CN100593441C - Bauxite ore dressed and ore cleaned tailings piling method - Google Patents
Bauxite ore dressed and ore cleaned tailings piling method Download PDFInfo
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- CN100593441C CN100593441C CN200610156329A CN200610156329A CN100593441C CN 100593441 C CN100593441 C CN 100593441C CN 200610156329 A CN200610156329 A CN 200610156329A CN 200610156329 A CN200610156329 A CN 200610156329A CN 100593441 C CN100593441 C CN 100593441C
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- bauxite
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 48
- 229910001570 bauxite Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 32
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 35
- 235000019738 Limestone Nutrition 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000006028 limestone Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Sulfate Chemical group [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052925 anhydrite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium sulfate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000010881 fly ash Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940037003 alum Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- DIZPMCHEQGEION-UHFFFAOYSA-H aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Al+3].[Al+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O DIZPMCHEQGEION-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 claims description 2
- BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium sulfate Chemical compound N.N.OS(O)(=O)=O BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052921 ammonium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000011130 ammonium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- RUTXIHLAWFEWGM-UHFFFAOYSA-H iron(3+) sulfate Chemical compound [Fe+3].[Fe+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O RUTXIHLAWFEWGM-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000360 iron(III) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- OTYBMLCTZGSZBG-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium sulfate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OTYBMLCTZGSZBG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052939 potassium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000011151 potassium sulphates Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 21
- 235000008733 Citrus aurantifolia Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 8
- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 8
- 239000004571 lime Substances 0.000 abstract description 8
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000010883 coal ash Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium oxide Chemical compound [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 6
- AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ca+2] AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 6
- 239000000920 calcium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 6
- 235000011116 calcium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 229910001861 calcium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 6
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000000292 calcium oxide Substances 0.000 description 5
- 235000012255 calcium oxide Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012024 dehydrating agents Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000018044 dehydration Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000006297 dehydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000003311 flocculating effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052604 silicate mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 2
- WURBVZBTWMNKQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-one Chemical compound C1=NC=NN1C(C(=O)C(C)(C)C)OC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1 WURBVZBTWMNKQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000070406 Malus silvestris Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000034189 Sclerosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910010413 TiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- YKTSYUJCYHOUJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O--].[Al+3].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] Chemical compound [O--].[Al+3].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] YKTSYUJCYHOUJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane Chemical compound [AlH3] AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- XFWJKVMFIVXPKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium;oxido(oxo)alumane Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-][Al]=O.[O-][Al]=O XFWJKVMFIVXPKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001112 coagulating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052602 gypsum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010440 gypsum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008235 industrial water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005065 mining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 1
- RMAQACBXLXPBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicic acid Chemical compound O[Si](O)(O)O RMAQACBXLXPBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 1
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- Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to a method for selecting, washing, and stacking the alumyte, wherein it uses concentrate machine, high-effect deep taper concentrate machine, and tail mineral house to treat thealumyte into bottom flow or deposited sand; or dewater the bottom flow and deposited sand until the solid content of tail mineral is higher than 600g/l, adds lime dust and one or several of anhedritite, coal ash, mineral slag and sulfate to be mixed and transferred into stack site, to be compressed and solidified. The invention can realize dry stack, to reduce the area and effect on around condition.
Description
Technical field
A kind of method of bauxite ore dressed and ore cleaned tailings piling, relate to the method that a kind of mine tailing dry method is stacked, it is to make milltailings realize the method that dry method is stacked after curing agent is handled that the particularly higher ore concentration of bauxite that contains admittedly, washup mine tailing adopt calcium lime powder and anhydrite, flyash, slag powders, sulfate.
Background technology
At present, China's accumulative total is produced mine tailing 59.7 hundred million t, takes up an area of 400km
2More than, annual still increasing with 3.0 hundred million tons speed, annually continue to enlarge the about 20km of area occupied
2Be that the method that adopts upper reaches method to build a dam is carried out the wet method stacking more than 80% in China's mine tailing, small part adopts the dry method stacking through filtering the back.
The ore dressing of China's bauxite will form in 2010 produces 6000000 tons of concentrate selections, 3,000,000 tons of production scales of washing concentrate per year, that is to say annual output bauxite, wash mine tailing and add up to and be approximately 7,000,000 tons, annual area occupied is greater than 0.5km2.As everyone knows, the mineral processing tailing of bauxite of a large amount of micro-size fractions mostly is sludge, and sinking speed is extremely slow.If adopt wet method to store up, its shortcoming mainly is that the construction investment of tailing dam is very big, to tailing dam to administer and maintain cost big; The concentration of the mineral processing tailing of bauxite in the mine tailing storehouse is lower, the recycling water utilization rate is very low, not only shorten the service life in mine tailing storehouse, increase production cost, and the safety of tailing dam also serious threat surrounding area resident's the security of the lives and property and Environmental security, in case break down, all water in the mine tailing storehouse and fail to solidify select mine tailing all may become mighty torrent to come down in torrents; Wet method is stored up and also can't be realized cultivating and utilizing again of mining tailing wasteland simultaneously.
Stack the problem that exists at the mine tailing wet method, part Study fully was squeezed to the about dry plate shape of water content with mine tailing at 20% o'clock through filter press in recent years, transported layering stacking in the tailing dry stockyard to belt conveyor.Owing to contain a large amount of subparticles in the mine tailing, easy blocking filtering medium needs frequent cleaning and filtering medium in pressure-filtering process, has so just increased treatment process, adopts the method for press filtration also to increase energy consumption and great amount of cost simultaneously.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is the deficiency that exists at above-mentioned prior art, provide a kind of and can overcome effectively that the mineral processing tailing of bauxite sinking speed is slow, the construction investment of tailing dam is big, administer and maintain the method for the bauxite ore dressed and ore cleaned tailings piling of shortcomings such as cost is big, there is potential safety hazard in dam body, the reservoir area land seizure is big, the filtration treatment technology difficulty is big, energy consumption height.
The objective of the invention is to be achieved through the following technical solutions.
A kind of method of bauxite ore dressed and ore cleaned tailings piling, it is characterized in that its process of storing up is with ore concentration of bauxite factory, washup factory mine tailing, through adopting concentrator, efficient deep wimble thickener, mine tailing storehouse to concentrate and obtain underflow or sand setting, or after underflow, sand setting dewatered again, when mine tailing contains greater than 600g/L admittedly, add pulverized limestone and be selected from one or more auxiliary curing agent in anhydrite, flyash, slag powders, the sulfate, mechanical mixing is transported to the stockyard and stores up.
The method of a kind of bauxite ore dressed and ore cleaned tailings piling of the present invention, it is characterized in that when mine tailing contains greater than 600g/L admittedly, the pulverized limestone that adds and the addition of auxiliary curing agent are the 0.5%-50% of mine tailing weight, and wherein the weight ratio of pulverized limestone and auxiliary curing agent is 50-100: 0-50.
The method of a kind of bauxite ore dressed and ore cleaned tailings piling of the present invention is characterized in that when mine tailing contained greater than 600g/L admittedly, the pulverized limestone of interpolation and the granularity of auxiliary curing agent were less than 0.5mm.
Adopt method of the present invention, the mine tailing of processing solidifies through compacting to be handled, and has certain intensity, realizes the dry method stacking.
The method of a kind of bauxite ore dressed and ore cleaned tailings piling of the present invention is characterized in that the sulfate in the auxiliary curing agent is sodium sulphate, potassium sulfate, ammonium sulfate, aluminum sulfate, ferric sulfate, alum.
The method of a kind of bauxite ore dressed and ore cleaned tailings piling of the present invention is characterized in that when mine tailing contains greater than 600g/L admittedly, and the pulverized limestone of interpolation and the granularity of auxiliary curing agent are that-74 microns grain size contents are greater than 85%.
In the method for the present invention, the pulverized limestone of interpolation is preferably calcium lime powder, also can use hydrated lime in powder, slaked lime powder to replace.Auxiliary curing agent is one or more of anhydrite, flyash, slag powders, sulfate, their proportioning consumption is any, this powdery curing agent and milltailings carry out mechanical mixing in mixing equipment, being transported to stockyard or dam after the discharge stacks, through further compacting curing processing, make it have certain intensity, realize the dry method stacking.
The present invention utilizes the part composition in curing agent such as calcium lime powder and the milltailings to react, and the variation of matter takes place in the slurry fast, and its rheological behavior is changed fast, and intensity improves greatly.This solidification mainly shows as:
Choosing, in general the washup mine tailing contain a large amount of aluminum silicate mineral, when the curing agent that adds based on lime, and after the water in lime and the ore pulp reacts, lime self generation Ca (OH)
2, Ca (OH)
2With airborne CO
2Reaction generates CaCO
3Aluminum silicate mineral while and Ca (OH) in the mine tailing
2The hard reaction of coagulating taking place, generate silicic acid stone hydrate of calcium and calcium aluminate hydrate, thereby mine tailing is produced certain gelling and cementation, strengthens the stability and the sclerosis of mine tailing; Under the effect of materials such as sulfate or gypsum, form the connection intersected with each other of entringite crystal, reach the purpose of solidifying mine tailing, make it when stacking, produce bigger angle of repose.
Adopt inventive method, can significantly reduce the construction investment and the management maintenance of tailing dam, cost saving is about more than 30%; Effectively reduce harm and influence to the safety of surrounding enviroment and peripheral resident's lives and properties; Make the ore dressing plant industrial water reach minimum, backwater is maximum to be utilized; Can store up with the dry method of lower cost realization milltailings, thereby be convenient to realize preferably in the future land reclamation and utilization again.
The specific embodiment
A kind of method of bauxite ore dressed and ore cleaned tailings piling, it is characterized in that its process of storing up is with ore concentration of bauxite factory, washup factory mine tailing, through adopting common concentrator, efficient deep wimble thickener, mine tailing storehouse to concentrate and obtain underflow or sand setting, or after underflow, sand setting dewatered again, when mine tailing contained greater than 600g/L admittedly, the 0.5%-50%, granularity that are added in an amount of mine tailing weight were less than curing agent 0.5mm, pulverized limestone: auxiliary curing agent=50-100: 0-50.
In the method for the present invention, pulverized limestone be preferably calcium lime powder, also can use hydrated lime in powder, slaked lime powder to replace.Auxiliary curing agent is one or more of anhydrite, flyash, slag powders, sulfate, their proportioning consumption is any, this powdery curing agent and milltailings carry out mechanical mixing in mixing equipment, being transported to stockyard or dam after the discharge stacks, through further compacting curing processing, make it have certain intensity, realize the dry method stacking.The powdery curing agent that uses in the invention is industrial goods.
Embodiment 1
With Shanxi Province's Xiaoyi bauxite is sample, the complete chemical analysis of this mine tailing the results are shown in Table 1, the size distribution of mine tailing sees Table 2, after the flocculant effect of mine tailing and 30g^, underflow density is 62.31% behind the flocculating setting in high rate settling, after passing through the 5# dehydrating agent effect that provides with Ciba company again, the concentration of mine tailing reaches 71.64%, from the mine tailing after the dehydration, respectively take out 1 ton of mine tailing, add following A1 respectively, A2, A3, A4,50 kilograms in six kinds-200 purpose curing agent of A5 and A6, the component of six kinds of curing agent sees Table 3, and the mechanical agitation time is 10min, discharge and stack, they are stacked effect for the dry method of mine tailing and represent to see Table 4 with angle of repose.
Table 1 Xiaoyi bauxite complete chemical analysis result (%)
The size distribution of table 2 mine tailing (%)
| Grade (mm) | +0.074 | -0.074+0.037 | -0.037 | Add up to |
| Productive rate (%) | 25.67 | 10.67 | 63.66 | 100 |
The component of table 3A1, A2, A3, A4, A5 and six kinds of curing agent of A6
| The curing agent numbering | The curing agent kind |
| A1 | Quick lime |
| A2 | Quick lime: anhydrite=9: 1 |
| A3 | Quick lime: sodium sulphate=9: 1 |
| A4 | Quick lime: anhydrite: sodium sulphate=9: 0.5: 0.5 |
| A5 | Calcium hydroxide |
| A6 | Calcium hydroxide: anhydrite=9: 1 |
The dry method of table 4 bauxite under different curing agent effects stacked effect
Embodiment 2
With Dengfeng, Henan bauxite is sample, the complete chemical analysis of this mine tailing the results are shown in Table 5, the size distribution of mine tailing sees Table 6, after the flocculant effect of mine tailing and 50g/t, underflow density is 65.69% behind the flocculating setting in high rate settling, after passing through the 5# dehydrating agent effect that provides with Ciba company again, the concentration of mine tailing reaches 73.37%, from the mine tailing after the dehydration, respectively take out 1 ton of mine tailing, add following A1 respectively, A2, A3, A4,50 kilograms in six kinds-200 purpose curing agent of A5 and A6, the component of six kinds of curing agent sees Table 3, and the mechanical agitation time is 10min, discharge and stack, they are stacked effect for the dry method of mine tailing and represent to see Table 7 with angle of repose.With after the effect of A2 curing agent select mine tailing to solidify 2 hours, 4 hours, 8 hours, 24 hours, 72 hours respectively after, the mine tailing solidification effect is represented to see Table 8 with storing up angle of repose.
The bauxite complete chemical analysis result (%) of table 5 Dengfeng City
Each grade productive rate of the bauxite gangue of table 6 Dengfeng City
The dry method of table 7 Dengfeng City bauxite under different curing agent effects stacked effect
The dry method of mine tailing under different hardening times of selecting after table 8 and the curing agent A2 effect stacked effect
Embodiment 3
With Used in Guangxi Pingguo Bauxite Project washup mine tailing is sample, the complete chemical analysis of this mine tailing the results are shown in Table 9, the size distribution of mine tailing sees Table 10, after the flocculant effect of mine tailing and 50g/t, underflow density is 56.32% behind the flocculating setting in common subsider, after passing through the 5# dehydrating agent effect that provides with Ciba company again, the concentration of mine tailing reaches 64.52%, from the mine tailing after the dehydration, respectively take out 1 ton of mine tailing, add the A1 in the table 3 respectively, A2, A3, A4,80 kilograms in six kinds-200 purpose curing agent of A5 and A6, the mechanical agitation time is 10min, discharges and stacks, and they are stacked effect for the dry method of mine tailing and represent to see Table 11 with angle of repose.
The chemical analysis results (%) in table 9 washup mud ore deposit
| Component | Al 2O 3 | SiO 2 | Fe 2O 3 | TiO 2 | MnO 2 | Pb | Zn | Cu |
| Content | 38.00 | 18.76 | 16.3 | 1.73 | 0.090 | 0.014 | 0.055 | 0.012 |
| Component | MgO | K 2O | Na 2O | S | As | A/S | Igloss | CaO |
| Content | 0.48 | 1.10 | 0.049 | 0.15 | 0.0006 | 2.03 | 16.53 | 0.0036 |
The sieve elutriation test result in table 10 mud ore deposit
| Particle size range mm | +0.208 | -0.208 +0.074 | 0.074+ 0.050 | -0.050+ 0.030 | -0.030 +0.020 | -0.020 |
| Distribution % | 3.7 | 3.43 | 10.8 | 11.2 | 24.3 | 46.57 |
The dry method of table 11 pingguo bauxite washup mine tailing under different curing agent effects stacked effect
Claims (4)
1. the method for a bauxite ore dressed and ore cleaned tailings piling, it is characterized in that its process of storing up is with ore concentration of bauxite factory, washup factory mine tailing, through adopting concentrator, efficient deep wimble thickener, the mine tailing storehouse concentrates and obtains underflow or sand setting, or to underflow, after sand setting dewaters again, when mine tailing contains greater than 600g/L admittedly, add pulverized limestone and be selected from anhydrite, flyash, slag powders, the auxiliary curing agent of one or more in the sulfate, the pulverized limestone that adds and the addition of auxiliary curing agent are the 5%-8% of mine tailing weight, wherein the weight ratio of pulverized limestone and auxiliary curing agent is 50-100: 0-50, mechanical then mixing is transported to the stockyard, solidify processing through compacting, realize the dry method stacking.
2. the method for a kind of bauxite ore dressed and ore cleaned tailings piling according to claim 1 is characterized in that when mine tailing contained greater than 600g/L admittedly, the pulverized limestone of interpolation and the granularity of auxiliary curing agent were less than 0.5mm.
3. the method for a kind of bauxite ore dressed and ore cleaned tailings piling according to claim 1 is characterized in that the sulfate in the auxiliary curing agent is sodium sulphate, potassium sulfate, ammonium sulfate, aluminum sulfate, ferric sulfate, alum.
4. the method for a kind of bauxite ore dressed and ore cleaned tailings piling according to claim 1 is characterized in that when mine tailing contains greater than 600g/L admittedly, and the pulverized limestone of interpolation and the granularity of auxiliary curing agent are that-74 microns grain size contents are greater than 85%.
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| CN101288858B (en) * | 2008-06-12 | 2010-06-02 | 中国铝业股份有限公司 | Alumyte flotation tailings settling separation method |
| CN101559295B (en) * | 2009-05-08 | 2013-01-16 | 昆明理工大学 | Tailing dry heaping method |
| CN101912865B (en) * | 2010-08-02 | 2012-11-07 | 河海大学 | Method for solidifying and dry-stacking mill tailings without tailing reservoir |
| CN101912866B (en) * | 2010-08-30 | 2013-10-09 | 昆明理工大学 | Iron tailing solidifying method |
| CN102553889B (en) * | 2012-01-11 | 2015-01-28 | 昆明理工大学 | Concentrating and dry stacking method of iron tailing slurry |
| CN107344188A (en) * | 2017-07-28 | 2017-11-14 | 靖西天桂铝业有限公司 | Bauxite washing tail mud dry treatment and comprehensive utilization new technology |
| CN112974489B (en) * | 2021-04-12 | 2023-07-07 | 昆明理工大学 | Tailing sedimentation-dehydration-solidification device and experimental method thereof |
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| CN1994597A (en) | 2007-07-11 |
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