CN101156770A - A sleeping respiration interference testing apparatus - Google Patents

A sleeping respiration interference testing apparatus Download PDF

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CN101156770A
CN101156770A CNA2007101805120A CN200710180512A CN101156770A CN 101156770 A CN101156770 A CN 101156770A CN A2007101805120 A CNA2007101805120 A CN A2007101805120A CN 200710180512 A CN200710180512 A CN 200710180512A CN 101156770 A CN101156770 A CN 101156770A
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module
blood oxygen
chip microcomputer
data
testing apparatus
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CN100544669C (en
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张明慧
许志彬
牛小民
李金河
杨峰
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HUANAN MEDICAL ELECTRICAL TECH Co Ltd HENAN
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HUANAN MEDICAL ELECTRICAL TECH Co Ltd HENAN
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Abstract

The invention relates to a sleep respiratory disturbance detecting device which comprises a respiratory pressure sensing module used to detect respiratory pressure data, a blood oxygen detecting module used to detect blood oxygen data, a module / digital conversion module connected with the respiratory pressure sensing module and the blood oxygen detecting module, a single-chip microcomputer connected with the module / digital conversion module, a storage module connected with the single-chip microcomputer, and an interface circuit module connected with the storage module. The device can simultaneously detect the blood oxygen date and the respiratory pressure value data of a human body, a defect that the detection data of the prior sleep respiratory disturbance diagnostic equipment is single is solved, simultaneously, the defects that the detection electrode of the prior multi conductor sleep recording instrument is numerous, and a detecting procedure is complicated are overcome.

Description

A kind of sleeping respiration interference testing apparatus
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of medical inspection device, relate in particular to a kind of sleeping respiration interference testing apparatus.
Background technology
Sleep disordered breathing be meant occur repeatedly under the sleep state that a variety of causes causes asphyxia and (or) low ventilation, cause hypoxemia, hypercapnia, thereby make body that the clinical syndrome of a series of pathophysiological changes take place.A large amount of Epidemiological studys shows, sleep disordered breathing can cause multiple severe complications such as hypertension, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, atherosclerotic generation can also be quickened, and various clinical symptoms symptoms such as sleep quality decline, hypomnesis can be caused.
In China, the prevalence that with the snoring is the obstructive sleep respiratory disorder of cardinal symptom is 4%, over-65s crowd sickness rate is up to 20% to 40%, and the final disastrous effect of sleep disordered breathing is to suffer from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease has occupied global disease cause of the death first place.Above data show that the sleep disease has become a kind of commonly encountered diseases, should give positive diagnosis and treatment.
At present, mainly be to adopt to lead polysomnograph more tested patient is carried out monitored record the whole night to the diagnostic method of sleep disordered breathing clinically, this sleep-respiratory recording equipment volume is big, inconvenience is moved, and this kind polysomnograph electrode is numerous, influence patient's sleep quality easily, monitoring result is had harmful effect.Tens of parameters such as the brain electricity of doctor by leading polysomnograph record, eye electricity, electrocardio, breathing are analyzed more, and then the state of an illness is made judgement, and the process complexity is loaded down with trivial details.The portable sleep-respiratory monitoring equipment of minority is also arranged in the prior art, but the parameter that these equipment can detect is single, the foundation of accurate judgement can't be provided for medical procedure.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is to the deficiency at the prior art existence, a kind of sleeping respiration interference testing apparatus is provided, detecting electrode is few, and can gather human body blood oxygen levels data and respiratory pressure Value Data simultaneously.
To achieve these goals, the invention provides a kind of sleeping respiration interference testing apparatus, comprising:
The respiratory pressure sensing module is used to detect respiratory pressure Value Data signal;
Blood oxygen detection module is used to detect the blood oxygen levels data signal;
Mould/number conversion module is connected with blood oxygen detection module with described respiratory pressure sensing module respectively, is used for described respiratory pressure sensing module is become digital signal with the detected analog signal conversion of blood oxygen detection module;
Single-chip microcomputer is connected with described mould/number conversion module, is used to receive the digital signal data that described mould/the number conversion module transmits, and these data are carried out filtering, amplification and storage;
Memory module is connected with described single-chip microcomputer, is used to store the data that single-chip microcomputer transmits;
Interface module is connected with described single-chip microcomputer, is used to realize the transfer of data between memory module and the computer.
Sleeping respiration interference testing apparatus provided by the invention, gather the human body oximetry data by photodiode in the blood oxygen detection module and light emitting diode, gather human body respiration force value data by breath pressure sensor, to have overcome the existing polysomnograph detecting electrode of leading numerous more, the defective that trace routine is loaded down with trivial details, and computer can serve as according to judging the sleep quality situation, having overcome existing sleep disordered breathing diagnostic device and detected the single defective of data with these two kinds of data simultaneously in this device.This equipment is provided with USB simultaneously, need not drive software, can carry out transfer of data with computer easily.
Also in conjunction with the accompanying drawings the present invention is described in further detail below by specific embodiment.
Description of drawings
Figure 1 shows that sleeping respiration interference testing apparatus structural representation of the present invention;
Figure 2 shows that respiratory pressure sensing module circuit diagram in the sleeping respiration interference testing apparatus of the present invention;
Figure 3 shows that in the sleeping respiration interference testing apparatus of the present invention blood oxygen probe drive circuit figure in the blood oxygen detection module;
Figure 4 shows that sleeping respiration interference testing apparatus one example structure sketch map of the present invention;
Figure 5 shows that clock holding circuit figure among Fig. 4 embodiment of the present invention;
Figure 6 shows that interface module circuit diagram in the sleeping respiration interference testing apparatus of the present invention.
The specific embodiment
Figure 1 shows that sleeping respiration interference testing apparatus structural representation of the present invention, this device specifically comprises: the respiratory pressure sensing module 1 of Lian Jieing, mould/number conversion module 2, single-chip microcomputer 3, memory module 4, interface module 5 in turn also comprise the blood oxygen detection module 6 that is connected with mould/number conversion module 2; Wherein respiratory pressure sensing module 1 specifically comprises: pressure transducer 11, filtering amplification module 12; Blood oxygen detection module 6 specifically comprises: first light emitting diode 61, second light emitting diode 62, photodiode 63; The concrete operation principle of this device is: the breath data that the pressure transducer 11 in the respiratory pressure sensing module 1 is gathered human body, filtering amplification module 12 is input to mould/number conversion module 2 after this data filtering is amplified then, single-chip microcomputer 3 drives first light emitting diode 61 in the blood oxygen detection module 6 simultaneously, second light emitting diode 62 is alternately luminous, human finger is after first light emitting diode 61 and 62 irradiations of second light emitting diode, transillumination is detected by photodiode 63, photodiode 63 converts detected optical signal to the signal of telecommunication and is transferred to mould/number conversion module 2, mould/number conversion module 2 converts the human body respiration force value data and the human body oximetry data of the analog signal format that receives to digital signals format, single-chip microcomputer 3 sends to memory module 4 to the data of this digital signals format then, and memory module 4 is delivered to computer by interface module 5 with the data of this digital signals format and carried out analyzing and processing.
The people can form respiratory air flow at nasal cavity when general breathing, the intensity of air-flow and the depth of breathing have direct relation, and air-flow formed pressure of transmission in the air tube of certain caliber is proportional with the intensity of air-flow again; Therefore, according to this dependency, the pressure size that produces during breathing has directly reflected the depth that the people breathes.The air tube of wear-type is used in the collection of respiratory pressure, the pressure transducer 11 of the pressure transmission that the faint breath air-flow that air tube forms in the nostril during with human body respiration is produced to the sleeping respiration interference testing apparatus of the present invention, pressure transducer 11 is converted into the signal of telecommunication with the pressure of experiencing and sends mould/number conversion module 2 to after filtering is amplified.Figure 2 shows that and breathe the sensing module circuit diagram in the sleeping respiration interference testing apparatus of the present invention, among the figure, pressure transducer is chip MPXV5004, pressure transducer and three capacitor C 4, C5, C6 and diode D1 have constituted the breathing sensing module, and the output signal of pressure transducer is input to the 50th pin of single-chip microcomputer.
The noinvasive detecting sphygmus and blood oxygen saturation measuring method that extensively adopts is clinically at present adopted in the collection of blood oxygen parameter among the present invention, and detecting sphygmus and blood oxygen saturation SpO2 refers to the percent value of oxygen content and oxygen capacity.This method is foundation with HbO2 Oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) and reduced hemoglobin (Hb) in the spectral characteristic of HONGGUANG and infrared light region, according to the different absorption spectrums of content of HbO2 and Hb also different qualities, can reflect blood oxygen saturation exactly according to the content of HbO2 and Hb.Blood near the wavelength 660nm and near the ratio that reflects the 940nm reflect the variation of blood oxygen saturation the most sensitively.In the solution of the present invention, the D/A output port that utilizes 16 single-chip microcomputers 3 (used single-chip microcomputer is the MSP430 chip among the present invention) to carry alternately produces and drives first light emitting diode 61 that glows and the driving pulse of sending out second light emitting diode 61 of infrared light, producing enough voltage and currents after driving makes two light emitting diodes take turns red-emitting and infrared light, preferably, the red-emitting wavelength should be near 660nm, and the infrared light wavelength should be near 940nm; Emission light produces transillumination after pointing, transillumination will be placed in two light emitting diode opposites in the blood oxygen detection module photodiode 63 receives, and photodiode 63 is delivered to mould/number conversion module 2 after converting the optical signal that receives to the signal of telecommunication.Figure 3 shows that in the sleeping respiration interference testing apparatus of the present invention blood oxygen probe drive circuit figure in the blood oxygen detection module, blood oxygen probe is meant the probe portion that is used for the human body blood oxygen levels that first light emitting diode in the blood oxygen detection module, second light emitting diode and photodiode are formed.Among the figure, four audion Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4 and resistance R 5, R6, R7, R8, R9, R10 constitute blood oxygen probe drive circuit in the blood oxygen detection module jointly, the C end is used to receive the signal from the output of single-chip microcomputer the 41st pin, the D end is used to receive the signal from the output of single-chip microcomputer the 40th pin, and the A end connects first light emitting diode or second light emitting diode respectively with the B end.
The major function of single-chip microcomputer 3 has two: (1) goes out the SpO2 value according to the data computation of blood oxygen detection module collection; (2) go out the stream pressure value of human body respiration according to the data computation of pressure transducer collection.
(1) on the approach of light conduction, except that the arterial blood hemoglobin absorbing light, its hetero-organization (as skin, soft tissue, venous blood and capillary blood) but also absorbing light.But during incident illumination process finger, light can be absorbed simultaneously by pulsation blood and its hetero-organization, but the light intensity that both absorb is different, the arteries pulsation expands, light conduction distance is increased, thereby the optical absorption enhancing, forming and exchange the AC signal, the light intensity (AC) that the pulsation arterial blood absorbs changes along with the variation of arterial pressure Reeb.And the light intensity that its hetero-organization absorbs is direct current (DC) part, not with beating and the time changes.Therefore, utilize photodiode to predict to pass the light intensity that sees through of finger, the light absorption ratio that utilizes following formula (1) just can calculate in two wavelength is:
R=(AC 660/DC 660)/(AC 940/DC 940) (1)
In the formula (1), AC 660And DC 660Detected DC voltage of photodiode and ac voltage when being respectively first lumination of light emitting diode of wavelength 660nm, AC 940And DC 940Detected dc voltage value of photodiode and ac voltage when being respectively second lumination of light emitting diode of wavelength 940nm, the signal of two light emitting diodes of driving of single-chip microcomputer output is the two-way inversion signal, two light emitting diodes are alternately luminous, so the AC and DC magnitude of voltage during detected first led lighting is data during high level in the one-period in the pulse of Micro Controller Unit (MCU) driving first light emitting diode, the data during high level in the same cycle in the rp pulse that the detected AC and DC value of second light emitting diode is Micro Controller Unit (MCU) driving second light emitting diode.Because R and SpO2 are inversely proportional to, SpO2=K/R, wherein K is a constant, the value of K is determined according to the kind of blood oxygen probe part first light emitting diode, second light emitting diode and photodiode in the blood oxygen detection module, according to the R value, just can draw corresponding SpO2 value.
According to above principle, the photo-signal input single-chip microcomputer built-in current amplifier that collects is amplified.Signal application infinite impulse response after amplifying (infinite impulse response, infinite impulse response are called for short IIR) digital filtering method is determined DC component.After DC component is separated, isolated DC component is on the one hand as the standard of controlling light-emitting diode luminance, single-chip microcomputer carries out DC component to export behind the D/A switch to be controlled two light emitting diodes, make the brightness of two light emitting diodes more even, stable, thus surround lighting and next influence and the interference of other external belt further reduced; Flip-flop makes AC signal further clear as the difference input that the alternating component secondary amplifies on the other hand, and is clear and definite, reduces the unstability that other electric current compositions bring to calculating.And amplify through secondary again after calculating the required AC signal of using and separating, utilize finite impulse response (Finite Impulse Response, finite impulse response, be called for short FIR) digital filtering, the accuracy of digital filtering and stability help the power frequency of effective more filtering 50Hz and the interference that some high frequencies produce, and the minimizing external circuit reduces equipment power dissipation.The sequential of lighting according to corresponding first diode and second diode is determined the return of value sequential of AC signal, after return data is extracted in timesharing, utilize formula (1) and the R standard curve corresponding can calculate and the corresponding SpO2 value of R value with SpO2 according to the interchange Value Data that returns the signal of telecommunication that light intensity produces.According to counting, then can calculate the pulse frequency value of human body according to following formula (2) to light intensity periodicity conversion in the continuous sampling cycle.
Per minute pulse frequency=sample rate * 60/ (sample counter count value/3) (2)
Wherein, sample rate is the sample frequency of single-chip microcomputer when carrying out analog digital conversion, and the sample counter count value is that initial value is the number of times that 0 sample counter is sampled when whenever collecting 3 maximums altogether in the single-chip microcomputer.
Respiratory air flow is transferred on the high sensitivity pressure transducer through air tube, and air-flow produces air pressure on pick off, and atmospheric pressure value is responded to and convert to the signal of telecommunication of respective strengths by pressure transducer., then can calculate the suffered stream pressure of pick off according to the value of electrical signals of returning easily, thereby can detect the respiratory pressure value of human body the explanation of cell pressure by the device handbook of pressure transducer with the output corresponding relation.
According to above-mentioned principle, the output signal of pressure transducer is imported single-chip microcomputer after amplifying, single-chip microcomputer carries out mould/number conversion to it, utilize the power frequency of digital filtering mode filtering 50Hz such as FIR to disturb and High-frequency Interference, filtered signal can calculate corresponding respiratory pressure value according to the pressure relation formula corresponding with output signal.
After handling through single-chip microcomputer, the detected data of pressure transducer and blood oxygen detection module obtain the data that finally need write down, these data are classified the buffer area of delivering to single-chip microcomputer and store, after buffer area is filled with, single-chip microcomputer is by direct memory storage (Direct Memory Access, the direct memory storage, abbreviation DMA) mode is write into memory module 4 with data, and memory module 4 can be the high speed flash memory among the present invention.Can reduce the read-write number of times of single-chip microcomputer like this, reduce the time of visit flash memory, thereby further reduce power consumption flash memory.The data of these memory module 4 storages are bases that the sleep disordered breathing disease is judged.
The present invention can also comprise clock holding circuit module, be illustrated in figure 4 as sleeping respiration interference testing apparatus one example structure sketch map of the present invention, compare with apparatus structure shown in Figure 1, many a power module 7 and clock holding circuit modules 8 among Fig. 4, this power module 7 respectively with mould/number conversion module 2, single-chip microcomputer 3, memory module 4, interface module 5 and blood oxygen detection module 6 connect, be used for to mould/number conversion module 2, single-chip microcomputer 3, memory module 4, interface module 5 and 6 power supplies of blood oxygen detection module, clock holding circuit module 8 is connected with single-chip microcomputer 3, even this clock holding circuit module 8 can guarantee that sleeping respiration interference testing apparatus of the present invention also can guarantee the single-chip microcomputer operate as normal under the situation of power module 7 power down.Be illustrated in figure 5 as clock holding circuit figure among Fig. 4 embodiment of the present invention, crystal oscillator Y2, pull-up resistor group R20 and battery BT2 have constituted the clock holding circuit jointly, and wherein E, F, G end are connected with the 23rd, the 22nd, the 21st pin of single-chip microcomputer respectively.
The structure of interface module 5 of the present invention as shown in Figure 6, Figure 6 shows that interface module circuit diagram in the sleeping respiration interference testing apparatus of the present invention, interface module of the present invention is mainly realized by chip CBM2090, this chip is supported the standard communications protocol of Windows Universal USB equipment, can directly carry out communication and exchanges data, need not installation of drive software in computer with the PC that Windows operating system is housed.
Computer reads the data that are stored in the memory module 4 by interface module 5, obtains the blood oxygen levels data and breathes Value Data and pulse frequency Value Data, draws out blood oxygen levels, respiratory pressure value and pulse frequency value curve over time then respectively.
According at present clinically to the definition of sleep disordered breathing, every night in the sleep in 7 hours, asphyxia is shown effect more than 30 times (continuing more than 10 seconds) repeatedly at every turn or the sleep disordered breathing index is equal to or greater than 5, and descends to all may be defined as more than or equal to 4% patient than foundation level with blood oxygen saturation and suffer from the sleep disordered breathing disease.
Computer is in the process to blood oxygen levels, respiratory pressure value and the tracing analysis over time of pulse frequency value, be reduced to 50% when following of eupnea force value when finding to have blood oxygen levels to drop to 90% below horizontal or respiratory pressure suddenly rapidly, computer marks this period automatically, and should period respiratory pressure value and blood oxygen levels carry out record.Because the variation of blood oxygen levels lags behind the variation of respiratory pressure value usually, therefore when mark, the time starting point is chosen in the time point below 50% that the respiratory pressure value is reduced to the eupnea force value, the termination time point selection is recovered normal level in the respiratory pressure value and is postponed 10s later on again, so just can make the blood oxygen levels of this period and respiratory pressure Value Data record more complete.
To above-mentioned when find to have blood oxygen levels drop to rapidly suddenly unusual period 50% below that 90% below horizontal or respiratory pressure is reduced to the eupnea force value mark finish after, utilization is marked the quantity (promptly being marked total number of time period) of period divided by sleep total time, can obtain asphyxia/low spiro-index (Apnea Hypopnea Index, asphyxia/low spiro-index, be called for short AHI), sleep disordered breathing index just.This index is one of key index of judging clinically the sleep disordered breathing order of severity.Increase and decrease determines that in conjunction with variation tendency, the speed of corresponding blood oxygen levels the measured belongs to obstructive sleep apnea (Obstructive Sleep Apnoea according to respiratory air flow, obstructive sleep apnea, be called for short OSA) or nerve sleep apnea (Central SleepApnea, the nerve sleep apnea is called for short CSA).
When the above-mentioned unusual period was carried out data record, the minima of respiratory pressure value and blood oxygen levels was the key of record, also was the foundation that afterwards state of an illness is judged.When the number of times that surpasses 10s near 0 level and persistent period when the respiratory pressure value that records surpasses 30, just can determine that the tested person suffers from the sleep disordered breathing disease.According to the asphyxia that has calculated/low spiro-index (AHI), the minima of the blood oxygen levels of segment record when corresponding again, with both with compare according to the rule of formulating clinically, just can judge the degree of the state of an illness:
When AHI numerical value is 5~20; The minimum blood oxygen levels 90% 〉=SpO2 of same period of record 〉=86% o'clock is the hypophypnosis respiratory disorder;
When AHI numerical value is 21~50; The minimum blood oxygen levels 85% 〉=SpO2 of same period 〉=80% o'clock of record is the moderate sleep disordered breathing;
When AHI numerical value is>50; During the minimum blood oxygen levels 79% 〉=SpO2 of same period of record is the severe sleep disordered breathing;
Describing of above respiratory pressure value, blood oxygen levels and pulse frequency value curve, the division mark of unusual period, abnormal data record, and last abnormal data analysis, calculating and evaluation algorithm are finished according to software algorithm automatically by computer.Computer can carry out clear and definite output to judged result after finishing, to determine whether the tested person suffers from the order of severity of the sleep disordered breathing disease and the state of an illness thereof, and the pulse frequency value of record also can help the doctor to judge that patient respiration produces the heartbeat situation when unusual, for diseases such as cardiovascular early stage investigation and the research aspect of tracing to the source valuable information is provided.Whole detection decision process is simple, and the result is clear and definite, can make exactly the state of an illness automatically and judging, helps improving diagnosis efficiency and accuracy.
Sleeping respiration interference testing apparatus provided by the invention, gather the human body oximetry data by photodiode in the blood oxygen detection module and light emitting diode, gather human body respiration force value data by breath pressure sensor, to have overcome the existing polysomnograph detecting electrode of leading numerous more, the defective that trace routine is loaded down with trivial details, and computer can serve as according to judging the sleep quality situation with these two kinds of data simultaneously in this device, overcome existing sleep disordered breathing diagnostic device and detected the single defective of data, this equipment is provided with USB interface simultaneously, need not drive software, can carry out transfer of data with computer easily.
It should be noted that at last: above embodiment only in order to technical scheme of the present invention to be described, is not intended to limit; Although with reference to previous embodiment the present invention is had been described in detail, those of ordinary skill in the art is to be understood that: it still can be made amendment to the technical scheme that aforementioned each embodiment put down in writing, and perhaps part technical characterictic wherein is equal to replacement; And these modifications or replacement do not make the essence of appropriate technical solution break away from the spirit and scope of various embodiments of the present invention technical scheme.

Claims (8)

1. sleeping respiration interference testing apparatus is characterized in that comprising:
The respiratory pressure sensing module is used to detect respiratory pressure Value Data signal;
Blood oxygen detection module is used to detect the blood oxygen levels data signal;
Mould/number conversion module is connected with blood oxygen detection module with described respiratory pressure sensing module respectively, is used for described respiratory pressure sensing module is become digital signal with the detected analog signal conversion of blood oxygen detection module;
Single-chip microcomputer is connected with described mould/number conversion module, is used to receive the digital signal data that described mould/the number conversion module transmits, and these data are carried out filtering, amplification and storage;
Memory module is connected with described single-chip microcomputer, is used to store the data that single-chip microcomputer transmits;
Interface module is connected with described memory module, is used for carrying out transfer of data with external equipment.
2. sleeping respiration interference testing apparatus according to claim 1, it is characterized in that also comprising: power module, be connected with described blood oxygen detection module, mould/number conversion module, single-chip microcomputer, memory module, interface module respectively, be used for to described blood oxygen detection module, mould/number conversion module, single-chip microcomputer, memory module, interface module power supply.
3. sleeping respiration interference testing apparatus according to claim 1 is characterized in that, described respiratory pressure sensing module specifically comprises:
Pressure transducer is used to detect the respiratory pressure value;
The filtering amplification module is connected with described pressure transducer and mould/number conversion module, is used for the detected respiratory pressure Value Data of described pressure transducer signal is carried out sending to described mould/number conversion module after filtering is amplified.
4. according to claim 1 or 2 or 3 described sleeping respiration interference testing apparatus, it is characterized in that described blood oxygen detection module specifically comprises:
First light emitting diode is connected with described single-chip microcomputer, is used for red-emitting;
Second light emitting diode is connected with described single-chip microcomputer, is used to launch infrared light;
Photodiode is connected with described mould/number conversion module, is used to receive HONGGUANG and infrared light that described first light emitting diode and second light emitting diode send, and converts this HONGGUANG and infrared light to the signal of telecommunication and be transferred to described mould/number conversion module.
5. according to claim 2 or 3 described sleeping respiration interference testing apparatus, it is characterized in that also comprising: clock holding circuit module, be connected with described single-chip microcomputer, be used for when described power module power down, providing clock signal for single-chip microcomputer.
6. according to claim 1 or 2 or 3 described sleeping respiration interference testing apparatus, it is characterized in that described single-chip microcomputer is specially the MSP430 chip.
7. according to claim 1 or 2 or 3 described sleeping respiration interference testing apparatus, it is characterized in that described pressure transducer specifically is the MPXV5004 chip.
8. according to claim 1 or 2 or 3 described sleeping respiration interference testing apparatus, it is characterized in that described interface module is the USB circuit.
CNB2007101805120A 2007-11-22 2007-11-22 A kind of sleeping respiration interference testing apparatus Expired - Fee Related CN100544669C (en)

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CN103202687A (en) * 2012-01-12 2013-07-17 谢汝石 Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome patient preliminary screening system
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CN103892845A (en) * 2014-04-08 2014-07-02 中国科学院微电子研究所 System for measuring blood oxygen content
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