103045521A CN200710304552A CN101221060A CN 101221060 A CN101221060 A CN 101221060A CN A2007103045521 A CNA2007103045521 A CN A2007103045521A CN 200710304552 A CN200710304552 A CN 200710304552A CN 101221060 A CN101221060 A CN 101221060A
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- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 claims description 31
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000017525 heat dissipation Effects 0.000 abstract 1
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Abstract
The invention discloses a heat dissipation mass flow meter and a mass flow measuring method. The flow meter comprises a flow measuring RTD and a temperature measuring RTD, a resistance measuring module used for measuring the resistances of the flow measuring RTD and the temperature measuring RTD, a microprocessor used for obtaining the temperatures of the flow measuring RTD and the temperature measuring RTD according to the resistances, calculating the temperature difference between the flow measuring RTD and the temperature measuring RTD and sending out digital signals to a digital-to-analogue converter, controlling the heating power to the flow measuring RTD through the digital-to-analogue converter, a pressing control voltage / current supply and also determining the present flowing speed of the liquid according to the temperature difference or heating power, the digital-to-analogue converter used for carrying out digital-to-analogue conversion on the digital signals and sending out control voltage to the pressing control voltage / current supply and the pressing control voltage / current supply used for sending out voltage / current to the flow measuring RTD according to the control voltage so as to heat the flow measuring RTD. The invention realizes accurate control to the temperature difference and heating power, thus enhancing the accuracy of flow measuring.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the measurement of fluid flow field, particularly relate to a kind of thermal dissipation type mass flowmeter and method for measuring mass flux.
Background technology
Every occasion that flow of matter is arranged, people need to carry out flow measurement for grasping its quantity.Flow is divided into instantaneous delivery (Flow Rate) and integrated flow (Total Flow).Amount by closed conduct or open channel free area in unit interval is called instantaneous delivery, and the cumulative amount that flows through closed conduct or open channel free area in a certain period time interval is called integrated flow, by instantaneous delivery can be tried to achieve integrated flow to time integral.
The utensil that is used to measure instantaneous delivery or integrated flow is referred to as flowmeter (Flowmeter).Mass flowmeter (Mass Flow Meter MFM) is a kind of instrument of accurate measurement fluid flow, its measured value not Yin Wendu or pressure fluctuation and misalignment does not need temperature pressure compensation.Thermal dissipation type mass flowmeter (TMF) is diffusing (heat conduction) principle of utilization heat rate, and exchange heat concerns the instrument of measuring flow between fluid in promptly flowing and the thermal source (the outer calandria of object that heats in the fluid or measuring tube).
Thermal dissipation type flow measurement principle based on Gregory King's law (King ' s Law) simply is described below:
(1) (Resistance Temperature Detector RTD) is deployed in the flow field (gas or liquid), is used for the temperature and the flow velocity of perception fluid respectively with two resistance temperature detectors.One of them RTD (below be referred to as thermometric RTD) is used for the temperature variation of perception fluid, to measure the temperature of fluid; Another one RTD (below be referred to as flow measurement RTD) is used for the perception flow rate of fluid to be changed, to measure flow rate of fluid.
(2) use the temperature of thermometric RTD convection cell to measure, follow conventional resistance temperature measurement method and can realize, repeat no more herein.
(3) for using flow measurement RTD to measure the method for flow rate of fluid, specific explanations is as follows: flow measurement RTD is heated with heating power P, make the temperature of flow measurement RTD itself be higher than the temperature of fluid, its difference is designated as Δ T.According to Gregory King's law, can obtain following relational expression:
P/ΔT＝A+B·(ρ·v)
N
In the following formula,
P: the heating power that flow measurement RTD is applied;
Δ T: the difference of flow measurement RTD temperature and fluid temperature (F.T.) (being the temperature of thermometric RTD);
A, B: the coefficient relevant with the detected fluid physical property with flow measurement RTD geometric configuration;
ρ: the Media density of fluid;
V: flow rate of fluid;
N: the coefficient relevant with Reynolds number.
When fixed temperature difference Δ T was constant, the heating power P that is applied became function corresponding relation (referring to Fig. 1) with the mass velocity ρ v of fluid, measured heating power P, fluid mass flow velocity as can be known, and this is the power measurement method.In the circuit of power measurement method is implemented, need the design simulation circuit, set up the negative feedback control relation between temperature difference Δ T and the heating power P, so that dynamically adjust heating power P, make temperature difference Δ T maintain near the fixed numbers, its approximation ratio depends on the performance of negative feedback control circuit.
When fixedly heating power P was constant, the rapid-result function corresponding relation (referring to Fig. 2) of the mass flow of temperature difference Δ T and fluid was measured temperature difference Δ T, fluid mass flow velocity as can be known, and this is the differential temperature survey method.In the circuit of differential temperature survey method is implemented, must apply voltage drive or current excitation to flow measurement RTD by mimic channel, realize fixedly heating power P to flow measurement RTD.
In addition, from Fig. 1,2 as can be seen, the power measurement method is suitable in low flow rates, and the high flow rate scope is inapplicable, and the differential temperature survey method is suitable in the high flow rate scope, and low flow rates is inapplicable.
The shortcoming of prior art:
(1) for the power measurement method, prior art is to adopt the mimic channel with negative feedback control function to realize, it is not that temperature T 2 by the temperature T 1 of direct measurement fluid and flow measurement RTD obtains Δ T, but characterize Δ T with the resistance change Δ R of flow measurement RTD, promptly negative feedback control circuit is that Δ R is controlled near the preset value.The limitation of doing like this is: flow measurement RTD is as temperature sensor, and its resistance value is non-linear with variation of temperature, and under the different situation of fluid media (medium) temperature, the Δ T that Δ R is characterized is inequality.Since mimic channel can not the compensating resistance resistance and temperature between nonlinear correspondence relation, there is error in it all the time to " the constant temperature difference " this pre-conditioned realization, this will influence the measurement performance of this method.
(2) for the differential temperature survey method, prior art is that driving voltage value U or the exciting current value I of employing control flow measurement RTD is a fixed value, realizes the heating power of " constant ".Yet, because the resistance value R of flow measurement RTD is temperature variant, by heating power computing formula P=U
2/ R or P=I
2R as can be known, this kind method can not realize constant accurately heating power.
(3) no matter be power measurement method or differential temperature survey method, prior art all is to use the Analog Circuit Design technology to realize that the circuit of the two is difficult to be integrated into circuit kit, thereby is difficult to realize power measurement method and differential temperature survey method are integrated in the cover measuring system.
Summary of the invention
Technical matters to be solved by this invention provides a kind of thermal dissipation type mass flowmeter and method for measuring mass flux, realizes the accurate control to the temperature difference and heating power, thereby improves the accuracy of flow measurement.
For solving the problems of the technologies described above, it is as follows to the invention provides technical scheme:
A kind of thermal dissipation type mass flowmeter comprises:
Flow measurement RTD, thermometric RTD;
Resistance measuring module is used to measure the resistance of described flow measurement RTD and thermometric RTD;
Microprocessor, be used for obtaining the temperature of flow measurement RTD and thermometric RTD according to described resistance, calculate the temperature difference of flow measurement RTD and thermometric RTD, the output digital signal is to digital to analog converter, by the heating power of digital to analog converter, voltage-controlled voltage control to flow measurement RTD, and the current flow velocity of determining fluid according to the described temperature difference or heating power;
Digital to analog converter is used for described digital signal is carried out digital-to-analog conversion, and output controls voltage to voltage-controlled voltage;
Voltage-controlled voltage is used for according to described control voltage output voltage to flow measurement RTD, with heating flow measurement RTD.
Preferably, described microprocessor is further used for: by the heating power of digital to analog converter, voltage-controlled voltage control to flow measurement RTD so that the described temperature difference is constant, and according to the temperature difference heating power when constant is determined the current flow velocity of fluid.
Preferably, described microprocessor is further used for: by the heating power of digital to analog converter, voltage-controlled voltage control to flow measurement RTD so that described heating power is constant, and according to heating power the temperature difference when constant is determined the current flow velocity of fluid.
Preferably, described microprocessor also is used for: judge whether described current flow velocity is higher than preset value, when definite described current flow velocity is higher than preset value, control heating power by digital to analog converter, voltage-controlled voltage to flow measurement RTD, so that described heating power is constant, and according to heating power the temperature difference when constant is determined the current flow velocity of fluid; And when definite described current flow velocity is not higher than preset value, by the heating power of digital to analog converter, voltage-controlled voltage control to flow measurement RTD so that the described temperature difference is constant, and according to the temperature difference heating power when constant is determined the current flow velocity of fluid.
Preferably, described heating power is U
2/ R or I
2R, wherein, U is the voltage that is applied to flow measurement RTD, and I is the electric current that is applied to flow measurement RTD, and R is the resistance of flow measurement RTD.
A kind of mass flow measurement methods comprises the steps:
A, flow measurement RTD and thermometric RTD placed treat fluid measured, and flow measurement RTD is heated;
B, measure the resistance of described flow measurement RTD and thermometric RTD, obtain the temperature of flow measurement RTD and thermometric RTD, calculate the temperature difference of flow measurement RTD and thermometric RTD according to described resistance;
C, control is to the heating power of flow measurement RTD, and determines the current flow velocity of fluid according to the described temperature difference or heating power.
Preferably, described step C comprises: control is to the heating power of flow measurement RTD so that the described temperature difference is constant, and according to the temperature difference heating power when constant is determined the current flow velocity of fluid.
Preferably, described step C comprises: control is to the heating power of flow measurement RTD so that described heating power is constant, and according to heating power the temperature difference when constant is determined the current flow velocity of fluid.
Preferably, also comprise step: D behind the described step C, judge whether described current flow velocity is higher than preset value, if control is to the heating power of flow measurement RTD, so that described heating power is constant, and according to heating power the temperature difference when constant is determined the current flow velocity of fluid; Otherwise control is to the heating power of flow measurement RTD so that the described temperature difference is constant, and according to the temperature difference heating power when constant is determined the current flow velocity of fluid.
Preferably, described heating power is U
2/ R or I
2R, wherein, U is the voltage that is applied to flow measurement RTD, and I is the electric current that is applied to flow measurement RTD, and R is the resistance of flow measurement RTD.
Compared with prior art, the present invention has following useful technique effect:
(1) uses digital circuit that the temperature difference and heating power are controlled, reached higher control accuracy, improved the accuracy of flow measurement.In the power measurement method, microprocessor is constant by algorithm holding temperature difference, has realized " constant difference " truly; In the differential temperature survey method, it is constant that microprocessor is kept heating power by algorithm, realized " permanent power " truly.
(2) by using digital circuit, can make two RTD can be applied to the power measurement method, also can be applied to the differential temperature survey method, the measuring method of two kinds of different principle is organically combined.By under low flow velocity situation, using the power measurement method, under the high flow rate situation, use the differential temperature survey method, thereby can both obtain good sensitivity at low flow velocity and high flow rate, improved the measuring accuracy and the measurement range of flowmeter.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is temperature difference when constant, the corresponding relation synoptic diagram of the mass velocity of heating power and fluid;
Fig. 2 is heating power when constant, the corresponding relation synoptic diagram of the mass velocity of temperature difference and fluid;
Fig. 3 is the thermal dissipation type mass flowmeter structural representation of preferred embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 4 is the power measurement method process flow diagram of preferred embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 5 is the differential temperature survey method process flow diagram of preferred embodiment of the present invention.
Embodiment
For making the purpose, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention clearer, describe the present invention below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and the specific embodiments.
Please refer to Fig. 3, the thermal dissipation type mass flowmeter of preferred embodiment of the present invention mainly comprises: microprocessor 10, resistance measuring module 20, flow measurement RTD30, thermometric RTD40, digital to analog converter 50 and voltage-controlled voltage 60.
When carrying out flow measurement, flow measurement RTD30 and thermometric RTD40 placed treat fluid measured, add heat control by microprocessor 10 by digital to analog converter 50 and 60 couples of flow measurement RTD30 of voltage-controlled voltage.Particularly, microprocessor 10 output digital signals convert this digital signal to the control voltage U to digital to analog converter 50 by digital to analog converter 50
c, will control voltage U by voltage-controlled voltage 60 again
cBe converted to heating voltage U
hOr electric current I
hVoltage U
hOr electric current I
hPut on flow measurement RTD30, it is heated.The imitated output quantity of digital to analog converter 50 and its received digital quantity are one to one, and this corresponding relation is to determine and as can be known.The voltage output of voltage-controlled voltage 60 or electric current output and control voltage U
cAlso be one to one.Therefore, microprocessor 10 can be controlled heating voltage U by changing the digital quantity that is sent
hPerhaps heating current I
h,, can access the heating voltage U of the output of controlling promptly according to the digital input amount of digital to analog converter 50 and the corresponding relation of imitated output quantity
hPerhaps heating current I
hThe heating power P that flow measurement RTD30 is applied by microprocessor 10 according to the current resistance R2 of flow measurement RTD30 and the heating voltage value U that is applied
hOr heating current value I
h, according to rating formula P=U
h 2/ R
2Or P=I
h 2R
2Calculate in real time.
The thermal dissipation type mass flowmeter of preferred embodiment of the present invention uses digital circuit that the temperature difference and heating power are controlled, and has reached higher control accuracy, has improved the accuracy of flow measurement.In the power measurement method, microprocessor is constant by algorithm holding temperature difference, has realized " constant difference " truly; In the differential temperature survey method, it is constant that microprocessor is kept heating power by algorithm, realized " permanent power " truly.
Because the power measurement method is applicable to low flow velocity situation, the differential temperature survey method is applicable to the high flow rate situation, the thermal dissipation type mass flowmeter of preferred embodiment of the present invention is by using digital circuit, can make two RTD can be applied to the power measurement method, also can be applied to the differential temperature survey method, the measuring method of two kinds of different principle is organically combined.By under low flow velocity situation, using the power measurement method, under the high flow rate situation, use the differential temperature survey method, thereby can both obtain good sensitivity at low flow velocity and high flow rate, improved the measuring accuracy and the measurement range of flowmeter.Particularly, default flow speed value at first uses the power measurement method to measure, and microprocessor 10 judges whether current flow velocity is higher than preset value, if, be transformed into the differential temperature survey method automatically, otherwise, continue to use the power measurement method.
In the realization of power measurement method, control algolithm is a controlled target to control temperature difference constant, and microprocessor obtains temperature difference in real time, adjusts heating power dynamically, and the holding temperature difference is a steady state value.Fig. 4 has provided the flow process of the power measurement method of preferred embodiment of the present invention, mainly comprises the steps:
The resistance R of step 401, measurement thermometric RTD
1
Step 402, according to R
1Table look-up and obtain the temperature T of thermometric RTD
1
The resistance R of step 403, measurement flow measurement RTD
2
Step 404, according to R
2Table look-up and obtain the temperature T of flow measurement RTD
2
The temperature difference T=T of step 405, calculating flow measurement RTD and thermometric RTD
2-T
1
Step 406, calculation control deviation e
1=Δ T-Δ T
0, Δ T
0Be default temperature approach;
Step 407, judgement control deviation e
1Absolute value whether less than default error threshold e
01If,, can assert that then the temperature difference is constant, enter step 411, otherwise, enter step 408;
Step 408～410, judgement e
1Whether less than 0, if, return step 401 after increasing heating power, otherwise, reduce to return step 401 behind the heating power;
The heating power P that step 411, calculating are applied flow measurement RTD, P=U
h 2/ R
2Perhaps P=I
h 2R
2, wherein, U
hFor being applied to the voltage of flow measurement RTD, I
hFor being applied to the electric current of flow measurement RTD;
Step 412, by the corresponding curve of heating power P and flow velocity, obtain flow rate of fluid value V.
In the realization of differential temperature survey method, control algolithm is a controlled target to control heating power constant, and microprocessor is gathered the resistance value of flow measurement RTD in real time, adjusts the output of voltage-controlled voltage dynamically, is steady state value thereby keep heating power.Fig. 5 has provided the flow process of the differential temperature survey method of preferred embodiment of the present invention, mainly comprises the steps:
The resistance R of step 501, measurement thermometric RTD
1
The resistance R of step 503, measurement flow measurement RTD
2
The temperature difference T=T of step 505, calculating flow measurement RTD and thermometric RTD
2-T
1
The heating power P that step 506, calculating are applied flow measurement RTD, P=U
h 2/ R
2Perhaps P=I
h 2R
2, wherein, U
hFor being applied to the voltage of flow measurement RTD, I
hFor being applied to the electric current of flow measurement RTD;
Step 509～511, judgement e
2Whether less than 0, if, return step 501 after increasing heating power, otherwise, reduce to return step 501 behind the heating power;
As previously mentioned, the power measurement method is applicable to low flow velocity situation, and the differential temperature survey method is applicable to the high flow rate situation.According to following method, can realize the automatic switchover of measuring method, that is, under low flow velocity situation, use the power measurement method, under the high flow rate situation, use the differential temperature survey method.
The flow process of automatic switchover measuring method is briefly described as follows:
(1) supposes that measured flow rates is 0～V
Max, V wherein
MaxBe the flow rates upper limit, default flow speed value V
Mid, for example, make V
Mid=V
Max/ 2;
(2) at first use the power measurement method, measure current flow speed value V;
(3) if current flow speed value V≤V
Mid, still adopt the power measurement method to measure;
(4) if current flow speed value V＞V
Mid, change into and adopt the differential temperature survey method to measure;
(5) in the process of using the differential temperature survey method, if current flow speed value V≤V
Mid, change into and adopt the power measurement method to measure.
Should be noted that at last, above embodiment is only unrestricted in order to technical scheme of the present invention to be described, those of ordinary skill in the art is to be understood that, can make amendment or be equal to replacement technical scheme of the present invention, and not breaking away from the spiritual scope of technical solution of the present invention, it all should be encompassed in the middle of the claim scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. a thermal dissipation type mass flowmeter comprises flow measurement RTD and thermometric RTD, it is characterized in that, also comprises:
Resistance measuring module is used to measure the resistance of described flow measurement RTD and thermometric RTD;
Microprocessor, be used for obtaining the temperature of flow measurement RTD and thermometric RTD according to described resistance, calculate the temperature difference of flow measurement RTD and thermometric RTD, the output digital signal is to digital to analog converter, by the heating power of digital to analog converter, voltage-controlled voltage control to flow measurement RTD, and the current flow velocity of determining fluid according to the described temperature difference or heating power;
Digital to analog converter is used for described digital signal is carried out digital-to-analog conversion, and output controls voltage to voltage-controlled voltage;
Voltage-controlled voltage is used for according to described control voltage output voltage to flow measurement RTD, with heating flow measurement RTD.
2. thermal dissipation type mass flowmeter as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, described microprocessor is further used for:
By the heating power of digital to analog converter, voltage-controlled voltage control to flow measurement RTD so that the described temperature difference is constant, and according to the temperature difference heating power when constant is determined the current flow velocity of fluid.
3. thermal dissipation type mass flowmeter as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, described microprocessor is further used for:
By the heating power of digital to analog converter, voltage-controlled voltage control to flow measurement RTD so that described heating power is constant, and according to heating power the temperature difference when constant is determined the current flow velocity of fluid.
4. thermal dissipation type mass flowmeter as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, described microprocessor also is used for:
Judge whether described current flow velocity is higher than preset value, when definite described current flow velocity is higher than preset value, control heating power by digital to analog converter, voltage-controlled voltage to flow measurement RTD, so that described heating power is constant, and according to heating power the temperature difference when constant is determined the current flow velocity of fluid; And
When definite described current flow velocity is not higher than preset value, by the heating power of digital to analog converter, voltage-controlled voltage control to flow measurement RTD so that the described temperature difference is constant, and according to the temperature difference heating power when constant is determined the current flow velocity of fluid.
5. as each described thermal dissipation type mass flowmeter in the claim 1 to 4, it is characterized in that:
Described heating power is U
2/ R or I
2R, wherein, U is the voltage that is applied to flow measurement RTD, and I is the electric current that is applied to flow measurement RTD, and R is the resistance of flow measurement RTD.
6. a mass flow measurement methods is characterized in that, comprises the steps:
A, flow measurement RTD and thermometric RTD placed treat fluid measured, and flow measurement RTD is heated;
B, measure the resistance of described flow measurement RTD and thermometric RTD, obtain the temperature of flow measurement RTD and thermometric RTD, calculate the temperature difference of flow measurement RTD and thermometric RTD according to described resistance;
C, control is to the heating power of flow measurement RTD, and determines the current flow velocity of fluid according to the described temperature difference or heating power.
7. mass flow measurement methods as claimed in claim 6 is characterized in that, described step C comprises:
Control is to the heating power of flow measurement RTD so that the described temperature difference is constant, and according to the temperature difference heating power when constant is determined the current flow velocity of fluid.
8. mass flow measurement methods as claimed in claim 6 is characterized in that, described step C comprises:
Control is to the heating power of flow measurement RTD so that described heating power is constant, and according to heating power the temperature difference when constant is determined the current flow velocity of fluid.
9. mass flow measurement methods as claimed in claim 6 is characterized in that, also comprises step behind the described step C:
D, judge whether described current flow velocity is higher than preset value, if control is to the heating power of flow measurement RTD so that described heating power is constant, and according to heating power the temperature difference when constant is determined the current flow velocity of fluid; Otherwise control is to the heating power of flow measurement RTD so that the described temperature difference is constant, and according to the temperature difference heating power when constant is determined the current flow velocity of fluid.
10. as each described mass flow measurement methods in the claim 6 to 9, it is characterized in that:
Described heating power is U
2/ R or I
2R, wherein, U is the voltage that is applied to flow measurement RTD, and I is the electric current that is applied to flow measurement RTD, and R is the resistance of flow measurement RTD.
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| CN103018478A (en) * | 2012-12-03 | 2013-04-03 | 东南大学 | Thermal wind speed sensing device capable of performing zero compensation automatically and method for measuring wind speeds |
| CN105628118A (en) * | 2016-02-16 | 2016-06-01 | 陕西华晨石油科技有限公司 | Thermodynamics-based flow meter and thermodynamics-based flow measuring method |
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| CN109708194A (en) * | 2019-02-22 | 2019-05-03 | 珠海格力电器股份有限公司 | Power stepless adjusting method and regulating system and electric heater and its temperature control method |
| CN111856065A (en) * | 2020-06-16 | 2020-10-30 | 清华大学 | Fluid measuring method, device and storage medium |
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2007
- 2007-12-28 CN CN200710304552A patent/CN100578165C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103018478A (en) * | 2012-12-03 | 2013-04-03 | 东南大学 | Thermal wind speed sensing device capable of performing zero compensation automatically and method for measuring wind speeds |
| CN103018478B (en) * | 2012-12-03 | 2014-09-10 | 东南大学 | Thermal wind speed sensing device capable of performing zero compensation automatically and method for measuring wind speeds |
| CN105628118A (en) * | 2016-02-16 | 2016-06-01 | 陕西华晨石油科技有限公司 | Thermodynamics-based flow meter and thermodynamics-based flow measuring method |
| CN108224467A (en) * | 2018-03-05 | 2018-06-29 | 林建新 | A kind of combustion air and the mass flow linear scale control device of combustion gas |
| CN108224467B (en) * | 2018-03-05 | 2023-12-29 | 林建新 | Mass flow linear proportional control device for combustion air and fuel gas |
| CN109708194A (en) * | 2019-02-22 | 2019-05-03 | 珠海格力电器股份有限公司 | Power stepless adjusting method and regulating system and electric heater and its temperature control method |
| CN109708194B (en) * | 2019-02-22 | 2023-07-18 | 珠海格力电器股份有限公司 | Power stepless regulating method and regulating system, electric heater and temperature regulating method thereof |
| CN111856065A (en) * | 2020-06-16 | 2020-10-30 | 清华大学 | Fluid measuring method, device and storage medium |
| CN111856065B (en) * | 2020-06-16 | 2021-09-03 | 清华大学 | Fluid measuring method, device and storage medium |
| CN112393777A (en) * | 2020-10-19 | 2021-02-23 | 重庆川仪自动化股份有限公司 | Constant-power thermal type gas mass flow meter |
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