CN100529817C - 使用平面光波线路和可变形反射镜的无色可调色散补偿器 - Google Patents

使用平面光波线路和可变形反射镜的无色可调色散补偿器 Download PDF

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CN100529817C
CN100529817C CNB2006100597291A CN200610059729A CN100529817C CN 100529817 C CN100529817 C CN 100529817C CN B2006100597291 A CNB2006100597291 A CN B2006100597291A CN 200610059729 A CN200610059729 A CN 200610059729A CN 100529817 C CN100529817 C CN 100529817C
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dispersion compensator
tunable dispersion
deformable mirror
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waveguide
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克里斯托弗尔·理查德·多尔
丹·马克·马罗姆
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Nokia of America Corp
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    • G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
    • G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
    • G02B6/12007—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind forming wavelength selective elements, e.g. multiplexer, demultiplexer
    • G02B6/12009—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind forming wavelength selective elements, e.g. multiplexer, demultiplexer comprising arrayed waveguide grating [AWG] devices, i.e. with a phased array of waveguides
    • G02B6/12011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind forming wavelength selective elements, e.g. multiplexer, demultiplexer comprising arrayed waveguide grating [AWG] devices, i.e. with a phased array of waveguides characterised by the arrayed waveguides, e.g. comprising a filled groove in the array section
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    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
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    • G02B6/12016—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind forming wavelength selective elements, e.g. multiplexer, demultiplexer comprising arrayed waveguide grating [AWG] devices, i.e. with a phased array of waveguides characterised by the input or output waveguides, e.g. tapered waveguide ends, coupled together pairs of output waveguides
    • G—PHYSICS
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    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
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    • G02B6/12007—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind forming wavelength selective elements, e.g. multiplexer, demultiplexer
    • G02B6/12009—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind forming wavelength selective elements, e.g. multiplexer, demultiplexer comprising arrayed waveguide grating [AWG] devices, i.e. with a phased array of waveguides
    • G02B6/12019—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind forming wavelength selective elements, e.g. multiplexer, demultiplexer comprising arrayed waveguide grating [AWG] devices, i.e. with a phased array of waveguides characterised by the optical interconnection to or from the AWG devices, e.g. integration or coupling with lasers or photodiodes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
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    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
    • G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
    • G02B6/12007—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind forming wavelength selective elements, e.g. multiplexer, demultiplexer
    • G02B6/12009—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind forming wavelength selective elements, e.g. multiplexer, demultiplexer comprising arrayed waveguide grating [AWG] devices, i.e. with a phased array of waveguides
    • G02B6/12023—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind forming wavelength selective elements, e.g. multiplexer, demultiplexer comprising arrayed waveguide grating [AWG] devices, i.e. with a phased array of waveguides characterised by means for reducing the polarisation dependence, e.g. reduced birefringence
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
    • G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
    • G02B6/12007—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind forming wavelength selective elements, e.g. multiplexer, demultiplexer
    • G02B6/12009—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind forming wavelength selective elements, e.g. multiplexer, demultiplexer comprising arrayed waveguide grating [AWG] devices, i.e. with a phased array of waveguides
    • G02B6/12033—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind forming wavelength selective elements, e.g. multiplexer, demultiplexer comprising arrayed waveguide grating [AWG] devices, i.e. with a phased array of waveguides characterised by means for configuring the device, e.g. moveable element for wavelength tuning
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/28—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals
    • G02B6/293—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means
    • G02B6/29379—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means characterised by the function or use of the complete device
    • G02B6/29392—Controlling dispersion
    • G02B6/29394—Compensating wavelength dispersion
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    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/28—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals
    • G02B6/293—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means
    • G02B6/29379—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means characterised by the function or use of the complete device
    • G02B6/29395—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means characterised by the function or use of the complete device configurable, e.g. tunable or reconfigurable

Abstract

基于波导光栅路由器的无色可调色散补偿器包括平面光波线路和可变形反射镜，通过平柱面玻璃透镜使其彼此光耦合，从而实现很快的调谐速度和单旋钮色散调节。按照本发明的另一方面，将波导光栅路由器夹持住，关于其中心线对称，并且在其中插入半波片，从而产生偏振无关性。按照本发明的另一方面，可变形反射镜包括附着到相对的压电致动器上的反射薄膜。

Description

使用平面光波线路和可变形反射镜的无色可调色散补偿器
技术领域
本发明涉及用于通信的光系统，更具体地说，涉及适合于在使用波分复用的高数据速率的光通信系统中使用的无色可调色散(dispersion)补偿器。
背景技术
在电子制造技术和数字系统体系结构方面的许多进步已经产生了大量商用和消费设备，这些设备能够生成信息并在彼此之间传递信息，因此对信息通信服务的需求日益增加。对信息通信服务需求方面的这种增长导致了对传输容量需求的相应增长。
增加传输容量的一种方法是提供另外的通信网络基础设施。但是，产生了与增建另外的通信网络基础设施有关的巨额成本。
满足增长的信息通信容量需求的另一种途径是增加在跨越网络发送信息的过程中使用的数据速率。在光网络中，由色散引起的码间干扰随比特率的二次方增加。色散是指这样的效应，其中，光信号通过光纤传播的速率随发送的波长而变化。
在理想的、40Gb/秒的数据传输速率，应该通过对色散进行补偿来对所要求的更精密的容差以及在色散方面的随时间的变化进行处理。
对于例如在40Gb/秒系统中使用的远距离链路，光可调色散补偿器(tunable dispersion compensator，TDC)具有实用性。目前，在40Gb/秒情况下，电子色散补偿已经不适于实用，另外，在长链路中的光纤温度变化足以要求使用TDC。重要的是，TDC必须是无色的，这意味着TDC应该具有与信道间隔相等的自由光谱范围(free-spectralrange，FSR)，由此能够实现可重新配置波分复用(WDM)网络，并且减少库存和管理问题。对于例如在40Gb/秒系统中使用的TDC的另一个希望的属性是具有很快的调谐速度(例如，小于1ms)，以便形成鲁棒且有时间效能的色散控制反馈环。此外，为了使控制复杂度最小，希望对色散进行单旋钮调节(single-knob adjustment)。
所以需要一种紧凑的、低功耗的、无色的、具有很快的调谐速度和单旋钮色散调节机制的可调色散补偿器。
发明内容
简而言之，基于波导光栅路由器的可调色散补偿器包括平面光波线路和可变形反射镜，通过平柱面玻璃透镜(plano-cylindrical glass lens)使其彼此光耦合，从而实现很快的调谐速度和单旋钮色散调节。
按照本发明的另一方面，将波导光栅路由器在中心夹持住(即，使波导靠近)，关于其中心线对称，并且在其中插入半波片(half-waveplate)，从而提供偏振无关性。
按照本发明的另一方面，可变形反射镜是弯曲反射薄膜。
附图说明
图1示出了包括柱面透镜和膜片的可调色散补偿器的示意性波导布图。
图2和3示出了通过利用压电致动器使具有反射涂层的聚酯树脂薄膜(Mylar film)弯曲得到的可变曲率(图2：未致动的；图3：弯曲的)
图4示出了按照本发明的TDC的群延迟，示出了-475到x范围内的色散值。
具体实施方式
一般来说，按照本发明的、基于波导光栅路由器(WGR)的可调色散补偿器是无色的，具有快速单旋钮调谐，有效利用带宽，能够提供极大的调谐范围并且是紧凑的。按照本发明的基于WGR的TDC使用可变形反射镜而不是热光透镜(thermo-optic lens)，由此显著地减少了功耗和尺寸。如图1所示，通过将对称的WGR“夹持”在其中心，实现了高分辨率和偏振无关性(polarization independence)。在某些实施例中，在对称WGR中插入了半波片(也如图1所示)。
这里提到“一个实施例”、“实施例”或者相似表述意味着结合实施例描述的具体特性、结构、操作或特征至少包括在本发明的一个实施例中。因此，这里的短语或表述不一定全指相同的实施例。此外，可以将各种具体的特性、结构、操作或特征以任意合适的方式组合在一个或多个实施例中。
利用代表例如长度或半径等参数的具体数字值，对本发明的示意性实施例的各个方面进行描述。这里将这些值描述为“标称的”，这意味着，规定的值是期望的，但应该认识到要对由实际制造容差导致的细微变化有所预料。提出的标称值包含并包括在用于制备并提供示意性实施例的各种部件的制造过程中固有的范围。
对于无色可调色散补偿装置来说，各种现有技术的方法包括块状光学器件(bulk optic)、环形谐振腔、波导光栅路由器和Mach-Zehnder干涉仪装置等。但是，在不使用偏振分集的情况下，这些方法或装置中的任何一个都不能提供像在本发明的实施例中发现的那样的紧凑尺寸、低功耗、高光谱分辨率、大调节范围、快速调节、单旋钮调节以及偏振无关性。
本发明的各个实施例提供了基于WGR的TDC，它是无色的，具有快速单旋钮调节，有效利用带宽，能够提供极大的调谐范围并且是紧凑的。按照本发明，示例性的基于WGR的TDC使用可变形反射镜，由此，与使用热光透镜的现有技术的方法相比，节省了大量功耗。尽管以前报道过使用WGR和固定反射镜的非可调色散补偿器，但是，对于40Gb/秒的100-GHz-FSR TDC，按照本发明的、基于WGR的TDC具有极高的光谱分辨率和很大的调谐范围。通过将WGR“夹”在其中心，实现了高分辨率和偏振无关性。
图1示出了示意性的波导布图和无色可调色散补偿器的构思。平面光波线路(planar lightwave circuit，PLC)100由在硅衬底上埋入的0.80％相对折射率(0.80％-index-contrast)的波导构成。在1550nm时，波导具有～60pm的有效双折射(birefringence)。由于几种原因将WGR在中间夹持。第一，夹持明显节省了由波导光栅路由器占用的晶片面积。第二，夹持显著减小了对晶片中的折射率梯度的敏感度。第三，夹持使得能够插入小型半波片，从而形成TDC的偏振无关性。
仍然参照图1，这个示意性实施例的WGR具有34个光栅臂(gratingarm)102，并且，自由光谱范围是100GHz。注意，WGR关于其中心线对称。在WGR的每端布置星形耦合器。每个星形耦合器的半径标称为3mm，并且，在星形耦合器处的光栅臂间距标称为11.5μm。对星形耦合器的设计进行选择，使得只需要一个曲率符号(sign)，来对整个色散范围进行调谐。
在图1所示的示意性实施例中，其中布置了波导光栅路由器的芯片在第二星形耦合器104的输出曲面被截断，在这里胶着了或者以其他方式用折射率匹配的粘合剂黏性附着了半径为1mm的平柱面玻璃透镜106。这样的透镜可以是平凸柱面透镜。应该理解，可以使用任何合适的附着方法。
在这个示意性实施例中，由胶着到或者以其他方式黏性附着到相对的压电致动器的、商用的、2mil厚的、涂有铝的聚酯树脂薄膜构成反射镜108。本发明的各个实施例可以使用静电致动的致动器。尽管这个示意性实施例将可变形反射镜黏性附着到致动器，但是，可以使用将可变形反射镜机械附着到致动器的任何合适的方法。还应该理解，可以用任何合适的柔性反射膜片代替结合这个示意性实施例描述的、涂有铝的聚酯树脂薄膜。
在这个示意性实施例中，由涂有铝的柔性薄膜如聚酯树脂薄膜构成可变曲率反射膜片202。如图2和3所示，可变曲率反射膜片202或者可变形反射镜通过弯曲实现了可变曲率半径。在本发明的这个实施例中，由于仅需要一个曲率符号来覆盖需要的色散范围，因此可以利用弯曲反射镜来对色散补偿器进行调谐。如果星形耦合器104的半径为R0，反射镜108的半径为R，则色散为：
D = - 2 n λ 0 c 0 ( R - R 0 RR 0 ) ( dx dλ ) 2 - - - ( 1 )
式中，n为玻璃的折射率，λ0为自由空间的波长，c0为自由空间的光速，dx/dλ为空间色散，
dx dλ = c 0 R 0 naΔf λ 0 - - - ( 2 )
a为星形耦合器处的光栅臂间距，Δf为WGR的自由光谱范围。
利用上述的本发明的示意性实施例得到的某些结果包括：群延迟波动(Group Delay Ripple，GDR)＜～10ps.；插入损耗(Insertion Loss，IL)从10到13dB，取决于设定；对低色散值，偏振相关损耗(PolarizationDependent Loss，PDL)小于1dB；在高色散值，上升到2-4dB；除了在高色散值以外，差动群延迟(Differential Group Delay，DGD)＜5ps。
注意，按照本发明，可以提供无色的、基于WGR的TDC的许多其它方案。举例来说，但不限于此例，可以通过任何合适的方法而不是通过黏性附着，使透镜附着到第二星形耦合器。相似地，可以通过任何合适的机械附着方法而不是通过黏性附着，将包括可变形反射镜的柔性反射膜片固定到其对应的致动器上。此外，在其上形成WGR的衬底可以是任何合适的衬底，而不是硅衬底。
结论
这里已经对使用平面光波线路和可变形反射镜的无色可调色散补偿器进行了描述。本发明的各个实施例具有标称为1000ps/nm的调谐或调节范围，并且具有标称为100GHz的自由光谱范围。本发明的实施例适合于在数据速率为40Gb/秒的通信系统中使用。
按照本发明，具有可变形反射镜的、基于波导光栅路由器的可调色散补偿器的优点在于功耗相对低、快速单旋钮调谐、带宽效能、很大的调谐范围以及结构紧凑等。
应该将本发明理解为不限于以上所描述的实施例，但是，本发明包含在所附权利要求及其等价物的范围内的任何以及所有实施例。

Claims (6)

1.一种无色可调色散补偿器，包括：
平面光波线路(100)，包括波导光栅路由器(102)，所述波导光栅路由器(102)在中间被夹持并且关于其中心线对称；
位于所述波导光栅路由器的第一端的第一星形耦合器，和位于所述波导光栅路由器的第二端的第二星形耦合器(104)；
透镜(106)，被布置为与所述第二星形耦合器(104)相邻；
可变形反射镜(108)，被布置为与所述透镜相邻；以及
至少一个第一和一个第二致动器，所述第一和第二致动器被机械耦合到所述可变形反射镜。
2.如权利要求1所述的无色可调色散补偿器，其中，所述致动器包括压电致动器。
3.如权利要求2所述的无色可调色散补偿器，在该无色可调色散补偿器中，其上设置有所述平面光波线路的衬底是硅衬底。
4.如权利要求2所述的无色可调色散补偿器，其中，所述波导是0.8％相对折射率埋入波导。
5.如权利要求1所述的无色可调色散补偿器，其中，所述波导在1550nm下具有接近60pm的有效双折射。
6.如权利要求1所述的无色可调色散补偿器，其中，在所述波导光栅路由器被夹持的位置处插入有半波片。
CNB2006100597291A 2005-03-04 2006-03-03 使用平面光波线路和可变形反射镜的无色可调色散补偿器 Expired - Fee Related CN100529817C (zh)

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