CN100533648C - Electrostatic focusing femtosecond stripe phase-change tube - Google Patents
Electrostatic focusing femtosecond stripe phase-change tube Download PDFInfo
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- CN100533648C CN100533648C CNB2005100227622A CN200510022762A CN100533648C CN 100533648 C CN100533648 C CN 100533648C CN B2005100227622 A CNB2005100227622 A CN B2005100227622A CN 200510022762 A CN200510022762 A CN 200510022762A CN 100533648 C CN100533648 C CN 100533648C
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Abstract
The invention designs a femtosecond stripe phase-change tube adopting electrostatic focusing, wherein the cathode of the phase-change tube is in a circular plate shape; the main body part of the grid is cylindrical, the end part of the main body part is provided with an outer boss, and the outer boss is provided with a grid mesh; the focusing electrode adopts a cylindrical structure; one end of the anode close to the focusing electrode is of a bowl-shaped structure, a central circular hole is arranged on the small end face of the bowl-shaped structure, and one end of the anode close to the deflection plate is of a cylindrical structure; the deflecting plate is a pair of inclined strip-shaped flat plates; the ratio of the diameter of the main body portion of the grid electrode to the diameter of the focus electrode is 1.1 to 2.8. By adopting the structure, a Monte Carlo method is utilized for sampling, the electric field distribution is calculated by a finite difference method, the four-order Runge-Kutta method is used for simulating and tracking the running track of a large number of photoelectrons and carrying out statistical analysis, and finally basic parameters such as the space modulation transfer function, the time resolution capability and the like of the phase change tube are given.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of Femoto-second Streak Tube, relate in particular to a kind of electrostatic focusing femtosecond stripe image converter tube.
Background technology
The theoretical limit of striped image converter tube time resolution is 10fs, and for many years people are struggling to this direction always.Significant progress is being arranged abroad aspect the raising time resolution: Japanese shore pine company and Russian Academy Of Sciences General Physics research institute have developed the image converter tube that the merit time resolution is 200fs.It is 5 μ m slits by place a width between anode and deflector that kansas, u.s.a university often increases brave seminar, 280fs (integral mode) is brought up in the time resolution of electrostatically focused image converter tube, and to have carried out time resolution be the research work of the image converter tube of 100fs.Except time resolution, other performance index of image converter tube are also constantly improving, the dynamic range of Japan's image converter tube can be up to 10000:1, and the frequency of synchronous scanning can be up to 175MHz, and Russian image converter tube spatial resolving power can reach 40lp/mm.Next is the expansion of image converter tube spectral response range: wavelength is that the far infrared image converter tube of 5～75 μ m comes out, and its time resolution capability reaches 700fs.Russia has carried out the research (photocathode CsI) of ion (proton or α particle) image converter tube, and temporal resolution is 7ps, and spatial resolution is 70 microns, also succeeds in developing neutron image converter tube detector (plating CsI on the polyethylene film) simultaneously.Temporal resolution 30ps, 100 microns of spatial resolutions; The subminaturization of image converter tube has also obtained very big progress, and it is technical to apply to laser infrared radar imaging, in addition, new technology, the new method about image converter tube continues to bring out: for example: Ah second's image converter tube, anisotropy focus on image converter tube, import picture image converter tube, radio frequency circular scanning image converter tube etc. greatly.At home, Chang Zenghu adopted short magnetic focusing to substitute electrostatically focused method in 1998, the ripple deflector of will going is placed on before the short magnetic focusing lens, reduced the flight time between photoelectron enters the mouth from the anode to the deflector, thereby reduced by the photoelectron flight time disperse that just energy disperses and space charge effect causes, reduced the time explanation that causes by space charge effect; When guaranteeing physical time resolution and great dynamic range, improve the dynamic deflection sensitivity and the spatial resolution of image converter tube, thereby help the temporal resolution that develops skill.This weak point magnetic focusing striped image converter tube has reached 540fs in the ultraviolet band temporal resolution, is 880fs in soft X-ray wave band temporal resolution.But short magnetic focusing striped image converter tube is very high to the stability requirement of magnetic lens exciting curent, small change takes place in exciting curent, drift about before and after will causing image planes, but be difficult to accomplish the excitatory constant-current source that meets the demands, therefore developing electrostatically focused high time resolution striped image converter tube then has more real practical value.
Summary of the invention
The object of the invention provides the electrostatic focusing femtosecond stripe image converter tube of a kind of high time resolution, high spatial resolution, it has solved the unsettled technical problem of domestic existing short magnetic focusing striped image converter tube image planes on the one hand, has solved conventional electrostatic on the other hand and has focused on the low technical problem of striped image converter tube temporal resolution.
Technical solution of the present invention is: a kind of electrostatic focusing femtosecond stripe image converter tube, comprise negative electrode 1, grid 2, focusing electrode 3, anode 4, deflector 5 and phosphor screen 6, and its special character is that described negative electrode 1 is a circular plate type; Described grid 2 comprises gate body 20, gate body 20 be shaped as cylindrical shape, its end near negative electrode 1 is provided with an outer lug boss 21, described outer lug boss 21 is provided with first aperture plate; Described focusing electrode 3 adopts columnar structured; Described anode 4 is an anode bowl structure 41 near an end of focusing electrode 3, and its end near deflector 5 is an anode cylinder shape structure 42, and the small end face of anode bowl structure 41 is provided with center hole 43; The banded flat board that described deflector 5 is placed for pair of angled; The diameter ratio of the diameter of described gate body 20 and focusing electrode 3 is 1.1～2.8.
The diameter of above-mentioned anode cylinder shape structure 42 and the diameter ratio of focusing electrode 3 are 1.6～3.1.
The diameter ratio of the diameter of above-mentioned gate body 2 and focusing electrode 3 is preferable with 1.6～1.9; The diameter of above-mentioned anode cylinder shape structure 42 and the diameter ratio of focusing electrode 3 are preferable with 2.0～2.5.
The diameter ratio of the diameter of above-mentioned gate body 20 and focusing electrode 3 is the best with 1.74; The diameter of above-mentioned anode cylinder shape structure 42 and the diameter ratio of focusing electrode 3 are to be the best with 2.3.
Above-mentioned grid 2 is provided with second aperture plate 23, and described second aperture plate 23 is arranged within the gate body 20, and the voltage of voltage ratio first aperture plate 22 of described second aperture plate 23 hangs down 100～200V.
The electrical potential difference that above-mentioned grid 2, focusing electrode 3, anode 4 and negative electrode are 1 is respectively 12～20kV, 5～8kV, 15～25kV.
The structure of above-mentioned deflector 5 is along back and forth continuous snakelike of deflector 5 Widths.
The electrical potential difference that above-mentioned grid 2, focusing electrode 3, anode 4 and negative electrode are 1 is the best with 15kV, 6.3kV, 20kV respectively.
The present invention has following advantage:
1, spatial resolution height.Design (not considering fluoroscopic real space resolution) from electron optics, whole image converter tube has very high spatial resolving power, even at the central 18.8mm of distance screen at a distance, its spatial resolution also can reach 351p/mm.
2, temporal resolution height.Through optimal design repeatedly, under the situation of not considering space charge effect, the time resolution of image converter tube can reach 290fs (comprising technology time and physical time), consider the inevitable property of space charge effect and the alignment error in the technical process, be expected to develop the image converter tube of time resolution at 500fs.The present invention surpasses the bottleneck that domestic electrostatic focusing streak camera time resolution is difficult to break through 1ps.
3, image planes are stable, and are practical.Because adopt electrostatic focusing rather than magnetic focusing, the stability of image planes is high, generally can not cause the fuzzy of image.
The explanation of accompanying drawing drawing
Fig. 1 is the electrode structure schematic diagram of Femoto-second Streak Tube;
Fig. 2 is a Femoto-second Streak Tube equipotential line distribution map;
Fig. 3 is the Femoto-second Streak Tube perspective view;
Fig. 4 is a Femoto-second Streak Tube row ripple deflector structural representation
Wherein, 1-negative electrode, 2-grid, 20-gate body, 21-outer lug boss, 22-the first aperture plate, 23-the second aperture plate, 3-focusing electrode, 4-anode, 41-anode bowl structure, 42-anode cylinder shape structure, 43-center hole, 5-deflector, 6-phosphor screen.
Embodiment
A kind of electrostatic focusing femtosecond stripe image converter tube structure of the present invention is referring to Fig. 1 and Fig. 3, comprise negative electrode 1, grid 2, focusing electrode 3, anode 4, deflector 5 and phosphor screen 6, negative electrode 1 is a circular plate type, gate body 20 is a cylindrical shape, its end near negative electrode 1 is provided with an outer lug boss 21, outer lug boss 21 is provided with first aperture plate 22, this first aperture plate 22 forms highfield on the one hand between negative electrode 1 and grid 2, guarantee that electronics has less temporal dispersion between negative electrode 1 and grid 2, on the other hand, the photoelectron that is accelerated can pass through the aperture plate aperture.In grid 2 latter half inside second aperture plate 23 can be set, voltage ratio grid 2 voltages hang down 100～200V, to intercept and capture the secondary electron that produces on first aperture plate 22.Focusing electrode 3 adopts cylinder-like structure, and there is edge in the rear end.Anode 4 is an anode bowl structure 41 near an end of focusing electrode 3, its end near deflector 5 is an anode cylinder shape structure 42, the small end face of anode bowl structure 41 is provided with center hole 43, deflector 5 is row ripple deflector, its structure be pair of angled place banded dull and stereotyped, the concrete structure of each row ripple deflector be reciprocal continuous snakelike along the deflector Width.The diameter ratio of the diameter of gate body 20 and focusing electrode 3 is 1.74:1; The diameter of anode cylinder shape structure 42 and the diameter ratio of focusing electrode 3 are 2.3:1.The electrical potential difference that grid 2, focusing electrode 3, anode 4 and negative electrode are 1 is respectively 15kV, 6.3kV, 20kV.
Fig. 4 is a Femoto-second Streak Tube row ripple deflector structural representation, promptly by forming deflector along the reciprocal continuous serpentine configuration of deflector Width.
The principle of the invention:
From the photoelectron that photocathode emits, its primary power, azimuth, the elevation angle, initial position all satisfy certain Distribution Statistics.Photoelectronic initial position distributes can be even distribution when rayed (evenly) or be bordering on Gaussian Profile (laser irradiation at short distance), photoelectronic primary power it is generally acknowledged that obeying β distributes, after given photoelectronic energy just, first position and initial inclination distribution, can utilize Monte Carlo (M-C) method to sample.According to the law of great number in the probability theory, have only when frequency in sampling reaches infinitely-great, sampling distribution could be near actual distribution, and reality is difficult to accomplish that frequency in sampling reaches infinitely great, so whether the M-C sampling results is reliable, must be verified.The calculating of following the tracks of electron trajectory is based on following hypothesis:
A, photoelectronic energy just satisfy in (β on 0～0.6eV) (1,4) distribution, the M-C sampling employing direct sampling method of this distribution;
Evenly distribution is satisfied in the first position of B, electronics;
The cosine distribution of (0～90 °) is obeyed at C, the electronics elevation angle, and the equally distributed electronics in (0～2 π) scope is obeyed at the azimuth, and the integration sampling is adopted in the M-C sampling of cosine distribution;
Finite difference calculus is a kind of Numerical Calculation of Electromagnetic Field method of using the earliest, has advantages such as simple, directly perceived.The basic principle of finite difference calculus is that the point set in the continuum is replaced with discrete dot matrix, thereby the partial derivative that will find the solution in the Poisson's equation (Laplace's equation) of electric field replaces with the difference between the consecutive points, through such processing, the equation group of utilizing the numerical method iterative to set up by difference equation.
When not considering distribution of space charge, the Laplace's equation that rotates in the symmetrical electrostatic field is:
Under rectangular coordinate system, three-dimensional Laplace equation has following form:
Finding the solution of above-mentioned equation for the rotation SYMMETRICAL FIELD, adopted 5 difference formula (P
New, P
1, P
2, P
3, P
4), and 7 difference formula (P are adopted in the calculating of three dimensions field (deflection field)
New, P
1, P
2, P
3, P
4, P
5, P
6).
When calculate the space electric field distribution with finite difference calculus after, just can find the solution the movement locus of electron motion equation, tracking electronic bundle with quadravalence Runge-Kutta method.Fig. 2 is a Femoto-second Streak Tube equipotential line distribution map.
Improve the temporal resolution of image converter tube, at first will strengthen near the electric field strength of negative electrode.But studies show that: it is limited only improving the temporal resolution that near the negative electrode electric field strength improves image converter tube.In fact, the temporal dispersion of lens area is greater than grid temporal dispersion in the past.And space charge effect also is greater than the zone before the grid to the influence of dynamic range.Concerning image converter tube, the space charge effect of electron beam intersection region is also little to the contribution of temporal dispersion and pulse stretching, but has the sweep speed of an optimum, and under this speed, its technology temporal resolution reaches the highest.Therefore, design focal point is on the determining of focusing electrode and anode electrode structure optimum Design of Parameters and optimum scanning speed, does not consider the influence of space charge effect to the image converter tube performance parameter.Extract 3000 electronics with Monte Carlo method, its initial condition satisfies three hypothesis that provide above, utilizes the trajectory track method that image converter tube is optimized design then, comprises the calculating, aberration, distortion of the determining of best image planes, modulation transfer function etc.
Table 1 is that electron beam is under different deflecting voltages, apart from the spatial resolution of the central different distance of screen.
The relation of table 1 spatial resolution and deflection distance (contrast is reduced to 10% spatial frequency)
| Deflection distance y (mm) | 3.18 | 6.24 | 9.36 | 12.49 | 15.62 | 18.8 |
| Spatial resolution (1p/mm) | >200 | >200 | 104 | 52 | 45 | 35 |
As can be seen: design (not considering fluoroscopic real space resolution) with regard to electron optics, whole image converter tube has very high spatial resolving power, even at the central 18.8mm of distance screen at a distance, its spatial resolution also can reach 35lp/mm.Width is that to form width when reaching phosphor screen edge (18.8mm) be 90 μ m pictures for photoelectron in the slit scope of 20 μ m on the negative electrode, and at close phosphor screen center position, the picture of slit remains on about 65～70 μ m substantially, show good deflection linearity, this conclusion can demonstrate fully out (table 2 is a photoelectron in the slit scope of 20 μ m for width on negative electrode, the broadening effect when different deflecting voltages is issued to the phosphor screen diverse location) from the result of table 2.Near near the screen middle position, the width of slit image substantially just equals the product of slit width and image converter tube enlargement ratio 3 on the negative electrode, and near phosphor screen edge (electronics is very near apart from deflector when leaving deflector), it is very big to be subjected to the effect of deflector fringing field, causes the further broadening of slit image.
Table 2 slit image width and deflecting voltage, from wheelbase from relation
| Deflecting voltage (V) | 100 | 200 | 300 | 400 | 500 | 600 |
| From wheelbase from (mm) | 3.126 | 6.26 | 9.38 | 12.51 | 15.65 | 18.8 |
| Slit image width (μ m) | 70 | 65 | 70 | 70 | 80 | 90 |
The estimation of image converter tube time resolution: the deflection sensitivity that obtains image converter tube by the trajectory track method is P=3.12115 * 10
-5M/V is if obtain 3 * 10
8The sweep speed of m/s, then require the slope K=9.612kV/ns of scanning voltage, be to belong to short scan voltage, this will adopt capable ripple deflection system, to improve frequency response, adopt tilted-putted crooked banding pattern deflector, length is 40mm, and the two ends spacing is respectively 3mm and 7mm, and width is 30mm, in order to improve the deflection picture element, scanning voltage adopts positive and negative symmetrical connection.The physical time that electron beam arrives best image planes is distinguished as τ
Physics=272.6fs is if sweep speed can reach 3 * 10
8M/s, then width is the pairing technology temporal resolution of the striped τ of 90 μ m on phosphor screen
Technology=300fs, then total temporal resolution of image converter tube:
This estimation is relatively more conservative a kind of method of estimation, if the picture of slit can drop on the place near phosphor screen 6 centers, " blooming effect " of deflector is weak relatively, width is that the striped picture of striped on phosphor screen of 20 μ m is narrow more on the negative electrode, corresponding technology temporal resolution can be higher, table 2 has just illustrated this point: near more apart from the phosphor screen center, it is weak more that electronics is subjected to the fringing field effect through deflector, the effect that electronics is subjected to deflection field almost is consistent, and the width of slit image almost remains on about 70 μ m.If adopt the computational methods of shore pine company: width is that the image width at the slit arrival phosphor screen edge of 5 μ m is 30 μ m on the negative electrode, and corresponding technology time resolution is τ
Technology=100fs, total time resolution be exactly 290.4fs.In addition, in order to improve the contrast of phosphor screen epigraph, must place a secondary electron trap in the grid back, make secondary electron can not arrive phosphor screen, to reduce the noise of image converter tube, also can improve the spatial resolution of image converter tube, the secondary electron trap can be made of another aperture plate that is placed on the aperture plate back, and low 100～200V is just passable for the voltage ratio grid voltage.
The total length of image converter tube of the present invention is 300mm, and enlargement ratio is 3, and the spacing between negative electrode and the grid is 2mm, electrical potential difference between negative electrode and the grid is 15kV, focusing electrode voltage is 6.3kV, and anode voltage is 20kV, and crossover is 151mm apart from the distance of negative electrode.
The Femoto-second Streak Tube of the present invention's design, under the situation of not considering space charge effect, the estimated value of the time resolution that image converter tube is the most conservative is 405fs, consider the inevitable property of space charge effect and the alignment error in the technical process, be expected to develop the image converter tube of time resolution at 500fs, but on technology, take some practical ways, be expected to further improve the time resolution of this image converter tube, such as improving process conditions, improve the electric field strength between negative electrode and the grid, slit being set before deflector and allowing that the striped picture drops near the phosphor screen center as far as possible etc., all is the good method that improves the image converter tube time resolution.
Claims (8)
1, a kind of electrostatic focusing femtosecond stripe image converter tube comprises negative electrode (1), grid (2), focusing electrode (3), anode (4), deflector (5) and phosphor screen (6), it is characterized in that: described negative electrode (1) is a circular plate type; Described grid (2) comprises gate body (20), gate body (20) be shaped as cylindrical shape, its end near negative electrode (1) is provided with an outer lug boss (21), described outer lug boss (21) is provided with first aperture plate; Described focusing electrode (3) adopts columnar structured; Described anode (4) is anode bowl structure (41) near an end of focusing electrode (3), and its end near deflector (5) is an anode cylinder shape structure (42), and the small end face of anode bowl structure (41) is provided with center hole (43); The banded flat board that described deflector (5) is placed for pair of angled; The diameter ratio of the diameter of described gate body (20) and focusing electrode (3) is 1.1～2.8.
2, a kind of electrostatic focusing femtosecond stripe image converter tube according to claim 1 is characterized in that: the diameter ratio of the diameter of described anode cylinder shape structure (42) and focusing electrode (3) is 1.6～3.1.
3, a kind of electrostatic focusing femtosecond stripe image converter tube according to claim 2 is characterized in that: the diameter ratio of the diameter of described gate body (20) and focusing electrode (3) is 1.6～1.9; The diameter ratio of the diameter of described anode cylinder shape structure (42) and focusing electrode (3) is 2.0～2.5.
4, a kind of electrostatic focusing femtosecond stripe image converter tube according to claim 3 is characterized in that: the diameter ratio of the diameter of described gate body (20) and focusing electrode (3) is 1.74; The diameter ratio of the diameter of described anode cylinder shape structure (42) and focusing electrode (3) is 2.3.
5, according to claim 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 described a kind of electrostatic focusing femtosecond stripe image converter tubes, it is characterized in that: described grid (2) is provided with second aperture plate (23), described second aperture plate (23) is arranged within the gate body (20), and the voltage of voltage ratio first aperture plate (22) of described second aperture plate (23) hangs down 100～200V.
6, a kind of electrostatic focusing femtosecond stripe image converter tube according to claim 5 is characterized in that: the electrical potential difference between described grid (2), focusing electrode (3), anode (4) and negative electrode (1) is respectively 12～20kV, 5～8kV, 15～25kV.
7, a kind of electrostatic focusing femtosecond stripe image converter tube according to claim 5 is characterized in that: the structure of described deflector (5) is for along back and forth continuous snakelike of deflector (5) Width.
8, according to claim 6 or 7 described a kind of electrostatic focusing femtosecond stripe image converter tubes, it is characterized in that: the electrical potential difference between described grid (2), focusing electrode (3), anode (4) and negative electrode (1) is respectively 15kV, 6.3kV, 20kV.
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| CNB2005100227622A CN100533648C (en) | 2005-12-30 | 2005-12-30 | Electrostatic focusing femtosecond stripe phase-change tube |
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| CNB2005100227622A CN100533648C (en) | 2005-12-30 | 2005-12-30 | Electrostatic focusing femtosecond stripe phase-change tube |
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| CN100533648C true CN100533648C (en) | 2009-08-26 |
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Families Citing this family (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102412109A (en) * | 2010-09-21 | 2012-04-11 | 北京普析通用仪器有限责任公司 | Mass spectrometer |
| CN102064073B (en) * | 2010-12-06 | 2012-12-19 | 中国科学院西安光学精密机械研究所 | Anisotropic focusing large dynamic fringe image converter tube |
| CN102445705B (en) * | 2011-08-31 | 2013-04-10 | 中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所 | Multifunctional femtosecond electronic beam diagnostic instrument |
| CN103077873B (en) * | 2012-12-29 | 2015-09-02 | 中国科学院西安光学精密机械研究所 | Stripe image converter tube assembling tool and assembling method |
| CN105551913A (en) * | 2015-12-15 | 2016-05-04 | 中国科学院西安光学精密机械研究所 | Method for preparing stripe image converter tube |
| CN105979694B (en) * | 2016-04-26 | 2018-10-26 | 东莞中子科学中心 | A kind of pre-cut beam device for beam burst control |
| CN105916282B (en) * | 2016-06-14 | 2018-02-13 | 中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所 | Induction produces the device and method of ion wind after femtosecond laser loads high pressure into silk |
| CN108181783B (en) * | 2018-01-12 | 2023-06-02 | 深圳大学 | X-ray stripe camera photocathode rapid detection system |
| CN108444597A (en) * | 2018-04-25 | 2018-08-24 | 深圳大学 | A kind of streak camera and streak camera system of imaging performance stabilization |
| CN109243945B (en) * | 2018-08-24 | 2020-04-03 | 中国科学院西安光学精密机械研究所 | Petal-shaped electrode, manufacturing method thereof, method for generating uniform electric field and image converter tube |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN87106898A (en) * | 1987-10-10 | 1988-04-27 | 中国科学院西安光学精密机械研究所 | Femtosecond scanning image converter tube |
| EP0315435A2 (en) * | 1987-11-04 | 1989-05-10 | Imco Electro-Optics Limited | Improvements in or relating to a streaking or framing image tube |
| US5393972A (en) * | 1992-04-30 | 1995-02-28 | Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. | Imaging device with high speed shuttering |
-
2005
- 2005-12-30 CN CNB2005100227622A patent/CN100533648C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN87106898A (en) * | 1987-10-10 | 1988-04-27 | 中国科学院西安光学精密机械研究所 | Femtosecond scanning image converter tube |
| EP0315435A2 (en) * | 1987-11-04 | 1989-05-10 | Imco Electro-Optics Limited | Improvements in or relating to a streaking or framing image tube |
| US5393972A (en) * | 1992-04-30 | 1995-02-28 | Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. | Imaging device with high speed shuttering |
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