CN101189430B

CN101189430B - Horizontal axis windmill

Info

Publication number: CN101189430B
Application number: CN2006800193510A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 吉田茂雄
Original assignee: Fuji Heavy Industries Ltd
Current assignee: Hitachi Ltd
Priority date: 2005-05-31
Filing date: 2006-05-22
Publication date: 2012-03-28
Anticipated expiration: 2026-05-22
Also published as: JP2006336505A; JP4690776B2; CN101189430A

Abstract

One horizontal axis windmill, wherein when a wind velocity exceeds a cutout wind velocity, a yaw brake is released and all blades (4a) to (4c) are brought into a feathering state ( 1A). Next, the blades (4a) to (4c) are brought into a reverse-feathering state one by one in order ( 1B C D E). Thereafter, all blades (4a) to (4c) are held in the reverse-feathering state until an operation mode is recovered. Through the steps above, a nacelle (2) is yaw-rotated, a rotor is disposed on the downstream side of a tower (1) in a wind direction, and the leading edges of all blades (4a) to (4c) face to the windward ( 1E). In the other horizontal axis windmill, the nacelle is rotated to a prescribed angle of approximately 90 deg relative to the wind direction and held by a yaw brake, and all blades are simultaneously brought into the reverse-feathering state and the yaw brake is released. In the other horizontal-axis windmill, after all blades are brought into the feathering state, the yaw brake is released and the angle of one blade is changed from the feathering state to a flat state, and when the yaw angle of the nacelle is changed by approximately 30 deg, the one blade is returned to the feathering state.

Description

Horizontal axis windmill

Technical field

The present invention relates to the standby of a kind of contrary wind type horizontal axis windmill when storm wind.

Background technique

As everyone knows, so-called horizontal axis windmill is widely used in commercialization.The structure of common horizontal axis windmill does, has: rotor, and it is to be the blade of installing more than at least 2 or 2 radially from wheel hub to form; Cabin (nacelle), it is connected with wheel hub, and axle supports this rotor via the main shaft that extends along general horizontal direction simultaneously; And pylon (tower), it can freely be gone off course and support the cabin rotatably along roughly vertical setting simultaneously.

And, currently in horizontal axis windmill, also be provided with following control unit: driftage driver element, its driftage in drive controlling cabin freely (yaw) rotation; Off-course brake, it is braked the driftage rotation; And spindle brake etc., it rotates rotor brakes.

In addition, the structure of the horizontal axis windmill of taking the contrary wind type mostly of current commercial windmill.The horizontal axis windmill of type against the wind is that the rotor that is configured in the weather side of pylon is rotated and the structure of generating electricity.

Usually, the design strength of windmill receives the load considerable influence of being born when in storm wind, being in holding state.Must suppose simultaneously and to produce situation about having a power failure and windmill load when setting storm wind.Below, the representative existing technology 1～5 relevant with the idle method of horizontal axis windmill is described.

(existing technology 1)

Existing technology 1 is common contrary wind stall control windmill, when storm wind, carries out standby by the break fixed main shaft.Basically it is fixing when standby, will to go off course.Make rotor parallel through the control of going off course, realize the reduction of load with wind direction.Even can control driftage,, also might bear from omnibearing storm wind under the required cut situation of power supply of the control of going off course or under the situation of certain device fails relevant with driftage control.Thus, must suppose and design from omnibearing storm wind.Usually, under the situation of stall controller, when the storm wind that produces from the front and the back side, produce very big load.

(existing technology 2)

Existing technology 2 is common contrary wind pitch controllers, when storm wind, makes rotor idle running, will go off course and fix and carry out standby.In the pitch controller, control is gone off course and is made rotor towards weather side, and the realization load reduces, but this is a prerequisite to carry out work with having the necessary power supply of driftage control, each equipment fault-free of while.Usually under the situation of pitch controller, during at transverse air and from the storm wind of oblique forward/rear, produce very big load.Model A shown in Figure 3 is the holding state of existing technology 2.

(existing technology 3)

Existing technology 3 is contrary wind pitch controllers; When storm wind, after guaranteeing that all blades become feathering, make azimythal angle, cabin about 180 (deg) that reverse through driftage control; The off-course brake less by moment of torsion keeps and standby (for example, with reference to non-patent literature 1, patent documentation 2).Thus, when storm wind, rotor is blown to downwind side, can reduce the load that acts on the pylon.The holding state of existing technology 3 is identical with existing technology 5 in appearance.Model B shown in Figure 3 is the holding state of existing

technology

3 and 5.

(existing technology 4)

Existing technology 4 is windmill pitch controllers with the wind, when storm wind, guarantees that all blades become feathering, makes rotor idle running, carries out standby with the mode of freely going off course.Thus, when storm wind, rotor is blown to downwind side, can reduce the load that acts on the pylon.MODEL C shown in Figure 3 is the holding state of existing technology 4.

(existing technology 5)

Existing technology 5 is the patent documentation 1 described pitch of windmill with the wind controllers, after guaranteeing all blade featherings, makes the propeller pitch angle of blade change about 180 (deg) one by one, with the mode of freely going off course standby when the storm wind.With compare from the situation of blade inlet edge wind-engaging, under the situation of trailing edge wind-engaging, because maximum lift coefficient significantly reduces, it is also less that driftage keeps moment of torsion in addition, so the load that produces at other positions diminishes.The holding state of existing technology 5 is identical with existing technology 3 in appearance.Model B shown in Figure 3 is the holding state of existing

technology

3 and 5.

Patent documentation 1: the spy opens the 2006-16984 communique

Patent documentation 2:WO2003/58062

Non-patent literature 1: the bavin field is flourishing, woods adopted it, " being used to reduce the new concept of design (calculated) load ", commemorating the Wind Power Utilization seminar, put down on November 20th, 15, p.225-227 for the 25th time

Summary of the invention

In the windmill of 2MW level, according to above-mentioned existing technology, design well as long as cooperate the scale of windmill, just can avoid strength problem.But; If owing to further maximize from now on, then the rigidity of blade can reduce gradually, eigentone reduces; So special under near the situation of bearing storm wind the trailing edge, can anticipation can tremble and appear at easily and produce the very problem of heavy load on the blade.

Under situation, in the contrary wind type horizontal axis windmill of existing technology 1～3,, all can't avoid to produce vibration near the storm wind the trailing edge no matter whether be holding state when storm wind with above-mentioned low rigid blade.The pattern of the vibration that anticipation takes place is following two kinds.

Stall flutter: in the stall zone of blade, tilt for negative with respect to the lift of the angle of attack, the aerodynamic force item in this zone produces the negative attenuation effect, improves unstable tendency.Even the blade that torsion rigidity is high also can produce this pattern.

The compound vibration of bending distortion: because blade is the asymmetric structure of growing up, so can compound being distorted when bending.It is special that blade bears load and bends under near the situation of bearing storm wind the trailing edge, because this situation is compound with distortion, thereby the change in angle of attack of air inflow blade, be easy to generate unstable tendency.This pattern can take place in the high blade of torsion rigidity hardly.

In contrary wind type windmill, after as existing technology 3, guaranteeing all blade featherings, make rotor be blown to the downwind side of pylon and form holding state, the load in the time of can significantly reducing storm wind.This is a desirable holding state of contrary wind windmill.

But; Rotor is used towards the downwind side of pylon in the existing structure of driftage rotation in driftage motoring cabin; When producing storm wind such as typhoon, take place simultaneously to supply with under the situation that the yaw drive system of cutting off, comprise the motor of going off course breaks down to the power supply of driftage motor; Owing to the power of rotor configuration at the downwind side of pylon is disappeared, so can't become the holding state that makes rotor be blown to the pylon downwind side.

The present invention proposes in view of above-mentioned the problems of the prior art; Its problem is; In the horizontal axis windmill of contrary wind type, when storm wind, even the driftage driver element can't be worked; Can guarantee that also rotor is blown to the holding state of downwind side, design (calculated) load when reducing the storm wind of windmill through this holding state.

The technological scheme 1 described invention that is used to solve above-mentioned problem is a kind of horizontal axis windmill of contrary wind type, and it has:

Rotor, it has wheel hub and the blade more than at least 2 or 2;

The cabin, it carries out axle via the main shaft that is connected with above-mentioned wheel hub to above-mentioned rotor and supports;

Pylon, it can freely be gone off course and support above-mentioned cabin rotatably;

The independent pitch control gear, it controls the propeller pitch angle of above-mentioned blade respectively independently; And

The driftage control gear, it controls the driftage rotation in above-mentioned cabin,

It has following two kinds of patterns: operating mode, when it is less than or equal to specified value at wind speed,,, utilize wind-force via the rotation of above-mentioned rotor with the weather side of above-mentioned rotor configuration at above-mentioned pylon through the control of above-mentioned driftage control gear; And standby mode, it carries out standby when wind speed surpasses the afore mentioned rules value, recover above-mentioned operating mode with preparation,

It is characterized in that,

(1) above-mentioned independent pitch control gear has the control action of being made up of following step: the 1st step; When it surpasses the afore mentioned rules value at wind speed, make all above-mentioned blades become feathering, the 2nd step; It makes above-mentioned blade become backpaddle one by one in order after above-mentioned the 1st step; And the 3rd step, it remains the backpaddle state with all above-mentioned blades after above-mentioned the 2nd step, until recovering above-mentioned operating mode,

(2) above-mentioned driftage control gear has following control action: when wind speed surpasses the afore mentioned rules value; The control off-course brake produces following brake value, and this brake value allows following driftage rotation, promptly; The driftage rotation that produces around the moment of torsion of yaw axis that reason wind-force loads to above-mentioned cabin

As above-mentioned standby mode, the control action of above-mentioned through carrying out (1), (2) makes above-mentioned rotor be blown to the downwind side of above-mentioned pylon.

Technological scheme 2 described inventions are to have the technological scheme of following characteristics 1 described horizontal axis windmill: above-mentioned driftage control gear, before above-mentioned independent pitch control gear is carried out above-mentioned the 2nd step, carry out the control action of above-mentioned (2).

Technological scheme 3 described inventions are to have the technological scheme of following characteristics 1 described horizontal axis windmill: above-mentioned driftage control gear, above-mentioned independent pitch control gear carry out before above-mentioned the 1st step or with its simultaneously, carry out the control action of above-mentioned (2).

The technological scheme 4 described inventions that are used to solve above-mentioned problem are horizontal axis windmills of a kind of contrary wind type, and it has:

Rotor, it has wheel hub and the blade more than at least 2 or 2;

The pitch control gear, it controls the propeller pitch angle of above-mentioned blade; And

It is characterized in that,

(1) above-mentioned pitch control gear has the control action of being made up of following step: the 1st step, and it makes all above-mentioned blades become feathering, the 3rd step, it makes all above-mentioned blades become backpaddle after above-mentioned the 1st step; And following step, that is, after above-mentioned the 3rd step, all above-mentioned blades are remained the backpaddle state, until the above-mentioned operating mode of recovery,

(2) above-mentioned driftage control gear has the control action of being made up of following step: the 2nd step; Itself and above-mentioned the 3rd step are synchronously; The yaw angle in above-mentioned cabin is controlled in the regulation yaw angle scope, and the yaw angle scope of this regulation makes above-mentioned rotor avoid front wind and back side wind; And following step, that is, and after above-mentioned the 2nd step to recovering before the above-mentioned operating mode; The control off-course brake produces following brake value, and this brake value allows following driftage rotation, promptly; The driftage rotation that produces around the moment of torsion of yaw axis that reason wind-force loads to above-mentioned cabin

As above-mentioned standby mode, carry out the control action of above-mentioned (1), (2).

Technological scheme 5 described inventions are to have the technological scheme of following characteristics 4 described horizontal axis windmills: the yaw angle scope of afore mentioned rules is+75～+ 110 (deg) or-75～-110 (deg) with respect to weather side.

Technological scheme 6 described inventions are to have the technological scheme of following characteristics 4 described horizontal axis windmills: in above-mentioned the 3rd step, above-mentioned pitch control gear makes all above-mentioned blades become backpaddle simultaneously.

The technological scheme 7 described inventions that are used to solve above-mentioned problem are horizontal axis windmills of a kind of contrary wind type, and it has:

Rotor, it has wheel hub and the blade more than at least 2 or 2;

It is characterized in that,

(1) above-mentioned independent pitch control gear has the control action of being made up of following step: the 1st step; When it surpasses the afore mentioned rules value at wind speed, make all above-mentioned blades become feathering, the 2nd step; It is after above-mentioned the 1st step; Only make 1 above-mentioned blade from feathering to flat side angle, after above-mentioned cabin produces yaw displacement, make above-mentioned 1 blade revert to feathering; And the 3rd step, it remains the feathering state with all above-mentioned blades after above-mentioned the 2nd step, until recovering above-mentioned operating mode,

(2) above-mentioned driftage control gear has following the 2nd control action: when wind speed surpasses the afore mentioned rules value; The control off-course brake produces following brake value, and this brake value allows following driftage rotation, promptly; The driftage rotation that produces around the moment of torsion of yaw axis that reason wind-force loads to above-mentioned cabin

As above-mentioned standby mode; Carry out the control action of above-mentioned (1); Before above-mentioned the 2nd step is carried out, carry out the control action of above-mentioned (2),, make above-mentioned rotor be blown to the downwind side of above-mentioned pylon through in above-mentioned the 2nd step and above-mentioned the 3rd step, realizing the yaw displacement in above-mentioned cabin.

The effect of invention

According to technological scheme 1 described invention, surpass specified value at wind speed, being as the criterion is ready for use on the windmill operation of generating etc. and when carrying out standby, becomes feathering through made all blades by the 1st step, can reduce the load load that is produced by storm wind.Utilize the 1st step, become the state of all vane trailing edge,, become the state of the leading edge of blade towards the pylon side through making blade become backpaddle one by one in order by the 2nd step afterwards towards the pylon side.Under the situation that all blades reverse simultaneously, rotor can produce overwinding then cause major accident, but owing to blade in the 2nd step becomes backpaddle one by one in order, so can suppress the level for not having problems by the load that storm wind loads.In addition, in the 2nd step, blade is moved to the process of backpaddle state one by one via flat oar from feathering, can make by wind-force to increase to the moment of torsion that the cabin loads around yaw axis.Then, utilize the 3rd step, all above-mentioned blades are kept the backpaddle state, until the pattern of resuming operation.

On the other hand; Because the control off-course brake produces following brake value, this brake value is allowed following driftage rotation, promptly; The driftage rotation that produces around the moment of torsion of yaw axis that reason wind-force loads to the cabin; So can make the cabin utilize the wind-force rotation of going off course,, thereby make rotor be blown to the downwind side of pylon so that rotor makes the cabin rotation from the mode that the weather side of pylon is configured in downwind side.

Because if rotor configuration is at the downwind side of pylon; Then utilize the completion of the 2nd step, become the state of the leading edge of all blades, utilize the 3rd step to keep this state towards the pylon side; So all blades from the leading edge wind-engaging, can be avoided the generation of trembleing and reduce the load that applies to blade.

Because as implied above, the cabin utilizes wind-force to go off course rotation and makes rotor be blown to the downwind side of pylon, so even the driftage driver element can't work; Can guarantee that also rotor and trailing edge are blown to the holding state of downwind side; Thereby produce following effect, that is, utilize this holding state and avoid storm wind from vane trailing edge; Reduce the generation of vibration, and then the design (calculated) load when reducing the storm wind of blade etc.

In technological scheme 1 described invention; Under the situation of the control action of carrying out above-mentioned (2) after the completion of the 2nd step; Make the cabin rotation owing to produce the moment of torsion that centers on swing axis fully to utilize wind regime; With the downwind side of rotor configuration, become holding state so can make the cabin rotation at pylon.

In technological scheme 1 described invention, preferably before carrying out the 2nd step, carry out the control action of above-mentioned (2).Owing to per 1 blade is transformed to the process of backpaddle state through flat oar from feathering in the 2nd step; Bigger by wind-force to the moment of torsion that the cabin loads around yaw axis; So through off-course brake is weakened; Can make the cabin rotation more reliably and make the downwind side of rotor configuration, be converted to holding state at pylon.

In technological scheme 1 described invention, more preferably before carrying out the 1st step or with it, carry out the control action of above-mentioned (2) simultaneously.Thus, can make the cabin rotation more reliably and make the downwind side of rotor configuration, be converted to holding state through by the moment of torsion that loads to the cabin that wind-force produced from any of the 1st step to the 3 steps around yaw axis at pylon.

According to technological scheme 4 described inventions, surpass specified value at wind speed, the windmill operation of preparing to be used to generate electricity etc. and when carrying out standby, make all blades become feathering through utilizing the 1st step can reduce the load that storm wind causes.Utilize the 1st step, become the state of all vane trailing edge towards the pylon side, through after the 3rd step in make all blades become backpaddle, thereby become the state of blade inlet edge towards the pylon side.

Owing to utilize the 2nd step; Synchronously control the driftage angle in cabin with the 3rd step; Rotor is in dodges in the regulation yaw angle scope of front wind and back side wind; So can become the pitch angle process of backpaddle via flat fully oar from the feathering state at blade, the load of crossing rotation, producing by storm wind of the rotor that suppress amount that the running shaft of rotor departs from along wind direction, causes by storm wind.

The yaw angle scope of regulation is to comprise ± scope of 90 (deg), in order to dodge storm wind, preferably is in than comprises ± the scope narrower range of 90 (deg), if but narrow limits, then the needs of control are for a long time.For example, be with respect to weather side+75～+ 110 (deg) or-75～-110 (deg) through the yaw angle scope that realizes regulation, can access enough storm wind effects of hiding.

As implied above; Through carrying out the 1st～the 3rd step; While dodge storm wind become make blade leading edge behind the state of pylon side; Keeping all blades is the backpaddle state, until the pattern of resuming operation, controls off-course brake simultaneously and produces following brake value: it allows the driftage rotation that produces around the moment of torsion of yaw axis that reason wind-force loads to the cabin.Therefore,, just can make the cabin bear beam wind or skew wind, produce the moment of torsion that loads to the cabin by this wind-force around yaw axis as long as high wind continues, the cabin driftage rotate so that rotor configuration at the downwind side of pylon, thereby make rotor be blown to the downwind side of pylon.

Because if the leading edge that rotor configuration, then becomes all blades at the downwind side of pylon is towards the state of pylon side and keep this state, so all blades bear wind from leading edge, can avoid the generation trembleed, reduce the load of blade.

Through above-mentioned action; Can guarantee to make trailing edge be blown to the holding state of downwind side while dodging storm wind; Through this holding state, have the storm wind that to hide from trailing edge, the effect that reduces the design (calculated) loads when storm wind such as vibration generation and reduction blade.

In technological scheme 4 described inventions, preferably in the 3rd step, the pitch control gear makes all blades become backpaddle simultaneously.This is owing to can all blades promptly be transferred to the backpaddle state.In addition, can only unify not having the independent pitch control gear to control in the windmill of blade pitch angle and also can carry out.In the case, need be to the order of the complicacy of per 1 oar handling elongation.

According to technological scheme 7 described inventions, surpass specified value at wind speed, the windmill operation of preparing to be used to generate electricity etc. and when carrying out standby, become feathering through in the 1st step, making all blades can reduce the load that is produced by storm wind.Through the 1st step, become the state of all vane trailing edge towards the pylon side.

After the 2nd step in, only make 1 blade from feathering to flat oar side angle.Through only making this 1 blade angle, the aerodynamic force imbalance appears in rotor, makes by wind-force to become big to the moment of torsion around yaw axis that the cabin loads.Produce the controlling value of allowing the driftage rotation that forms because of this moment of torsion through the control off-course brake, can access the yaw displacement in cabin.

Then; Make this 1 blade revert to feathering, keeping all blades is the recovery of feathering state until operating mode, but because in the 2nd step; The cabin obtains yaw displacement with respect to wind direction; The control off-course brake produces following brake value: it allows that reason wind-force to the driftage rotation that produces around the moment of torsion of yaw axis that the cabin loads, with the downwind side of rotor configuration at pylon, makes rotor be blown to the downwind side of pylon so can access further yaw displacement.

Make the cabin utilize the wind-force counter-rotating if hope from the cabin over against the state of wind direction; The rotation that then begins in the cabin to go off course needs bigger wind-force before; After becoming high wind speed, just begin the driftage rotation,, make windmill bear very big load so can produce rapid driftage rotation.But, because according to the present invention, when the 2nd step was accomplished, the cabin was not over against wind direction, but produce yaw displacement, thus can obtain yaw displacement through milder driftage rotation, thus can be with the downwind side of rotor configuration at pylon.

If because with the downwind side of rotor configuration at pylon; Then utilize the completion of the 2nd step; Become the state of all vane trailing edge, utilize the 3rd step to keep this state, so all blades are from the trailing edge wind-engaging towards the pylon side; Compare towards the situation of weather side with blade inlet edge, significantly reduce by the lift of wind effect.Its result, the standby attitude during as storm wind is adjusted into blade and pylon are in bear the standby attitude of the state standby of minimum load.

Because it is as implied above; The cabin utilizes wind-force side counter-rotating alee gently; Utilize then wind-force go off course the rotation and make rotor be blown to the downwind side of pylon; Even, can guarantee that also rotor and blade inlet edge are blown to the holding state of downwind side, has the effect that reduces the design (calculated) load of windmill when the storm wind through this holding state so the driftage driver element can't be worked.

Description of drawings

Figure 1A is a plan view of observing the contrary wind type horizontal axis windmill of embodiment of the present invention 1 from the top.

Figure 1B is a plan view of observing the contrary wind type horizontal axis windmill of embodiment of the present invention 1 from the top.

Fig. 1 C is a plan view of observing the contrary wind type horizontal axis windmill of embodiment of the present invention 1 from the top.

Fig. 1 D is a plan view of observing the contrary wind type horizontal axis windmill of embodiment of the present invention 1 from the top.

Fig. 1 E is a plan view of observing the contrary wind type horizontal axis windmill of embodiment of the present invention 1 from the top.

Fig. 2 is the block diagram of structure of the control device that carried of contrary wind type horizontal axis windmill of expression embodiment of the present invention 1.

Fig. 3 A is the table of the condition of the related model A of the holding state of notebook invention or existing technology, B, C.

Fig. 3 B is the table of the condition of the related model A of the holding state of notebook invention or existing technology, B, C.

Fig. 4 is the plotted curve of the related wind behaviour of the condition of expression analysis.

Fig. 5 is the plotted curve of the azimuthal analysis result in expression cabin.

Fig. 6 is the plotted curve of the analysis result of expression rotary speed of rotator.

Fig. 7 is the plotted curve of the analysis result of expression leaf curling displacement.

Fig. 8 is the plotted curve of the analysis result of expression root of blade vibration bending.

Fig. 9 is the plotted curve of the analysis result of expression root of blade moment of torsion.

Figure 10 is the plotted curve of the analysis result of expression driftage moment of torsion.

Figure 11 is the plotted curve of the analysis result of expression driftage horizontal force.

Figure 12 A is a plan view of observing the contrary wind type horizontal axis windmill of embodiment of the present invention 2 from the top.

Figure 12 B is a plan view of observing the contrary wind type horizontal axis windmill of embodiment of the present invention 2 from the top.

Figure 12 C is a plan view of observing the contrary wind type horizontal axis windmill of embodiment of the present invention 2 from the top.

Figure 12 D is a plan view of observing the contrary wind type horizontal axis windmill of embodiment of the present invention 2 from the top.

Figure 13 A is the block diagram of structure of the control device that carried of contrary wind type horizontal axis windmill of expression embodiment of the present invention 2.

Figure 13 B be the overwinding unloading of expression on yaw angle-propeller pitch angle plane coordinate the zone with avoid the figure of overwinding unloading in the control step in zone.

Figure 14 A is a plan view of observing the contrary wind type horizontal axis windmill of embodiment of the present invention 3 from the top.

Figure 14 B is a plan view of observing the contrary wind type horizontal axis windmill of embodiment of the present invention 3 from the top.

Figure 14 C is a plan view of observing the contrary wind type horizontal axis windmill of embodiment of the present invention 3 from the top.

Figure 14 D is a plan view of observing the contrary wind type horizontal axis windmill of embodiment of the present invention 3 from the top.

Figure 14 E is a plan view of observing the contrary wind type horizontal axis windmill of embodiment of the present invention 3 from the top.

Figure 15 is the block diagram of structure of the control device that carried of contrary wind type horizontal axis windmill of expression embodiment of the present invention 3.

Figure 16 is the plotted curve of the related wind behaviour of the condition of expression analysis.

Figure 17 is the plotted curve of the analysis result of expression yaw angle.

Figure 18 is the plotted curve of the analysis result of expression blade moment of rupture.

Figure 19 is the plotted curve of the analysis result of expression driftage horizontal force.

Figure 20 is the plotted curve of the related wind behaviour of expression analysis condition.

Figure 21 is the plotted curve of the azimuthal analysis result in expression cabin.

Embodiment

Below, with reference to description of drawings mode of execution of the present invention.Be merely mode of execution of the present invention below, and be not limit the present invention.

(mode of execution 1)

The contrary wind type horizontal axis windmill of mode of execution 1 of the present invention at first, is described.

Fig. 1 is a plan view of observing the contrary wind type horizontal axis windmill of embodiment of the present invention 1 from the top.Fig. 2 is in the structure of the control device that carried of contrary wind type horizontal axis windmill of expression embodiment of the present invention 1, the block diagram of the part relevant with the present invention.

As shown in Figure 1, the horizontal axis windmill of this mode of execution has pylon 1, cabin 2,

wheel hub

3 and 3 blade 4a～4c.

Axle supports the rotor of being made up of wheel hub 3 and blade 4a～4c via the main shaft that is connected with wheel hub 3 (omitting diagram) in cabin 2.Pylon 1 can freely be gone off course and supported cabin 2 rotatably.

In addition, 2 the outer surface in the cabin is installed not shown wind speed and is taken into account anemoscope.

Power transmitting deices such as not shown speed increaser, generator and spindle brake are accommodated in 2 the inboard in the cabin, and these each power transmitting deices and main shaft link.

The front end of main shaft is outstanding to the outside in cabin 2, at the front end of this main shaft, with the mode of rotating with main shaft rotor is installed.

Rotor has the wheel hub 3 that links with main shaft at central part, at the outer circumferential face of the sense of rotation of wheel hub 3, with 3 blade 4a～4c of radial installation.In addition, the blade shape of blade 4a～4c is formed asymmetrically.

As shown in Figure 2, the control device of the horizontal axis windmill of this mode of execution is made up of anemoscope 10, recording anemometer 13, control gear 16a, pitch drive unit 11, deviation drive device 14.Control gear 16a has independent pitch control gear 12a and driftage control gear 15a.

The yaw angle in deviation drive device 14 detection cabins 2 drives the driftage rotation, has not shown off-course brake simultaneously, and it is braked the driftage rotation.Driftage control gear 15a sends control signal to deviation drive device 14, the yaw angle in control cabin 2.

Pitch drive unit 11 rotates the propeller pitch angle of driven vane 4a～4c independently.Independent pitch control gear 12a sends control signal to pitch drive unit 11, controls the propeller pitch angle of each blade 4a～4c respectively independently.Each blade 4a～4c is freely controlled respectively at least 180 degree independently.

In addition, so-called propeller pitch angle is the setting angle of blade with respect to wheel hub 3, and in this manual, the angle with maximal efficiency is 0deg.

Usually; In the wind-power electricity generation of commerce usefulness; Consider mechanical strength, generating efficiency and secure context, have the wind speed zone that is suitable for generating electricity, in surpassing the wind speed zone that its upper limit is a survival wind speed, do not generate electricity; Carry out standby but be controlled to be, thereby avoid storm wind with the attitude that reduces wind load as far as possible.Below, the operating mode and the standby mode of the horizontal axis windmill of this mode of execution are described.

(operating mode)

In the wind speed zone that is suitable for generating electricity; Based on by anemoscope 10 detected wind directions; Driftage control gear 15a controls and with the weather side of rotor configuration at pylon 1; Based on by recording anemometer 13 detected wind speed and rotor speed etc., independent pitch control gear 12a control blade 4a～4c becomes suitable propeller pitch angle, makes the rotor wind-engaging and is rotated.The rotating force of this rotor is passed to the main shaft that is connected with wheel hub 3, thereby is passed to the generator that links and be housed in 2 inside, cabin with main shaft, thus, the kinetic energy that rotatablely moves is transformed to electric energy.Receive when making cabin 2 rotations at deviation drive device 14, remove or loosen off-course brake, when remaining on cabin 2 on the fixed-direction, make the off-course brake moment of torsion maximum from the control signal of driftage control gear 15a.

(standby mode)

When storm wind such as typhoon; Surpass survival wind speed if detect wind speed by recording anemometer 13, the control gear 15a that then goes off course control off-course brake and produce the brake value of regulation, the brake value of this regulation is allowed the following driftage rotation in cabin 2; Promptly; The driftage rotation that produces around the moment of torsion of yaw axis that reason wind-force loads to cabin 2, simultaneously, independent pitch control gear 12a makes all blade 4a～4c featherings (the 1st step).Rotor stops, and generating is interrupted.

Thus, minimizing acts on the wind load on blade 4a～4c and the pylon 1.The brake value of regulation is set at the brake value that is lower than when remaining on cabin 2 on the fixed-direction.At the brake value that makes regulation is under the situation of fixed value, makes it become can sharply the not go off course high value of rotation degree of when being assumed to wind speed and surpassing the wind of survival wind speed cabin 2.In addition, the brake value of regulation also can rotate corresponding with the driftage in cabin 2 and change.For example; Can change as follows: though for allow cabin 2 by wind-force to cabin 2 load around the moment of torsion of yaw axis hour also driftage rotation and the brake value of this regulation is reduced; On the other hand, be restricted to the brake value increase that is less than or equal to fixed value and makes this regulation for the angular velocity that the driftage in cabin 2 is rotated.

Then, independent pitch control gear 12a makes blade 4a～4c become backpaddle (the 2nd step) one by one in order.

Then, independent pitch device 12a remains the backpaddle state with all blade 4a～4c, until the recovery (the 3rd step) of above-mentioned operating mode.

Here, once more with reference to Fig. 1, the windmill action of the execution of above-mentioned control action being described and being accompanied with it.

At first, through carrying out above-mentioned the 1st step, shown in Figure 1A, all blade 4a～4c become feathering, and the rotation of rotor stops, and off-course brake produces the brake value of the regulation of allowing above-mentioned driftage rotation.

At this moment, the moment of torsion that loads to cabin 2 by wind-force around yaw axis, if greater than the off-course brake moment of torsion, cabin 2 setting in motions then, if less than the off-course brake moment of torsion, then cabin 2 stops on the tilt fixing.

Then, get into the 2nd step.At first, shown in Figure 1B, start blade 4a in order to make the propeller pitch angle counter-rotating.Propeller pitch angle with blade 4a is the moment of torsion increase that peak value centers on yaw axis through the moment of putting down vane angle.In the angle process of this blade 4a; The rotating force of rotor also becomes big owing to blade 4a is produced lift; But braking force is brought into play in the rotation of rotor owing to keep other 2 blade 4b, the 4c of feathering state; Even so under the situation of not using other spindle brake unit, rapid rotation can not take place in rotor yet.

And then, make blade 4a angle and shown in Fig. 1 C, make it become backpaddle, make blade 4a keep the backpaddle state then, until the recovery of operating mode.

If the cabin begins driftage rotation in the angle process of this blade 4a, then for example shown in Figure 1B → C, cabin 2 rotation of going off course, rotor configuration is at the downwind side of pylon 1.

Then, the 2nd blade 4b and the 1st identical ground of blade 4a are backpaddle from the feathering angle, keep the recovery (Fig. 1 D) of backpaddle state until operating mode then.

Then, the 3rd blade 4c and the 1st, the 2nd the identical ground of

blade

4a, 4b are backpaddle from the feathering angle, keep the backpaddle state until the pattern of resuming operation (Fig. 1 E) then.

If cabin 2 does not begin the driftage rotation in the angle process of the 1st blade 4a; Be the process of backpaddle making the 2nd, the

3rd blade

4b, 4c from the feathering angle then, there is the chance that makes cabin 2 driftage rotations in identical ground; Can finally guarantee to high reliability the state shown in Fig. 1 E thus; That is, rotor configuration is at the downwind side of pylon 1, and the leading edge of all blade 4a～4c is towards the standby attitude of weather.

Because off-course brake becomes the brake value of the regulation of allowing above-mentioned driftage rotation, so cabin 2 changes corresponding with wind direction and slides around yaw axis, rotor is blown to downwind side.

The standby mode of storm wind takes place in, can make all blade 4a～4c from the leading edge wind-engaging, avoid the generation trembleed, reduce the load that loads to blade 4a～4c.

Horizontal axis windmill according to this mode of execution shown in above; Because cabin 2 utilizes the wind-force rotation of going off course, make rotor be blown to the downwind side of pylon 1, so even the driver element of going off course does not play a role; Can guarantee that also rotor and trailing edge are blown to the holding state of downwind side; Through this holding state, avoid storm wind and reduce vibration producing from trailing edge, and then can reduce the design (calculated) load when storm wind such as blade.

Owing to become the holding state that rotor is blown to downwind side; Even so under the situation that wind direction changes; Also rotation reduces load so that rotor is positioned at downwind side all the time so can avoid acting on the load on blade 4a～4c and the pylon 1 owing to go off course in cabin 2.Thus,, need not be used to keep the special control unit of horizontal axis windmill attitude yet, can will be suppressed to minimum owing to the load that wind-force bears all the time with the downwind side of rotor configuration at pylon 1 even for example when storm wind such as typhoon.And then, can significantly reduce the design strength of horizontal axis windmill thus, can improve design freedom, can realize that cost reduces.

In addition,, for example when storm wind such as typhoon, at first become the feathering state, can reduce by wind acting on the last resistance of each blade 4a～4c through the propeller pitch angle that makes all blade 4a～4c according to the horizontal axis windmill of this mode of execution.Its result can reduce the load that acts on blade 4a～4c and the pylon 1.

In addition; Owing to make the propeller pitch angle of each the blade 4a～4c that becomes feathering become backpaddle one by one in order through independent pitch control gear 12a; So compare with the situation that all blades are reversed simultaneously, can the increase that act on the load on blade 4a～4c and the pylon 1 be suppressed at inferior limit.Its result can prevent to produce excessive resistance and lift in that blade 4a～4c is last, can prevent effectively that rotor from crossing rotation.

(mode of execution 2)

Below, the contrary wind type horizontal axis windmill of mode of execution 2 of the present invention is described.

Figure 12 is a plan view of observing the contrary wind type horizontal axis windmill of embodiment of the present invention 2 from the top.

Shown in figure 12, the horizontal axis windmill of this mode of execution has pylon 1, cabin 2,

wheel hub

3 and 3 blade 4a～4c.

Rotor has the wheel hub 3 that links with main shaft at central part, at the outer circumferential face of the sense of rotation of wheel hub 3, so that 3 blade 4a～4c to be installed radially.In addition, the blade shape of blade 4a～4c is formed asymmetrically.

Figure 13 A is in the structure of the control device that carried of the contrary wind type horizontal axis windmill of this mode of execution 2, the block diagram of the part relevant with the present invention.

Shown in Figure 13 A, the control device of the horizontal axis windmill of this mode of execution is made up of anemoscope 10, recording anemometer 13, control gear 16b, pitch drive unit 11, deviation drive device 14.Control gear 16b has pitch control gear 12b and driftage control gear 15b.

The yaw angle in deviation drive device 14 detection cabins 2 drives the driftage rotation, has the not shown off-course brake that the driftage rotation is braked simultaneously.Driftage control gear 15b sends control signal and controls the yaw angle in cabin 2 to deviation drive device 14.

The propeller pitch angle of 11 couples of blade 4a～4c of pitch drive unit is rotated driving.Pitch control gear 12b sends control signal to pitch drive unit 11, the propeller pitch angle of control blade 4a～4c.Each blade 4a～4c is freely controlled at least 180 degree.

The pitch control of blade 4a～4c can be to control each blade independently, also can only can unify to control all blades.The pitch control of blade 4a～4c does not need and can control each blade independently, as long as can carry out 180 degree rotations, and also can be to the unified control of all blades.In the latter case, the structure of instrument and control gear can be simplified.Certainly, also can control each blade independently.

Figure 13 B be the overwinding unloading of expression in yaw angle-propeller pitch angle plane coordinate the zone with avoid the figure of overwinding unloading in the control step in zone.Shown in Figure 13 B, be that yaw angle, the longitudinal axis are on the plane coordinate of propeller pitch angle making transverse axis, being distributed with at wind speed is that the wind regime lower rotor part of 40 (m/sec) reaches overwinding unloading more than or equal to 20 (rpm) rotating speed at area B 1, B2.Based on Figure 13 B, in this mode of execution, will for avoid the overwinding unloading area B 1, B2+75～+ 110 (deg) or-75～-110 (deg) confirm as yaw angle scope A, the execution standby mode is described below.In yaw angle scope A, no matter how many propeller pitch angles is, can not reach rotation.

In addition, when propeller pitch angle was 90 (deg), the trailing edge of blade 4a～4c was towards pylon 1 side, and when propeller pitch angle was-90 (deg), the leading edge of blade 4a～4c was towards pylon 1 side.When yaw angle was 0 (deg), rotor was positioned at the weather side of pylon 1, the wind-engaging from the front.

Usually; In the wind-power electricity generation of commerce usefulness; Consider mechanical strength, generating efficiency and secure context, have the wind speed zone that is suitable for generating electricity, surpass in the wind speed zone of its upper limit at the contrary wind wind speed and do not generate electricity; But, be controlled to be with the attitude that reduces wind load as far as possible and carry out standby in order to avoid storm wind.Below, the operating mode and the standby mode of the horizontal axis windmill of this mode of execution are described.

(operating mode)

In the wind speed zone that is suitable for generating electricity; Based on by anemoscope 10 detected wind directions; Driftage control gear 15b controls and with the weather side of rotor configuration at pylon 1; Based on wind speed that is detected by recording anemometer 13 and rotor speed etc., pitch control gear 12b control blade 4a～4c becomes appropriate propeller pitch angle, makes the rotor wind-engaging and is rotated.The rotating force of this rotor is passed to the main shaft that is connected with wheel hub 3, thereby is passed to the generator that links and be housed in 2 inside, cabin with main shaft, thus, the kinetic energy that rotatablely moves is transformed to electric energy.Receive when making cabin 2 rotations at deviation drive device 14, decontrol or loosen off-course brake, when remaining on cabin 2 on the fixed-direction, make the off-course brake moment of torsion maximum from the control signal of driftage control gear 15b.

The existence zone of the propeller pitch angle in the operating mode of type windmill, yaw angle is roughly the operation area R among Figure 13 B against the wind.

(standby mode)

When storm wind such as typhoon, surpass survival wind speed (for example 25 (m/sec)) if detect wind speed by recording anemometer 13, then pitch control gear 12b makes all blade 4a～4c become feathering (the 1st step).Rotor stops, and generating is interrupted.Thus, minimizing acts on the wind load on blade 4a～4c and the pylon 1.

Then, driftage control gear 15b rotates cabin 2 and angle is the tilt fixing in the yaw angle scope A, utilizes off-course brake to make the yaw angle in cabin 2 remain this tilt fixing (the 2nd step S2).

Then, the yaw angle in cabin 2 remains under the state in the yaw angle scope A, and pitch control gear 12b makes all blade 4a～4c become backpaddle (the 3rd step S3) simultaneously.

Pitch control gear 12b keeps the recovery of the backpaddle state of all blade 4a～4c until above-mentioned operating mode after the 3rd step S3.Driftage control gear 15b control off-course brake produces following brake value (braking force), and this brake value is allowed following driftage rotation, that is, and and the driftage rotation that produces around the moment of torsion of yaw axis that reason wind-force loads to cabin 2.

This brake value is set at the brake value that is lower than when cabin 2 is remained on fixed-direction.In addition, this brake value is when the supposition wind speed surpasses survival wind speed, can exceedingly the not go off course high value of rotation degree of cabin 2.This brake value also can rotate corresponding with the driftage in cabin 2 and change.For example; Can change as follows: though for allow cabin 2 by wind-force to cabin 2 load around the moment of torsion of yaw axis hour also driftage rotation and this brake value is reduced; On the other hand, be less than or equal to fixed value and this brake value is increased for the angular velocity with the driftage in cabin 2 rotation is restricted to.

Here, on one side with reference to Figure 12, the windmill action of the execution of above-mentioned control action being described on one side and being produced thereupon.

At first, through carrying out above-mentioned the 1st step S1, shown in Figure 12 A, all blade 4a～4c become feathering, and the rotation of rotor stops.

Then, utilize the 2nd step S2, windmill becomes the attitude shown in Figure 12 B.That is, the yaw angle that becomes cabin 2 is 90 (deg) roughly, the attitude that the rotor surface of revolution is roughly parallel with wind direction with respect to wind direction.Under this attitude,, can not produce bigger lift even switch the propeller pitch angle of blade yet.In the 2nd step S2, cabin 2 is rotated to a certain side.Figure 12 B representes to observe cabin 2 from the top and it is turned clockwise, and is arranged in+state of the yaw angle scope A of 75～+ 110 (deg).Can preestablish and turn clockwise or be rotated counterclockwise, but preferably when the 2nd step S2 begins, select also to confirm to move to the sense of rotation among the yaw angle scope A in the shortest time.

Then, utilize the 3rd step, shown in Figure 12 C, make blade 4a～4c with time varying corner to backpaddle.In this process, can not produce bigger lift, safety becomes backpaddle can not make rotor cross rotatably.

Then, keep the backpaddle state until recovering above-mentioned operating mode, the control off-course brake produces following brake value, and this brake value is allowed the following driftage rotation in cabin 2, that is, and and the driftage rotation that produces around the moment of torsion of yaw axis that reason wind-force loads to cabin 2.If by wind-force to cabin 2 load around the moment of torsion of yaw axis greater than the off-course brake moment of torsion, then cabin 2 rotations, rotor is configured in the downwind side of pylon 1 shown in Figure 12 D, rotor is blown to the downwind side of pylon 1.Thus, can guarantee that rotor and blade 4a～4c trailing edge is blown to the holding state of downwind side,, avoid storm wind and reduce the vibration generation from trailing edge, and then can reduce its design (calculated) load when storm wind through this holding state.

Through setting the brake value of off-course brake than higher,, under the less situation of the duty factor of the driftage moment of torsion that produces by wind, also can make do not go off course rotation and make its standby of cabin 2 even wind speed surpasses survival wind speed.In the case, as long as wind direction does not change, just keep the holding state shown in Figure 12 C.In the case, crossing of rotor rotated and wind speed is lower owing to do not produce, so can the load of windmill suppressed less.Change of the wind can be known with reference to figure 13B even wind direction is not followed in cabin 2, also can not get into the overwinding unloading in area B 1, B2, thus can not produce the rotation of crossing of rotor, because of wind speed is lower, so can the load of windmill suppressed less.

On the other hand, through setting the brake value of off-course brake lower, if wind speed surpasses survival wind speed, then can be so that the mode standby of wind direction is followed in cabin 2.

If in recording anemometer 13 is during fixing, detect the wind speed that is less than or equal to survival wind speed, then revert to operating mode.Driftage control gear 15b makes cabin 2 rotations and makes rotor towards weather side.For example, if windmill is the state of Figure 12 D when reverting to operating mode, the control gear 15b that then goes off course at first makes cabin 2 Rotate 180s (deg) and makes rotor towards weather side.In addition, if for example when reverting to operating mode windmill be the state of Figure 12 C, the control gear 15b that then goes off course at first makes cabin 2 be rotated counterclockwise 90 (deg) and makes rotor towards weather side.

Below, describe with reference to yaw angle-propeller pitch angle plane coordinate of Figure 13 B.

Coordinate (yaw angle, propeller pitch angle) roughly is positioned at operation area R in operating mode.Through carrying out the 1st step S1 of standby mode, coordinate moves to around a P1 or its.Because the 1st step S1 can reduce the wind load to rotor moment, so serve as to trigger immediately to carry out preferably to detect survival wind speed.

Then, through carrying out the 2nd step S2, coordinate moves to around a P2 or its.Can know with reference to Figure 13 B,, also can leave the overwinding unloading in area B 1 even R begins to carry out the 2nd step S2 from the operation area.In this mode of execution, control flow begins the 2nd step S2 after finishing at the 1st step S1, but is not limited to this, and the 2nd step S2 can serve as to trigger immediately to carry out to detect survival wind speed also.That is, can be that the 1st step S1 and the 2nd step S2 begin simultaneously, or the 2nd step S2 begins before the 1st step S1 accomplishes, perhaps both have carry out simultaneously during.

Then, through carrying out the 3rd step S3, coordinate moves to around a P3 or its.At this moment, importantly do not get into the overwinding unloading in area B 1, B2, the more important thing is as much as possible away from the overwinding unloading in area B 1, B2 and get around.It is realized through the 2nd step S2 and the 3rd step S3's synchronously.In this mode of execution, adopt following control flow: in the angle process of the front half part of the 2nd step S2; Make cabin 2 turn to the target tilt fixing in the yaw angle scope A; In the maintenance process of latter half part; Utilize off-course brake to make this cabin 2 fixedly remain this tilt fixing, in this maintenance process, carry out the 3rd whole step S3.The 2nd step S2 finishes when the 3rd step S3 finishes or after it, loosens off-course brake then.In addition, yaw angle scope A and propeller pitch angle irrespectively are fixed range.According to this mode of execution, can be away from the overwinding unloading in area B 1, B2 and get around, move to around a P3 or its, be preferred embodiment.

Be not limited to this; When changing, the yaw angle that also can in the 2nd step S2, carry out carries out the 3rd step S3; To select the mode in the zone (and then be rotor speed slower zone) of overwinding unloading outside area B 1, B2, yaw angle and propeller pitch angle are controlled with time varying corner.In addition, also can be so that yaw angle scope A is definite according to the mode that propeller pitch angle produces the width variation.Also can the 2nd step S2 be finished, loosen off-course brake.So long as can dodge the unloading of (preferably dodging) overwinding as far as possible far at area B 1, B2, yaw angle and propeller pitch angle are moved to a P3 or the zone around it from a P1 or the zone around it, then be not limited to this mode of execution.Preferably pass in the middle of area B 2 in area B 1 and overwinding unloading in the overwinding unloading.

Then, the control off-course brake produces following brake value, and this brake value is allowed following driftage rotation; Promptly; The driftage rotation that produces around the moment of torsion of yaw axis that reason wind-force loads to cabin 2, if by wind-force to cabin 2 load around the moment of torsion of yaw axis greater than the off-course brake moment of torsion, then shown in the arrow D among Figure 13 B; Cabin 2 rotations, rotor configuration is at downwind side.If the high wind of cabin 2 rotations is continued, then rotor is blown to downwind side, and with regard to Figure 13 B, the coordinate of this windmill roughly is arranged in standby zone W, and windmill is waited for stopping of storm wind under said holding state.

Horizontal axis windmill according to this above-mentioned mode of execution; Even without independent pitch control gear and complicated handling maneuver order; Also can guarantee when hiding storm wind, to make rotor and trailing edge be blown to the holding state of downwind side; Through this holding state, avoid storm wind from trailing edge and reduce the generation of vibration, and can reduce the design (calculated) loads when storm wind such as blade.

Because blade becomes the holding state that is blown to downwind side when storm wind; Even so under the situation that wind direction changes; Owing to cabin 2 driftage rotation makes rotor be positioned at downwind side, act on the load on blade 4a～4c and the pylon 1 and reduce load so can reduce.Thus,, need not be used to keep the special control unit of horizontal axis windmill attitude yet, can make the downwind side of rotor configuration, will be suppressed to minimum owing to the load that wind-force bears at pylon 1 even for example when storm wind such as typhoon.And then, can significantly reduce the design strength of horizontal axis windmill thus, can improve design freedom, can realize that cost reduces.

In addition; Owing to make each the blade 4a～4c that becomes feathering through pitch control gear 12b, move in the regulation yaw angle scope of hiding with respect to the front wind of rotor and back side wind, on this basis; Make propeller pitch angle become backpaddle simultaneously; So with do not carry out above-mentioned driftage control, and compare, can avoid the danger of effect excessive load on blade 4a～4c and pylon 1 more reliably existing rotor to receive the situation that under the state of possibility of front wind or back side wind all blades is reversed simultaneously.Its result can prevent to produce excessive resistance and lift in that blade 4a～4c is last, can prevent effectively that rotor from crossing rotation.

(mode of execution 3)

Below, the contrary wind type horizontal axis windmill of embodiment of the present invention 3 is described.

Figure 14 is a plan view of observing the contrary wind type horizontal axis windmill of embodiment of the present invention 3 from the top.Figure 15 is the block diagram of structure of the control device that carried of contrary wind type horizontal axis windmill of expression embodiment of the present invention 3.

Shown in figure 14, the horizontal axis windmill of this mode of execution has pylon 1, cabin 2,

wheel hub

3 and 3 blade 4a～4c.

Power transmitting deices such as not shown speed increaser, generator and spindle brake are accommodated in 2 the inboard in the cabin, and above-mentioned each power transmitting deice and main shaft link.

The front end of main shaft is outstanding to the outside in cabin 2, at this main shaft leading end, with the mode of rotating with main shaft rotor is installed.

Shown in figure 15, the control device of the horizontal axis windmill of this mode of execution is made up of anemoscope 10, recording anemometer 13, control gear 16c, pitch drive unit 11, deviation drive device 14.Control gear 16c has independent pitch control gear 12c and driftage control gear 15c.

The yaw angle in deviation drive device 14 detection cabins 2 drives the driftage rotation, has the not shown off-course brake that the driftage rotation is braked simultaneously.Driftage control gear 15c sends control signal and controls the driftage rotation in cabin 2 to deviation drive device 14.

Pitch drive unit 11 is rotated driving to the propeller pitch angle of blade 4a～4c independently.Independent pitch control gear 12c sends control signal to pitch drive unit 11, controls the propeller pitch angle of each blade 4a～4c respectively independently.Each blade 4a～4c is freely controlled at least 180 degree scopes respectively independently.

Usually; In the wind-power electricity generation of commerce usefulness; Consider mechanical strength, generating efficiency and secure context, have the wind speed zone that is suitable for generating electricity, in surpassing the wind speed zone that its upper limit is a survival wind speed, do not generate electricity; But, control with the attitude that reduces wind load as far as possible and carry out standby in order to avoid storm wind.Below, the operating mode and the standby mode of the horizontal axis windmill of this mode of execution are described.

(operating mode)

In the wind speed zone that is suitable for generating electricity; Based on by anemoscope 10 detected wind directions; Driftage control gear 15c controls and with the weather side of rotor configuration at pylon 1; Based on by recording anemometer 13 detected wind speed and rotor speed etc., independent pitch control gear 12c control blade 4a～4c becomes suitable propeller pitch angle, makes the rotor wind-engaging and is rotated.The rotating force of this rotor is passed to the main shaft that is connected with wheel hub 3, thereby is passed to the generator that links and be housed in 2 inside, cabin with main shaft, and the kinetic energy that rotatablely moves is transformed to electric energy.Receive when making cabin 2 rotations at deviation drive device 14, remove or loosen off-course brake, when remaining on cabin 2 on the fixed-direction, make off-course brake maximum from the control signal of driftage control gear 15c.

(standby mode)

(the 1st step) surpasses survival wind speed if detect wind speed by recording anemometer 13 when storm wind such as typhoon, then independent pitch control gear 12c makes all blade 4a～4c become feathering.Thus, minimizing acts on the wind load on blade 4a～4c and the pylon 1.Rotor stops, and generating is interrupted.

(the 2nd step) then; Driftage control gear 15c control off-course brake produces following predetermined brake value; This brake value is allowed the following driftage rotation in cabin 2; That is, the driftage rotation that produces around the moment of torsion of yaw axis that reason wind-force loads to cabin 2, simultaneously independent pitch control gear 12c make 1 blade 4a from feathering to flat oar side angle.

The brake value of regulation is set at the brake value that is lower than when cabin 2 remained fixed-direction.At the brake value that makes regulation is under the situation of fixed value, makes it become the high value that can sharply not go off course and rotate in cabin 2 when the supposition wind speed surpasses survival wind speed.In addition, the brake value of regulation also can rotate corresponding with the driftage in cabin 2 and change.For example; Can change as follows: though for allow cabin 2 by wind-force to cabin 2 load around the moment of torsion of yaw axis hour also driftage rotation and the brake value of this regulation is reduced; On the other hand, be restricted to the brake value increase that is less than or equal to fixed value and makes this regulation for the angular velocity that the driftage in cabin 2 is rotated.

Blade 4a from feathering under the situation of flat oar side angle, the angle behind the angle for flat oar (0deg)～45deg about.The resulting yaw displacement of this angle.

Based on the yaw angle in the detected cabin 2 of driftage control gear 15c, when 2 yaw angle was positioned at for the 30deg left and right sides in the cabin, independent pitch control gear 12c made 1 blade 4a recover feathering.

Preferred this yaw displacement is more than or equal to 30deg.If being, this begin to utilize wind-force to make the cabin counter-rotating from state over against wind direction; Then the rotation that begins to go off course needs bigger wind-force until the cabin; After becoming high wind speed, begin the driftage rotation,, make windmill bear very big load so can produce rapid driftage rotation.

So that this yaw displacement is more than or equal to the mode of 30deg, sets and make blade 4a at the brake value of allowing the driftage rotation in cabin 2 from feathering angle and being used to behind the angle under the flat oar side angle situation.

(the 3rd step) keeps all blade 4a～4c to be in the feathering state then, until recovering above-mentioned operating mode.

Here, once more with reference to Figure 14, the windmill action of the execution of above-mentioned control action being described and being accompanied with it.

At first, through carrying out above-mentioned the 1st step, shown in Figure 14 A, all blade 4a～4c become feathering, and the rotation of rotor stops.

Then, get into the 2nd step.The control off-course brake produces the brake value of the driftage rotation of allowing cabin 2, shown in Figure 14 B, blade 4a is erect to flat oar side simultaneously, around the moment of torsion increase of yaw axis.Through this blade 4a to flat oar side angle; Blade 4a goes up the rotating force increase that produces lift and make rotor; But the rotation of rotor is produced braking force owing to keep other 2 blade 4b, the 4c of feathering state; Even so under the situation of not using other spindle brake unit, can not produce rapid rotor rotation yet.

Through angle and the off-course brake control of blade 4a to flat oar side, shown in Figure 14 C, cabin 2 obtains the yaw displacement with respect to wind direction 40～89 (deg).At this moment, if wind direction is fixed, then make yaw angle be " initial yaw angle " with respect to wind direction.

Then, shown in Figure 14 D, blade 4a recovers the feathering state, makes all blade 4a～4c keep the feathering state afterwards, until the pattern of resuming operation.At this moment, owing to obtain initial yaw angle, load the driftage moment of torsion to cabin 2.In addition, because off-course brake is allowed the driftage rotation in cabin 2, so shown in Figure 14 D → E, further obtain yaw displacement, rotor configuration is at the downwind side of pylon 1.

In standby mode, because off-course brake produces the predetermined brake value of allowing above-mentioned driftage rotation, so cabin 2 changes corresponding with wind direction and slides around yaw axis, rotor is blown to the downwind side of pylon then.

In the standby mode that storm wind takes place; All blade 4a～4c are from the trailing edge wind-engaging; Compare towards the situation of weather side with blade inlet edge, significantly reduce the lift that produces by wind, its result; Holding state during as storm wind is adjusted into the attitude that can carry out standby with the state that applies minimum load to blade 4a～4c and pylon 1.

Horizontal axis windmill according to this mode of execution shown in above-mentioned; Owing to cabin 2 utilizes the wind-force rotation of going off course; Make rotor be blown to the downwind side of pylon 1, so, can guarantee that also rotor and trailing edge are blown to the holding state of downwind side even the driftage driver element can't be worked; Through this holding state, can reduce the design (calculated) load of blade when storm wind.

Because rotor becomes the holding state that is blown to downwind side; Even so under the situation that wind direction changes; Also owing to cabin 2 go off course the rotation make rotor be positioned at downwind side all the time, reduce load so can avoid acting on the load on blade 4a～4c and the pylon 1.Thus,, need not be used to keep the special control unit of horizontal axis windmill attitude yet, can will be suppressed to minimum owing to the load that wind-force bears all the time with the downwind side of rotor configuration at pylon 1 even for example when storm wind such as typhoon.And then, can significantly reduce the design strength of horizontal axis windmill thus, can improve design freedom, can realize that cost reduces.

In addition,, for example when storm wind such as typhoon, at first become the feathering state, can reduce by acting on the resistance that each blade 4a～4c windward produces through the propeller pitch angle that makes all blade 4a～4c according to the horizontal axis windmill of this mode of execution.Its result can reduce the load that acts on blade 4a～4c and the pylon 1.

(embodiment 1)

The vibrations that produced by holding state for the maximization of verify hypothesis blade etc. for the windmill that does not produce the diameter 80m (being equivalent to 2MW) of vibration usually, significantly reduce blade rigid and process model A, B, C.The condition of model A, B, C and standby attitude are documented in the table shown in Figure 3.

Respectively for model A, B, C; Cabin azimythal angle (Fig. 5), rotary speed of rotator (Fig. 6), leaf curling displacement (Fig. 7), root of blade wing flap bending (Fig. 8), root of blade moment of torsion (Fig. 9), driftage moment of torsion (Figure 10), the driftage horizontal force (Figure 11) of analysis under wind regime shown in Figure 4, output curve diagram.In addition, main points, distribution, the evaluation of record analysis result in table shown in Figure 3.

Put down in writing in the table as shown in Figure 3, model A is equivalent to the holding state of existing technology 2.Model B is the embodiment's of embodiment of the present invention 3 a holding state, and existing

technology

3 and 5 holding state are also suitable with it.MODEL C is the embodiment's of embodiment of the present invention 1 and 2 a holding state, and existing technology 4 and 6 holding state are also suitable with it.

As the MODEL C of the embodiment's of embodiment of the

present invention

1 and 2 holding state, vibration bending/distortion and driftage horizontal force for blade have the effect of good minimizing load.In addition, compare, significantly improve the driftage moment of torsion with common contrary wind equipment (model A).

Estimate according to each project below.

(1) azimythal angle, cabin (with reference to Fig. 5)

The Model B of going off course, C follow wind direction smooth-goingly basically.In the Model B of weather side, in front half part (0～150 (sec)) blade vibration, driftage is also with its swing at trailing edge.

(2) rotational speed (with reference to Fig. 6)

The Model B of going off course, C smooth-goingly, rotor dallies lentamente basically, but makes trailing edge in the Model B of weather side, blade vibration in front half part (0～150 (sec)), rotor is also with its swing.

(3) leaf curling displacement (with reference to Fig. 7)

Have the evaluation roughly the same with the root of blade moment of torsion.

(4) root of blade wing flap bending (with reference to Fig. 8)

All has the hunting of load of following the rotor rotation and producing.The front half part of Model B (0～150 (sec)) is to swing than the short period.

(5) root of blade moment of torsion (with reference to Fig. 9)

All has the hunting of load of following the rotor rotation.Near the 200sec of the front half part (0～150 (sec)) of Model B and model A etc., bearing from the rotor trailing edge under the situation of storm wind, produce than high pulling torque.Usually owing on safety, not allowing the distortion of pitch mechanism, so need make the structure of pitch mechanism and blade can bear above-mentioned moment of torsion.

(6) driftage moment of torsion (with reference to Figure 10)

Under the situation of the Model B of going off course, C smooth-goingly, the amplitude of driftage moment of torsion is got less, breaking away under the situation of above-mentioned restriction, slide through driftage and reduce load.In Model B, C, compare with the situation of the model A that keeps driftage, significantly reduce load.

(7) driftage horizontal force (with reference to Figure 11)

The driftage horizontal force is to the very big influence that is designed with of pylon and ground.In making the smooth-going Model B of driftage, C, have the trend that reduces load basically, but from the Model B of trailing edge wind-engaging, producing bigger vibration, opposite load increases.This opposite tendency can be found out when blade rigid significantly reduces.

(embodiment 2)

For blade sheet number is that 3, root diameter are the contrary wind type horizontal axis windmill of 80m, independent pitch control, carries out the analysis of following (1) (2).

(1) to the analysis of the action of initial yaw angle

Will be to initial yaw angle θ _Y0The variation of the yaw angle of carrying out various changes and under specific wind regime, producing, rotor moment of rupture, driftage horizontal force is analyzed.The wind regime that is applicable to this analysis is shown in figure 16.Be that wind direction is fixed, the wind regime that wind speed changed from 10 (m/s) to 70 (m/s) in 60 seconds.

Initial yaw angle θ _Y0Be set at these 4 kinds of 5,15,30,45 (deg).Blade all is in feathering (propeller pitch angle is approximately 86 degree), and the off-course brake moment of torsion is 400 (kNm).

Represent under the wind regime shown in Figure 16 corresponding to each initial yaw angle θ _Y0Yaw angle variation, rotor moment of rupture, the curve that the driftage horizontal force changes, in Figure 17, Figure 18, Figure 19, represent in order respectively.

Shown in figure 17, because the yaw angle that transverse axis 0 (sec) is located is initial yaw angle θ _Y0So each plotted curve is the point of 5,15,30,45 (deg).

At θ _Y0=5 (deg) and θ _Y0During=15 (deg), repeatedly swing with bigger amplitude, until rotor stability at downwind side.Relative with it, at θ _Y0=30 (deg) and θ _Y0Among=45 (deg), the swing when rotor falling off side is less, promptly makes rotor stability at downwind side.

At θ _Y0During=5 (deg), keep initial yaw angle after about 48 seconds, begin sharply driftage rotation then, the value of rotor moment of rupture, driftage horizontal force sharply rises simultaneously.

At θ _Y0During=15 (deg), with respect to θ _Y0During=5 (deg), change slightly and relax, but keep initial yaw angle after about 36 seconds, begin the driftage rotation then, the value of rotor moment of rupture, driftage horizontal force rises simultaneously.

With respect to above-mentioned 2 examples, at θ _Y0=30 (deg) and θ _Y0During=45 (deg), only kept initial yaw angle at about about 25 seconds, begin rotation in period relatively early then and rotate, the value of control rotor moment of rupture, driftage horizontal force is in lower level.

For above-mentioned 4 examples, the wind speed during with the driftage rapid change moment, driftage rapid change, the maximum value of rotor moment of rupture and the maximum value of driftage horizontal force are summarised in the table 1.

(table 1)

Initial yaw angle (θ _y0)	5deg	15deg	30deg	45deg
					The driftage rapid change is (with reference to Figure 17) constantly	48sec	36sec	24sec	26sec
Wind speed (with reference to Figure 16) during the driftage rapid change	About 65m/sec	About 45m/sec	About 28m/sec	About 30m/sec
					The rotor bending	4,000kNm	2,000kNm	1,100kNm	1,100kNm

(with reference to Figure 18)	?	?	?	?
					Driftage horizontal force (with reference to Figure 19)	1,500kN	600kN	300kN	300kN

According to The above results, at initial yaw angle θ _Y0Under the less situation, rotor maintains the weather side position until reaching high wind speed, owing to the angle of sharply going off course, so we can say the load that generation is bigger.Under the situation of this analysis example, if initial yaw angle θ _Y0More than or equal to 30 (deg), then can reduce load.

The analysis of the action that (2) produces by the pitch angle

The propeller pitch angle of 3 blades is made as θ b1, θ b2, θ b3.Make θ b1 carry out these various changes of 86,60,45,30 (deg), make θ b2=86 (deg), θ b3=86 (deg), the variation at the azimythal angle, cabin (yaw angle) under wind regime shown in Figure 20 is analyzed.The plotted curve of analysis result is shown in figure 21.Suppose that survival wind speed is 25m/sec, have wind speed shown in Figure 20, the fixing wind regime of wind direction.The feathered pitch angle that is applicable to the blade of this analysis is 86 (deg).Shown in figure 21, for all examples, be that 0deg begins all from azimythal angle, initial cabin, that is, the state from rotor over against wind direction begins, and the off-course brake moment of torsion is always 400 (kNm).

In the example of θ b1=86 (deg) and θ b1=60 (deg), the azimythal angle, cabin does not change.

Relative with it, in the example of θ b1=45 (deg), after about 11 seconds; The cabin azimuthal variation is 45 degree extremely roughly, are stabilized on this angle, in the example of θ b1=30 (deg); After about 11 seconds, the cabin azimuthal variation is 77 degree extremely roughly, are stabilized on this angle.

In this analysis, after making all blade featherings, only the propeller pitch angle of 1 blade (θ b1) is back to roughly 45 (deg), can access the initial yaw angle more than or equal to 30 (deg).

(3) sum up

The result who sums up the analysis example of above-mentioned (1) (2) can know, after making all blade featherings, only makes the propeller pitch angle (θ b1) of 1 blade be back to roughly 45 (deg), can access the initial yaw angle θ more than or equal to 30 (deg) _Y0, it is returned to the propeller pitch angle of feathering and after making all blade featherings, can avoid the cabin sharply to rotate, reduce the load that loads to windmill.

Because the numerical value that in the analysis example of above-mentioned (1) (2), obtains depends on the shape of horizontal axis windmill and the value of size and off-course brake moment of torsion, so be not general value.

Can know in addition, after all blades become feathering, through the off-course brake moment of torsion is controlled to be adequate value, and only make the propeller pitch angle of 1 blade suitably return flat oar side, can access suitable initial yaw angle θ _Y0, can avoid the cabin sharply to rotate, reduce the load that loads to windmill.

In addition, the analysis of above-mentioned through imitating (1) (2) example is analyzed or is tested each horizontal axis windmill, can confirm the optimum value of θ b1 and off-course brake moment of torsion, can the extensive use embodiment of the present invention 3 related technology.

In addition, the spy who proposes on May 31st, 2005 is willing to whole disclosures of 2005-159848 number, all incorporates in this specification.In addition, the spy who proposes on July 5th, 2005 is willing to whole disclosures of 2005-198548 number, all incorporates in this specification.In addition, the spy who proposes on August 30th, 2005 is willing to whole disclosures of 2005-240524 number, all incorporates in this specification.

Industrial applicibility

The present invention is used for wind energy industries such as wind-power electricity generation.Especially, even the driver element that is suitable for when storm wind, going off course can't be worked, also can guarantee to make rotor to be blown to the holding state of downwind side.

Claims

1. horizontal axis windmill of type against the wind, it has:

Rotor, it has wheel hub and the blade more than at least 2 or 2;

It is characterized in that,

Above-mentioned independent pitch control gear has the 1st control action of being made up of following step: the 1st step; When it surpasses the afore mentioned rules value at wind speed, make all above-mentioned blades become feathering, the 2nd step; It makes above-mentioned blade become backpaddle one by one in order after above-mentioned the 1st step; And the 3rd step, it remains the backpaddle state with all above-mentioned blades after above-mentioned the 2nd step, until the recovery of above-mentioned operating mode,

Above-mentioned driftage control gear has the 2nd following control action: when wind speed surpasses the afore mentioned rules value; The control off-course brake produces following brake value, and this brake value allows following driftage rotation, promptly; The driftage rotation that produces around the moment of torsion of yaw axis that reason wind-force loads to above-mentioned cabin

As above-mentioned standby mode,, make above-mentioned rotor be blown to the downwind side of above-mentioned pylon through carrying out above-mentioned the 1st, the 2nd control action.

2. horizontal axis windmill according to claim 1 is characterized in that,

Above-mentioned driftage control gear before above-mentioned independent pitch control gear is carried out above-mentioned the 2nd step, is carried out above-mentioned the 2nd control action.

3. horizontal axis windmill according to claim 1 is characterized in that,

Above-mentioned driftage control gear, above-mentioned independent pitch control gear carry out before above-mentioned the 1st step or with its simultaneously, carry out above-mentioned the 2nd control action.