CN101144777B - Preparation method of standard sample for spectrum analysis - Google Patents

Preparation method of standard sample for spectrum analysis Download PDF

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CN101144777B
CN101144777B CN2007100612652A CN200710061265A CN101144777B CN 101144777 B CN101144777 B CN 101144777B CN 2007100612652 A CN2007100612652 A CN 2007100612652A CN 200710061265 A CN200710061265 A CN 200710061265A CN 101144777 B CN101144777 B CN 101144777B
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steel
value
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CN101144777A (en
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郑建华
付继成
牛红军
龚宜勇
邱峰
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Tianjin Steel Tube Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
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Tianjin Pipe Group Corp
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Abstract

The invention provides a preparation method of a spectral analysis standard sample, and the preparation method comprises the steps of sieving the steel class, confirming the element and the initial value of the steel class, preparing the standard sample, testing the uniformity, analyzing the constant value and confirming the standard value, identifying, packaging and making certificate, scrutinizing the stability, and contrasting the standard steel. The invention has the advantages that the analyzing speed can be improved by using the standard steel, the duration of heat is saved, and the benefit is quite impressive. The problem of on-line analysis of the five harmful elements can be solved, and the smelting is monitored in real time, to stop the situation of scrap steel or steel class changing caused by the over limited five harmful elements happening. A piece of standard steel can control the major elements and the residual elements, monitor the five harmful elements and the acid-soluble aluminium in the liquid steel in real time, without the analyzing time increased. The method can be popularized, and the spectral analysis controlling standard steel is necessary for the prior steel-making corporation. By using continuous casting semi finished metal to develop the spectral analysis controlling standard steel, the process is simplified, and the developing cost is reduced.

Description

The preparation method of standard sample for spectrum analysis
Technical field
The present invention relates to make steel and the tube rolling production testing in the preparation method of standard sample for spectrum analysis.
Background technology
Elimination of Blank for Analysis is occupied critical positions in modern metallurgical analysis measuring technology, it is a kind of method of chemical composition analysis quickly and accurately, and general needed 2-3 minute just can quote analysis result.But it is a kind of relative analytical approach, must make reference with the mark steel of known component content, could obtain rapid and precise analysis result.Direct reading spectrometry mark steel divides two kinds, and a kind of is to set up instrument calibration curve (also claiming working curve) with marking steel, and this mark steel is state specialized production and sales (being numbered GBW or GSB prefix); Another kind is to smelt or operation of rolling analysis control mark steel.It is suitable that control mark steel is difficult to buy, because control mark steel is to be used to control stokehold tapping analysis and mill product analysis; Elimination of Blank for Analysis requires control mark steel smelting consistent or basically identical on steel grade and the production technology with sample to be analyzed, just chemical constitution, the component content of control mark steel will be with chemical constitution, component content and the consistent or basically identicals of metallurgical structural state of sample to be analyzed with metallurgical structural state, ability is fast detecting accurately, otherwise the systematic error that data are difficult to eliminate will take place to analyze, even produce wrong result.
At present, control mark steel derives from three aspects: the one, select part composition or the approaching mark piece of content from state specialized production and sales; The 2nd, the mark piece of from fraternal steel mill self-control control sample piece, seeking help similar; The 3rd, the own definite value that filters out on a small quantity from the production testing sample by analysis is as with reference to the control sample.Because these sample pieces are not real control mark steel, so have many problems in actual the use, mainly contain: 1. during analytical sample, need analyze polylith control mark steel (general 3-4 piece) simultaneously and just can control essential element and content thereof (C/ carbon, Si/ silicon, Mn/ manganese, P/ phosphorus, S/ sulphur, Ni/ nickel, Cr/ chromium, Mo/ molybdenum, V/ vanadium, Ti/ titanium, Al/ aluminium etc.), thereby delay analysis time (metallurgical analysis require each sample can not above 5 minutes); 2. lack remaining trace element (Ca/ calcium, B/ boron, Nb/ Niobium, Cu copper etc.), particularly five-harmful elements (Pb/ lead, Sn/ tin, As/ arsenic, Sb/ antimony, Bi/ bismuth) in the control mark steel; Though five-harmful elements content is few, to steel, particularly the harm of the quality of oil country tubular goods is very big, monitoring in real time during smelting.Owing to lack control mark steel, can not accomplish on-line analysis, once cause many heats steel scrap (150 tons in every stove) or change steel grade, bring about great losses.3. because the difference of metallurgical structural state and the integrity problem of definite value level cause the constituent content analysis error big, what have has influence on product quality; 4. the kind and the quantity of control mark steel are not enough, and along with being on the increase of product variety, output constantly enlarges, and this contradiction becomes increasingly conspicuous.
Summary of the invention
For solving the problem that exists in the above-mentioned technology, the purpose of this invention is to provide a kind of preparation method of standard sample for spectrum analysis, be beneficial to solve accurate analyzing chemical composition in the steel-making online production process, product quality is controlled effectively.
For achieving the above object, the technical solution that the present invention adopts provides a kind of preparation method of standard sample for spectrum analysis, and this method includes following steps:
1. screening steel grade
Produce the continuous cast round billets that sifts out urgent need 7-8 thousand stoves, nearly 100 steel grades from annual electric furnace, length dimension is: Φ 0.27X 0.7m, selected 10 steel grades;
2. determine element and the composition initial value that each steel grade needs
According to the product composition requirement, determine that each steel grade needs the essential element of definite value--C, Si, Mn, P, S, Ni, Cr, Mo, V, Ti, Al, remaining trace element--Ca, B, Nb, Cu, Pb, Sn, As, Sb, Bi, 10 steel grades need 180 elements of definite value altogether; Determine the first measured value of each element with the direct reading spectrometry analysis;
3. the spectral analysis preparation of mark steel sample piece
0.7～1.0m circle strand after the lathe peeling, is cut open along diameter, vertically forged bar to diameter of phi 48mm, during forging, the selected technology of each billet is distinguished to some extent and stressed, select heating-up temperature and forging temperature system, with T91 is example, is heated, the forging temperature system lists table 1 in; Guarantee that billet grills thoroughly, unsuitable long in the high temperate zone residence time, crackle appears when preventing the billet forging; Bar is trimmed to Φ 40mm with the lathe peeling, and refine cutting is again made the bright and clean sample piece of Φ 38 * 32mm at last, and done antirust processing.
Table 1 T91 heating/forging temperature system
Heating-up temperature 1170-1190℃?
Heat time heating time 10h wherein is incubated 2h under the forging temperature
Programming rate Programming rate in the time of＜800 ℃≤80 ℃/h
The forging temperature requirement Open and forge 1050-1100 ℃ of temperature, stop forging temperature 〉=900 ℃, finishing temperature 〉=850 ℃
Forging ratio ≥4?
4. uniformity testing
Spectral analysis is a bulk sample with the mark steel, need to judge the degree of uniformity of each mark steel chemical composition, according to the GB/T15000.5 requirement, be less than at 1000 o'clock at total number of samples and extract 15～20, utilize the table of random numbers, each steel grade is randomly drawed 15 samples, adopt range method that it is carried out uniformity testing; 15 samples that extract are numbered, with each sample analysis three times, calculate the mean value X of each element with direct reading spectrometry 0And the extreme difference value r of three analyses i, calculate with judgement as follows:
(1) calculates the average extreme difference R that allows 0
R 0＝A·r 0
In the formula: r 0 = r 1 + r 2 + . . . . . . + r 15 m = 1 m Σ i = 1 15 r i Be extreme difference r in the group iMean value, A is and sampling number m, each sample analysis frequency n and the relevant constant of confidence alpha;
(2) the average extreme difference of calculation sample
R＝X 0max-X 0min
X 0maxAnalyze the maximal value of mean value for three times for each sample;
X 0minAnalyze the minimum value of mean value for three times for each sample;
(3) get confidence alpha=0.05, m=15; Look into GB/T15000.5 subordinate list C, get A=1.777;
(4) judge: if sample R≤R 0, then sample is uniform;
If sample R＞R 0, then sample is uneven, rejects not;
By calculating, 10 selected steel grades have good uniformity;
5. definite value analysis and standard value determines
(1) selects definite value unit
Our unit participates in outside the definite value, goes back 5 laboratories that have higher level in the host country and carries out cooperating analysis;
(2) definite value analysis
To each element in 10 selected steel grade samples, measure 4 times with chemical analysis method accurately and reliably by six tame definite value units, totally 24 groups of data;
(3) standard value determines
After all definite values analysis data collect, carry out determining of data processing and standard value by follow procedure:
The analysis data of a, each definite value unit, analytical approach gather;
B, test of outlier: adopt Grubbs (Grubbs) test criterion, check each element whether exceptional value is arranged, will carry out careful analysis confirmation exceptional value, if, the rejecting abnormalities value;
C, average and standard deviation: after the rejecting abnormalities value, obtain the cell-average value of each element, with each cell-average value as one group of new data, total average value and standard deviation.With population mean
As standard value;
6. identify, pack, work out certificate
Each sample of 10 steel grades is numbered sign, 10 kinds, every kind one is packaged in special-purpose tub, places shady and cool dry place to preserve.Establishment mark steel quality certificate, the certificate content comprises: preparation method, definite value cooperation unit, standard value and standard deviation value table, analytical approach and package storage.
7. examine stability
Essential element to above-mentioned each steel grade carries out nearly 2 years examination, according to the routine analysis data, with reference to the stability of similar mark steel, estimates this spectral analysis mark steel stability, and proceeds regular tracking test;
8. compare with the level of domestic similar mark steel
10 steel grade random samplings to development, 2 of each steel grades, the comparative analysis on spectrometer with industry mark steel or national mark steel, estimate according to precision among standard GB/T4336-2002 and accuracy index, the result shows: this cover control mark steel has good uniformity, the result is stable, and the definite value level reaches the level of industry mark steel.
Effect of the present invention is
(1) use the spectral analysis of this preparation method's development with marking steel, can improve analysis speed, because steel grade unanimity, content is approaching, need not use several mark steel to come the control analysis sample to be tested, such sample is used 5-10 second less, and every stove is got 4-6 sample, can be steel-making every day and save time at least and sent electricity in about 9 minutes, its economic benefit is very considerable.Calculate by average power consumption 1000 degree (amounting to 450 yuan) of steel-making per minute, then
450 yuan * 9 minutes * 310 (my god)=1,250,000 yuan/year
(2) because the development of control mark steel has reduced the use of state specialized production mark steel,, can save about 80,000 yuan every year according to experience for many years.Then economic benefit adds up to
Ten thousand yuan/year of 125+8=133
(3) solved the on-line analysis problem of five-harmful elements (Pb, Sn, As, Sb, Bi), accomplished that monitoring is smelted in real time, stopped to take place because of the five-harmful elements situation that causes steel scrap or change steel grade that exceeds standard.
(4) control method of this mark steel has promotional value, because iron and steel enterprise, the enterprise of steelmaking system is arranged especially, and direct reading spectrometry control mark steel is absolutely necessary.
(5) develop spectral analysis controlling standard steel with the big section continuous casting billet of big production, simplified flow process,
Reduced development cost.
(6) just can control essential element and remaining trace element with a mark steel, monitor the five-harmful elements and the sour molten aluminium of smelting molten steel in real time, and do not increase analysis time.
(7) develop spectral analysis controlling standard steel with continuous casting billet.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the process flow diagram of mark steel Preparation Method.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing and according to GB GB/T15000 requirement, sketch standard sample for spectrum analysis preparation method's of the present invention process and carry out the use of analyzing and testing with standard sample.
Step is as follows:
1. screening steel grade
Produce the continuous cast round billets that sifts out urgent need 7-8 thousand stoves, nearly 100 steel grades from annual electric furnace, length dimension is about: Φ 0.27 * 0.7m, Φ 0.21 * 1.0m, selected 10 steel grades; That is: 27MnCrV, 26CrMo 4S/1, 28CrMo 47V, 2Cr 3Mo, T91,37Mn/1,27CrMo 27S, 20CrMo 4, 42MnCr 62V, 15CrMoG.
2. determine element and the composition initial value that each steel grade needs
According to the product composition requirement, determine that each steel grade needs the essential element of definite value--C, Si, Mn, P, S, Ni, Cr, Mo, V, Ti, Al, remaining trace element (comprising five-harmful elements)--Ca, B, Nb, Cu, Pb, Sn, As, Sb, Bi, 10 steel grades need 180 elements of definite value altogether; Adopt the direct reading spectrometry analysis to determine the first measured value of each element; Just measured value is reference when being used for each cooperation unit and carrying out chemical analysis.
3. the spectral analysis preparation of mark steel sample piece
Forging Technology is the key of making the mark steel, for guaranteeing mark steel composition uniformity everywhere, according to the steel grade difference, must consider the heating cycle of billet, and big base is swaged into the deflection of little base and forges number of times.
0.7～1.0m circle strand after the lathe peeling, is cut open along diameter, vertically forged bar to diameter of phi 48mm, during forging, the selected technology of each billet is distinguished to some extent and stressed, select heating-up temperature and forging temperature system, with T91 is example, is heated, the forging temperature system lists table 1 in; Guarantee that billet grills thoroughly, unsuitable long in the high temperate zone residence time, crackle appears when preventing the billet forging; Bar is trimmed to Φ 40mm with the lathe peeling, and the bright and clean sample piece of Φ 38 * 32mm is made in refine cutting more at last, and does antirust processing promptly in the waxing of sample piece surface.
Table 1 T91 heating/forging temperature system
Heating-up temperature 1170-1190℃?
Heat time heating time 10h wherein is incubated 2h under the forging temperature
Programming rate Programming rate in the time of＜800 ℃≤80 ℃/h
The forging temperature requirement Open and forge 1050-1100 ℃ of temperature, stop forging temperature 〉=900 ℃, finishing temperature 〉=850 ℃
Forging ratio ≥4?
4. uniformity testing
Spectral analysis is a bulk sample with the mark steel, judges the degree of uniformity of each mark steel chemical composition, according to the GB/T15000.5 requirement, be less than at 1000 o'clock at total number of samples and extract 15～20, utilize the table of random numbers, each steel grade is randomly drawed 15 samples, adopt range method that it is carried out uniformity testing; 15 samples that extract are numbered, with each sample analysis three times, calculate the mean value X of each element with direct reading spectrometry 0And the extreme difference value r of three analyses i, calculate with judgement as follows:
(1) calculates the average extreme difference R that allows 0
R 0＝A·r 0
In the formula: r 0 = r 1 + r 2 + . . . . . . + r 15 m = 1 m Σ i = 1 15 r i Be extreme difference r in the group iMean value, A is and sampling number m, each sample analysis frequency n and the relevant constant of confidence alpha;
(2) the average extreme difference of calculation sample
R＝X 0max-X 0min
X 0maxAnalyze the maximal value of mean value for three times for each sample;
X 0minAnalyze the minimum value of mean value for three times for each sample;
(3) get confidence alpha=0.05, m=15; Look into GB/T15000.5 subordinate list C, get A=1.777;
(4) judge: if sample R≤R 0, then sample is uniform;
If sample R＞R 0, then sample is uneven, rejects not;
By calculating, 10 selected steel grades have good uniformity.
Uniformity testing method-employing range method, during with direct reading spectrometry analytic sample three times, instrument will be in best condition, and shot point can not overlap, and is big as far as possible at interval, guarantees representativeness and authenticity; Because calculated amount big (10 steel grades * 15 samples * 18 elements * 3 time=8100 data), must be conscientious careful, can not miscount and even sample is judged to non-homogeneous sample, or non-homogeneous sample is judged to even sample, otherwise will have influence on the accuracy that standard value is determined.
5. definite value analysis and standard value determines
(1) selects definite value unit
Our unit participates in outside the definite value, goes back 5 laboratories that have higher level in the host country and carries out cooperating analysis;
(2) definite value analysis
To each element in 10 selected steel grade samples, measure 4 times with chemical analysis method accurately and reliably by six tame definite value units, totally 24 groups of data;
(3) standard value determines
After all definite values analysis data collect, carry out determining of data processing and standard value by follow procedure:
The analysis data of a, each definite value unit, analytical approach gather;
B, test of outlier: adopt Grubbs (Grubbs) test criterion, check each element whether exceptional value is arranged, will carry out careful analysis confirmation exceptional value, if, the rejecting abnormalities value;
C, average and standard deviation: after the rejecting abnormalities value, obtain the cell-average value of each element, with each cell-average value as one group of new data, total average value and standard deviation.With population mean as standard value.
When adopting Grubbs (Grubbs) criterion rejecting abnormalities value before definite value is calculated, accurate, when running into a plurality of value of continuous rejecting, note the variation of Grubbs critical value; When being less than the standard-required number, must mending and survey data, and then judge,, ask population mean and standard deviation again up to meeting the demands with Grubbs (Grubbs) criterion when rejecting a plurality of values; The workload that definite value is calculated is bigger, and 180 elements * 4 time * 6 units=4320 data are arranged, must scrutiny, do not go wrong.
6. identify, pack, work out certificate
Each sample of 10 steel grades is numbered sign, 10 kinds, every kind one is packaged in special-purpose tub, places shady and cool dry place to preserve.Establishment mark steel quality certificate, the certificate content comprises: preparation method, definite value cooperation unit, standard value and standard deviation value table, analytical approach and package storage.
7. examine stability
Essential element to above-mentioned each steel grade carries out nearly 2 years examination, according to the routine analysis data, with reference to the stability of similar mark steel, estimates this spectral analysis mark steel stability, and proceeds regular tracking test;
8. compare with the level of domestic similar mark steel
10 steel grade random samplings to development, 2 of each steel grades, the comparative analysis on spectrometer with industry mark steel or national mark steel, estimate according to precision among standard GB/T4336-2002 and accuracy index, the result shows: this cover control mark steel has good uniformity, the result is stable, and the definite value level reaches the level of industry mark steel.
9. the use of standard sample
In the routine analysis of direct reading spectrometry, at first spectrometer is carried out standardization (calibration) with height mark (a kind of mark steel), allow instrument be in good analysis state; Follow according to the selected control mark of the steel grade of sample to be analyzed steel type, analysis and Control is marked steel on instrument, demonstrates the measured value of each element, and measured value and standard value are compared, and obtains its difference; Analytic sample then draws the measured value of each element of sample, adds above-mentioned difference (refer to algebraic sum, have just have negative) on the sample measurement value, itself and as quoting the result at last.This analytic process can all be finished by computing machine automatically, also can be partly or entirely by manually finishing.
Now to analyze 2Cr 3Mo is that example is illustrated, and its relevant data is listed table 2 in.
Table 2 2Cr 3Mo analyzes data wt%
Element KZ1? KZ2? ΔS? X’? X?
C? 0.166? 0.159? 0.007? 0.170? 0.177?
Si? 0.192? 0.198? -0.006? 0.194? 0.188?
Mn? 0.954? 0.961? -0.007? 0.964? 0.957?
P? 0.011? 0.013? -0.002? 0.010? 0.008?
S? 0.0057? 0.0050? 0.0007? 0.0059? 0.0066?
Cr? 3.346? 3.336? 0.010? 3.378? 3.388?
Mo? 0.326? 0.334? -0.008? 0.323? 0.315?
Cu? 0.071? 0.080? -0.009? 0.074? 0.065?
Al? 0.025? 0.023? 0.002? 0.022? 0.024?
Pb? 0.0007? 0.0009? -0.0002 0.0010? 0.0080?
Sn? 0.0055? 0.0051? 0.0004? 0.0061? 0.0065?
As? 0.0045? 0.0049? -0.0004 0.0041? 0.0037?
Annotate: KZ1-controls mark steel standard value, KZ2-control mark steel measured value, and the poor of steel standard value and measured value marked in Δ S-control,
X '-sample measurement value, X-sample value of quoting (after the correction of control mark steel).

Claims (2)

1. the preparation method of a standard sample for spectrum analysis, this method includes following steps:
(1). the screening steel grade
Produce the continuous cast round billets that filters out urgent need 7-8 thousand stoves, nearly 100 steel grades from annual electric furnace, length dimension is: Φ 0.27X0.7m, selected 10 steel grades;
(2). determine element and composition initial value that each steel grade needs
According to the product composition requirement, determine that each steel grade needs the essential element of definite value--C, Si, Mn, P, S, Ni, Cr, Mo, V, Ti, Al, remaining trace element--Ca, B, Nb, Cu, Pb, Sn, As, Sb, Bi, 10 steel grades need 180 elements of definite value altogether; Determine the first measured value of each element with the direct reading spectrometry analysis;
(3). the spectral analysis preparation of mark steel sample piece
0.7～1.0m circle strand after the lathe peeling, is cut open along diameter, vertically forged bar to diameter of phi 48mm, during forging, the selected technology of each billet is distinguished to some extent and stressed, select heating-up temperature and forging temperature system, be heated, programming rate when programming rate is＜800 ℃≤80 ℃/h, temperature is 1170-1190 ℃, and forging temperature requires to opening 1050-1100 ℃ of forging temperature, stops forging temperature 〉=900 ℃, finishing temperature 〉=850 ℃, forging ratio 〉=4; Guarantee that billet grills thoroughly, unsuitable long in the high temperate zone residence time, heat time heating time, 10h wherein was incubated 2h under the forging temperature, occurred crackle when preventing the billet forging; Bar is trimmed to Φ 40mm with the lathe peeling, and refine cutting is again made the bright and clean sample piece of Φ 38 * 32mm at last, and done antirust processing;
(4). uniformity testing
Spectral analysis is a bulk sample with the mark steel, need to judge the degree of uniformity of each mark steel chemical composition, according to the GB/T15000.5 requirement, be less than at 1000 o'clock at total number of samples and extract 15～20, utilize the table of random numbers, each steel grade is randomly drawed 15 samples, adopt range method that it is carried out uniformity testing; 15 samples that extract are numbered, with each sample analysis three times, calculate the mean value X of each element with direct reading spectrometry 0And the extreme difference value r of three analyses i, calculate with judgement as follows:
(1) calculates the average extreme difference R that allows 0
R 0＝A·r 0
In the formula: r 0 = r 1 + r 2 + . . . . . . + r 15 m = 1 m Σ i = 1 15 r i Be extreme difference r in the group iMean value,
A is and sampling number m, each sample analysis frequency n and the relevant constant of confidence alpha;
(2) the average extreme difference of calculation sample
R＝X 0max-X 0min
X 0maxAnalyze the maximal value of mean value for three times for each sample;
X 0minAnalyze the minimum value of mean value for three times for each sample;
(3) get confidence alpha=0.05, m=15; Look into GB/T15000.5 subordinate list C, get A=1.777;
(4) judge: if sample R≤R 0, then sample is uniform;
If sample R＞R 0, then sample is uneven, rejects not;
By calculating, 10 selected steel grades have good uniformity;
(5). determining of definite value analysis and standard value
(1) selects definite value unit
Our unit participates in outside the definite value, goes back 5 laboratories that have higher level in the host country and carries out cooperating analysis;
(2) definite value analysis
Each element is measured 4 times with chemical analysis method accurately and reliably by six tame definite value units in 10 selected steel grade samples, totally 24 groups of data;
(3) standard value determines
After all definite values analysis data collect, carry out determining of data processing and standard value by follow procedure:
The analysis data of a, each definite value unit, analytical approach gather;
B, test of outlier: adopt Grubbs (Grubbs) test criterion, check each element whether exceptional value is arranged, will carry out careful analysis confirmation exceptional value, if, the rejecting abnormalities value;
C, average and standard deviation: after the rejecting abnormalities value, obtain the cell-average value of each element, with each cell-average value as one group of new data, total average value and standard deviation, with population mean as standard value;
(6). sign, packing, establishment certificate
Each sample of 10 steel grades is numbered sign, 10 kinds, every kind one is packaged in special-purpose tub, places shady and cool dry place to preserve; Establishment mark steel quality certificate, the certificate content comprises: preparation method, definite value cooperation unit, standard value and standard deviation value table, analytical approach and package storage;
(7). examine stability
Essential element to above-mentioned each steel grade carries out nearly 2 years examination, according to the routine analysis data, with reference to the stability of similar mark steel, estimates this spectral analysis mark steel stability, and proceeds regular tracking test;
(8). with the level comparison of domestic similar mark steel
10 steel grade random samplings to development, 2 of each steel grades, the comparative analysis on spectrometer with industry mark steel or national mark steel, estimate according to precision among standard GB/T4336-2002 and accuracy index, the result shows: this cover control mark steel has good uniformity, the result is stable, and the definite value level reaches the level of industry mark steel.
2. the preparation method of standard sample for spectrum analysis according to claim 1 is characterized in that: in the step of spectral analysis with the preparation of mark steel sample piece, waxing is done on the standard sample surface handled.
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CN108645735B (en) * 2018-04-02 2020-06-30 三峡大学 Method for evaluating uniformity of asphalt mixture
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CN110631907B (en) * 2019-09-17 2021-12-14 武汉钢铁有限公司 Preparation method of standard sample for verifying uniformity of steel for reaming and use performance of punching and reaming device
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