CN101205847B - The operation method of internal combustion engine and device - Google Patents

The operation method of internal combustion engine and device Download PDF

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Publication number
CN101205847B
CN101205847B CN200710160091.5A CN200710160091A CN101205847B CN 101205847 B CN101205847 B CN 101205847B CN 200710160091 A CN200710160091 A CN 200710160091A CN 101205847 B CN101205847 B CN 101205847B
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China
Prior art keywords
internal combustion
combustion engine
fuel
reset
injection
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CN200710160091.5A
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CN101205847A (en
Inventor
K·克罗普克
R·韦斯
H·弗里德曼
N·A·马里阿潘
J·-M·T·德琼
D·莫斯纳
P·-Y·克雷品
M·沃尔兹
T·勒特温
M·迪特里希
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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Publication of CN101205847A publication Critical patent/CN101205847A/en
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Classifications

    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02DCONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/02Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
    • F02D41/04Introducing corrections for particular operating conditions
    • F02D41/06Introducing corrections for particular operating conditions for engine starting or warming up
    • F02D41/062Introducing corrections for particular operating conditions for engine starting or warming up for starting
    • F02D41/065Introducing corrections for particular operating conditions for engine starting or warming up for starting at hot start or restart
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02NSTARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02N11/00Starting of engines by means of electric motors
    • F02N11/08Circuits or control means specially adapted for starting of engines
    • F02N11/0814Circuits or control means specially adapted for starting of engines comprising means for controlling automatic idle-start-stop
    • F02N11/0844Circuits or control means specially adapted for starting of engines comprising means for controlling automatic idle-start-stop with means for restarting the engine directly after an engine stop request, e.g. caused by change of driver mind
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02NSTARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02N99/00Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
    • F02N99/002Starting combustion engines by ignition means
    • F02N99/006Providing a combustible mixture inside the cylinder
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02NSTARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02N19/00Starting aids for combustion engines, not otherwise provided for
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02NSTARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02N2200/00Parameters used for control of starting apparatus
    • F02N2200/02Parameters used for control of starting apparatus said parameters being related to the engine
    • F02N2200/022Engine speed
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02TCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/10Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/40Engine management systems

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Electrical Control Of Air Or Fuel Supplied To Internal-Combustion Engine (AREA)
  • Combined Controls Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
  • Control Of Vehicle Engines Or Engines For Specific Uses (AREA)
  • Output Control And Ontrol Of Special Type Engine (AREA)

Abstract

For internal combustion engine especially for the operation method of a kind of Otto-internal combustion engine; internal combustion engine is furnished with a combustor and an injection apparatus; injection apparatus sprays (20 for fuel; 22) to supply fuel to combustor; this operation method has steps of: the blocking of fuel injection, makes engine shutdown;Know within the engine shutdown time and reset-requirement;The traction of internal combustion engine;And combustor is reset the-igniting (23) of fuel quantity, in this, realize resetting-fuel injection (22) within the engine shutdown time, eject from injection apparatus during injection at this and reset-fuel quantity.

Description

The operation method of internal combustion engine and device
Background technology
The present invention relates to a kind of operation method of a kind of otto-gas engine of a kind of internal combustion engine; this internal combustion engine is furnished with a combustor and an injection apparatus sprays to supply fuel to combustor for fuel; this operation method comprises following step: the blocking (Ausblenden) of fuel injection so that engine shutdown (ausdrehen);Within the engine shutdown time, detect one reset-requirement;The traction of internal combustion engine;Combustor carries out resetting-the igniting of fuel quantity;And engine control system, it has for implementing the mechanism with the method for described step;With the computer program for performing the use of these steps.
Due to the reason in terms of economic benefit and environmental conservation; certain methods and engine control system is developed in the past; even if such as also the internal combustion engine of automobile to cut out in the case of traffic light under ofer short duration Parking situation, so as to reaching to save the purpose of fuel.In this, such requirement is the most just proposed: internal combustion engine is wanted realize as quickly as possible starting under one is reset-required.Such a is reset-is required and produces in the above example, such as after traffic light are transformed into green light, and can be by motorist by solving to power control pedal pressure.
In the described operation phase, it is possible to special circumstances occur: during engine shutdown, i.e. spray to the fuel of the combustor of internal combustion engine and require to be interrupted owing to stopping and cause engine shutdown, produce one and reset-requirement.If the rotating speed of internal combustion engine remains if enough height can continue to run with internal combustion engine, just by the injection of a kind of normal fuel and immediately the igniting of the fuel quantity sprayed into can be continued to run with internal combustion engine.If the rotating speed of internal combustion engine is the lowest for this operation, then must wait common starter motor by prior art, until internal combustion engine is shut down, so as to resetting subsequently.At this moment the time interval passed should be the shortest from the viewpoint of driving comfort.
Therefore, the task of the present invention is to provide a kind of method, a kind of engine control system, and a computer program, utilizes them, just can shorten the time reset when internal combustion engine is reset-require between igniting for the first time.Generally speaking, the task of the present invention is to improve relevant method and apparatus.
Summary of the invention
Advantages of the present invention
The task of the present invention is by solving for the operation method of a kind of Otto-internal combustion engine of a kind of internal combustion engine; this internal combustion engine is furnished with a combustor and an injection apparatus; injection apparatus sprays for fuel; to supply fuel to combustor; this operation method has steps of: blocking fuel injection, makes engine shutdown;Detect within the time of engine shutdown and reset-requirement;The traction of internal combustion engine;And combustor carries out resetting-the igniting of fuel quantity, perform to reset-fuel injection within the time of engine shutdown, will reset when injection-fuel quantity sprays from injection apparatus.Additionally, the task of the present invention is to be solved by a kind of engine control system as described in claim arranged side by side and a computer program.
The present invention reaches to greatly accelerate, by following measure, the purpose that internal combustion engine is reset: the fuel quantity to be burnt when resetting is injected within the time of engine shutdown to be ejected.Therefore, light a fire when resetting and can be released immediately, without waiting for the first time injection, just have begun to when being injected in engine shutdown because this.The method that the present invention proposes is particularly well-suited to Otto-internal combustion engine, and especially those carry out the internal combustion engine that a kind of gasoline is injected directly in homogeneous operation.Homogeneous operation combines the present invention and provides for many advantages, because mixture may have a longer time interval in a combustion chamber during shutting down and resetting, thus can realize fuel and being sufficiently mixed of the air supplied.The present invention is especially suitable for the operation using combustion gas or gasoline as fuel.Reset-fuel injection preferably intake stroke perform.Additionally, reset-fuel injection is preferably injected directly in combustor, it is possible to use suction pipe injection.The present invention is especially suitable for the internal combustion engine being furnished with a kind of variable valve control system; because for variable valve control system; reset-fuel is injected in downtime and can realize at arbitrary stroke of internal combustion engine, this is because relevant combustor can be closed until resetting-fuel sprayed into reset-the igniting of fuel quantity.But, the present invention is utilized also optional to use-kind have the most variable valve control system or other the valve control system of camshaft.The present invention is especially suitable for the internal combustion engine with multiple combustor, reset-spray and can perform in one or more combustor.
The method that the present invention proposes includes the blocking that fuel sprays, especially have a stopping-requirement to internal combustion engine in the case of so that internal combustion engine does not has fuel supply to shut down.When knowing that one is reset-requires, such as this requirement or automatically can be produced power control pedal pressure by motorist, can introduce resetting of internal combustion engine within the downtime of internal combustion engine.Even if additionally, also can perform to reset-fuel injection within the downtime of internal combustion engine, can spraying from injection apparatus when injection and reset-fuel quantity.Carry out waiting until internal combustion engine subsequently in a state in which, internal combustion engine may utilize the launcher that is starter of an outside and drawn in such state.In this, the injection of the fuel that carried out, the most unburned reset-fuel injection can store.Then utilize in combustor a possible time point reset-igniting of fuel quantity realizes the traction of internal combustion engine.
The parameter value of the running parameter of best detection internal combustion engine within the engine shutdown time, and determine according to this parameter value and reset-fuel quantity.Running parameter can be such as the oil temperature of internal combustion engine.The advantage of above-mentioned measure is: may determine that and resets-fuel quantity so that reset in the distraction procedure of internal combustion engine-fuel quantity igniting time ensure to realize a kind of best combustion.In general, within the scope of the present invention, reset-fuel quantity is preferably as in view of resetting in the case of working parameter for internal combustion engine, given common calculating, in order to ensure to realize in the next one is reset to reset-the best combustion of fuel quantity.
Preferably a time point in distraction procedure is estimated a future parameter values of the running parameter of internal combustion engine, and determines according to the parameter value in this future and reset-fuel quantity.Have an advantage in that: can by resetting-fuel quantity is adjusted to expected to-be, i.e. it is adjusted to the future parameter values of the running parameter (Betriebmeter) of internal combustion engine, thus realizes resetting-the best combustion of fuel quantity when resetting.Estimate targeted preferably one ignition time point having calculated that of time point of parameter value, on this time point, reset-fuel quantity is ignited.
By the present invention favourable form of implementation, the parameter value in parameter value or future is the oil temperature of internal combustion engine, the coolant temperature of internal combustion engine, fuel temperature, propellant composition or fuel type.According at least one in above-mentioned parameter value to resetting-fuel quantity measures, and generally has following advantage: can be that the fast torque of internal combustion engine produces and for resetting-the best combustion of fuel quantity, it is achieved reset-fuel quantity optimization.Advantageously, within the scope of the invention, also can realize by resetting-the optimization that forms of the mixing of the mixture of fuel quantity and institute's confession air generation by resetting, this is preferably also and carries out according to above-mentioned parameter, to realize resetting smoothly and quickly of internal combustion engine.The consideration of fuel type or propellant composition is had the advantage that and can reach a kind of burning cleaned as far as possible.
The most within the scope of the invention, interrupts fuel injection in the case of knowing stopping-requirement, one before knowing stopping-requirement with regard to that carried out and also know stop-require time the most ignited fuel to be injected in next possible time point ignited.Stop-require controlled pedal of such as can automatically not stepping on the gas under parking of automobile state to be achieved with the time of at least two seconds, to save fuel by the shutdown of internal combustion engine.If one this know a stopping-requirement before the fuel carried out be injected in know that the time point of stopping-requirement is not yet lighted if; then it should be lighted a fire before the shutdown of internal combustion engine in succession; to be burnt by the fuel quantity being likely to be present in combustor, thus unburned fuel amount is not had to enter in an exhaust gas apparatus being connected with internal combustion engine.
Preferably perform to reset-fuel injection when the Angle Position of an I. C. engine crankshaft calculated so that reset-fuel quantity in distraction procedure or resetting-the ignited time point of fuel quantity on be in combustor.The time point (preferably realizing igniting on this time point) that should calculate in advance in the case of in view of distraction procedure is referred to as ignition time point.The most just can prevent from resetting-fuel quantity is the most injected.This point may lead to the result that reset-fuel quantity can be discharged again by gas exchange when ignition time point from combustor.Ignition time point is exactly such time point, at this moment between on point resetting in a combustion chamber-fuel quantity be ignited.
Within the scope of the present invention, it is advantageous to a control parameter of injection apparatus can the most at least proceed to step " traction of internal combustion engine " (containing) from step " blocking of fuel injection ".This point means: between step " blocking of fuel injection " to step " traction of internal combustion engine ", does not carry out the information recovery to fuel injection, such as each combustor cylinder arrangement to certain stroke, sprays enumerator, etc..So, the inspection to internal combustion engine can just be carried out incessantly.
Advantageously, the rotating speed of the bent axle of internal combustion engine was just reduced to a below threshold value determined before the traction of internal combustion engine." within the engine shutdown time, know that is reset a requirement " and between step " traction of internal combustion engine " in step, carry out step " rotating speed that the song of wait internal combustion engine is same is reduced to a below threshold value determined ".This point provides the advantage of: it is feasible for drawing internal combustion engine with a starter, and this starter can only draw an internal combustion engine the most stopped.The threshold value determined preferably is configured such that it matches with the running parameter of starter.Favourable value be the speed of crankshaft of internal combustion engine be 2,10,50 or 100 revs/min.
Another aspect of the present invention relates to the engine control system of internal combustion engine, it is used in particular for a kind of Otto-internal combustion engine, this internal combustion engine has a combustor and an injection apparatus sprays to supply fuel to combustor for fuel, this engine control system is furnished with device, to perform each step by one of above-mentioned advantageous approach defined.The advantage of such a engine control system is: in the case of resetting at one-require within the engine shutdown time, acceleration motor-reset.
Another theme of the present invention is a computer program with program coding, and for the step of one of the above-mentioned favorable method of execution, this program is implemented on one computer.
Program coding could be for the control code of engine control system, a part for the engine control system of computer preferably internal combustion engine.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Below with reference to accompanying drawings one embodiment of the present of invention is elaborated.Accompanying drawing represents:
The schematic flow diagram of the method that Fig. 1 present invention proposes;
Fig. 2 curve chart, draws the relation of distinct methods step and working parameter for internal combustion engine and time thereon.
Detailed description of the invention
Below preferred the inventive method of diagram is particularly well-suited to control the Otto-internal combustion engine of automobile, and this internal combustion engine has multiple combustor and preferably employs gasoline and directly spray and be operated by homogeneous method.The method starts with step 1.In step 2, inquire in internal combustion engine course of normal operation: whether have a stopping-requirement, such as due to parking of automobile more than five seconds.If situation is not that so then method terminates in step 3.If there being a stopping-requirement in step 2, the stopping sprayed by fuel the most in step 4 and realize electromotor shut down.Stop in step 4 before oil spout, start during stopping-requiring or have been switched off and the most unburned oil spout or the fuel that sprayed in injection are ignited.
In steps of 5, inquiry: whether have a starting-requirement within downtime.The power control pedal pressure of automobile can be triggered by this starting-requirement by motorist.If not having starting-requirement, then internal combustion engine is shut down the most in a traditional way, and this method terminates in step 7.
If determining in steps of 5; a starting-requirement is had within downtime; prepare one the most in step 8 and reset-oil spout, should calculate especially and reset-the time point that should spray into of the combustor that should spray into of fuel quantity, reset-fuel quantity and resetting-fuel quantity.This time point can select a little later as far as possible so that the fuel time of staying in a combustion chamber is until the ignited fuel sprayed into is the shortest.Additionally, correspondingly select suitable combustor.Reset-fuel quantity traditionally calculates, certainly must account for: the parameter value of the running parameter of the internal combustion engine that can use when calculating can not be corresponding to the parameter value on later ignition time point.Therefore, these parameter values particularly oil temperature of ignition time point is estimated or precalculates out.Performing resetting in selected combustor-fuel injection at calculated ignition time point the most in step 9, spray into-the fuel quantity of resetting calculated, what i.e. ejection was calculated resets-fuel quantity.In addition with a kind of may, it is simply that reset-fuel injection, to accelerate traction in succession to what other combustor implemented other.
In step 10 then, wait, until it is here less than 10 revs/min that the rotating speed of the bent axle of internal combustion engine is reduced to a threshold value determined, utilize starter to draw internal combustion engine the most in a step 11.For electromotor control with for the information of fuel injection, the layout of such as each combustor, injection enumerator and from the out of Memory that prior art is known, it is different from that internal combustion engine is common to be reset, does not resets before traction in a step 11.Additionally, sprayed in step 9 reset-fuel can be stored, thus can by during the traction in a step 11 of this information and in step 12 with resetting-mixture of fuel quantity uses when lighting subsequently.Before lighting in step 12, have been carried out in step 9 resetting-combustor of fuel injection do not contains new fuel injection.Additionally, the beginning of igniting traction the most in a step 11 and be released, in order to realize one of internal combustion engine and start the most smoothly.In step 13, in step 12 after the duration of ignition the lighting of mixture, so as to continuing to run internal combustion engine in a traditional way.This method terminates at step 14.
In fig. 2, the time graph of the running parameter of the engine control system that the present invention used by the method for implementing present invention proposition proposes is shown.So in shown curve chart, it is shown that the relation of the rotating speed n and time t of the bent axle of internal combustion engine.Additionally, also depict the ignition time point of injection and injection and the relation of time.In the lower section of time axis t, depict the curve of the signal of the stopping-requirement for engine shutdown and for starting the curve of the signal of the starting-requirement of internal combustion engine.Carry out spraying 20 in internal combustion engine normal working hours, in this course of injection, find one stop-require signal.The fuel quantity sprayed along with injection 20 is still lighted a fire, so as to normally making fuel combustion with igniting 21.Subsequently, engine shutdown, the rotating speed n of internal combustion engine reduces.Before internal combustion engine dead halt, before i.e. it is static, signal is with stopping-require cancellation, and the signal starting-requiring accesses, so hope can be reset from one.Then one be can carry out according to the method shown in Fig. 1 and-fuel injection 22, then internal combustion engine just dead halt reset.After engine shutdown, internal combustion engine is drawn again, with resetting-and the fuel quantities that sprayed of fuel injection 22 23 are lighted a fire with lighting a fire after the traction of internal combustion engine by the possible time point of the next one.The normal work of internal combustion engine can be realized the most again.

Claims (11)

1. the operation method of internal combustion engine, this internal combustion engine has combustor and injection apparatus, and injection apparatus is for fuel injection (20,22) to deliver in combustor by fuel, and this operation method comprises the steps of
The blocking of fuel injection, makes engine shutdown,
Within the engine shutdown time, requirement is reset in detection,
Traction internal combustion engine,
The igniting (23) of fuel quantity is reset in combustor,
It is characterized in that:
Realize resetting fuel injection (22) within the downtime of internal combustion engine; reset fuel quantity when resetting fuel injection to spray from injection apparatus; and the rotating speed waiting the bent axle until internal combustion engine is reduced to a below threshold value determined; starter is the most just utilized to draw internal combustion engine
Wherein when internal combustion engine is drawn again, the combustor having been carried out resetting fuel injection did not contained new fuel injection before it is ignited, and by resetting may being lighted a fire after the traction of internal combustion engine by time point next of fuel injection (22) fuel quantity that sprayed with igniting (23), the information wherein sprayed for fuel did not resetted before internal combustion engine is reset.
2. the method as described in claim 1,
It is characterized in that:
Within downtime, detect the parameter value of the running parameter of internal combustion engine, and determine according to this parameter value and reset fuel quantity.
3. the method as described in claim 1 or 2,
It is characterized in that:
A time point in distraction procedure is estimated the future parameter values of the running parameter of internal combustion engine, and determines according to this future parameter values and reset fuel quantity.
4. the method as described in claim 2,
It is characterized in that:
Described parameter value represents the lubricating oil temperature of internal combustion engine, the coolant temperature of internal combustion engine, fuel temperature, propellant composition and/or fuel type.
5. the method as according to any one of claim 1-2,
It is characterized in that:
Reset fuel injection (22) to carry out in the position, angle calculated of the bent axle of internal combustion engine so that reset fuel quantity and or resetting at the ignited residing ignition time point mapped out of fuel quantity in a combustion chamber within the pull-in time.
6. the method as according to any one of claim 1-2,
It is characterized in that:
The control parameter of described injection apparatus at least proceeds to the distraction step of internal combustion engine from the blocking step that fuel sprays.
7. the method as according to any one of claim 1-2,
It is characterized in that:
The rotating speed of the bent axle of described internal combustion engine was reduced to below the threshold value that determines before the traction of internal combustion engine.
8. the method as described in claim 1,
It is characterized in that: described internal combustion engine is Otto-internal combustion engine.
9. the method as described in claim 3,
It is characterized in that:
Described future parameter values represents the lubricating oil temperature of internal combustion engine, the coolant temperature of internal combustion engine, fuel temperature, propellant composition and/or fuel type.
10. for the engine control system of internal combustion engine, this internal combustion engine has combustor and injection apparatus, injection apparatus is for fuel injection (20,22) to supply fuel to combustor, and this engine control system is furnished with the mechanism implementing have the method according to any one of claim 1 to 7.
11. engine control systems for internal combustion engine as described in claim 10,
It is characterized in that: described internal combustion engine is Otto-internal combustion engine.
CN200710160091.5A 2006-12-22 2007-12-24 The operation method of internal combustion engine and device Active CN101205847B (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102006061279.5 2006-12-22
DE102006061279.5A DE102006061279B4 (en) 2006-12-22 2006-12-22 Method and engine control for operating an internal combustion engine

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CN101205847B true CN101205847B (en) 2016-08-03

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2010112354A (en) * 2008-11-10 2010-05-20 Toyota Motor Corp Controller of vehicle internal combustion engine
DE102009046473A1 (en) * 2009-11-06 2011-05-12 Robert Bosch Gmbh Method for direct starting of internal combustion engine of motor vehicle, involves injecting fuel immediately before or during engine runout, particularly during automatic stop of internal combustion engine

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN1127328A (en) * 1995-09-26 1996-07-24 王冲 Fuel supply system for internal combustion engine
CN1584313A (en) * 2003-08-21 2005-02-23 本田技研工业株式会社 Fuel jetting controller

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP4428308B2 (en) 2005-07-13 2010-03-10 三菱自動車工業株式会社 Engine control device
DE102006043678B4 (en) 2006-09-18 2017-11-30 Robert Bosch Gmbh Device and method for operating an internal combustion engine

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN1127328A (en) * 1995-09-26 1996-07-24 王冲 Fuel supply system for internal combustion engine
CN1584313A (en) * 2003-08-21 2005-02-23 本田技研工业株式会社 Fuel jetting controller

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DE102006061279B4 (en) 2019-06-27
DE102006061279A1 (en) 2008-06-26
ITMI20072371A1 (en) 2008-06-23

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