CN1007108B - 中央控制接收机 - Google Patents

中央控制接收机

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CN1007108B
CN1007108B CN86104912A CN86104912A CN1007108B CN 1007108 B CN1007108 B CN 1007108B CN 86104912 A CN86104912 A CN 86104912A CN 86104912 A CN86104912 A CN 86104912A CN 1007108 B CN1007108 B CN 1007108B
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filter
frequency
control
central receiver
receiver control
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CN86104912A (zh
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海因茨·克朗曼勒
乔基姆·斯托克
乔·普希勒
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BBC Brown Boveri AG Switzerland
BBC Brown Boveri AG Germany
BBC Brown Boveri France SA
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H03ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03HIMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS
    • H03H17/00Networks using digital techniques
    • H03H17/02Frequency selective networks
    • H03H17/06Non-recursive filters
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J13/00Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network
    • H02J13/00006Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment
    • H02J13/00007Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment using the power network as support for the transmission
    • H02J13/00009Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment using the power network as support for the transmission using pulsed signals
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y04INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
    • Y04SSYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
    • Y04S40/00Systems for electrical power generation, transmission, distribution or end-user application management characterised by the use of communication or information technologies, or communication or information technology specific aspects supporting them
    • Y04S40/12Systems for electrical power generation, transmission, distribution or end-user application management characterised by the use of communication or information technologies, or communication or information technology specific aspects supporting them characterised by data transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated electrical equipment
    • Y04S40/121Systems for electrical power generation, transmission, distribution or end-user application management characterised by the use of communication or information technologies, or communication or information technology specific aspects supporting them characterised by data transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated electrical equipment using the power network as support for the transmission

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • Mathematical Physics (AREA)
  • Noise Elimination (AREA)
  • Circuits Of Receivers In General (AREA)
  • Networks Using Active Elements (AREA)
  • Cable Transmission Systems, Equalization Of Radio And Reduction Of Echo (AREA)
  • Input Circuits Of Receivers And Coupling Of Receivers And Audio Equipment (AREA)
  • Selective Calling Equipment (AREA)
  • Remote Monitoring And Control Of Power-Distribution Networks (AREA)
  • Channel Selection Circuits, Automatic Tuning Circuits (AREA)

Abstract

为使脉动控制接收机具有最小的脉冲控制信号输入电平—低于已有的脉动控制接收机的输入电平,本发明提出:在其输入部分用一个数字带通滤波器,这种滤波器的频率响应在选定的频率或狭窄频率范围内具有很特大的衰减。根据最佳实施方案,提供了一种滤波器,此滤波器在所选择的增量模式的频率上幅度为零;并适当选择滤波器的参数,使得到简单的滤波系数。

Description

本发明涉及一种用于供电系统的中央控制接收机,它由至少有一个数字滤波器的输入部分,分析装置和输出部分组成。
在供电系统中用中央控制接收机来控制负载已经有几十年历史。在脉冲控制工程中使用编码音频信号,此信号被加到电力系统(例如50赫或60赫)上,并以信息形式传输。在供电系统中,已经采用不同的音频选择或其他系统特性,例如不同脉冲间隔的中央控制系统。中央控制接收机的任务是检测经由供电系统传来的脉冲信息;如果必要的话,还可履行特种开关的职责。为达到这个目的,中央控制接收机具有以下三部分:(1)用于对接收到的脉冲进行滤波和整形的输入部分;(2)用于分析脉冲信息的处理部分;(3)具有开关装置的输出部分。
由于在接收到的系统信号中存在干扰变量,使得中央控制接收机的检测任务更加困难。最重要的干扰变量是系统频率的谐波(即系统谐波),其次是系统频率本身。系统电压的频率和幅度在一个容许范围内变化,系统谐波也是如此。邻近供电系统的控制频率所引起的干扰以及其他不规则扰动信号均能作为噪声而被检测到。
这些干扰变量是中央控制接收机输入端的音频脉冲电平必须保持在某个特定最小值以上的原因。在输入部分具有模拟带通滤波器的一般中央控制接收机,规定其最小音频工作电压约为系统电压的0.5%。为保证得到这个最小可接收电压信号,就需要高功率中央控制发射机。如果可降低所需的发射电平,将带来可观的经济效益。但是,用模拟带通滤波器不可能进一步明显地降低最小发射电平。此外,模拟滤波器还有某 些制造上的不利条件,因为它们含有制造过程中必须调谐的频率确定元件(frequency-determing    components)。
另一个重要变量是带通滤波器的选择性。目前能达到的选择性决定了现有的关于中央控制频率的频率分布方案(VDEW方案)。模拟滤波器即使就其选择性而言,用经济上可能的办法也已无法取得进一步的显著提高。
德国专利说明书2708074建议装置一个单板微计算机,用来以数字形式滤出脉动控制脉冲。其目的是利用较大规模集成电路减少中央控制接收机的硬件费用。然而,作者仅仅是希望所提出的数字滤波器超过模拟滤波器的功能。关于用数字滤波器可以得到更好的滤波特性,以及以什么方式可以实现这个目标,该专利说明书未就此给出任何指示。
本发明的基本目的是在德国专利2708074的基础上详细说明一种中央控制接收机,它具有对来自某电力系统信号的脉动控制脉冲进行滤波的数字滤波器;这种滤波器避免了以前滤波器的缺点,特别是,它具有高的选择性和高的输入灵敏度。
根据本发明用于配电网的中央控制接收机,由于它具有以下特征及其后面要说的有利改进才达到上述目的:它包括:一个含有前置滤波器用以接收输入信号以便有选择地衰减电网频率信号电平的输入部分;
-一个连到所述前置滤波器的取样器,以便对滤波后信号进行取样;
-一个连到所述取样器的模/数转换器,以便对样品进行数字化;及
-一个数字滤波器,该滤波器连到所述模/数转换器并具有通带外形成特定衰减的带通滤波器特性,
-一个连到所述数字滤滤器供所述数字滤波器译码用评价装置,以将数字滤波器输出信号译码为控制脉冲;及-一个输出部分;
其中所述数字滤波器具有多个无限衰减的零点,并包括用于对至少 下述三者之一的谐波频率有选择地进行大幅度衰减的选择衰减装置,这三者是相应网络,邻近中央控制设备的控制频率和网络-特定噪声频带。
本发明推荐提供的输入滤波器具有特定的频率响应,也即对个别的频率或很窄的频率范围可有选择地进行高度衰减。可用不同方法构成的上述数字滤波器在任何情况下都具有足够短的建立时间。
N阶有限脉冲响应(FIR)匹配滤波器可以组成下面所称的最佳滤波器,它有利地具有高度衰减的特定频率区。这种滤波器可抑制任何干扰频率(例如外部脉动控制频率)或干扰频率区(例如由局部有限系统区间中的静态变换装置引起的干扰)。它可任意地选择脉动控制频率,因此不必要使它定位于特定的增量模式范围内。此外,取样频率是固定的,也就是说,与脉动控制频率及系统频率无关。这意味着,不需要锁相环电路就可抑制系统频率及其谐波频率(起伏的系统频率也一样)。然而,目前,滤波器本身仍然需要比较高的费用。但是,随着技术的发展,这种硬件的费用很快就会失去它的重要性。
为以不同的方式、用较少的硬件费用,达到所需的滤波性能可以用一种所谓准最佳滤波器;即,设定所选择的增量模式(例如:25H,16H,8H,或4H)的频率幅度为零;结果,对所选择的增量模式而言,系统谐波和其他供电企业的脉动控制频率都被抑制了。其结果,当各供电企业使用与所选择的增量模式频率的倍数对应的不同控制频率时,各邻近的供电企业就不会产生相互干扰。这也意味着,在采用根据本发明的接收机之后,可以省去供电系统中通常的音频装置和带通电路。此外,那些迄今不可用的紧靠系统频率谐波的频率也可以用作控制频率。最后,一个非常有意义的优点是:对于脉动控制频率,最小接收电平约等于系统电压的0.1%至0.3%就已足够了。
通过适当地选择滤波系数,可以把实现准最佳数字滤波器的费用保持在低水平。因此,可采用等于2的乘方的滤波系数。从E.Luder的 “无乘法器的数字滤波器的设计和最佳化”(AEU    Vol.37    1983年,第9-10期,299-302,特别是P299的方程(3))得知这种可能性。根据本发明的一项有利的改进,提出利用具有某种参数的传递函数作为基础,这种参数使得滤波系数仅取-1、0或1。那样,为实现这种滤波器只需要加法和减法,它大大简化了计算方法。使用递归滤波器(recursive    filter)结构的可能性对于实现这种滤波器也是有利的。
使用锁相环电路,能方便地实现取样频率和系统频率的耦合。这就避免了滤波器特性随系统频率波动而变化。
以下借助附图和实施例,对本发明进行更详细说明,就附图:
图1表示中央控制接收机的方框图;
图2表示与VDE0420相应的系统谐波以及与VDEW相应的脉动控制频率的典型电平值(VDE-西德电气工程师协会);
图3表示最佳数字滤波器的衰减曲线;
图4表示准最佳数字滤波器的衰减曲线;
图5表示有利的滤波系数g(K)。
图1表示与本发明相应的中央控制接收机的方块图。这个中央控制接收机包括前置滤波器1,理想取样器2,A/D变换器3,数字处理单元4和输出级5;这些部分都是串联连接的。在准最佳滤波器的情况下,可有一个锁相环电路6,它的输入端EC与前置滤波器1的第二输出端A7相连;它的输出端AG与取样器2的第二输入端E7相连。数字处理单元4有两项功能:(1)作为一个带通滤波器4,用来对来自系统信号的脉动控制脉冲进行数字滤波;(2)作为一个分析器。因此,中央控制接收机的输入部分由前置滤波器1,取样器2,A/D变换器3以及处理单元4中的带通滤波器组成。
在准最佳滤波器情况下采用锁相环电路6不是绝对必要的;但是, 它提供一种在脉动控制频率下把发射和接收电平降到特别低的可能性。在这一方面,由于取样器2的取样频率和系统频率的耦合,即使在系统频率波动情况下,也可实现系统频率谐波的极大衰减。可以省去抗混淆滤波器(anti-aliaimg    filter)。
如果使用锁相环电路,如图1中所示,那么,前置滤波器1就由一个巴特沃兹(Butterworth)四阶高通滤波器(它的截止频率f=150H,用于选择地衰减系统频率的电平)和一个fg=350H的一阶低通滤波器组成。该高通滤波器用以把系统频率的电平降低到其他信号分量的电平范围内;同时,使系统信号电平同后面电子器件允许的电压范围相适应。该低通滤波器用于衰减高频干扰信号,例如由开关过程引起的干扰以及噪声电平。低通滤波器的输出端被通到初步滤波器1的输出端A7,后者与锁相环电路6连接。
如果省去锁相环电路,即,采用固定的取样频率,那么具有截止频率f=350H的6阶低通滤波器更适用于前置滤波器1,用它来代替简单的1阶低通滤波器。6阶低通滤波器起一个抗混淆滤波器的作用,也就是说,它抵消了由于连续取样所引起的模拟频谱的失真。
将系统信号U(t)输送到前置滤波器1的输入端E1。在前置滤波器的输出端A1,一个经过滤波和电平修正的信号UF(t)被发送到理想取样器2的输入端E2。理想取样器2通过按取样周期T进行等间隔取样,由连续信号U(t)产生一个离散的序列U(k)。接着A/D转换器3使序列U(k)的振幅数字化,并在其输出端A3发送出序列X(k),再把X(k)输送到数字处理单元4的输入端E4。
数字处理单元4包括数字带通滤波器4′和用作对接收到的脉动控制脉冲进行解码的评价装置4″。脉动控制脉冲的解码及输出部分5的结构是已知的而不需要作进一步说明。因此,下面解释数字带通滤波器的设计。
在该带通滤波器的设计中,假定一个已知或已测定的频谱,例如,示于图2。图2根据德国电气工程师协会(VDE)0420(实线),表示了作为系统电压UN的百分数的系统谐波电平值U;并根据VDEW,以1%系统电压的电平表示了脉动控制系统的控制频率(虚线)。为实现有限建立周期,最佳滤波器必须仅仅在起干扰作用的系统谐波和外部脉动控制频率的狭窄范围内具有高的衰减值。在以上这些频率之间的中间频率范围内,比较低的衰减值已足以抑制系统中的噪声或其他干扰信号。因为系统频率在一个允许的范围内(例如49-50.5Hz)波动,使得系统谐波的频率也在波动,所以不应将系统谐波视为频谱线,而应视为一个窄频率区。此外,脉动控制频率也具有容限范围。
视为最佳滤波器的衰减曲线的例子示于图3中,该滤波器在给定条件下给出了有用信号和干扰信号的最大的功率比值(匹配滤波器)。然而,在所示的例子中,未考虑外部脉动控制频率。这种滤波器是不可能实现为模拟滤波器的。作为数字滤波器的结构也需要增加一定的硬件费用,因为需要高的滤波器阶数,因而在每个取样周期中需要大量的乘和加法运算。然而,对于这种最佳滤波器,脉动控制频率的输入电平约等于0.1%的系统电压已经足够;而且是在系统电压和它的谐波的整个容限范围内。所需的接收电平是所需误码概率的函数。
根据一种有益的改进方案,建议用一种所谓准最佳滤波器,它能提供大致同样低的接收电平,而且实现起来更简单。在这种装置中,采用了一个具有如下脉冲响应的数字带通滤波器:
Figure 86104912_IMG4
其中:g(k)=脉冲响应或滤波系数
C=常数
ωO=2πfofo=脉动控制频率
T=1/fSfS=取样频率
k=0,1,2,3…
φ=相移
N=滤波器阶数
选择参数C,T和φ使g(k)取最简单的值,即g(k)=-1,0,1。
滤波器的输出变量Y(k)与输入序列X(k)之间存在以下关系:
Y ( k ) = Σ i = 0 N - 1 g(i)x(k-i)
利用简单的滤波系数g(k)=-1,0,或1,在实现该滤波器时只需要加法和减法。
例如,如果取样频率的参数取为:fS=6fo,常数C=2/ 3 ,相移φ=0°,则得到示于图5中的g(k)=0,1,1,0,-1,-1…。
所提出的准最佳滤波器的另一个有益的特点是:可能用递归滤波器结构来实现所需的滤波器。这样,可以进一步降低硬件费用。在滤波系数g(k)=0,1,1,0,-1,-1…的情况下,得到以下差分方程:
Y(k)=Y(k-1)-Y(k-2)+X(k-1)-X(k-N-1)
对于任何的滤波器阶数N,为计算输出变量Y(k),只需要进行两次减法和一次加法。
上述滤波器利用幅度响应的零点而完全抑制了特定频率fK。对于这些频率下式成立:
fK= (K)/(N) fSK=0,1…N-1
k≠ (N)/6 , 5/6 N
该滤波器的这种特性可用来消除系统频率及其谐波频率;只要适当选择取样频率fS和滤波器阶数N即可实现。
对于典型的中央控制频率fo=216 2/3 Hz,则取样频率fS为:
fS=6fo=1300Hz
抑制fN=50Hz的系统频率及其所有谐波频率时的滤波器的阶数为:
N=78,156,234,312,390,…
利用以上滤波器阶数N,及16 2/3 Hz增量模式,也可以完全抑制外部控制频率。不难看出,通过适当选择参数,也可以用其他增量模式,例如8 1/3 Hz模式,4 1/6 Hz模式来达到对外部控制频率的抑制。
图4表示在滤波器级数N=78情况下,一个准最佳滤波器的衰减曲线。此滤波器有一个短的建立周期(约60ms)。
采用两个或更多滤波器串联的办法,可以得到比这条衰减曲线更大的变率;并且在频率漂移的情况下,可得到象采用锁相环电路同样好的结果。
用最佳和准最佳数字滤波器在供电企业系统中进行了一系列广泛的试验,理论上预期的结果在实践中得到了证明。实验结果还表明,可以实现所提出的用于中央控制接收机的准最佳滤波器;例如,装备有Intel    8085型8位微处理器的中央控制接收机,在实际运行中,具有和使用最佳滤波器的中央控制接收机差不多同样好的性能。

Claims (12)

1、用于配电网的中央控制接收机,该接收机包括:
-一个含有前置滤波器用以接收输入信号以便有选择地衰减电网频率信号电平的输入部分;
-一个连到所述前置滤波器的取样器,以便对滤波后信号进行取样;
-一个连到所述取样器的模/数转换器,以便对样品进行数字化;及
-一个数字滤波器,该滤波器连到所述模/数转换器并具有通带外形成特定衰减的带通滤波器特性;
-一个连到所述数字滤波器供所述数字滤波器译码用的评价装置,以将数字滤波器输出信号译码为控制脉冲;及
-一个输出部分;所述接收机的特征在于:
所述数字滤波器具有多个无限衰减的零点,并包括用于对至少下述三者之一的谐波频率有选择地进行大幅度衰减的选择衰减装置,这三者是相应网络、邻近中央控制设备的控制频率和网络一特定噪声频带。
2、根据权利要求1的中央控制接收机,其特征在于所述数字滤波器的选择衰减装置包括一个N阶有限脉冲响应的匹配滤波器,该滤波器具有的阶数是为对相应配电网的特定通道特性进行匹配而选择的,并包括用于抑制下述通道内的固有干扰变量的装置,该通道包含电网频率及其计及电网频率波动时的谐波,邻近中央控制设备的频率和取决于网络区的干扰频谱。
3、根据权利要求1的中央控制接收机,其特征在于所述选择衰减装置包括另一用于提供具有这样一种滤波器响应的滤波装置,即它对应于电网频率的所述谐波频率具有显示无限衰减的零点;并包括用于对邻近中央控制设备的频率进行衰减的又一滤波装置。
4、根据权利要求3的中央控制接收机,其特征在于所述另一滤波装置包括具有下列脉冲响应的一个带通装置
Figure 86104912_IMG2
其中:g(k)=脉冲响应系数
C=常数
ωo=2πfo,fo=中央控制频率
T=1/fS,fS=取样频率
K=0,1,2,3
φ=相移
N=滤波器阶数
fN=系统频率。
5、根据权利要求3的中央控制接收机,其特征在于:其中所述输入部分包含串联连接并具有下列脉冲响应的两个所述数字滤波器
Figure 86104912_IMG3
其中:g(k)=脉冲响应系数
C=常数
ωo=2πfo,fo=中央控制频率
T=1/fS,fS=取样频率
K=0,1,2,3
φ=相移
N=滤波器阶数
fN=系统频率。
6、根据权利要求4的中央控制接收机,其特征在于:包括使所述数字滤波器的取样频率f与系统频率f耦合的相位同步锁相环电路。
7、根据权利要求4的中央控制接收机,其特征在于:所选择的所述取样频率fS,所述常数C和所述相移Φ,致使滤波系数g(k)为下列之一值:-1,0和1。
8、根据权利要求4的中央控制接收机,其特征在于:所选择的滤波器阶数N,致使每隔△f=fN/m(其中fN等于系统频率,m=1,2,3…)可得到滤波器频率响应的零点,而所述取样频率fS是所述系统频率fN的整数倍。
9、根据权利要求4的中央控制接收机,其特征在于:所述滤波器是一种递归滤波器。
10、根据权利要求5的中央控制接收机,其特征在于所选择的所述取样频率fS、所述常数C和所述相移Φ致使总的滤波系数g(k)为下列之一值:-1;0和1。
11、根据权利要求5的中央控制接收机,其特征在于其中所选的所述滤波器阶数N致使每隔△f=fN/m(其中fN为系统频率,m1,2,3…)可得到滤波器频率响应的零点,而且所述取样频率fS是所述系统频率fN的整数倍。
12、根据权利要求5的中央控制接收机,其特征在于其中所述滤波器为递归滤波器。
CN86104912A 1985-08-05 1986-08-02 中央控制接收机 Expired CN1007108B (zh)

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