CN101019293B - 电网连接的电力系统的岛化检测方法 - Google Patents

电网连接的电力系统的岛化检测方法 Download PDF

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CN101019293B
CN101019293B CN2004800399020A CN200480039902A CN101019293B CN 101019293 B CN101019293 B CN 101019293B CN 2004800399020 A CN2004800399020 A CN 2004800399020A CN 200480039902 A CN200480039902 A CN 200480039902A CN 101019293 B CN101019293 B CN 101019293B
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CN101019293A (zh
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Z·叶
P·杜
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01RMEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/50Testing of electric apparatus, lines, cables or components for short-circuits, continuity, leakage current or incorrect line connections
    • G01R31/66Testing of connections, e.g. of plugs or non-disconnectable joints
    • G01R31/68Testing of releasable connections, e.g. of terminals mounted on a printed circuit board
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/388Islanding, i.e. disconnection of local power supply from the network

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Abstract

一种用于检测电网(20)从馈电线(22)断开的相移程序(62),该馈电线与负载(24)和分布式发电机(26)相连。该相移程序比较(76)分布式发电机的输出电压的当前相移和预定阈值,并且如果是大于,则发送(78)命令以将分布式发电机从馈电线断开。为扩展检测范围,当分布式发电机(26)和负载(24)之间的功率失配超出阈值时使用该相移程序,以及当任何功率失配均未超出阈值时使用欠/过频程序和欠/过压程序中的任一个或两者。

Description

电网连接的电力系统的岛化检测方法
相关申请的交叉引用 
依据美国能源部授予的NAD-1-30605-01号合同,美国政府可以拥有本发明的特定权利。 
技术领域
本公开涉及检测电网断开的方法和装置。更具体而言,本公开涉及其岛化(islanding)和预防。 
背景技术
电网连接分布式发电机(DG)的岛化是在包含有该DG的电网的一部分与主设备断开时发生的,但该DG仍继续向被隔离部分中的网线(称为岛)供电。 
例如,考虑一个经变压器连接到馈电线的DG系统。负载(不是DG业主所拥有的)经另一变压器也与同一馈电线相连。假如电网断开设备(断路器,自动开关,保险丝或分段隔离开关)启动,则该DG可能继续向该电网中的被隔离部分供给电流。这就是岛化,由该DG系统供电的该电网的隔离部分被称为岛。 
因此,对于预防岛化的方法和控制器有着始终不断的需求。 
发明内容
在本发明的方法实施方案中,预防电力系统中的岛化,该电力系统包括具有在电路中和分布式发电机及至少一个负载相连接的馈电线的电网。该方法确定该分布式发电机的输出端的电压的相移。将该相移与表示由于电网从馈电线断开而产生的相移的阈值相移加以比较。假如该相移大于阈值相移,则发出命令将分布式发电机从馈电线断开。 
在本发明的另一种方法实施方案中,预防电力系统中的岛化,该电力系统包括具有在电路中和分布式发电机及至少一个负载相连接的馈电线的电网。当该分布式发电机和该负载之间的功率失配超出阈值时该方法通过相移程序确定电网从馈电线的断开。当任何功率失配均未超出阈值时,该方法通过欠/过频(under/over frequency)程序和欠/过压(under/over voltage)程序中的任一个或二者进一步确定该断开。 
在本发明的一种控制器实施方案中,预防电力系统中的岛化,该电力系统包括具有在电路中和分布式发电机及至少一个负载相连接的馈电线的电网。该控制器包括处理器,存储器和输入/输出单元。该存储器包括电网断开程序,该程序可使处理器确定分布式发电机的输出端的电压的相移。该程序还可使处理器将该相移同表示由于电网从馈电线断开而产生的相移的阈值相移加以比较。假如该相移大于阈值相移,则该处理器发出命令将分布式发电机从该馈电线断开。 
附图说明
图1为一种电网断开检测装置的实施方案的方框图。 
图2为图1装置的数据发生器的输出电压的波形图。 
图3为图1装置的控制器的方框图。 
图4和图5是图3控制器的电网断开检测程序的流程图。 
具体实施方式
参照图1,电网20与馈电线22相连,该馈电线在电路中和负载24及DG 26相连。电网20和公共设施(未示出)相连接。在馈电线22中置放有断开设备28,其目的在于,当电网20中出现异常扰动时将电网20从馈电线22断开。在馈电线22中置放了另一个断开设备30,其目的是将DG 26从馈电线26断开。本领域的技术人员将清楚一个以上的负载可以连接到馈电线22,并且DG 26和负载24可以经变压器(未示出)连接到馈电线22。 
断开设备28和30可以是任何合适的断开设备,如断路器,自动开关,保险丝,分段隔离开关等。DG 28可以是任何分布式发电机或一组分布式发电机,如光电系统,燃料电池,微型涡轮机,小型发动机等。 
假如断开设备28开启,DG 26可能继续向馈电线22供给电流,其将由于开启的断开设备28而与电网20隔离。这就是岛化,并且电网的被隔离部分(馈电线22和与之连接的电路)被称为岛。 
电压测量设备36监测DG 26输出端的电压。电压测量设备36将监测到的电压采样提供给控制器40。然后控制器40对电压采样进行处理以检测当电网20因断开设备28的动作而断开时发生的相位跃变。 
在正常条件下,DG 26的输出电压由电网20调节。当电网20由于断开设备28的打开而被断开时,DG 26变成被岛化的。假如在DG 26和负载24之间存在着功率失配,则由于欧姆定律电压矢量将移动其相位以达到平衡无功功率的目的。这种相移通常在电网20断开后即刻出现。 
在本发明的第一种实施方案中,相位跃变检测试图依据电压测量在第一个或少数几个周期内捕俘电压矢量的相位改变,然后向断开设备30发送跳闸信号,该断开设备开启。该动作使DG 26从馈电线22断开,因而预防了岛化。 
功率失配和相位跃变θ之间的关系可以推导如下: 
Figure G04839902020060712D000031
此处ΔP和ΔQ为功率失配,θ阈值为相位跃变设定阈值。 
假如相移θ大于阈值相移θ阈值,则该相位跃变(即电网20断开)被检测到。假如相移θ等于或小于阈值相移θ阈值,则认为任何相移都是由于正常扰动所致。 
阈值相移θ阈值是根据在使用该设备的系统中的最大可能扰动而选定的。阈值应当大于(在一定容限下)由扰动所引起的相移以避免在正常的电网连接操作期间的错误跳闸。 
方程式(1)揭示出,在电网断开时如果功率失配ΔP和ΔQ满足条件(θ≤θ阈值),则不能检测到岛化,因为实际的相位跃变小于该阈值。 
从方程式(1)还可以看出,该相位跃变方法的有效性并不受负载24的品质因数Qf的影响。对于较高品质因数负载而言,欠/过频保护变得不太有效。 
在本发明的第二种实施方案中,将该相移检测方法同欠/过频及欠/过压保护相结合。这种结合减小了欠/过频保护的非检测区(在ΔP和ΔQ空间中所限定的,ΔP和ΔQ在用于检测过程的区域内足够小以进行响应)。另外可以看到,该相位跃变方法对于高有功功率失配并非十分有效,但欠/过压保护对于高有功功率失配是灵敏的。因此,将相位跃变,欠/过频和欠/过压组合将导致减小的抗岛化非检测区。在这种实施方案中,假如DG 26和负载24之间的功率失配超出阈值则使用相移程序确定电网断开,并且如果任何功率失配均未超出阈值则使用欠/过频程序和欠/过压程序中的任一个或两者。该实施方案可采用任何常规的欠/过频程序和欠/过压程序。 
电压测量设备36连续监测DG 26的输出端的电压并将其采样发送给控制器40。依据该测量电压,基于过零,锁相环,DQ(直接二次)锁相环或其他频率跟踪程序可计算出频率。 
参照图2,用电网20断开后的电压特征波形42描述了过零技术的实例。在电网20断开之前,可根据两个连续的波形过零的时间周期,定义为Tn-1,测量其频率。在电网20断开之后,由于DG 26和负载功率失配将出现相移。接着两个连续的过零的下一个时间周期,定义为Tn,将与Tn-1不同。此处Tn和Tn-1是两个连续频率测量的倒数:fn=(1/Tn)和fn-1=(1/Tn-1)。根据先前测量的频率fn-1,可以计算出没有电网断开情况下的下一过零时间。计算的过零和实际测量的过零之间的角度是由于电网断开产生的相移θn,并根据下式得出: 
θ n = 2 π · ( 1 - f n - 1 f n ) - - - ( 2 )
为改善性能,本发明的替换实施方案使用三个周期来代替使用具有两个连续测量的一个周期的相位改变。在此种情形下,虽然需要更多的存储,但安全性和可靠性均得到明显改善。该原因是由于电网的瞬态变化即使是没有电网断开也可以短暂地出现一些相位变化。控制器40可以获得那些瞬态变化作为岛化事件并引起错误跳闸。那些瞬态变化通常使频率短暂上升和下降而不是在一个方向上漂移。因此,采用三个周期,短期的频率振荡将不会引起过多的相位改变。这种三周期测量的实现可以表述如下: 
参照图3,控制器40包括处理器50,输入/输出(I/O)单元52,存储器54和总线56。总线56将处理器50,I/O单元52和存储器54互连。I/O单元52包括任意希望的I/O装置,如键盘,显示器,打印机,用于通过网络进行通信的通信设备,用于接收信号(例如从电压测量设备36接收电压采样)或用于发送信号(例如将跳闸信号发送给断开设备30)的端口等。存储器52包括操作系统58和控制器程序60。控制器程序60包括电网断开检测程序62。存储介质64(例如盘)包括电网断开程序62的拷贝,还可以包括操作系统58、控制器程序60、或其他软件的拷贝,其可被载入存储器54中。 
操作系统58控制处理器50执行控制器程序60和电网断开检测程序62以检测电网20从馈电线22的断开。电网断开程序62处理电压采样以确定当前过零和一个或多个先前的过零之间的相移θn。将该相移θn同相移阈值θ阈值进行比较,并且如果是大于,则相移θn表明电网断开。然后发出使跳闸信号发送至断开设备30的命令以将DG 26从馈电线22断开。 
参照图4,在步骤70,电网断开检测程序62的第一实施方案测量DG 26的输出电压。步骤70接收该电压采样和确定过零时间。步骤72根据当前过零确定当前频率fn。步骤74根据当前频率fn和先前频率fn-1确定相位变化θn。例如,步骤74利用方程式2。步骤76将当前相移θn同阈值相移θ阈值进行比较。假如当前相移θn较大,则步骤78发出命令以产生跳闸信号,该信号使断开设备30跳闸,因而使DG 26从馈电线22断开。如果当前相移θn等于或小于阈值相移θ阈值,则步骤80将当前频率fn存储以便在下一迭代期间使用。步骤70~76和80不断地重复直至步骤76确定当前相移θn大于阈值相移θ阈值为止。然后步骤78发出跳闸信号命令并将程序52复位。 
 参照图5,电网断开程序62的另一种实施方案同图4中所示的实施方案相同,除了当前相位改变θn是根据当前频率fn和三个先前频率fn-1,fn-2和fn-3确定的。图5中与图4中所示的那些相同的步骤用相同的参考数字表示。图4中的步骤74在图5中被步骤84所取代,其依据当前频率fn和三个先前频率fn-1,fn-2和fn-3来进行相移确定。例如,步骤84可以使用方程式(3)。 
不管用于程序步骤的指令储存在何处,当它们被处理器执行时,它们都提供便于检测电网从包括DG的线路断开的技术效用。 
还应当注意到,术语“第一”,“第二”,“第三”,“较高”,“较低”等可以用在此处修饰各种元件。这些修饰并不暗含对被修饰元件的空间的,先后的或层次的顺序,除非特别说明。 
尽管参照一个或多个示范性实施方案对本发明做了描述,但本领域技术人员应当懂得在不偏离本发明的范围的情况下可以做出各种改变,也可以用等效物替代其相应元件。除此之外,在不偏离本发明的范围的情况下,可以进行多种修改以使特定情形或材料适合本公开的教导。因此,本发明并不旨在受限于所公开的为完成本发明作为最佳模式考虑的具体实施方案,而是本发明将包括落入附属权利要求范围内的所有实施方案。 

Claims (4)

1.一种用于预防电力系统中的岛化的方法,该电力系统包括电网(20),该电网(20)具有在电路中和分布式发电机(26)及至少一个负载(24)相连接的馈电线(22),所述方法包括:
确定(74,84)所述分布式发电机输出端的电压的相移,所述相移按下式确定:
Figure FFW00000061644200011
其中θ是所述相移,θn,θn-1和θn-2分别为当前,第一先前和第二先前的相移,以及fn,fn-1,fn-2,fn-3分别为所述电压的当前,第一先前,第二先前和第三先前的过零的频率;
将所述相移同表示由于所述电网从所述馈电线断开产生的相移的阈值相移进行比较(76),其中根据电力系统的最大可能扰动来选定所述阈值相移;以及
假如所述相移大于所述阈值相移,则发送(78)用于将所述分布式发电机从所述馈电线断开的命令,否则使用欠频/过频程序和欠压/过压程序中的任一个或者二者。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中所述比较基于频率fn
3.一种用于预防电力系统中的岛化的控制器(40),该电力系统包括电网(20),该电网(20)具有在电路中和分布式发电机(26)及至少一个负载(24)相连接的馈电线(22),所述控制器包括:
处理器(50),存储器(54)和输入/输出单元(52),其中所述存储器包括使所述处理器执行如下操作的电网断开程序(62):
确定(74、84)分布式发电机输出端的电压的相移,所述相移按下式确定:
其中θ是所述相移,θn,θn-1和θn-2分别为当前,第一先前和第二先前的相移,以及fn,fn-1,fn-2,fn-3分别为所述电压的当前,第一先前,第二先前和第三先前的过零的频率;
将所述相移同表示由于所述电网从所述馈电线断开产生的相移的阈值相移进行比较(76),其中根据电力系统的最大可能扰动来选定所述阈值相移;
假如所述相移大于所述阈值相移,则发送(78)用于将所述分布式发电机从所述馈电线断开的命令,否则使用欠频/过频程序和欠压/过压程序中的任一个或者二者。
4.一种用于预防电力系统中的岛化的控制器(40)的存储介质,该电力系统包括电网(20),该电网具有在电路中和分布式发电机(26)及至少一个负载(24)相连接的馈电线(22),所述控制器包括处理器(50),存储器(54)和输入/输出单元(52),所述存储介质包括使所述处理器执行如下操作的电网断开检测程序(62):
确定所述分布式发电机输出端的电压的相移,所述相移按下式确定:
其中θ是所述相移,θn,θn-1和θn-2分别为当前,第一先前和第二先前的相移,以及fn,fn-1,fn-2,fn-3分别为所述电压的当前,第一先前,第二先前和第三先前的过零的频率;
将所述相移同表示由于所述电网从所述馈电线断开产生的相移的阈值相移进行比较,其中根据电力系统的最大可能扰动来选定所述阈值相移;以及
假如所述相移大于所述阈值相移,则发送用于将所述分布式发电机从所述馈电线断开的命令,否则使用欠频/过频程序和欠压/过压程序中的任一个或者二者。
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