CN101188460B - Full optical network networking system for passive light network and MAN - Google Patents
Full optical network networking system for passive light network and MAN Download PDFInfo
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- CN101188460B CN101188460B CN2007101721623A CN200710172162A CN101188460B CN 101188460 B CN101188460 B CN 101188460B CN 2007101721623 A CN2007101721623 A CN 2007101721623A CN 200710172162 A CN200710172162 A CN 200710172162A CN 101188460 B CN101188460 B CN 101188460B
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Abstract
The invention relates to an all optical network interconnection system of a passive optical network and a metropolitan area network which belong to the technical field of optical fiber communications, and the system includes a center bureau, a downlink transmission link, an uplink transmission link, 1*N optical coupler and N corresponding optical network units, wherein, the center bureau consists of an optical add-drop multiplexer and an optical line terminal, and the center bureau is connected with the metropolitan area network via the optical add-drop multiplexer and is accessed into the passive optical network; the optical line terminal is connected with the 1*N optical coupler via an optical fiber, and the output end of the 1*N optical coupler is connected with the N optical network units to form the downlink transmission link; the N optical network units are connected with another optical fiber of the same length via another likewise 1*N optical coupler to form the uplink transmission link, and the uplink data is transmitted to the optical line terminal. The invention does not need electro-optic or optical-electrical conversion, and the optical network units do not need the light source, thereby greatly saving the cost of the passive optical network, and the utility model can be connected with more optical network units.
Description
Technical field
What the present invention relates to is a kind of system of technical field of optical fiber communication, is specifically related to the all-optical network interconnected systems of a kind of passive optical network and metropolitan area network.
Background technology
Existing optical-fiber network can be divided into three kinds according to transmission range: backbone network, metropolitan area network and Access Network.Access Network directly provides service for the user.A large amount of information will exchange between metropolitan area network and Access Network, therefore, realizes that the metropolitan area network and the interconnected of Access Network of the no bottleneck of full light necessitates.Utilize existing low cost optical device, passive optical network (PON) has become the tempting scheme that the user realizes broadband access network because of its simple in structure and low in cost.Traditionally, it adopts tree topology, and the optical line terminal (OLT) that is positioned at the central office passes through a long optical fibers to remote node (RN) passing service, is also further transferred to many optical network units (ONU) along separate routes in the RN luminous power.Each optical network unit can provide service for a plurality of users.Another part of central office is direct and metropolitan area network is interconnected, realizes that upstream data and downlink data transmit in metropolitan area network and passive optical network, bear the vital task that connects passive optical network and metropolitan area network.
Through the literature search of prior art is found, people such as Katsumi Iwatsuki are published in the interconnection technique that discloses two kinds of metropolitan area networks and passive optical network in the article " Access and Metro Networks Based on WDM Technologies (based on the Access Network and the metropolitan area network of wavelength-division multiplex technique) " in 2004 the 22nd volumes of scholarly publication " Journal of Lightwave Technology " (" IEEE lightwave technology periodical ").First kind of scheme is provided with the light source (L wavestrip and C wavestrip) of two wavestrips in the central office, the downlink data on road converts the signal of telecommunication earlier under the metropolitan area network, is modulated at then on the L wavestrip, and is sent to optical network unit with the light of C wavestrip through an optical fiber; At optical network unit, L wavestrip and C wavestrip are separated, and the downlink data that the L wavestrip is carried is received, and upstream data is modulated onto on the C wavestrip, are sent to optical line terminal through another root optical fiber.Second kind of scheme is provided with a super-radiance light emitting diode at each optical network unit, is used for carrying upstream data, is sent to optical line terminal through an optical fiber; The interconnecting interface of central office will convert the signal of telecommunication to from the downlink data on road under the metropolitan area network, and it will be modulated on the Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing laser at optical line terminal, be sent to optical network unit through an optical fiber.This two kinds of schemes have all realized the interconnected of passive optical network and metropolitan area network in the wavelength-division multiplex system effectively.But have following shortcoming: the interconnecting interface module of central office will be finished photoelectricity and electric light conversion, has limited the processing speed of system; Descending C wavestrip does not have modulation signal in first kind of scheme, is transferred to optical network unit as the carrier wave of upstream data, has caused the waste of wavestrip resource; Super-radiance light emitting diode of each optical network unit configuration has increased cost, and has been unfavorable for the management of optical line terminal to optical network unit in second kind of scheme.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is to overcome deficiency of the prior art, propose a kind of passive optical network cheaply of full light and the all-optical network interconnected systems of metropolitan area network.The present invention will convert frequency shift keying (FSK) sign indicating number type to from non-return-to-zero amplitude modulation(PAM) (NRZ) the sign indicating number type on road under the metropolitan area network in the central office, be sent to optical network unit as downlink data, part FSK is received, and another part is modulated upstream data again as the light carrier of upstream data.The central office does not need to carry out photoelectricity and electric light conversion, can realize full optical interconnection; Optical network unit does not need light source, greatly reduces system cost.
The present invention is achieved by the following technical solutions, the present invention includes: a central office, a downlink transfer link, uplink link, 1 * N optical coupler and a N corresponding optical network unit.The central office comprises an optical add/drop multiplexer and an optical line terminal, the central office links to each other with metropolitan area network by optical add/drop multiplexer, passive optical network is inserted by optical line terminal in the central office, optical line terminal links to each other with 1 * N optical coupler through an optical fiber, the output of 1 * N optical coupler connects N optical network unit respectively, forms the downlink transfer link.N optical network unit links to each other with the optical fiber of another root with length through another same 1 * N optical coupler, forms the uplink link, sends upstream data to optical line terminal.
Described N, the number for the optical network unit (ONU) that inserts passive optical network can be 16,32,64 or more in the reality.N optical network unit arranged, and system just needs 1 * N optical coupler, and downstream signal is divided into the N road.
In the described central office, optical add/drop multiplexer belongs to a node of wavelength division multiplexing metropolitan area network, is responsible for the light signal that optionally descends certain wavelength of road or plug certain wavelength.Optical line terminal belongs to the part of passive optical network, is responsible for sending downlink data to each optical network unit, and receives the data of uploading from each optical network unit.Therefore, the central office is the pith that connects wavelength division multiplexing metropolitan area network and passive optical network.
Described optical line terminal comprises a non-return-to-zero amplitude modulation(PAM) sign indicating number (NRZ) full optical code type transducer and All Optical Wave Converter to frequency shift keying sign indicating number (FSK).NRZ is to the full optical code type transducer of FSK, and its input links to each other with the following road port of optical add/drop multiplexer, and output links to each other with downlink optical fiber, and the NRZ conversion of signals that will transmit in metropolitan area network with the way of full light becomes fsk signal, sends optical network unit to.The All Optical Wave Converter input port links to each other with uplink optical fiber, output port links to each other with the last road port of optical add/drop multiplexer, the data transaction of optical network unit being uploaded with the way of full light becomes necessary wavelength, uploads in the metropolitan area network by optical add/drop multiplexer.
Described NRZ comprises a laser, a Gain Adjustable image intensifer, 2 * 1 optical couplers and a semiconductor optical amplifier to the full optical code type transducer of FSK.Wavelength is λ
0NRZ insertion gain tunable optical amplifier, be amplified to desired power, close the road with the output of laser at 2 * 1 optical couplers, the output of optical coupler inserts semiconductor optical amplifier, semiconductor optical amplifier output be fsk signal after the conversion.The continuous light that laser sends, wavelength is different with the NRZ wavelength, is λ
1, power is less.The cross-gain modulation principle of based semiconductor image intensifer, when the NRZ signal of input was 1, the wavelength of semiconductor optical amplifier output was λ
0When the NRZ signal of input was 0, the wavelength of semiconductor optical amplifier output was λ
1The amplitude output signal of semiconductor optical amplifier remains unchanged substantially, comprises λ
0And λ
1Two wavelength are the fsk signal of output.
A described N optical network unit, wherein each optical network unit comprises a group velocity compensating module (GDC), frequency shift keying sign indicating number (FSK) receiver and an amplitude keying modulator.The input of group velocity compensating module links to each other with the corresponding port of 1 * N optical coupler of down link, and its output is divided into two-way, and one the road inserts the FSK receiver, demodulates downlink data, and the amplitude keying modulator is inserted on another road, with the modulation upstream data.The output of amplitude keying modulator inserts the corresponding port of 1 * N optical coupler of up link, is sent to optical line terminal through uplink optical fiber.
Described group velocity compensating module comprises a circulator, an adjustable optic fibre delay line, a Fiber Bragg Grating FBG.Descending fsk signal inserts first port of circulator after the output of 1 * N optical coupler, second port of circulator links to each other with Fiber Bragg Grating FBG, and the 3rd port of circulator links to each other with the adjustable optic fibre delay line.The another port of the another port of Fiber Bragg Grating FBG and adjustable optic fibre delay line is respectively as the transmission output of this group velocity compensating module and reflection output.The centre wavelength of Fiber Bragg Grating FBG is λ
1, make λ
0And λ
1The signal of wavelength is respectively from transmission end and reflection end output.The adjustable optic fibre delay line is used for compensating the GVD (Group Velocity Dispersion) of the light signal of two wavelength, makes it synchronous.
Operation principle of the present invention is as follows: the non-return-to-zero amplitude modulation(PAM) sign indicating number (NRZ) that transmits in the metropolitan area network is through the optical add/drop multiplexer of central office, following road is to optical line terminal, the intersection amplitude modulation(PAM) principle of based semiconductor image intensifer, be converted into frequency shift keying (FSK) sign indicating number at optical line terminal, be sent to corresponding optical network unit through downlink optical fiber and 1 * N optical coupler then.At optical network unit, descending fsk signal at first passes through the group velocity compensating module, and the signal of two wavelength of FSK is exported synchronously from transmission end and reflection end respectively.The part of two wavelength output signals enters the FSK receiver and demodulates downlink data; Another part closes the road again, becomes the FSK through the group velocity compensation, because the FSK constant amplitude can be used as the light carrier of modulation again, therefore, the FSK after the compensation is inserted the amplitude keying modulator, the modulation upstream data.Upstream data is a non-return-to-zero amplitude modulation(PAM) form.Upstream data is sent to optical line terminal through 1 * N of up link optical coupler and optical fiber, converts necessary wavelength λ to through wavelength shifter
2, road port on optical add/drop multiplexer enters metropolitan area network then.
The present invention compared with prior art has the following advantages: the optical add/drop multiplexer of central office, and sign indicating number type transducer, wavelength shifter is full optical device, does not need electric light or opto-electronic conversion, can unrestricted interconnected metropolitan area network and passive optical access network; The method that employing is modulated the frequency shift keying sign indicating number again transmits upstream data, and optical network unit does not need to dispose light source, has saved the cost of passive optical network greatly, if there be N optical network unit can save N light source; The frequency shift keying sign indicating number has good anti-non-linear behaviour, and down link can be supported higher launched power (the highest 20.5dBm), compares with non-return-to-zero amplitude modulation(PAM) sign indicating number type (the highest 19dBm), can connect the optical network unit of 1.4 multiple amounts; Frequency shift keying sign indicating number type can use balanced reciver to receive, and improves the receiving sensitivity of 3dB.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is a network structure of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is converter structure figure and the schematic diagram of non-return-to-zero amplitude modulation(PAM) sign indicating number among the present invention to the frequency shift keying sign indicating number;
Fig. 3 is group velocity compensating module structure chart among the present invention;
Fig. 4 is an embodiment of the invention schematic diagram;
Fig. 5 is embodiment of the invention figure one as a result;
Fig. 6 is embodiment of the invention figure two as a result.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing embodiments of the invention are elaborated: present embodiment is being to implement under the prerequisite with the technical solution of the present invention, provided detailed execution mode and concrete operating process, but protection scope of the present invention is not limited to following embodiment.
As shown in Figure 1, present embodiment comprises: a central office, a downlink transfer link, a uplink link, a 1 * N optical coupler and N optical network unit.The central office comprises an optical add/drop multiplexer and an optical line terminal; The central office links to each other with metropolitan area network by an optical add/drop multiplexer, inserts passive optical network by an optical line terminal; Optical line terminal is connected by the uplink and downlink transmission link with each optical network unit; The uplink and downlink transmission link is formed by an optical fiber and 1 * N optical coupler.
Described optical line terminal, its inside is made up of to full optical code type transducer and an All Optical Wave Converter of frequency shift keying sign indicating number (FSK) a non-return-to-zero amplitude modulation(PAM) sign indicating number (NRZ).NRZ is to the full optical code type transducer of FSK, and its input links to each other with the following road port of optical add/drop multiplexer, and output links to each other with downlink optical fiber, through 1 * N optical coupler, sends downlink data to optical network unit.The All Optical Wave Converter input port links to each other with uplink optical fiber, and output port links to each other with the last road port of optical add/drop multiplexer, and the data transaction that optical network unit is uploaded becomes necessary wavelength, uploads in the metropolitan area network by optical add/drop multiplexer.
A described N optical network unit, each optical network unit comprise a group velocity compensating module (GDC), a FSK receiver and an amplitude keying modulator.The input of group velocity compensating module links to each other with the corresponding port of 1 * N optical coupler of down link, and the output of group velocity compensating module is divided into two-way, and one the road inserts the FSK receiver, demodulates downlink data; The amplitude keying modulator is inserted on another road, with the modulation upstream data.The output of amplitude keying modulator inserts the corresponding port of 1 * N optical coupler of up link, is sent to optical line terminal through uplink optical fiber.
The non-return-to-zero amplitude modulation(PAM) sign indicating number (NRZ) that transmits in the metropolitan area network is through the optical add/drop multiplexer of central office, following road is to optical line terminal, converted to frequency shift keying (FSK) sign indicating number at optical line terminal by the full optical code type transducer, be sent to corresponding optical network unit through downlink optical fiber and 1 * N optical coupler then.At optical network unit, descending fsk signal at first passes through the group velocity compensating module, its output signal separated into two parts, and a part enters the FSK receiver and demodulates downlink data; Another part inserts the amplitude keying modulator, the modulation upstream data.Upstream data is a non-return-to-zero amplitude modulation(PAM) form.Upstream data is sent to optical line terminal through 1 * N of up link optical coupler and optical fiber, converts necessary wavelength λ to through wavelength shifter
2, road port on optical add/drop multiplexer enters metropolitan area network then.
Shown in Fig. 2 (a), non-return-to-zero amplitude modulation(PAM) sign indicating number of the present invention (NRZ) comprises a laser to the full optical code type transducer of frequency shift keying sign indicating number (FSK), a Gain Adjustable image intensifer, one 2 * 1 optical coupler and a semiconductor optical amplifier.Wavelength is λ
0NRZ insertion gain tunable optical amplifier, be amplified to desired power, the output of Gain Adjustable image intensifer and the output of laser are received two inputs of 2 * 1 optical couplers respectively, the output of optical coupler inserts semiconductor optical amplifier, semiconductor optical amplifier output be fsk signal after the conversion.Fig. 2 (b) has provided the principle of full optical code type conversion.The continuous light that laser sends, wavelength is different with the NRZ wavelength, is λ
1, power is less, between the power of NRZ signal 0 and 1.The cross-gain modulation principle of based semiconductor image intensifer, when the NRZ signal of input was 1, the wavelength of semiconductor optical amplifier output was λ
0When the NRZ signal of input was 0, the wavelength of semiconductor optical amplifier output was λ
1The amplitude output signal of semiconductor optical amplifier remains unchanged substantially, comprises λ
0And λ
1Two wavelength are the fsk signal of output.
Described Gain Adjustable image intensifer can be replaced by a normal optical amplifier and an adjustable optical attenuator cascade.
Described semiconductor optical amplifier, its operation wavelength be at 1530-1570nm, therefore, and λ
0And λ
1Need be limited to 1530-1570nm, in order to reduce the chromatic dispersion damage of FSK, two wavelength intervals do not surpass 0.5nm.For example, among the described below embodiment, λ
0And λ
1Get 1550.27nm and 1549.94nm respectively
As shown in Figure 3, the group velocity compensating module comprises a circulator, an adjustable optic fibre delay line, a Fiber Bragg Grating FBG.Descending fsk signal after the output of 1 * N optical coupler, inserts first port of circulator, and second port of circulator links to each other with Fiber Bragg Grating FBG, and the 3rd port of circulator links to each other with the adjustable optic fibre delay line.The another port of Fiber Bragg Grating FBG, and the another port of adjustable optic fibre delay line are respectively as the transmission output of this group velocity compensating module and reflection output.The centre wavelength of Fiber Bragg Grating FBG is λ
1, make λ
0And λ
1The signal of wavelength is respectively from transmission end and reflection end output.The adjustable optic fibre delay line compensates the GVD (Group Velocity Dispersion) of the light signal of two wavelength by the length of control lag line, makes it synchronous.
As shown in Figure 4, concrete enforcement legend of the present invention, demonstrated descending non-return-to-zero amplitude modulation(PAM) (NRZ) signal and be converted into frequency shift keying sign indicating number (FSK) and be sent to optical network unit, and carried the process that upstream data sends back optical line terminal by modulation again at optical network unit FSK.Downlink data is the light signal of 1550.27nm through the wavelength of a Mach zehnder modulators (MZM1) modulated laser 1 emission, and data rate is 10Gb/s, produces descending non-return-to-zero amplitude modulation(PAM) (NRZ) signal.Connect erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA1) and optical band pass filter (BPF1) then successively, with the wavelength of laser 2 emission be that the continuous light of 1549.94nm closes the road through 2 * 1 optical couplers, the output of optical coupler inserts semiconductor optical amplifier, the NRZ signal is converted into FSK, and the fsk signal of semiconductor optical amplifier output is sent to optical network unit through one 12.5 kilometers monomode fiber.Monomode fiber inserts first port of circulator, second port of circulator connects Fiber Bragg Grating FBG, the 3rd port of circulator connects the adjustable optic fibre delay line, Fiber Bragg Grating FBG and adjustable optic fibre delay line output this moment be respectively synchronous 1550.27nm and transmitted light and the reverberation of 1549.94nm.The output of Fiber Bragg Grating FBG and adjustable optic fibre delay line connects a splitter respectively, and with the light separated into two parts, a part of light inserts two inputs of balanced reciver, demodulates downlink data; Another part light closes the road again through 2 * 1 optical couplers, another Mach of incident zehnder modulators (MZM2), and the modulation upstream data, data rate is 1.25Gb/s, data format is the non-return-to-zero amplitude modulation(PAM).The output of MZM2 connects another erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA2) successively, another optical band pass filter (BPF2), and 12.5 kilometers monomode fibers of another root enter photoelectric detector, detect upstream data.
As shown in Figure 5, be embodiment of the invention figure as a result.Fig. 5 (a) is the spectrum of descending non-return-to-zero amplitude modulation(PAM) (NRZ) signal; The spectrum of frequency shift keying sign indicating number (FSK) of Fig. 5 (b) after for conversion can see that two wavelength power that FSK comprises are identical; The spectrum of Fig. 5 (c) for recording at group velocity compensating module transmission output port; The spectrum of Fig. 5 (d) for recording in group velocity compensating module reflection output port.
As shown in Figure 6, be embodiment of the invention Fig. 2 as a result.Fig. 6 (a) is the eye pattern of descending non-return-to-zero amplitude modulation(PAM) (NRZ) signal, and extinction ratio is about 10dB; Fig. 6 (b) is the eye pattern of the frequency shift keying sign indicating number (FSK) after changing, and it is constant that amplitude keeps substantially; The eye pattern of Fig. 6 (c) for recording at group velocity compensating module transmission output port, extinction ratio is about 6dB; The eye pattern of Fig. 6 (d) for recording in group velocity compensating module reflection output port, extinction ratio is about 6dB; Fig. 6 (e) is the eye pattern of the back-to-back fsk signal of balanced reciver detection; The eye pattern that Fig. 6 (f) detects for balanced reciver through the fsk signal of 12.5 kilometers transmission, comparing with Fig. 6 (e) has increased noise; Fig. 6 (g) is the eye pattern of the back-to-back upstream data of photoelectric detector detection; The eye pattern that Fig. 6 (h) detects for photoelectric detector through the upstream data of 12.5 kilometers transmission.
Claims (6)
1. the all-optical network interconnected systems of passive optical network and metropolitan area network, comprise: a central office,, a downlink transfer link,, a uplink link, 1 * N optical coupler and N corresponding optical network unit, it is characterized in that, described central office comprises an optical add/drop multiplexer and an optical line terminal, the central office links to each other with metropolitan area network by optical add/drop multiplexer, passive optical network is inserted by optical line terminal in the central office, optical line terminal links to each other with 1 * N optical coupler through an optical fiber, the output of 1 * N optical coupler connects N optical network unit respectively, form the downlink transfer link, N optical network unit links to each other with the optical fiber of another root with length through another same 1 * N optical coupler, form the uplink link, send upstream data to optical line terminal;
Described N for the number of the optical network unit that inserts passive optical network, is 16,32,64 or more; N optical network unit arranged, and system just needs 1 * N optical coupler, and downstream signal is divided into the N road;
Described optical line terminal, comprise a non-return-to-zero amplitude modulation(PAM) sign indicating number full optical code type transducer and All Optical Wave Converter to the frequency shift keying sign indicating number, non-return-to-zero amplitude modulation(PAM) sign indicating number links to each other with the following road port of optical add/drop multiplexer to the full optical code type transducer input of frequency shift keying sign indicating number, output links to each other with the downlink transfer link fiber, through 1 * N optical coupler, send downlink data to corresponding optical network unit, the All Optical Wave Converter input port links to each other with the uplink link fiber, output port links to each other with the last road port of optical add/drop multiplexer, the data transaction that optical network unit is uploaded becomes necessary wavelength, uploads in the metropolitan area network by optical add/drop multiplexer;
A described N optical network unit, wherein each optical network unit comprises a group velocity compensating module, a frequency shift keying sign indicating number receiver and an amplitude keying modulator, the input of group velocity compensating module links to each other with the corresponding port of 1 * N optical coupler of downlink transfer link, the output of group velocity compensating module is divided into two-way, one the road inserts frequency shift keying sign indicating number receiver, demodulate downlink data, the amplitude keying modulator is inserted on another road, with the modulation upstream data, the output of amplitude keying modulator inserts the corresponding port of 1 * N optical coupler of uplink link, is sent to optical line terminal through the uplink link fiber.
2. the all-optical network interconnected systems of passive optical network according to claim 1 and metropolitan area network, it is characterized in that, described non-return-to-zero amplitude modulation(PAM) sign indicating number is to the full optical code type transducer of frequency shift keying sign indicating number, comprise a laser, a Gain Adjustable image intensifer, one 2 * 1 optical coupler and a semiconductor optical amplifier, non-return-to-zero amplitude modulation(PAM) coded signal insertion gain tunable optical amplifier to be converted, be amplified to required power, the output of Gain Adjustable image intensifer and the output of laser are received two inputs of 2 * 1 optical couplers respectively, the output of 2 * 1 optical couplers inserts semiconductor optical amplifier, semiconductor optical amplifier output be frequency shift keying coded signal after the conversion.
3. the all-optical network interconnected systems of passive optical network according to claim 2 and metropolitan area network, it is characterized in that, described laser, its wavelength is different with the wavelength of descending non-return-to-zero amplitude modulation(PAM) coded signal, and the power output of laser is between the power of descending non-return-to-zero amplitude modulation(PAM) coded signal 0 and 1.
4. the all-optical network interconnected systems of passive optical network according to claim 2 and metropolitan area network is characterized in that, described Gain Adjustable image intensifer, or by a normal optical amplifier and an adjustable optical attenuator cascade replacement.
5. the all-optical network interconnected systems of passive optical network according to claim 1 and metropolitan area network, it is characterized in that, described group velocity compensating module, comprise a circulator, an adjustable optic fibre delay line, a Fiber Bragg Grating FBG, descending frequency shift keying coded signal, after the output of 1 * N optical coupler, insert first port of circulator, second port of circulator links to each other with Fiber Bragg Grating FBG, the 3rd port of circulator links to each other with the adjustable optic fibre delay line, the another port of the another port of Fiber Bragg Grating FBG and adjustable optic fibre delay line is respectively as the transmission output of this group velocity compensating module and reflection output.
6. the all-optical network interconnected systems of passive optical network according to claim 5 and metropolitan area network, it is characterized in that, described Fiber Bragg Grating FBG, the wavelength of its centre wavelength and the non-return-to-zero amplitude modulation(PAM) sign indicating number laser in the full optical code type transducer of frequency shift keying sign indicating number is identical, to reflect the signal of this wavelength.
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| CN102752066A (en) * | 2011-04-22 | 2012-10-24 | 苏州海光芯创光电科技有限公司 | Wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM)-based annular passive optical network (PON) for seamlessly fusing multiple topological network architectures |
| US11799553B2 (en) * | 2021-03-17 | 2023-10-24 | Electronics And Telecommunications Research Institute | Apparatus and method of generating terahertz signal using directly-modulated laser |
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