CN101188900A - 双床双管医用诊断x射线高频高压发生器 - Google Patents
双床双管医用诊断x射线高频高压发生器 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种双床双管医用诊断X射线高频高压发生器，它包括电源和中央控制单元，还包括：高频逆变电路、脉宽调制驱动电路和高压变换与高压切换电路。该发生器将工业用的电源变换成两路高频高压，经整流滤波后获得正端直流高压和负端直流高压供X射线球管工作。由于频率高，整流滤波后的高电压纹波极小，使X射线管发射的X射线质量很高，透视、摄影照片清晰度也很高。使摄影床的X射线球管和电动透视床的X射线球管在只配置一套高压电源情况下便可轮流工作。节约了设备投资，方便了医务人员使用X射线诊断疾病的工作。本发明作为高压电源，还适用于工业探伤、民航、车站、海关、等安全检查领域，为这些设备提供稳定的高质量的高压电源。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种医用诊断X射线机，尤其是该X射线机的高频高压发生器。
背景技术
1895年11月8日伦琴发现X射线后，用X射线作医用诊断已有100多年的历史，其中：工频X射线机经历了约80年的发展历程，基本特点是其高压发生器工作频率为5 赫芝(Hz)，开环控制。由于工作频率低，经整流滤波后的直流高压纹波仍较大，使X射线质量不高，如：单色性差、软射线多等。由于采用开环控制，直流高压与电流都不是很稳定，曝光参数的控制和重复性稳定性都差，由于操作自动化程度不高，防护水平低，影响成像的因素较多，最终导致成像质量不高，诊断水平受到较大的限制，而且设备结构复杂，体积庞大且笨重。
国外X射线机的高频高压发生器技术发展比较早，80年代推出了中频X射线机产品，90年代又推出高频X射线机产品，其高压发生器的工作频率由50赫兹提高到数百赫兹、数千赫兹、数十千赫兹。工作频率的提高带来了结构上和性能上质的飞跃。由于采用了最新的高速半导体器件、高频变换技术、闭环控制技术和微机管理，解决了传统的工频、中频X射线机存在的问题，使其防护水平和成像质量以及医生的诊断水平也都得到了很大提高。
我国在1997年以前，基本上仍处在工频X射线机发展阶段，中频机和高频机都依赖进口。尽管中频和高频X射线机列为国家“七.五”、“八.五”、“九.五”计划的攻关课题，国内一些经济实力和技术力量较强的单位都开展了这一课题的研究，但都未见到研发成功和投入生产的报道。
一直以来，国内外的医用诊断X射线机是由一台高压发生器及其控制台、为一张摄影床的X射线球管或者为一张电动透视床的X射线球管配置高压电源，这种发生器叫单床单管医用诊断X射线高压发生器。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种双床双管医用诊断X射线高频高压发生器应能解决现有技术中的不足之处，提高X射线的质量，以及透视和摄影照片的清晰度，而且，电压电流的调整与控制精度高，还大大减小了设备的体积和重量。
本发明解决问题的技术方案为：
(1)高频逆变技术，本发明双床双管医用诊断X射线高频高压发生器设计了两个高频逆变器，一个是主功率高频逆变器，其功能是将频率为50赫芝电压为380伏工业用的电源经整流滤波后，送到主功率高频逆变器，主功率高频逆变器工作时输出高频矩形波，频率为30千赫芝，电压为540伏，送到高压油箱进行升压，获得高频高压再进行整流与滤波后供X射线球管工作，以提高X射线质量，缩短曝光时间，提高透视与摄影照片的清晰度，提高了医生诊断水平，减少病人和医务人员受到的辐射量的危害。另一个是X射线球管灯丝加热逆变器，其功能是提供20kHz的脉宽调制交流电压给灯丝加热，使X射线球管能正常工作。
(2)脉宽调压技术，通过改变高频逆变器工作时输出的高频矩形波脉冲的宽度来调整高频电压，即由高压油箱的电压采样电路把采样回来的信号反馈至脉宽调制(PWM)驱动电路，脉宽调制(PWM)驱动电路经与中央控制电路送来的基准电压比较后产生实时控制的脉宽调制信号对输出的高压矩形波脉冲宽度进行调节，使高频电压得到有效调整，并经整流后获得稳定的直流高压。
(3)高压切换技术，采用高压切换阀器件和双路高压输出设计，解决一台高频高压发生器能分别控制一张摄影床的X射线球管和一张电动透视床的X射线球管轮流工作问题。
本发明选用单片机来实现微电脑CPU闭环控制高频逆变的脉冲宽度，以达到高频电压稳定的目的。单片机又称单片微电脑，它是把微电脑各个功能部件，如中央处理器(CPU)、随机存取存储器(RAM)、只读存储器(ROM)、I/O接口、定时器/计数器以及串行通讯接口等集成在一块芯片上，构成一个完整的微电脑。把作为基准的电压参数预置在单片微电脑内，并经线路送给脉宽调压电路，在高压油箱输出的直流高压的取样反馈信号，加到脉宽调制电路，二者进行比较，产生实时控制的脉宽调制信号(脉宽与输入成线性的矩形波驱动信号)，送到驱动模块电路，对输出的高压进行调节。
本发明通过高频逆变技术、脉宽调压和微电脑CPU闭环控制技术，将工业用的频率为50赫芝电压为220伏或380伏电源变换成频率为30千赫芝电压为100千伏以上的高频高压，经整流滤波后供X射线球管工作。由于频率高，整流滤波后的直流高压纹波极小，使X射线球管发射的X射线质量很高，透视、摄影照片清晰度也很高。而且电压电流的调整与控制精度高，还大大减小设备的体积和降低了设备的重量。通过双路高压输出设计和高压切换技术，使这种高频高压发生器能分别为一张摄影床的X射线球管和一张电动透视床的X射线球管配置高压电源，让它们轮流工作。这种发生器又叫双床双管医用诊断X射线高频高压发生器。
本发明的逆变频率和逆变技术、脉宽调压和微电脑CPU闭环控制技术，已达到国内外同类产品的技术水平，而双路高压输出设计和高压切换技术，则是解决了一机多用的问题，也使我国的医用诊断X射线高频高压发生器家族增添了一个新成员。主要为医用诊断X射线机提供其所需要的高压电源。广泛应用于各级医院和科研单位作X射线透视、胃肠摄影、滤线器摄影、胸片摄影和体层摄影等医疗诊断。本发明改变传统的一台高频高压发生器只给一张摄影床的X射线球管或一张电动透视床的X射线球管提供高压电源的配置方式(单床单管方式)，采用双路高压输出和高压切换技术，使这种高频高压发生器能分别为摄影床的X射线球管和电动透视床的X射线球管配置高压电源(双床双管方式)，让它们轮流工作。大大节约了医院设备投资，也大大方便了医务人员使用X射线诊断疾病的工作。
本发明还可推广应用到工业探伤领域、以及应用于民航、车站、海关、港口码头、刑侦等安全检查领域。为这些安检设备提供稳定的高质量的高压电源。
经南宁市科技情报研究所查新，尚未发现国内外有关本发明《双床双管医用诊断X射线高频高压发生器》的研究和开发的文献和报导。也没有发现国内外关于生产和销售双床双管医用诊断X射线机的报导。
附图说明
图1是本发明的结构方框图。
图2是本发明的高频逆变器电路原理图。
图3是本发明的脉宽调制(PWM)驱动电路原理图。
图4是本发明的高压变换和高压切换电路原理图。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图，对本发明作进一步说明。
图1所示，是本发明的结构方框图。由图中可知，本发明主要由三部份电路组成：一是由滤波器、交流接触器延时开关、整流滤波电路和辅助电源构成的电源电路；二是由高频逆变器、高压油箱内的高压变换整流滤波及高压切换电路、2个X射线球管构成的高频高压电路；三是由控制台、包括微电脑CPU的中央控制电路、脉宽调制(PWM)驱动电路、灯丝加热电路、旋转阳极驱动电路与旋转阳极定子切换电路构成的CPU闭环控制与保护电路。
其基本工作原理如下：三相380V电源通过接线端子与本发明的双床双管医用诊断X射线高频高压发生器相连，经熔断器、滤波器、交流接触器、整流滤波单元送到高频逆变器。其中，一相电源送至辅助电源，辅助电源输出的直流±12V和+48V电源供控制台和各控制、保护等电路以及灯丝加热驱动电路的辅助电源用。接通电源后，系统处于关机状态，按下控制台开机键(ON)后，控制台向双床双管医用诊断X射线高频高压发生器发出开机指令，双床双管医用诊断X射线高频高压发生器接到开机指令后使交流接触器吸合，三相380V电源通过整流滤波单元的整流模块和充电电阻对整流滤波单元电容进行软充电，充电电压通过接口单元被监视检测，当充电电压超过450Vdc时充电电阻被短路，三相380V电源通过交流接触器并经整流滤波单元整流滤波后获约540伏的直流电压送进高频逆变器，开机就绪。中央控制单元接收到开机就绪信号后向控制台发开机正常信号，控制台显示缺省的曝光参数，整机处于待机状态。
当控制台向双床双管医用诊断X射线高频高压发生器发出曝光指令后，高频逆变器工作，输出的高频矩形波加在高压油箱上产生两路直流高压，高压油箱主要作用是将高压矩形波进行升压、整流滤波，并对电压和电流进行采样。用高压电缆将这两路高压分别连接到摄影床上的X射线球管和电动透视床上的X射线球管，而这两个球管的旋转阳极驱动电路也装有切换继电器，控制台设有高压切换和旋转阳极驱动切换开关，可以控制(操作)摄影或透视的X射线球管轮流工作。高压油箱的电压采样电路把采样回来的信号反馈至脉宽调制PWM驱动电路， 脉宽调制PWM驱动电路经比较后产生实时控制的脉宽调制信号对输出的高压进行调节。从而得到稳定的所需要的管电压——X射线球管阳极直流高压。
本发明采用20kHz的脉宽调制交流电压给灯丝加热。选择不同的电压kV时，控制程序在预备时把相应的灯丝数据经数模转换电路输出控制信号，该信号控制灯丝加热逆变器，使灯丝加热逆变器产生脉宽调制高频电压。该高频电压激励灯丝发热，待机状态时灯丝是处于预加热状态。
曝光过程中，高压油箱的电流采样电路把采样回来的信号反馈至中央控制单元，中央控制单元把反馈信号和内部基准信号比较，经过运算后给出合适的灯丝加热电流基准值送到灯丝加热单元，灯丝加热单元根据基准值输出相应的电流到X射线管球灯丝，从而得到稳定的所需要的管电流——X射线球管灯丝电流。
按下控制台上的手闸开关，双床双管医用诊断X射线高频高压发生器进入预备工作状态后，旋转阳极驱动器送出160V启动电压到X光球管的阳极电机，经过大约1秒(S)延时，160V电压将降至60V，阳极电机进入正常运行状态，同时阳极驱动器将正常启动信号送至中央控制单元，双床双管医用诊断X射线高频高压发生器立即进入曝光状态。曝光结束后，旋转阳极驱动器送出60V脉动直流电至阳极电机以使阳极电机转速快速下降直至停止转动。如果由于某种原因阳极电机未能正常启动，中央控制单元没有接收到阳极电机正常启动信号，双床双管医用诊断X射线高频高压发生器就不能进入爆光状态，从而保护了X射线球管的阳极不被X射线打伤。
在微电脑CPU控制下，根据X射线球管的容量限制锁定电压(千伏kV)、电流(毫安mA)、电流时间积(毫安秒mAs)三参量选择进行容量保护，曝光过程中，采用负载降落技术，有效的保证了X射线管的安全。
辅助电源有两个，实际上都是开关稳压电源，一个输出为±12V，另一个输出为+48V。能输出±12V和+48V的电路很常见，是现有技术。三相380V电源送进双床双管医用诊断X射线高频高压发生器时，有一相就送进这两个辅助电源输入端，它们输出的±12V和+48V直流电源，供控制台和各控制、保护等电路以及灯丝加热驱动电路的辅助电源用。
高频逆变器电路(实际有2个高频逆变器电路)产生的频率为30KHz电压为540V的高频矩形波，经输出端子(实际是2对输出端子)分别与高压油箱内的2个高频变压器初级线圈的两端相接，两个高频变压器的3个次级绕组便分别感应出频率为30kHz电压为25kV的高频电压，经高压硅堆整流并且将它们串接后，分别获得正端的75kV高压和负端的75kV高压，分别送到四个高压切换阀，通过操作控制台上的高压切换开关，便可将正端的75kV高压和负端的75kV高压轮流送到正端高压插座和负端高压插座上，只要用高压电缆把正端高压插座和负端高压插座与摄影床的X射线球管连接起来，把正端高压插座和负端高压插座与电动透视床的X射线球管连接起来，就可以实现摄影床的X射线球管和电动透视床上的X射线球管轮流工作。
定子切换电路是两个X射线球管旋转阳极电机的定子供电的切换电路。在旋转阳极驱动单元电路的输出端设置了切换继电器，通过操作控制台上的定子切换开关，便可将旋转阳极的驱动电源轮流送给相应的X射线球管阳极电机的定子上。
图2所示，是本发明的高频逆变器电路原理图。在图中，高频逆变电器由三部份电路组成：一是由型号为BSM150GB120DN2或BSM100GB60DLC的两块高压大功率开关器件绝缘栅双极晶体管模块电路，又称IGBT模块VI1、VI2构成的全桥电子开关电路；二是由四块型号为EXB841的触发器驱动模块N5、N6、N7、N8及相应的外围元器件电阻R1～R4和R9～R12、电容C1～C8、二极管VD5～VD8，分别构成4个绝缘栅双极晶体管模块触发电路；三是由四个型号为TLP521的光耦模块N1、N2、N 3、N4及其相应的外围元器件：四个电阻R5～R8和四个二极管VD1～VD4构成过电流保护电路。其中，两个IGBT模块VI1和VI2的集电极C1都与电源的正极VDD连接，发射极E2都与电源的负极连接，每块IGBT模块中的三极管发射极E1与集电极C2的交结点引出输出端C2E1，每个三极管的栅极G1、G2分别通过电阻R9、R10、R11、R12与各自对应驱动模块N5、N6、N7、N8的信号输出脚3连接，两个IGBT模块VI1和VI2中的第一管的发射极E1还和相对应驱动模块的脚1连接，并通过各相应的二极管VD7、VD8与下一相邻的驱动模块N6、N8的脚6连接，驱动模块N5、N7脚6分别通过二极管VD5、VD6与电源正极VDD连接；光耦N1模块电路的脚2与驱动模块N5的脚5连接，脚1通过电阻R5与驱动模块N5的脚2连接，脚3接公共端，脚4通过二极管VD1与图3中的集成运算放大器N10的脚2连接，传输过流信号，其余的光耦模块电路N2、N3、N4与各相应的驱动模块N6、N7、N8相应连接，各光耦模块的脚4都通过二极管VD2、VD3、VD4与图3中型号为LM393集成运算放大器N10的脚2连接，传输过流信号；驱动模块N5、N8的脚15分别通过电阻R1、R4输入来自图3的驱动信号A，驱动模块N6、N7的脚1 5分别通过电阻R2、R3输入来自图3的驱动信号B，各驱动模块N5、N6、N7、N8的脚2接20伏直流电源。此20伏直流电源单独设计并安装在高频逆变器电路板上，用+12V供电，是用型号为SG3525A的驱动集成电路与外围相关电阻电容构成RC振荡器，产生20kHz振荡信号经放大后驱动一个高频变压器的初级绕组，其4个次级绕组便分别感应出频率为20kHz的高频电压来，经对其4个次级绕组的高频电源进行整流滤波获得4组20伏直流电源，分别供给图2中的4个型号为EXB841的触发器驱动模块N5、N6、N7、N8使用的。为了简洁，在高频逆变电路中没有绘出此电源电路。
高频逆变电路工作原理如下：逆变器接上相关电源后，当来自图3的脉宽调制(PWM)驱动电路集成块N12第11脚输出的高电平驱动信号A，送到图2驱动模块N5和N8的第15脚时，驱动模块N5和N8的第3脚输出高电平，分别通过电阻R9、R12驱动大功率绝缘栅双极晶体管模块VI1的上管和模块VI2的下管导通；当来自图3的脉宽调制(PWM)驱动电路集成块N12第14脚输出的高电平驱动信号B，送到图2的驱动模块N6和N7的第15脚时，大功率绝缘栅双极晶体管模块VI1的下管和VI2的上管导通。驱动信号A和驱动信号B以30千赫芝的频率交替变换时，大功率绝缘栅双极晶体管模块V11和V12及两个输出端子C2E1之间也得到频率为30千赫芝，电压为540伏的交变电压。两个输出端子C2E1与图4的高频变压器T1的初级线圈两个端子HT1，即初级线圈两个接线端7、8连接后，变压器T1的三个次级线圈升压就有频率为30千赫芝电压为25千伏的高频高压输出。在图4中，变压器T1的三个次级线圈分别经高压硅堆D1、D2、D3进行全波整流再串接并经滤波后就有电压为75千伏的直流高压输出，分别送到两个高压切换阀K1和K2的脚4T2，经脚3L2各接一个正端高压插头JP1、JP2，并通过高压电缆实现与X射线球管联接使其工作。当大功率绝缘栅双极晶体管模块的VI1、VI2出现过电流时，各管发射极E1、E1A的电流增大，反映在各驱动模块N5～N8的脚6上，使过电流保护电路输出端送出保护信号，通过图3的过电流保护电路和中央控制器，关断驱动信号，从而起到保护大功率绝缘栅双极晶体管模块VI1、VI2和X射线球管的作用。
本高频逆变电路共有两个，因电路相同，使用的元器件也相同，元器件的编号也相同，工作原理也相同，为简化篇幅，这里只给出图2中的一个高频逆变电器的电路图。这第2个高频逆变器的信号输入也与第1个高频逆变器的信号输入一样，信号输入后的工作流程也一样，这里就不再表述，但其输出的两个端子C2E1是与图4的另一个高压变压器T2的初级线圈两个端子HT2相接的，高压变压器T2的每个次级线圈升压就有频率为30千赫芝电压为25千伏的高频高压输出，3个次级线圈分别经高压硅堆D4、D5、D6进行全波整流再串接并经滤波后就有电压为75千伏的直流高压输出，送到高压切换阀K3和K4的4T2脚，经3L2脚接2个负端高压插头，通过高压电缆实现与X射线球管联接使其工作。
图3所示，是本发明脉宽调制PWM驱动电路原理图。从图中可知，脉宽调制PWM驱动电路由以下几部份电路组成，一是由型号为SG3525A的脉宽调制驱动集成块N12的部分电路与外围电阻R21、R22和电容C15、C16组成RC振荡器，产生频率为30千赫芝的矩形高频脉冲信号、作为高频逆变器的逆变工作频率；二是由集成块N12一部份电路与外围电阻R18、R19和电容C12组成电压基准信号输入电路，使基准电压与输出的高压的反馈信号进行比较，对振荡器的矩形高频脉冲宽度进行调整，以达到对输出到X射线球管的高压进行调整，以保证高压稳定；三是由集成块N12的部份电路和型号为LM358的运算放大电路集成块N9及其外围电阻R13～R17、R20，电容C9～C11、C13、C14，二极管VD9、VD10组成的高压反馈信号输入电路，其中，电阻R15为可调电位器；四是由型号为4013的D触发器集成块N11与外围电阻R27～R29，电容C20和型号为IN4148的二极管VD13～VD15构成D触发器电路，其中，VD13为发光二极管；由型号为LM393运算放大电路集成块N10与外围电阻R23～R26，电容C17～C19和IN4148二极管VD11、VD12构成的比较器过电流保护电路。
在图3中，集成块N9的信号输入端3通过电阻R13输入的从图4的航空插座X2的第4脚送出的正高压反馈信号，信号输入端2和输出端1都与电阻R14、R15和电容C10的一端连接，电阻R14的另一端为电压检测端，电容C10的另一端与电位器电阻R14的动端及电阻R16的一端连接，电阻R16的另一端通过电阻R17与集成块N12的脚1连接。从中央控制器来的电压基准通过由电阻R18、R19和电容C12组成电压基准信号输入电路与集成块N12的脚2连接。由电阻R21、R22和电容C15、C16组成RC振荡器中，电阻R21和电容C15的交接点与集成块N12的脚5连接，电阻R21的另一端与集成块N12的脚7连接；电阻R22和电容C16的一端与公共地连接，另一端分与集成块N12的脚6、脚8连接。集成块N12的脚11、14分别输出驱动信号A和B，送到图2驱动逆变器工作，脚10与二极管VD14和VD15的负极连接，从图2传来的过流信号输送到集成块N10的信号输入脚2。集成块N10的信号输入脚3与电阻R24、R25和电容C17的交接点连接，信号输出脚1与集成块N11的脚3连接。集成块N11的脚4输入来自中央控制器的自动复位信号，脚2输出去中央控制器的保护信号，脚1通过两反接的二极管VD14和VD15输入来自中央控制器的使能信号。发光二极管VD13与电阻R28串接后，并接于集成块N11的脚1与公共地之间。
图3中的集成块N11第4脚是复位脚，只要输入一个高电平信号即复位。在+12V电源和集成块N11第4脚之间串接一个电阻和一个电容即可实现每次开机N11自动复位的目的。集成块N11第2脚送出的保护信号是一个低电平信号，送到中央控制器电路，供中央控制器的显示电路工作，显示过电流保护代码。从中央控制器送到图3中的二极管VD15负极的使能信号，是一个高电平的控制信号，由工作人员根据情况手动送出，经二极管VD15送到脉宽调制驱动集成块N12的第10脚，关闭驱动信号A、B的输出，停止逆变器工作。
脉宽调制PWM驱动电路工作原理如下：基准电压从图1的中央控制电路经图3的电阻R18、R19和电容C12送进集成块N12的第2脚，图4中的高压变换电路输出的直流高压的取样反馈信号(从航空插座X2第4脚送出的正高压取样信号)经图3的电阻R13和电容C9送进集成块N9的第3脚，经集成块N9倒相后从脚输出脚1，经电容C10、电位器R15、电阻R16、R17送到脉宽调制集成块N12的第1脚。将基准电压和反馈信号进行比较，产生实时控制的脉宽调制信号，对集成块N12和相应的外围元元件构成的RC振荡器产生的矩形高频脉冲宽度进行调整，从脚11和脚14分别输出驱动信号A和B，此驱动信号分别送到图2的4个驱动模块N5、N6、N7、N8的15脚，从它们的第3脚输出触发信号送到大功率开关器件绝缘栅双极晶体管模块VI1、VI2的栅极G1和G2，使V11、V12的上下管轮流导通，因为其输入的触发脉冲信号的宽度已被调整到合适宽度，所以其输出的高频脉冲宽度也被调整到合适的宽度。当然，经升压后的高频脉冲宽度也被调整到合适的宽度，这就达到对经高压油箱升压变压器升压整流滤波的高压调整到设定值的目的。
过流保护电路的工作原理为：图2中的4个光耦N1、N2、N4、N5在正常时第4脚是呈高电平状态，所以二极管VD1～VD4的负极是呈高电平状态。当大功率绝缘栅双极晶体管模块的VI1、VI2出现过电流时，各管发射极E1、E1A的电流增大过流，该过流保护信号分别经图2的4个取样二极管VD5～VD8的正极分别送到4个驱动模块N5、N6、N7、N8的第6脚，再从第5脚送到光耦电路模块N1、N2、N4、N5的第2脚，光耦工作，第4脚变为低电平，二极管VD1～VD4的负极也变为低电平，此低电平信号送到图3比较器过电流保护电路集成块N10的第2脚，放大后从集成块N10第1脚输出送到D触发器集成块N11的脚3，使集成块N11的状态反转，在脚1输出一个高电平保护信号，经二极管VD14送到脉宽调制集成块N12的关断控制脚10，关闭了输出驱动信号A、B，从而保护了后面的高压电路。
本脉宽调制驱动电路共有两个，因组成的电路相同，使用的元器件也相同，元器件的编号也相同，工作原理也相同，为简化篇幅，在图3中只给出一个脉宽调制驱动电路的电路图与图2的高频逆变电路相对应，这第2个脉宽调制驱动电路是驱动第2个高频逆变电路工作而对应设置的，所以，它输出的驱动信号是送到第2个高频逆变器的4个型号为EXB841驱动模块第15脚的，其信号输入后的工作流程也与上述一样，这里就不再重述。
图4所示，是本发明的高压变换和高压切换电路原理图。由图中可知，双床双管高压变换和高压切换电路由四部份电路组成，均安装并浸在一个装有绝缘油的油箱内，简称高压油箱：
一是由2个高频变压器T1、T2、六个硅堆D1～D6组成高频升压和高压整流电路；这两个高频变压器T1和T2的结构相同，均由一个O型硅钢薄带叠层铁芯、一个初级线圈绕组、三个次级线圈绕组组成，其作用是把高频逆变器送来的30千赫芝530伏交变的高频矩形波电压升压，六个硅堆D1～D6的结构相同，均由四组二极管组成一个全桥整流器，我们习惯称为硅堆，其作用是把经过高频变压器升压的交变的高频矩形波电压整流，使其变为直流电压。其中，硅堆D1的输出接分压电路和高压切换阀K1和K2的常开触点2T1、4T2、6T3一端；硅堆D6的输出接另一分压电路和高压切换阀K3和K4的常开触点4T2一端。
二是由电阻R30和电容C21并接，电阻R31和电容C22并接与电阻R32和电容C23并接，电阻R33和电容C24并接，分别组成的二个分压单元电路。该分压电路的输入电压分别取自硅堆D1、D6的输出端，分压分别取自电阻R30与电阻R31、电阻R32与R33交接点，并分别与航空座X1脚4、7连接。
三是由四个高压切换阀K1～K4组成的高压切换电路，每个高压切换阀都包括3组常开触点，其中2个高压切换阀K1和K2一侧的一组常开触点2T1、4T2、6T3并联后，接经硅堆D1～D3整流再串联的直流高压正极输出端，另一侧的一组常开触点1L1、3L2、5L3并联后，分别对应接正端高压插座JP1、JP2三个已并联的引线脚。高压切换阀K3和K4的一侧的常开触点4T2同时接经硅堆D4～D6整流再串联的直流高压负端输出端，和灯丝变压器T3的初级线圈线尾及灯丝变压器T4的初级线圈线头，常开触点6T3接灯丝变压器T3的初级线圈线头，常开触点2T1接变压器T4的初级线圈线尾；另一侧的一组常开触点1L1、3L2、5L 3分别对应接负端高压插座JP3、JP4三个已并联的引线脚。高压切换阀通过电磁铁的吸合和释放控制常开触点的接通和断开，高压切换阀K1、K2、K3和K4各电磁铁线圈的后端A1一起联接到六孔航空插座X1的脚6上，高压切换阀K1和K3电磁铁线圈的前端A2一起联接到六孔航空插座X1的脚1上，高压切换阀K2和K4电磁铁线圈的前端A2一起联接到六孔航空插座X1的脚3上。插座X1的脚1、3、6通过六孔航空插头的的连线与控制台连接。控制台控制各组电磁铁线圈就可以控制高压切换阀K1和K3、K2和K4的常开触点的接通和断开，达到对两组高压插座轮流供高压直流电的目的。其中，正端高压插座JP1与负端高压插座JP3为一组，正端高压插座JP2与负端高压插座JP4为一组。X射线球管也有1个正高压插座和1个负高压插座与之对应，两者通过高压电缆与X射线球管联接，组成高压输出电路，即用一对2端都装有高压插头的高压电缆将正端高压插座JP1和负端高压插座JP3与摄影床的X射线球管联接，用另一对2端都装有高压插头的高压电缆将正端高压插座JP2和负端高压插座JP4与电动透视床的X射线球管联接，控制台控制高压切换电路板上的2个继电器，就可以控制高压切换阀K1和K3、K2和K4中电磁铁的吸合和释放，达到给这两个X射线球管轮流供电的目的。
四是包括两个灯丝变压器T3、T4组成的X射线球管灯丝电路，插座X1为六孔航空插座，其中第6孔脚接四个高压切换阀的电磁铁线圈接线后端A1，第1孔脚接高压切换阀K1和K3的电磁铁的接线前端A2，第3孔脚接高压切换阀K2和K4的电磁铁的前端A2，通过航空插头和连线接到控制台，由控制台进行高压切换操作。插座X2为8孔航空插座，其中第1、2、3孔脚接两个灯丝变压器T3、T4初级线圈，第4孔脚接由电阻R30、R31电容C21、C22组成的正端高压分压器，第7孔脚接由电阻R32、R33电容C23、C24组成的负端高压分压器，第5孔脚接硅堆D3负端，即正端高压输出负极，第6孔脚通过测试开关S接硅堆D4的正极，即负端高压输出正极，第8孔脚接地。通过航空插头X1及连线还与相关电路联接，包括脚4与图3上的电阻R13、电容C9的共端相接，送正高压取样信号到集成块N9的第3脚，脚5与地作为检测点使用，脚6接主控电路板供检测用，脚7与图3相同的另一个脉宽调制驱动电路相接，送出负高压取样信号。
双床双管高压变换和高压切换电路工作原理：将高压变换和高压切换电路的器件均安装浸在一个装有绝缘油的高压油箱内，以消除器件作切换动作时产生的电弧。图2的高频逆变器电路工作时，产生的30千赫芝540伏高频矩形波经两对输出端子C2E1分别与图4的两个高频变压器T1、T2的初级线圈接线端HT1和HT2的两端相接，高频变压器T1和T2的三个次级绕组便分别感应出30千赫芝25千伏的高频电压，经高压硅堆D1～D3和D4～D6整流并且串接后，分别获得正端的75千伏直流高压和负端的75千伏直流高压。其中，正端高压的正极送高压切换阀K1、K2的常开触点2T1、4T2、6T3，正端高压的负极送航空座X2的5孔脚。负端高压的正极经测试开关S送航空插座X2的第6孔脚，负端高压的负极送接高压切换阀K3、K4的常开触点2T2、灯丝变压器T3的次级线圈线尾、灯丝变压器T4的次级线圈线头。而高压切换阀K1的另一组常开触点1L1、3L2、5L3并联后接正端高压插座JP1的3个并联的接线端；高压切换阀K2的另一组常开触点1L1、3L2、5L3并联后接正端高压插座JP2的3个并联的接线端；高压切换阀K3的另一组常开触点1L1、3L2、5L3分别接负端高压插座JP 3的3个接线端；高压切换阀K4的另一组常开触点1L1、3L2、5L3分别接负端高压插座JP4对应的3个接线端。而高压切换阀K1、K3的电磁铁线圈前端A2，接航空插座X1的第1孔脚；航空插座X1的第3孔脚接高压切换阀K2和K4的电磁铁线圈前端A2；航空插座X1的第6孔脚接高压切换阀K1、K2、K3和K4的电磁铁线圈后端A1。通过操作控制台上的高压切换开关，使高压切换阀K1、K3同时吸合或释放，也可使K2、K4同时吸合或释放，便可将正的75千伏高压和负的75千伏高压轮流送到正端高压插座JP1和负端高压插座JP3上，或正端高压插座JP2和负端高压插座JP4上，实现高压切换。只要用高压电缆把正端高压插座JP1和负端高压插座JP3与摄影床的X射线球管连接起来，把正端高压插座JP2和负端高压插座JP4与电动透视床的X射线球管连接起来，就可以实现摄影床的X射线球管和电动透视床上的X射线球管轮流工作。
本双床双管医用诊断X射线高频高压发生器的工作原理为：
从上述对图3的脉宽调制(PWM)驱动电路的说明可知，由集成块N12与第5～8脚外接的电阻R21、R22、电容C15、C16组成RC振荡器，产生频率为30千赫芝的矩形高频脉冲信号、作为驱动高频逆变器工作的驱动信号，此驱动信号的频率也叫高频逆变器的工作频率，改变电阻R21或R22的阻值可改变其振荡频率。调整好电阻R21和R22的阻值使振荡频率为30千赫芝时，将电阻R21和R22改为固定电阻，因为集成块N12内的闭环控制作用，30千赫芝的高频脉冲频率是固定的也是稳定的。矩形高频脉冲从集成块N12的第11脚和12脚输出，其中，从脚11输出的驱动信号A，经电阻R1和R4分别送进送到图2的高频逆变器电路驱动模块N5和N8的第15脚；从脚12输出的驱动信号B，经电阻R2和R3分别送进送到图2的高频逆变器电路驱动模块N6和N7的15脚。
从图1的结构方框图可知，三相380V电源通过滤波器、交流接触器并经整流滤波单元整流滤波后获约540V的直流电压送进图2的高频逆变器的VDD端和VSS端，当然，其他相关的电源也要接好，当来自图3的脉宽调制驱动电路的集成块N12第11脚输出的高电平驱动信号A送到图2的驱动模块N5和N8的第15脚时，大功率绝缘栅双极晶体管模块VI1的上管和VI2的下管导通；当来自图3的脉宽调制驱动电路的集成块N12第14脚输出的高电平驱动信号B送到图2的驱动模块N6和N7的第15脚时，大功率绝缘栅双极晶体管模块VI1的下管和VI2的上管导通；驱动信号A和驱动信号B以30kHz的频率交替变换时，大功率绝缘栅双极晶体管模块V11和V12的两个输出端子C2E1间也得到30千赫芝540伏的交变电压，这就完成了交流变直流，又从直流变回交流的逆变过程。请注意，原来的交流频率是50赫芝正弦波，现在从高频逆变器两个输出端子C2E1得到的交流频率是30千赫芝540伏的矩形波。本发明有2个高频逆变器电路，同样地，另一个高频逆变器也有两个输出端子C2E1，逆变器工作时，这两个输出端子也得到交流频率是30千赫芝540伏的矩形波电压。
两个高频逆变器的两个输出端子C2E1分别将交流频率是30千赫芝540伏的矩形波电压分别送到图4高压油箱和高压切换电路中的高频变压器T1的初级线圈两个接线端子HT1和高频变压器T2的初级线圈2个接线端子HT2，两个高频变压器T1和T2的3个次级绕组便分别感应出的高频电压，经高压硅堆D1～D3和D4～D6整流并且串联后，分别获得正端的75千伏直流高压和负端的75千伏直流高压。正端的75千伏直流高压和负端的75千伏直流高压通过高压切换阀送到摄影X射线球管或透视X射线球管工作的直流高压就是150千伏。
我们把作为基准的电压参数预置在中央控制器单片微电脑内，经图3的电阻R18、R19和电容C12送进图3所示的脉宽调压电路的脉宽调制集成块N12的第2脚；而在图4中高压变换和高压切换电路输出的正端直流高压取样反馈信号经8孔航空插座X2第4脚送到图3的电阻R13、电容C9的共接点送到集成电路N9的脚3，放大后再经电位器R15、电阻R16、R17加到脉宽调制集成N12的第1脚，二者进行比较，在集成N12的第11、14脚产生实时控制的脉宽调制信号A、B(脉宽与输入成线性的矩形波驱动信号)，送到图2所示的驱动模块N5～N8输入端15脚，对输出的高压进行调节。而8孔航空插座X2第7脚送出的是负端直流高压的取样反馈信号样是到与图3相同的另一个脉宽调制驱动电路(没有画出)，不再表述。
球管切换电路就是安装在高压油箱内的高压切换电路，详见图4所示，其工作原理是：从图2的高频逆变器电路(实际有2个高频逆变器电路)产生的频率为30千赫芝电压为540伏的高频矩形波经C2E1输出端子(实际是2对输出端子)分别与高压油箱内的2个高频变压器初级线圈HT1和HT2的两端相接，高频变压器T1和T2的3个次级绕组便分别感应出频率为30千赫芝电压为25千伏的高频电压，经高压硅堆D1～D3和D4～D6整流并且将它们串接后，分别获得正端的75kV高压和负端的75kV高压，送到高压切换阀K1～K4，通过操作控制台上的高压切换开关，便可将正端的75kV高压和负端的75kV高压轮流送到正端高压插座JP1、JP2和负端高压插座JP3、JP4上，只要用高压电缆把正端高压插座JP1和负端高压插座JP3与摄影床的X射线球管连接起来，把正端高压插座JP 2和负端高压插座JP4与电动透视床的X射线球管连接起来，就可以实现摄影床的X射线球管和电动透视床上的X射线球管轮流工作。
Claims (1)
1.一种双床双管医用诊断X射线高频高压发生器，它包括电源和中央控制单元，其特征在于还包括：
高频逆变电路，该高频逆变电路由三部份电路组成：一是由包括高压大功率开关器件绝缘栅双极晶体管模块(VI1、VI2)构成的全桥电子开关电路，输出高频高压矩形波电压；二是主要由四块驱动模块(N5、N6、N7、N8)及相应的外围元器件分别构成四个高压大功率开关器件绝缘栅双极晶体管模块(VI1、VI2)的触发驱动电路，受驱动信号的控制；三是包括由四个光耦(N1、N2、N3、N4)及其相应的外围元器件构成绝缘栅双极晶体管模块(VI1、VI2)的过电流保护电路；
脉宽调制驱动电路，该脉宽调制驱动电路主要由四部份电路组成：一是由脉宽调制驱动集成块(N12)与外围电阻(R21、R22)、电容(C15、C16)组成的RC振荡器，二是由集成块(N12)与外围电阻(R18、R19)、电容(C12)组成电压基准信号输入电路，三是由集成块(N12)、集成块(N9)及其外围电阻、电容和二极管组成的高压反馈信号输入电路；这三个电路又称脉宽调制驱动电路；四是由D触发器集成块(N11)和比较集成块(N10)与外围元件构成的比较器式过电流保护电路；
高压变换和高压切换电路，该双床双管的高压变换和高压切换电路主要由四部份电路组成，均安装浸在一个装有绝缘油的高压油箱内，一是包括由高频变压器(T1、T2)、高压硅堆(D1～D6)组成高频升压和高压整流电路；二是由电阻(R1、R2、R3、R4)与电容(C1、C2、C3、C4)分别组成的二个分压器单元电路；三是主要由四个高压切换阀(K1～K4)、两个正端高压插座(JP1、JP2)和两负端高压插座(JP3、JP4)组成的高压切换和高压输出电路；四是由灯丝变压器(T3、T4)组成的X射线球管灯丝电路。
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