CN100528464C - Technique method for in situ repairing large and middle diesel engine crank axle in machine - Google Patents
Technique method for in situ repairing large and middle diesel engine crank axle in machine Download PDFInfo
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- CN100528464C CN100528464C CNB2006101184243A CN200610118424A CN100528464C CN 100528464 C CN100528464 C CN 100528464C CN B2006101184243 A CNB2006101184243 A CN B2006101184243A CN 200610118424 A CN200610118424 A CN 200610118424A CN 100528464 C CN100528464 C CN 100528464C
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- crankshaft
- trunnion
- machine
- main shaft
- diesel engine
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Abstract
The invention relates to a technique method used for locally repairing a crankshaft in the body of a big or middle size diesel engine. The method includes the following steps: all pistons and link rods are disassembled and taken out from the engine; a crankshaft balancing block is disassembled; a main shaft bearing body is transferred to a plant for resumed maintenance; the surface conditions of all main shaft bushings, clearance measurements and main shaft necks are checked; damaged shaft necks are grinded; the main shaft bearing seat is installed or an technique main shaft bushing of the grinded main shaft neck is assembled; a crank difference is measured, and the jumpiness of the main shaft neck to be grinded or the main shaft necks of both the front and back ends of the main shaft to be grinded are measured; the shaft bushing of the grinded main shaft neck and a main bearing seat are installed or the technique main shaft bushing is assembled; all the crank differences are measured. The invention realizes mechanical machining for a crankshaft neck and the main shaft neck on original arranging position on a precondition of not disassembling the engine or not changing an additional project. The invention also makes use of a technique theory that a newly machined crankshaft is adopted to machine the crankshaft neck and the main shaft neck to guarantee accuracy, especially appearance-position accuracy of the crankshaft to reach the requirement of 'diesel engine crankshaft repairing standard' after repairing. The invention reaches the lowest repairing cost.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the process that a kind of big-and-middle-sized crankshaft of diesel engine is repaired, especially refer to the process of big-and-middle-sized crankshaft of diesel engine original position place under repair in machine.
Background technology
Diesel engine is a kind of dynamic power machine, and being used for fuel oil (diesel oil heavy fuel oil) is that heat energy is converted into mechanical energy in the function that the machine internal combustion produces.It is used for driving machinery, the equipment that needs power function, for example: advance boats and ships screw, generator ... .. or the like.Purposes is very extensive.
The function of bent axle on diesel engine is:
The first, fuel oil acts on piston in the hot merit that the cylinder of diesel engine internal combustion takes place, and piston is done reciprocal fortune and converted to by single connecting rod and rotatablely move, and takes on function by bent axle and is absorbed and exports;
The second, the realization of diesel engine work cyclic process has special mechanism action to finish, and takes on drive source by bent axle;
The 3rd, in the diesel engine topology layout, generally set up grease pump, cooling water pump, vibration damping parts (balance weight) and damper mechanism (mechanical equilibrator, damping shock absorber) .... or the like auxiliary body, the driving of carrying on a shoulder pole these auxiliary bodies by bent axle.
Therefore, bent axle is shared on diesel engine is main body, leading position.
But bent axle in use can cause the appearance of damage (inefficacy) phenomenon because of burn into wearing and tearing and tired three factors, for example:
The first, to the deterioration of lubricant of crankshaft bearing, moisture, acid part exceeds standard, and journal surface is damaged by " corrosion ";
The second, the inefficacy of lubricating system causes axle journal arrival " sharp wear stage " ahead of time the journal wearing damage to occur and the parts that match damage;
The 3rd, the raw material of bent axle manufacturing have the tired source of hidden defective in a part of axle, run to certain the time, and bent axle " fracture " etc. just takes place.
And be passive damage for the damage of the described bent axle of first, second kind, its character is " improper damage ".
The appearance form and the reason thereof of the improper damage (inefficacy) of bent axle:
1. crank-pin axle journal and trunnion surface abrasion.It mainly is crank-pin axle journal and trunnion they and the bearing shell friction pair that partners.Machine is " hydrodynamic lubrication " by designing lubricated that it gave in the running, and axle and the corresponding rubbing surface of bearing shell are had the lubricating oil fluid of certain pressure isolates, so the frictional force between them is very little.Thus, the wearing and tearing of axle journal only are the peak of profile of surface roughness, do not wear and tear from designing definite crank-pin axle journal and trunnion normal condition.What these two pairs of friction pairs will wear and tear is bearing shell, is soft surface alloying layer.But because in the real-world operation, lubricate and do not reach " hydrodynamic lubrication " fully, reason is the stand under load alternation of axle journal, big impulsive force and vibration, lubricating oil film is destroyed, thereby strengthened itself and bearing shell frictional force, not only bearing shell will wear and tear, and more significantly having worn and torn also will appear in axle journal, it generally occurs on the crank-pin, has many types to have this not enough and be listed in and " normal wear ".
2. single crank Xiao axle journal and single trunnion surface scaling loss
1) the form accuracy distortion of axle journal, as oval, not straight step etc. arranged, especially it is many appearing on crank Xiao axle journal, and the user does not make regular check on by the regulation of machine specification, the sign of form accuracy distortion occurs and seeks reason and got rid of to find axle journal.And the trunnion scaling loss is the assorted bits of copper iron of big-end bearing bush burning-out in addition, enters base bearing by oilhole and causes the main bearing shell tile kilning, thereby make trunnion impaired.
2) damage as connecting rod and bearing shell or base bearing and bearing shell thereof with relevant friction member, cause crank Xiao axle journal or trunnion impaired.
3) Overspeed of diesel Engine, moving component impaired and not general crank Xiao or trunnion are at row.
3. the surperficial scaling loss of many trunnions, it reason occurs:
1) lubrication system works is not normal, and is low such as engine oil pressure; Machine oil is aging; Filter failure or the like.
2) main bearing shell " extended active duty ".Friction between trunnion and bearing shell " fluid friction " is transformed into " boundary friction ", lubricates also to have become " boundary lubrication ".
3) diesel engine overload operation is navigated by water at shallow water marine site high load capacity as boats and ships.
4) boats and ships are put the beach, and its position is the cabin, cause the main bearing hole off-centring of machine support, and trunnion and base bearing assembly precision lost efficacy.
4. bent axle buckling, the positional precision distortion of bent axle integral body.When the trunnion tile kilning of or above continuous position, when tile kilning moment, the trunnion heating temperature reaches more than 1200 degrees centigrade, and at this moment, diesel engine is also at running, bent axle stand under load.Thus, one side trunnion surface impaired (being commonly called as: sting axle); On the other hand, local shaft part bending.Because, it is that (base bearing supports exactly for the span continuous beam such as n of a multi-support that bent axle is contained in the support, n is the crank throw number), form a beam element between two supportings, it is stressed and softening axle is bent, and at this moment, the lubricating oil that is no more than 100 ℃ of low temperature is also still failed in base bearing, thereby softening axle is cooled off rapidly and carried out " quenchings " processing, local shaft part bending is formalized; The journal surface skin also generates high rigidity " quench hardened case ", and its hardness will have more than the 500HB usually, and is serious in 700HB; Occur with " hardening flaw " simultaneously.
5. bent axle hot jacket position displacement causes the crankshaft center displacement of the lines.It reason occurs: Overspeed of diesel Engine;
Bent axle is exported its moment of torsion that is hampered and is surpassed the axle journal hot jacket in conjunction with moment; The material plastic deformation of hot jacket position;
Based on function and the position of bent axle on diesel engine, it is a particular importance, large-scale basic building block, and it uses, and material is special, manufacturing process is complicated, the production cycle is longer, manufacturing cost quite high (account for whole diesel engine manufacturing cost about 20%),
Therefore, it does not design with " having life expectancy ".So the bent axle that ordinary circumstance is damaged is handled: repair.
1,2,3 positions that will repair of the form of above-mentioned Crank shaft Damage all are axle journal-crank-pin axle journal and trunnions, are to repair axle journal merely.And 4,5, damage type is except trunnion has direct damage will repair, its positional precision (deflection of crankshaft and disalignment), and its finishing also is by repairing its due positional precision that trunnion reaches.Therefore, the repairing of bent axle is that the repairing axle journal is the repair of content.
After the Crank shaft Damage of having determined diesel engine, can recover its precision through repairing, and repair work must be put into lathe to bent axle and gets on.Thus, diesel engine all be broken, the factory that bent axle is delivered to the lathe that adapts to the bent axle dimensions goes, and repairs to finish and send the place of reverting, and the diesel engine dress is multiple, test run.Like this, for the repairing of bent axle, but taken a serial ancillary works out of:
Whole diesel engine former installation break-carry out cabin (power plant)-be transported to repair shop-go up machine tooling to repair-send back reposition-installation-test run.Well imagine that this series engineering is quite loaded down with trivial details and complicated, spend more human and material resources, financial resources, the repair cycle is also long, and the loss of the left alone without help generating of boats and ships left alone without help avionics factory is serious.For this reason, and the expense of paying altogether, bent axle itself expenditure of repairing head and shoulders above.
Therefore, often accept bent axle mechanic skill personnel, just produced the thought that will make " bent axle is not separated the machine technology of place under repair in position ".
To sum up, how a kind of process of original position place under repair in machine is provided, and not only make to repair except that the axle journal diameter reduces by this method, every precision (dimensional accuracy, form accuracy, positional precision, surface roughness) all reaches technical standard, and it is minimum to reach repair cost, is one of the applicant's content of endeavouring to study.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide the process of a kind of big-and-middle-sized crankshaft of diesel engine original position place under repair in machine, make bent axle at not dismounting machine or do not transform under the prerequisite of additional work, on former installation site, carry out the machining of crank pin neck and trunnion, and make the precision of repairing the back bent axle reach the requirement of " crankshaft of diesel engine repairing standard ", reached minimum repair cost simultaneously.
The process of a kind of big-and-middle-sized crankshaft of diesel engine provided by the present invention original position place under repair in machine comprises the following steps:
1) before machine is repaired, measure earlier and crank arm poorly, use the specific purpose tool of machine configuration to dismantle whole piston-link assemblies then, and shift out outside the machine, measure once more crank arm poor;
2) check the stone bolt of support or frame, and fastening loosening and fill damaged, measure crank arm poor;
3) use the specific purpose tool of machine configuration, dismounting crankshaft counterbalance pouring weight, measure then crank arm poor;
4) specific purpose tool of use machine configuration, carry out following operation:
A) be reversely hung Yong for crankshaft installed, then dismantle the base bearing pedestal; For crankshaft installed is positively fixed type, then takes the bearing shell of scaling loss away;
B) the base bearing body moves to the workshop and carries out thorough repair;
5) measure crank arm poor;
6) check all main bearing shells, measurement clearance and inspection trunnion surface appearance;
7) have continuous two retaining trunnions to want reconditioning, then will:
A) install supporting additional: for crankshaft installed is reversely hung Yong, then installs the base bearing body additional; For crankshaft installed is positively fixed type, then installs main bearing shell additional;
B) increase the difference of cranking arm after the supporting and must reach in the permissible value, trunnion is in bearing: about do not withstand, fit in the bottom;
8) jitter values of the trunnion and the front and back trunnion thereof of reconditioning is wanted in measurement;
9) axle journal of beginning grinding damage;
10) main bearing seat or the equipped technology main bearing shell at trunnion place have been ground in installation, and measuring cranks arm poor and measure will be ground trunnion and rear and front end trunnion jitter values thereof, must make its shape of bent axle and the positional precision of repairing reach technical standard;
11) set by step 9), carry out the reconditioning of trunnion;
12) bearing shell and the main bearing seat or the equipped technology main bearing shell at trunnion place have been ground in installation;
13) main beating cap or be placed with top bearing shell is installed, and measures main bearing journal clearance;
14) measure all crank arm poor;
15) finish bent axle and repair overall process.
In the process of above-mentioned big-and-middle-sized crankshaft of diesel engine original position place under repair in machine, in described step 6), when to be checked through the main bearing shell situation be bad, then renew, and the half bearing thickness that is changed will be with original-pack consistent.
In the process of above-mentioned big-and-middle-sized crankshaft of diesel engine original position place under repair in machine, even when being checked through the gap in described step 6), fitting in the bottom does not have when tilting forward and back, and then revises base bearing body or bearing shell as required.
In the process of above-mentioned big-and-middle-sized crankshaft of diesel engine original position place under repair in machine, in described step 6), when to be checked through the trunnion surface appearance be coarse, then carry out the honing leveling.
In the process of above-mentioned big-and-middle-sized crankshaft of diesel engine original position place under repair in machine, described step 7) a) in, add the trunnion of the damaged surfaces of supporting place, put in order the spur burr with the honing polishing machine of special use.
In the process of above-mentioned big-and-middle-sized crankshaft of diesel engine original position place under repair in machine, in described step 9), 10) in, the axle journal that grinding damages is determined diameter reduction, circularity, cylindricity and surface roughness value by standard-required, and the shape of whole piece bent axle and positional precision.
In the process of above-mentioned big-and-middle-sized crankshaft of diesel engine original position place under repair in machine, in described step 9), use the trunnion grinding attachment to carry out grinding, honing and polishing.
Owing to adopted above-mentioned technical scheme, make bent axle at not dismounting machine or do not transform under the prerequisite of additional work, on former installation site, carry out the machining of crank pin neck and trunnion, utilization new system bent axle processing crank-pin axle journal and trunnion technological principle, the precision of bent axle reaches requirement, the especially accuracy of form and position of " crankshaft of diesel engine repairing standard " after guaranteeing to repair.The machine cut device that uses among the present invention is as the bulk-breaking combined type, and is easy to carry, and reached minimum repair cost.
The specific embodiment
Purport of the present invention is: by repairing except that the axle journal diameter reduces, every precision (dimensional accuracy, form accuracy, positional precision, surface roughness) all reaches technical standard.
The precision project that-crank-pin axle journal will reach:
A. the diameter nominal dimension should fix by bearing shell thickening amount
1. the circularity of form accuracy b.---axle journal is 3. linearity of cylindricity 2..
C. positional precision-depth of parallelism (the same trunnion of crank-pin axle journal) phase angle
D. surface roughness-Ra
The precision project that-trunnion will reach:
A. the diameter nominal dimension should fix by bearing shell thickening amount
B. dimensional accuracy-be generally h6 or machine specification regulation
1. the circularity of form accuracy c.---axle journal is 3. linearity of cylindricity 2..
D. positional precision-axiality (between each trunnion)
E. round beat (each trunnion)
F. surface roughness-Ra
The process of a kind of big-and-middle-sized crankshaft of diesel engine of the present invention original position place under repair in machine comprises the following steps:
1) uses the specific purpose tool of machine configuration to dismantle whole piston-link assemblies, and shift out outside the machine;
2) check the stone bolt of support or frame, and fastening loosening and fill damaged;
3) specific purpose tool of use machine configuration, dismounting crankshaft counterbalance pouring weight;
4) specific purpose tool of use machine configuration, carry out following operation:
A. be reversely hung Yong for crankshaft installed, then dismantle the base bearing pedestal; For crankshaft installed is positively fixed type, then takes the bearing shell of scaling loss away;
B. the base bearing body moves to the workshop and carries out thorough repair;
5) measure crank arm poor:
1. before machine is repaired;
2. after the 1st) step is finished;
3. after the 2nd) step is finished;
4. after the 3rd) step is finished;
6) check all main bearing shells, clearance measurement and trunnion surface appearance;
What a. the main bearing shell situation was bad will renew.The half bearing thickness that renews will be with original-pack consistent.
B. the gap is even; Fitting not have and tilt forward and back in the bottom, also will revise base bearing body or bearing shell in case of necessity.
C. the honing of wanting that journal surface is coarse flattens.
7) have continuous two retaining trunnions to want reconditioning, then will:
A. install supporting additional:
For crankshaft installed is reversely hung Yong, then installs the base bearing body additional;
For crankshaft installed is positively fixed type, then installs main bearing shell additional;
By the 5th) 3. step record numerical value, if any overproof (recessed), illustrates that then this section bent axle has " amount of deflection ", pressing bent axle will be in segmentation " rigidity " machinable mechanism under the state, must increase supporting.
B. the difference of cranking arm after the increase supporting must reach in the permissible value, and trunnion is in bearing:
About do not withstand, fit in the bottom;
1. adjust and measurement crank arm poor.Repair the position or the configuration technology main bearing shell of base bearing body in case of necessity.
2. the base bearing body will be used the reference numeral of reparation.
3. positively fixed type is then done supporting with main bearing shell.
4. the trunnion that adds the damaged surfaces of supporting place will award the whole spur burr that goes with the honing polishing machine of special use.
8) jitter values of the trunnion and the front and back trunnion thereof of reconditioning is wanted in measurement.
By the trunnion surface of reconditioning, can't measure correctly because of damaging, so can measure inoperative section place, axle journal two ends or R position.
This measures income value, can judge that bent axle has flexural deformation at this position.
General jitter values＜0.05 millimeter is to belong to normal, illustrate less than being out of shape because of the axle journal scaling loss.
9) axle journal of beginning grinding damage;
Specification requirement:
1. diameter reduction is pressed the machine specification regulation
2. circularity, cylindricity, surface roughness " are pressed diesel engine and are repaired standard "
Use " trunnion grinding attachment " to carry out grinding, honing, polishing.
10) main bearing seat or the equipped technology main bearing shell at trunnion place have been ground in installation, and measurement is cranked arm poor and measurement will be ground trunnion and the rear and front end trunnion is beated, and must make its shape of bent axle and the positional precision of repairing reach technical standard;
This step is the technology that will repair the above trunnion of second gear:
1. main bearing seat (repair method is seen below " example ") of having repaired.
2. main bearing seat installation requirement:
A) will fit in axle and bearing shell bottom, must not tilt;
B) axle be elevated＜0.02 millimeter.
C) axle position in bearing shell wants placed in the middle.
11) set by step 9), carry out the reconditioning of trunnion;
12) bearing shell and the main bearing seat or the equipped technology main bearing shell at trunnion place have been ground in installation;
Require by the 10th) step.
13) main beating cap or be placed with top bearing shell is installed, and measures main bearing journal clearance.
Total backlash A will be in the scope of machine specification regulation, B and C, and E and F want evenly.
If do not reach requirement, then should seek reason, got rid of, reach requirement.
14) measure all crank arm poor;
15) finish bent axle and repair overall process.
Invention process according to above-mentioned is illustrated:
For example: the single damage type of trunnion:
Power: 2000 horsepowers/single cylinder
Cylinder diameter: 750 millimeters
Stroke S:1600 millimeter
Bent axle size: trunnion Φ 630
Bent axle total length: 11 meters
130 tons of bent axle weight: ∽
The 1-1 damage type: the scorification of NO.1 main bearing shell, with the journal surface plucking.
1-2 repairs content and judges: on the throne at each cylinder piston-link motion parts; NO.1 does not have under watt state
1. measuring the axle journal NO.1 jerk value that damages is 0.11 millimeter.Repairing standard ≯ 0.10 millimeter
2. O.1 measuring N is cranked arm to differ from and is 0.10 millimeter up and down to the maximum.Repairing standard ≯ 1/10000S=0.16 millimeter.
Thus, this axle journal is repaired: original position grinding, honing, polishing.
Need to prove: above only unrestricted technical scheme of the present invention in order to explanation, although the present invention is had been described in detail with reference to the foregoing description, those of ordinary skill in the art is to be understood that: still can make amendment or be equal to replacement the present invention, and not breaking away from any modification or partial replacement of the spirit and scope of the present invention, it all should be encompassed in the middle of the claim scope of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. the process of big-and-middle-sized crankshaft of diesel engine original position place under repair in machine comprises the following steps:
1) before machine is repaired, measure earlier and crank arm poorly, use the specific purpose tool of machine configuration to dismantle whole piston-link assemblies then, and shift out outside the machine, measure once more crank arm poor;
2) check the stone bolt of support or frame, and fastening loosening and fill damaged, measure crank arm poor;
3) use the specific purpose tool of machine configuration, dismounting crankshaft counterbalance pouring weight, measure then crank arm poor;
4) specific purpose tool of use machine configuration, carry out following operation:
A) be reversely hung Yong for crankshaft installed, then dismantle the base bearing pedestal; For crankshaft installed is positively fixed type, then takes the bearing shell of scaling loss away;
B) the base bearing body moves to the workshop and carries out thorough repair;
5) measure crank arm poor;
6) check all main bearing shells, measurement clearance and inspection trunnion surface appearance;
7) have continuous two retaining trunnions to want reconditioning, then will:
A) install supporting additional: for crankshaft installed is reversely hung Yong, then installs the base bearing body additional; For crankshaft installed is positively fixed type, then installs main bearing shell additional;
B) increase the difference of cranking arm after the supporting and must reach in the permissible value, trunnion is in bearing: about do not withstand, fit in the bottom;
8) jitter values of the trunnion and the front and back trunnion thereof of reconditioning is wanted in measurement;
9) axle journal of beginning grinding damage;
10) main bearing seat or the equipped technology main bearing shell at trunnion place have been ground in installation, and measuring cranks arm poor and measure will be ground trunnion and rear and front end trunnion jitter values thereof, must make its shape of bent axle and the positional precision of repairing reach technical standard;
11) set by step 9), carry out the reconditioning of trunnion;
12) bearing shell and the main bearing seat or the equipped technology main bearing shell at trunnion place have been ground in installation;
13) main beating cap or be placed with top bearing shell is installed, and measures main bearing journal clearance;
14) measure all crank arm poor;
15) finish bent axle and repair overall process.
2. the process of a kind of big-and-middle-sized crankshaft of diesel engine according to claim 1 original position place under repair in machine, it is characterized in that: in described step 6), when to be checked through the main bearing shell situation be bad, then renew, and the half bearing thickness that is changed will be with original-pack consistent.
3. the process of a kind of big-and-middle-sized crankshaft of diesel engine according to claim 1 original position place under repair in machine, it is characterized in that: in described step 6), even when being checked through the gap, fitting in the bottom does not have when tilting forward and back, and then revises base bearing body or bearing shell as required.
4. the process of a kind of big-and-middle-sized crankshaft of diesel engine according to claim 1 original position place under repair in machine is characterized in that: in described step 6), when to be checked through the trunnion surface appearance be coarse, then carry out the honing leveling.
5. the process of a kind of big-and-middle-sized crankshaft of diesel engine according to claim 1 original position place under repair in machine, it is characterized in that: described step 7) a) in, the trunnion that adds the damaged surfaces of supporting place will be put in order the spur burr with the honing polishing machine of special use.
6. the process of a kind of big-and-middle-sized crankshaft of diesel engine according to claim 1 original position place under repair in machine, it is characterized in that: in described step 9), 10) in, the axle journal that grinding damages is determined diameter reduction, circularity, cylindricity and surface roughness value by standard-required, and the shape of whole piece bent axle and positional precision.
7. the process of a kind of big-and-middle-sized crankshaft of diesel engine according to claim 1 original position place under repair in machine is characterized in that: in described step 9), use the trunnion grinding attachment to carry out grinding, honing and polishing.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNB2006101184243A CN100528464C (en) | 2006-11-17 | 2006-11-17 | Technique method for in situ repairing large and middle diesel engine crank axle in machine |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNB2006101184243A CN100528464C (en) | 2006-11-17 | 2006-11-17 | Technique method for in situ repairing large and middle diesel engine crank axle in machine |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN101185999A CN101185999A (en) | 2008-05-28 |
| CN100528464C true CN100528464C (en) | 2009-08-19 |
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| CNB2006101184243A Expired - Fee Related CN100528464C (en) | 2006-11-17 | 2006-11-17 | Technique method for in situ repairing large and middle diesel engine crank axle in machine |
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Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN111545989A (en) * | 2020-04-30 | 2020-08-18 | 河南柴油机重工有限责任公司 | Method for repairing spindle hole of high-speed high-power diesel engine body |
| CN114986077B (en) * | 2022-06-10 | 2024-04-09 | 中国第一重型机械股份公司 | Repairing method for spindle unit of high-precision numerical control grinding machine |
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Non-Patent Citations (4)
| Title |
|---|
| 修磨曲轴简法. 赵学增.山东农机化，第1997年第10期. 1997 |
| 修磨曲轴简法. 赵学增.山东农机化，第1997年第10期. 1997 * |
| 浅析4135柴油机曲轴的修理与检验. 王远永.江苏农机化，第1994年第6期. 1994 |
| 浅析4135柴油机曲轴的修理与检验. 王远永.江苏农机化，第1994年第6期. 1994 * |
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