CN101113689B - 用于涡轮发动机的使用热管的传热系统和方法 - Google Patents

用于涡轮发动机的使用热管的传热系统和方法 Download PDF

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CN101113689B
CN101113689B CN2007101383449A CN200710138344A CN101113689B CN 101113689 B CN101113689 B CN 101113689B CN 2007101383449 A CN2007101383449 A CN 2007101383449A CN 200710138344 A CN200710138344 A CN 200710138344A CN 101113689 B CN101113689 B CN 101113689B
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K·S·文卡塔拉马尼
T·O·莫尼茨
J·P·斯蒂芬森
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01DNON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D25/00Component parts, details, or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart from, other groups
    • F01D25/08Cooling; Heating; Heat-insulation
    • F01D25/12Cooling
    • F01D25/125Cooling of bearings
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01DNON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D25/00Component parts, details, or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart from, other groups
    • F01D25/08Cooling; Heating; Heat-insulation
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01DNON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D9/00Stators
    • F01D9/06Fluid supply conduits to nozzles or the like
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02CGAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F02C7/00Features, components parts, details or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart form groups F02C1/00 - F02C6/00; Air intakes for jet-propulsion plants
    • F02C7/04Air intakes for gas-turbine plants or jet-propulsion plants
    • F02C7/047Heating to prevent icing
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02KJET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F02K3/00Plants including a gas turbine driving a compressor or a ducted fan
    • F02K3/02Plants including a gas turbine driving a compressor or a ducted fan in which part of the working fluid by-passes the turbine and combustion chamber
    • F02K3/04Plants including a gas turbine driving a compressor or a ducted fan in which part of the working fluid by-passes the turbine and combustion chamber the plant including ducted fans, i.e. fans with high volume, low pressure outputs, for augmenting the jet thrust, e.g. of double-flow type
    • F02K3/06Plants including a gas turbine driving a compressor or a ducted fan in which part of the working fluid by-passes the turbine and combustion chamber the plant including ducted fans, i.e. fans with high volume, low pressure outputs, for augmenting the jet thrust, e.g. of double-flow type with front fan
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05CINDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO MATERIALS, MATERIAL PROPERTIES OR MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR MACHINES, ENGINES OR PUMPS OTHER THAN NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F05C2201/00Metals
    • F05C2201/04Heavy metals
    • F05C2201/0433Iron group; Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel
    • F05C2201/0466Nickel
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05DINDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2260/00Function
    • F05D2260/20Heat transfer, e.g. cooling
    • F05D2260/207Heat transfer, e.g. cooling using a phase changing mass, e.g. heat absorbing by melting or boiling
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05DINDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2260/00Function
    • F05D2260/20Heat transfer, e.g. cooling
    • F05D2260/208Heat transfer, e.g. cooling using heat pipes
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05DINDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2300/00Materials; Properties thereof
    • F05D2300/10Metals, alloys or intermetallic compounds
    • F05D2300/11Iron
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05DINDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2300/00Materials; Properties thereof
    • F05D2300/10Metals, alloys or intermetallic compounds
    • F05D2300/13Refractory metals, i.e. Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, W
    • F05D2300/133Titanium
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02TCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T50/00Aeronautics or air transport
    • Y02T50/60Efficient propulsion technologies, e.g. for aircraft

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  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)
  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
  • Turbine Rotor Nozzle Sealing (AREA)
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Abstract

提供了用于包括其内布置有导热的一般地径向延伸的支柱构件阵列的环形外壳(10)的涡轮发动机类型的传热系统。传热系统包括至少一个布置为在支柱构件的轴向范围的前后极限内与外壳的外表面接触的弓形热管(36)。热管(36)热联接到热源,使得来自热源热可以通过热管(36)和外壳(10)传递到支柱构件。

Description

用于涡轮发动机的使用热管的传热系统和方法
技术领域
本发明一般地涉及涡轮发动机,且更特定地涉及使用热管在燃气涡轮发动机内传热的系统和方法。
背景技术
燃气涡轮发动机使用加压油来润滑和冷却多种部件(例如轴承等)。油在过程中获取了显著的热,该热必须被排除以将油温度维持在可接收的范围内。现有技术的燃气涡轮发动机经常使用热交换器来使用例如风扇排出的空气的相对冷的空气流来冷却发动机油。在涡扇发动机中,此热交换器经常位于风扇通道流动路径内。此构造导致压力损失且因此导致显著的燃料燃烧恶化。据估计,与此类构造有关的燃料消耗率(SFC)恶化可高至1%。也存在与此构造相关的成本和重量恶化。
另外,在一些发动机中,在风扇通道内风扇下游的出口导向叶片(OGV)、风扇支柱或其他支柱类构件在某些环境情况下附着了冰。冰在发动机内和在暴露的发动机结构上的积聚可能是显著的。附着的冰可能导致OGV通路的部分阻塞和风扇的不稳定。积聚的冰也可能突然脱落,例如通过发动机的连续的运行,节气门从较低功率的运行突增到较高功率的运行,或因为冰附着的紊乱或非对称性的振动。
存在多种用于防结冰的现有技术方法,例如以增加的运行温度运转发动机、从发动机压缩机引导高温放气到暴露的表面,在运行前以除冰溶液喷射发动机和电阻加热。然而,所有这些方法具有多种缺点。增加的运行温度和放气系统可能降低发动机的性能。这样的系统也可能要求阀来在起飞和其他高动力运行期间关闭高温空气流以保护发动机。除冰流体仅提供了有限时间的保护。电加热要求大量的电力以进行除冰运行且可能要求附加的发电机、电路和与飞机计算机复杂的相互作用逻辑,这附带了增加的成本、重量和性能恶化。
发明内容
以上提及的现有技术中的缺点等通过本发明解决,本发明提供了从发动机润滑油中去除废热且将该热传递到例如为防结冰或除冰目的而要求加热的发动机部件的传热系统。使用热管传递该热,热管重量轻、被密封且是被动传热的,从而不要求阀或泵。此外,热管可以使用不可燃的工作流体,以避免在发动机内造成起火的危险。
根据一个方面,本发明提供了传热系统,传热系统用于包括其内布置有导热的、一般地径向延伸的支柱构件阵列的环形外壳的涡轮发动机类型。传热系统包括至少一个布置为与外壳的外表面接触且热联接到热源的弓形热管,使得来自热源的热可以通过热管和外壳传递到支柱构件。
根据本发明的另一个方面,燃气涡轮发动机包括环形风扇外壳;布置在其内的一般径向延伸的导向叶片的阵列,每个导向叶片具有翼片截面,翼片截面由在分开的前缘和后缘之间延伸的第一侧和第二侧限定;多个弓形热管,每个热管的至少部分布置为在导向叶片的轴向范围的前后极限内靠着风扇外壳的外表面;和热联接到热管的热源,使得来自热源的热可以通过热管和风扇外壳传递到导向叶片。
根据本发明的另一个方面,提供了用于在具有其内布置有一般地径向延伸的导向叶片阵列的环形外壳的涡轮发动机内传热的方法。方法包括如下步骤:提供多个弓形热管,每个热管的至少部分布置为靠着外壳的外表面且在导向叶片的轴向范围的前后极限内;将热管热联接到热源;和在热管内从热源接收热且将热通过外壳传递到导向叶片。
附图说明
通过参考如下结合附图的描述可以最好地理解本发明,各图为:
图1是燃气涡轮发动机的风扇模块的部分的透视图(从尾部向前看),燃气涡轮发动机包括根据本发明的方面构造的传热系统;
图2是图1的风扇模块的部分的放大的剖视图;
图3是安装到图1的风扇模块的热交换器的放大的透视图;和
图4是图示了绕图1的风扇模块的外周布置的热管的构造的示意图。
具体实施方式
参考附图,其中相同的附图标记在所有不同的视图中表示相同的元件,图1至图3图示了包括环形风扇外壳10的燃气涡轮发动机的风扇模块的部分。多个出口导向叶片(OGV)12连接到且布置在风扇外壳10内。OGV 12的每个(也在图2中示出)具有根部14、尖端16、前缘18、后缘20和相对的侧22和24。OGV 12为翼片形且定位和定向为从离开上游风扇(未示出)的空气流中去除切向涡漩成分。在图示的例子中,OGV也用作将风扇外壳连接到内部壳体26的结构构件(有时称为“风扇支柱”)。然而,在其他的发动机构造中,这些功能可以由分开的部件完成。本文中描述的传热系统等同地可适用于OGV、风扇支柱和所有其他类型的一般径向延伸的“支柱构件”。
OGV 12可以由具有足够的强度以经受预计中的运行载荷且可以形成为希望的形状的任何材料构造。为促进传热,优选的是,OGV是导热的。合适的材料的例子为金属合金,例如铝基合金、铁基合金、镍基合金或钛基合金。
热交换器28安装在风扇外壳10的外侧。热交换器28可以简单地是带有打开的内部的壳体。在图示的例子中,来自发动机润滑系统的油通过清除管线30进入热交换器28。在离开热交换器28后,油通入储存箱32内直至需要时,在需要时,它通过供给管线34流回到发动机的润滑系统内。连接到清除管线30和供给管线34的油储存、循环和分配系统的剩余部分在燃气涡轮发动机领域内是常规的,且在此不论述。如果希望,热交换器28可以连接到另一个类型的热源,例如发动机内的放气管线、电源或另一个流体系统。
多个热管36绕风扇外壳10的外部布置,与其外表面38接触且定位在由OGV 12的轴向范围所限定的前后极限内。虽然在图2中示出为圆形,热管36的位于靠着风扇外壳10的部分可以形成为椭圆形、平的或其他非圆形截面形状,以适应所希望的截面积,同时改进立体包装或传热。
每个热管36具有带有封闭端部的延长的外壁40,其限定了腔42。腔42衬有毛细结构或芯(未示出)且保持了工作流体。已知在热管中使用了多种工作流体,例如气体、水、有机物质和低熔点金属。工作流体可以是不可燃的,以避免在热管36泄漏或断裂的情况中在风扇外壳10的区域内引起起火的危险。
每个热管36的一个端部布置在热交换器28内。此部分被称为“热”端或“蒸发器”端44。
热管36高效地传热。例如,它们的有效热传导率在幅值上比实心铜高数个量级。基于在发动机运行期间希望的传热程度来选择热管的个数、长度、直径、形状、工作流体和其他性能参数。如下更详细描述热管36的运行。
图4示意性地图示了可如何将热管36布置以提供传热到风扇外壳10的外周的例子。注意到,在图4中,热管36描绘为径向分开或“堆叠”。这只是为了清晰地图示热管36如何绕风扇外壳10延伸的目的。图4不必需地代表图1至图3中示出的热管36的实际物理安装。在垂直中线的每侧上,弓形的第一热管36A连接到热交换器28且绕风扇外壳10大约延伸30度。第一热管36A的每个的整个范围未被隔热,如在图中以阴影图案描绘。
在垂直中心线“C”的每侧上,弓形的第二热管36B连接到热交换器28且绕风扇外壳10大约延伸60度。第二热管36B的每个的第一个30度跨度覆盖有合适类型的隔热件(未示出)以最小化传热。第二热管36B的每个的远端段(大约30度的跨度)未被隔热,如在图中以阴影图案描绘。热管36的未被隔热的部分被称为“冷”端或“冷凝器”端46。应注意的是,术语“热”、“蒸发器”、“冷”和“冷凝器”当关于热管36使用时描述了热管36在相对的高温区或低温区内的定位,且不涉及热管36自身结构的任何特定方面。
此模式使用弓形的第三热管36C、第四热管36D、第五热管36E和第六热管36F的对而继续。每对热管36比前一对多延伸大约30度,且热管36的每对的远端段(跨度大约为30度)未被隔热。热管36以此方式隔热,使得可以在绕风扇外壳10的外周相当大的距离传热。未隔热段的模式提供了大体上对风扇外壳的360度的覆盖。注意到,图4仅是示意性的,且在实际的实行中,每个热管36的未隔热的部分将放置为与风扇外壳10直接接触。换言之,风扇外壳10的周向范围的任何给定的部分与基本上不多于热管36的未隔热段的一个直接接触。
热管36的个数、每个热管36的周向范围和每个热管的未隔热的百分比可以变化,以适应特定的应用。例如,可以使用更少个数的每个带有更长的未隔热段的热管36,或也可以使用更多个数的每个带有更短的未隔热段的热管36。
为清晰而未示出的另外的隔热当希望时可以提供在传热系统内,以防止热损失。例如,隔热件可以绕热交换器28的外部放置。
在运行中,已从发动机的多种零件吸热的油循环到热交换器28内,在此它加热了热管36的热端或蒸发器端44。热去除将油冷却到可接受的工作温度,使得它可以通向储存箱32内且随后通过发动机再循环。在热管36内的工作流体吸收了此热且蒸发。所生成的蒸汽然后通过腔42行进且在热管36的冷部分46处冷凝,因此将热传递到冷部分46。从热管36的一个端部延伸到另一个端部的芯或其他毛细结构将已冷凝的液体通过毛细作用输送回到热部分44,因此完成了回路。取决于加热率,传递到OGV 12的热有效地用于防止冰的形成(即防结冰)和/或去除已形成在OGV 12上的冰(即除冰)。
本文中描述的传热系统是不需要阀的且密封的被动传热系统。热管36的个数、尺寸和位置可以选择为如所需地提供热去除和热传递。取决于所选择的准确构造,系统性能可以仅用于防结冰或除冰,或仅用于油冷却,或用于两个目的。传热系统使用了在发动机的一个部分内的不希望的热,且在发动机的另一个部分内需要热的地方使用该热,从而避免了与现有技术的冷却系统相关的损失和对分开的防结冰热源的需要。
虽然已描述了本发明的特定的实施例,对于本领域技术人员将显见的是,可以对此进行多种修改而不偏离本发明的精神和范围。因此,前述对本发明的优选实施例和最佳实行本发明的模式的描述仅为图示目的而不为限制目的提供,本发明由权利要求书限定。
零件列表
10    风扇外壳
12    出口导向叶片
14    根部
16    尖端
18    前缘
20    后缘
22    相对侧
24    相对侧
26    内部壳体
28    热交换器
30    清除管线
32    储存箱
34    供给管线
36    热管
36A   第一热管
36B   第二热管
36C   第三热管
36D   第四热管
36E   第五热管
36F   第六热管
38    外表面
40    外壁
42    腔
44    蒸发器端
46    冷凝器端
C     垂直中线

Claims (8)

1.一种用于涡轮发动机的传热系统,该涡轮发动机包括其内布置有一般地径向延伸的支柱构件阵列的环形外壳(10),该传热系统包括多个弓形热管(36),每个所述弓形热管具有与外壳(10)的外表面(38)的相应周向部分形成热接触的周向未隔热段,且所述弓形热管(36)分别热联接到热源,使得来自热源的热能通过热管和外壳(10)传递到支柱构件,所述外壳(10)的外表面上的每个周向部分只与一个周向未隔热段形成热接触,并且周向未隔热段在周向不重叠。
2.根据权利要求1所述的传热系统,其中所述热管(36)布置在支柱构件的轴向范围的前后极限内。
3.根据权利要求1所述的传热系统,其中每个支柱构件是具有由在分开的前缘和后缘之间延伸的第一侧和第二侧限定的翼片截面的导向叶片。
4.根据权利要求1所述的传热系统,其中每个热管的至少端部部分(44)布置在适合于通过它接收已加热流体流的热交换器(28)的空心内部内。
5.根据权利要求1所述的传热系统,其中每个热管(36)具有热联接到热源的第一端部(44)和由其周向未隔热段限定布置在所述第一端部的远端的第二端部。
6.根据权利要求5所述的传热系统,其中每个热管(36)包括:
布置在第一端部(44)和周向未隔热段之间的隔热部分(36B)。
7.根据权利要求1所述的传热系统,其中所选择的支柱构件包括金属。
8.根据权利要求1所述的传热系统,其中支柱构件由铝、铁、镍或钛的合金构造。
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