CN100520608C

CN100520608C - Toner

Info

Publication number: CN100520608C
Application number: CNB2006100074833A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 沟江希克; 泷口刚; 荒平文弘; 伊藤雅教
Original assignee: Canon Inc
Current assignee: Canon Inc
Priority date: 2001-09-28
Filing date: 2002-09-27
Publication date: 2009-07-29
Anticipated expiration: 2022-09-27
Also published as: JP3880354B2; CN1818800A; JP2003107794A

Abstract

The invention aims to provide a toner containing toner particles and micro-particles. The toner particles contain adhesive resin and colorant at least, and the micro-particles contain tin oxide particles containing tungsten element, wherein the molar ratio of the tungsten element (W) to tin element (Sn) lies in a range of 0.001 to 03, and the volume average diameter of the micro-particles lies in a range of 0.1 to 5 mum. The toner is resistant to the environment change and can acquire high-quality image. The invention also provides an image forming method, which can suppress excess voltage at pinholes when adopting contact-electrified mechanism. The toner is characterized in stable electrification even in a high-humidity environment and excellent image reproducibility even after long-term usage.

Description

Toner

The application's application number that to be on September 27th, 2002 propose to Patent Office of State Intellectual Property Office is 02154257.0, and denomination of invention is the dividing an application of application for a patent for invention of toner and image forming method.

Technical field

The present invention relates in xerography, electrostatic recording, magnetography, toner gunite etc., be the toner of developing electrostatic latent image, and the image forming method that uses this toner.

Background technology

In the past, as image forming method, the known several different methods that electrostatic recording, magnetography, toner gunite etc. are arranged.For example, xerography, generally be on the image-carrier of the photoreceptor that adopts the photoconductivity material etc., to form electric sub-image by variety of way, then this sub-image is advanced development treatment by toner, form the toner picture of visual image, behind transfer printing toner picture on the recording medium of paper etc., look like to come shadow to obtain image as required by fusing toner on recording medium such as heat, pressure.

Usually, in image forming method, at this moment, be not transferred on the image-carrier on the recording medium and residual toner after the transfer printing, through behind the cleaning process, this cleaning process is will be as the used toner deposit that is eliminated in waste-toner container by the whole bag of tricks, and above-mentioned operation is carried out repeatedly.

Relative therewith, as the system that does not have used toner, people also propose the technology of cleaning or cleaner-less of holding concurrently of developing.But the open of cleaning or cleaner-less technology of holding concurrently about developing in the past mainly was as the spy opens flat 5-2287 communique, on image by the technology of just remembering of causing of the influence of transfer printing residual toner, negative memory etc.Continuous develop current of the use of electrofax, with respect to various recording mediums, all necessary transfer printing toner picture, on this meaning, this system can't satisfy various recording mediums.

Disclosing of the technology relevant with cleaner-less includes, the spy opens clear 59-133573 communique, the spy opens clear 62-203182 communique, and the spy opens clear 63-133179 communique, and the spy opens clear 64-20587 communique, Te Kaiping 2-302772 communique, Te Kaiping 5-2289 communique, the spy opens flat 5-53482 communique, and the spy opens flat 5-61383 communique etc., but, the formation of all not mentioned detailed and concrete overall system of these documents.

Hold concurrently as being suitable for very much the developing developing method of cleaning or cleaner-less, substantially there is not the development of cleaning device to hold concurrently in the cleaning systems, owing to think it must is the nuzzle up formation of image carrier surface of toner and toner carrier, so people have carried out a lot of researchs for the contact developing method that toner or toner contact with image-carrier all the time.This be because, in order in developing apparatus, to reclaim the transfer printing remaining toner, it is believed that toner or toner contacts with image-carrier, the formation that realization rubs is favourable.But in being fit to adopt double cleaning of the development that contacts developing method or cleaner-less system, the long-term use caused toner deterioration, toner carrier surface deterioration, image carrier surface deterioration or wearing and tearing etc., do not solve the wear properties problem fully.Therefore, people expect to adopt the development of the noncontact developing method clean method of holding concurrently.

In addition, at the image forming method that is used for electro-photography apparatus, electrostatic recording apparatus etc., for the method that forms sub-image on image-carriers such as Electrophtography photosensor, electrostatic recording dielectric, people are known the whole bag of tricks.

In recent years, by the Charging system of electrified body, owing to compare with the corona charging device, have advantages such as low-ozone, low electric power as image-carrier etc., old friends have proposed multiple contact electrification device, and are practical.

In the charged mechanism (charged mechanism, charged principle) of contact electrification, have (1) discharge band electrical mechanisms and (2) and directly inject 2 kinds of charged mechanisms of charged mechanism, according to which kind of mechanism in the highest flight, show various corresponding characteristics.

(1) discharge band electrical mechanisms

This discharge band electrical mechanisms is by making by the mechanism of electrified body surface charging at the contact electrification parts and by the electric discharge phenomena of the generation of the minim gap between the electrified body.The discharge band electrical mechanisms is owing to have certain discharge threshold at the contact electrification parts with in by electrified body, so must add voltage greater than charged current potential to contacting live part.In addition, though compare with the corona charging device, generating capacity is especially little, can't avoid producing the situation of discharge product on principle, so the disadvantage that can't avoid ozone isoreactivity ion to cause.

(2) directly inject charged mechanism

This mechanism be by from the contact electrification parts directly to being made by the charged system of powered surfaces by the electrified body iunjected charge.This mode is also referred to as directly charged or injects charged or electric charge injects charged.More particularly, the contact electrification parts of medium resistance with contact by electrified body surface, obstructed overdischarge phenomenon promptly, does not adopt discharge but basically to carried out direct electric charge injection by the electrified body surface.Therefore, even be under the situation of discharge threshold or following impressed voltage, still can make by electrified body charged for being equivalent to the current potential of impressed voltage at impressed voltage to the contact live part.Because this charged system is not attended by the generation of ozone, so do not produce the disadvantage that discharge product causes.But, since be directly inject charged, so contact electrification parts and for charging property great role is arranged by the contact of electrified body.Therefore owing to adopt with higher frequency and the formation that is contacted by electrified body, so necessarily require the contact electrification parts to have contact point more closely, have bigger with by the formation of the velocity contrast of electrified body etc.

In the contact electrification device, as the contact electrification parts, the roller strap electricity mode that adopts conductive rollers (charged roller) charged be preferred aspect stable, and be widely used.

In the charged mechanism of roller strap electricity in the past, the discharge band electrical mechanisms of above-mentioned (1) is occupied an leading position.Charged roller adopts the elastomeric material or the foaming body of conduction, medium resistance to make.Will be further with they laminations, can obtain required characteristic.

In order to obtain the certain contact condition with electrified body, make charged roller have elasticity, still, in bigger, the more occasion of frictional resistance that therefore causes, charged roller is driven in by electrified body, or has certain velocity contrast and be driven.Therefore,, also can't avoid the reduction of absolute charged ability, or the deficiency of contact, or the contact that roll shape causes is inhomogeneous even think directly to inject charged, or by the attachment of electrified body cause charged inhomogeneous.

Fig. 7 is the curve map of the charged efficient embodiment of the contact electrification in the expression xerography.Transverse axis represents to put on the bias voltage on the contact electrification parts, the longitudinal axis represent to obtain this moment by the charged current potential of electrified body (below be called " photoreceptor ").Charged characteristic during the roller strap electricity is represented by A.That is, from charged above beginning behind the discharge threshold of pact-500V.

Therefore, occasion at charged-500V, the general employing adds-method of the DC voltage of 1000V, or except the electrified voltage of the direct current of-500V, the alternating voltage that also adds peak-to-peak voltage and be 1200V to be keeping discharge threshold or above potential difference (PD), and therefore makes the current potential of photoreceptor converge on the method for charged current potential.

If be described more specifically, make charged roller and thickness by pressurization is the occasion of the OPC photoreceptor adjacency of 25 μ m, if add about 640V or above voltage, then the surface potential of photoreceptor begins to rise, then, with respect to this impressed voltage, the photosensitive surface current potential increases linearly according to slope 1.This threshold voltage is defined as " charged beginning voltage ".

That is,, in charged roller, necessarily require the essential value of Vd+Vth or above dc voltage for the electron gain necessary photosensitive surface current potential Vd that takes a picture.Be called " the charged mode of DC " with like this contact live part only being added the method that dc voltage carries out charged processing.

But, in DC is charged,, in addition, be subjected to grinding owing to work as photoreceptor because because of factors such as environmental changes, the resistance value of contact electrification parts changes, when film thickness changed, Vth changed, so be difficult to make the current potential of photoreceptor to reach required value.

Therefore, in order to carry out uniform more charged processing, as the spy open clear 63-149669 communique disclosed, adopt " the charged mode of AC " that the contact live part be applied to the voltage of the AC composition of having superposeed on the dc voltage that is equivalent to required Vd with 2 * Vth or above peak-to-peak voltage.This mode is a purpose with the average effect of the current potential that AC causes, and is converged on Vd as place in the middle of the peak value of AC voltage by the current potential of electrified body, is not subjected to the interference of environment etc.But, even in such contact electrification device, because the charged mechanism of its core adopts from the electric discharge phenomena of contact electrification parts to photoreceptor, so resemble the front as described in, necessarily requiring the outer voltage that is added on the contact electrification parts is photosensitive surface current potential or above value, and produces ozone to a certain degree.

In addition, carrying out the charged occasion of AC in order to carry out charged homogenising to handle, the generation of the contact electrification parts that the electric field of further ozone generating, AC voltage causes and the vibrating noise (the charged sound of AC) of photoreceptor, and, the performance degradations of the photosensitive surface that discharge causes etc. significantly cause new problem.

In addition, in hairbrush was charged, the parts (hair brush belt electrical equipment) that employing has the brush portion of conducting fibre as the contact electrification parts made this conducting fibre brush portion be contacted by the photoreceptor of electrified body with conduct, add the charged bias voltage of regulation, make photoreceptor wear polarity, the current potential of electricity for regulation.Equally, charged for this hairbrush, the discharge band electrical mechanisms that its charged mechanism also is above-mentioned (1) is occupied an leading position.Charged characteristic during the charged impressed DC voltage of this hairbrush is the characteristic shown in the B of Fig. 7.Therefore, also be to add higher charged bias voltage in the charged occasion of hairbrush, adopt electric discharge phenomena to carry out charged processing.

Relative with these situations, Magnetic brush is charged to be, adopt the parts (the charged device of Magnetic brush) that have by the magnetic brush portion of magnetic such as magnetic roller constraint electric conductivity magnetic particle formation brush shape as the contact electrification parts, this magnetic brush portion is contacted by the photoreceptor of electrified body with conduct, add the charged bias voltage of regulation, make photoreceptor wear the polarity of regulation, current potential.

In the charged occasion of this Magnetic brush, charged mechanism is that the charged mechanism of direct injection of above-mentioned (2) occupies an leading position.Adopt the particle of particle diameter as the electric conductivity magnetic particle that constitutes the magnetic brush portion,, can directly inject charged processing equably by enough velocity contrasts of setting with photoreceptor at 5～50 μ m.As the C in the charged characteristic curve map of Fig. 7, can obtain and the proportional basically charged current potential of applying bias.But, also having the apparatus structure complexity, the electric conductivity magnetic particle that forms the magnetic brush portion comes off, and is attached to the first-class disadvantage of photoreceptor.

Here, will consider these contact electrification methods method of cleaning held concurrently that is used to develop, the situation of the image forming method of cleaner-less.

In the image forming method of the clean method of develop holding concurrently, cleaner-less, because of there not being cleaning member, so the transfer printing remaining toner that remains on the photoreceptor directly contact with the contact electrification parts, attached to it or be blended into wherein.In addition, under the situation of the prevailing charged method of discharge band electrical mechanisms, also produce the toner deterioration that discharge energy causes and the deterioration of the tack of the live part that causes.If the general insulativity toner that adopts adheres to or sneaks into the contact electrification parts, charging property then takes place reduce.

In the occasion of the prevailing charged method of discharge band electrical mechanisms, when the toner layer that is attached to the contact electrification parts surface formed the resistance of impeded discharges voltage, this was just taken place sharp by the reduction of the charging property of electrified body.

Relative therewith, under the situation of directly injecting the prevailing charged method of charged mechanism, adhere to or the transfer printing remaining toner of sneaking into make the contact electrification parts surface with by the reduction of the contact probability between the electrified body, thus, reduced by the charging property of electrified body.

This is reduced the contrast of the electrostatic latent image behind the image exposure and homogeneity by the electrical reduction of the homogeneous band of electrified body, the inhomogeneous amplitude of image color is strengthened, or veil is increased.

In addition, in the image forming method of double clean method, cleaner-less that develops, importantly the charged polarity and the carried charge of the transfer printing remaining toner on the photoreceptor are controlled, in developing procedure, stably reclaim the transfer printing remaining toner, prevent that the toner that reclaims from making the developing property variation, therefore carry out the charged polarity and the carried charge control of transfer printing remaining toner by live part.

Be example with general laser printer below, this situation is specifically described.

Apply the occasion of the discharged-area development of the live part of reverse voltage, electronegative photoreceptor and electronegative toner in use, in its transfer printing process, transfer member by positive polarity will be transferred on the recording medium by visual image, but because the relation of the kind (differences such as thickness, resistance, specific inductive capacity) of recording medium and image area etc., the change from the positivity to the negativity takes place in the charged polarity of transfer printing remaining toner.But,,, also can make the charged polarity of transfer printing remaining toner turn to minus side equally with photosensitive surface by the live part of the negative polarity when making electronegative photoreceptor charged even the transfer printing remaining toner is partial to positive polarity in transfer printing process.Therefore, use the occasion of discharged-area development as developing method, at the residual electronegative transfer printing remaining toner of bright the current potential portion that toner should develop, in the current potential portion of dark portion that toner should not develop, because the relation of development electric field, toner is pulled to toner carrier one side, and transfer printing remaining toner particle does not remain on the photoreceptor with dark portion current potential and is recovered.That is, when utilizing live part to make photoreceptor charged, by the charged polarity of control transfer printing remaining toner, the image forming method of cleaning, cleaner-less of holding concurrently of can realizing developing.

But, when the transfer printing remaining toner surpasses the charged polarity control ability of toner of contact electrification parts and adheres to or when sneaking into the contact electrification parts, can not make the charged polarity unanimity of transfer printing remaining toner, reclaim the toner difficulty that becomes by toner carrier.In addition, even on toner carrier, reclaim,, cause developing property to reduce if the charged inhomogeneous unanimity of transfer printing remaining toner also can produce adverse influence to the charging property of the toner on the toner carrier by means of mechanical forces such as frictions.

That is, in develop to hold concurrently cleaning, cleaner-less image forming method, the transfer printing remaining toner during by live part charged control characteristic and adhere to, sneak into the characteristic of live part and permanance and image quality characteristic closely related.

For prevent charged heterogeneity, to carry out stable homogeneous charged, in the fair 7-99442 communique of spy, disclose a kind of in the contact electrification parts with by the surface of contact of charged dignity on the scheme of coated powder.But, contact electrification parts (charged roller) are with by the driven rotation of electrified body (photoreceptor) (do not have velocity contrast drive), compare with corona charging devices such as grid-control formulas, though the ozone product greatly reduces, but same with the occasion of above-mentioned roller strap electricity, charged principle remains based on the discharge band electrical mechanisms.Particularly, in order to obtain more stable charged homogeneity, owing to be applied to the overlapping voltage of AC voltage on the dc voltage, thereby the ozone product that produces because of discharge increases.Therefore, when using this device for a long time, the image that occurs easily causing drawback such as float because of the ozone product.In addition, when said structure was used for the image processing system of cleaner-less, because the sneaking into of transfer printing remaining toner, the powder of coating was difficult to equably attached on the live part, and it is weakened to carry out the charged effect of homogeneous.

In addition, open in the flat 5-150539 communique the spy and to disclose a kind of technical scheme, in the image forming method that uses contact electrification, when carrying out image formation for a long time repeatedly, the charged obstacle that causes in order to prevent toner particle or the silicon dioxide particles do not removed by scraper plate from adhering to, being accumulated in the surface of Charging system contains video picture particle and the average little electroconductive particle of particle diameter ratio video picture particle at least in developer.But, since contact electrification used herein or contiguous charged be to adopt the discharge band electrical mechanisms, be not directly to inject charged mechanism, thereby still exist because of the charged the problems referred to above that cause of discharging.In addition, when this structure being used on the image processing system of cleaner-less, compare with the occasion with cleaning mechanism, the influence for charging property, these a large amount of electroconductive particles and transfer printing remaining toner recovery, the electroconductive particle that is recovered and the transfer printing remaining toner in developing procedure that causes by charged operation for a large amount of electroconductive particles and transfer printing remaining toner all shows no sign of for influence of the developing property of toner etc. and takes in.In addition, in the time of Charging system will directly be injected being used for contact electrification, do not supply with the conductive particle of necessary amount, owing to the influence of transfer printing remaining toner produces charged bad to the contact electrification parts.

In addition, in contiguous charged,, can not obtain to make the pattern effect of uniform of transfer printing remaining toner owing to be difficult to make the photoreceptor homogeneous charged by a large amount of electroconductive particles and transfer printing remaining toner, thereby the transfer printing remaining toner covers the pattern image exposure, the generation ghost image.In addition, in the image forming course when power supply instantaneous interruption or paperboard, owing to the machine internal contamination that toner causes is more serious.

In addition, in the double cleaning image forming method that develops, improve the technology of clean-up performance of holding concurrently of developing as the charged control characteristic when improving the transfer printing remaining toner, open the spy and proposed to use image forming method in the flat 11-15206 communique with the toner that contains toner particle that specific carbon black and specific azo are iron compound and inorganic micro powder end by live part.In addition, the somebody proposes, and in the double image forming method that cleans that develops, adopts the good toner of transfer efficiency of the shape coefficient of having stipulated toner, reduces the transfer printing amount of remaining toner, improves the scheme of the double clean-up performance of development.But, because the discharge band electrical mechanisms is still adopted in employed contact electrification here, be not directly to inject charged mechanism, thereby exist above-mentioned by the charged problem that causes of discharge.In addition, though these technical schemes have suppress the contact electrification parts because the low effect of charging property that the transfer printing remaining toner causes, can not expect actively to improve the effect of charging property.

In addition, in commercially available electrophotographic printer, also have a kind of image processing system that develops and hold concurrently cleaning, it uses between transfer printing process and charged operation with photoreceptor and works as the roller member that connects, the transfer printing remaining toner recovery property when help or control are developed.Such image processing system demonstrates the good development spatter property of holding concurrently, and can reduce the amount of used toner significantly, but its cost uprises, the hold concurrently advantage of cleaning that having damaged aspect miniaturization develops.

At this problem, open the spy and to disclose development that a kind of toner of the charged promotion particle of electric conductivity that will contain toner particle and have 1/2 a following particle diameter of toner particle diameter is used for using the charged mechanism of direct injection in the flat 10-307456 communique and hold concurrently and clean the image processing system of image forming method.According to this scheme, can do not produced discharge product, can be reduced the used toner amount significantly, cost is low and the development that helps miniaturization is held concurrently cleaning image processing system, can obtain not take place charged bad, the shading of image exposure or the good image of diffusion.

In addition, the spy open disclose in the flat 10-307421 communique a kind of use the development of directly injecting Charging system hold concurrently the cleaning image forming method use the electroconductive particle that contains 1/50～1/2 particle diameter with toner particle diameter toner, make electroconductive particle have the image processing system that promotes the transfer printing effect.

In addition, open in the flat 10-307455 communique the spy and to have put down in writing, the particle diameter of conductive particle is set at below the size of 1 pixel that constitutes pixel, and, in order to obtain better charged homogeneity, the particle diameter of conductive particle is set at 10nm～50 μ m.Open in the flat 10-307457 communique the spy and to have put down in writing, the visual characteristic of considering the people is set at about 5 μ m or following with electroconductive particle, preferably 20nm～5 μ m in order charged bad the influence to image to be become visually be difficult for the state of discovering.

In addition, open the spy and to have put down in writing in the flat 10-307458 communique by atomic particle diameter is set at below the toner particle diameter, the development or the development bias voltage that hinder toner in the time of can preventing to develop leak electricity by conductive particle, make image not produce defective, simultaneously, put down in writing a kind of double cleaning of development image forming method that uses direct injection Charging system, be set at greater than 0.1 μ m by particle diameter above-mentioned conductive particle, particulate is embedded in the image carrier, solve the problem that covers exposure light, realized the preferable image record.

The double cleaning of a kind of development image processing system is disclosed in the Te Kaiping 10-307456 communique, by the outside particulate that adds in toner, at least in the contact site of flexible contact electrification parts and image carrier, the particulate that contains in the above-mentioned toner in developing procedure attached on the image carrier, still remaining in behind the transfer printing process on the image carrier and carrying exists, thereby do not produced the good image of charged bad and image exposure shading.

If according to these schemes, the double image forming method that cleans of can realizing really developing makes cleaner-less system become possibility.

But in such scheme, the system of above-mentioned cleaner-less realizes that with following prerequisite this prerequisite is to adopt the higher fine-powder of electric conductivity as charged promotion particle, and photosensitive surface has the resistance characteristic in the certain limit.But the resistance characteristic of general photosensitive surface is uneven to a certain degree, has low-resistance tiny dots inevitably, promptly so-called pin hole.If will have such photoreceptor and electrically conductive microparticle sub-portfolio with pin hole, adopt contact electrification mechanism, then partly flow through superfluous electric current at pin hole, produce image deflects.For example, produce following problems, that is, as slight defective, stain occurs, in the occasion of severe, charged necessary current concentration does not make photoreceptor charged in pin hole, corresponding to the live part contact portion, non-image part is developed.

Relative therewith, even be provided with behind transfer printing process in the image forming method of cleaning process, owing to certainly exist the particulate that escapes from cleaning process, it residues on the image carrier, being moved on the contact site between contact electrification parts and the image carrier, is inevitable so we can say above-mentioned problem.

Under the easy super-humid conditions that reduces of the resistance of parts, such problem is remarkable especially.In prior art, do not consider the problem of so actual aspect.

In addition, in order to suppress the occasion that environment changes, the variation of the frictional electrification amount of the toner of long-term durable occasion suppresses the reduction of image color, and people also know metal oxide microparticle is made an addition to technology in the toner.

For example, open in the flat 6-175392 communique, disclose in the adhering resin that forms toner, add the volume resistance value 1 * 10 the spy ⁵～1 * 10 ⁸The known metal oxide of Ω cm (aluminium oxide, zinc paste, tin oxide etc.).In addition, also disclose in toner, add the reduzate (the special fair 7-113781 communique of Japan) of metal oxide, contain the tin oxide (spy opens flat 6-118693 communique) of antimony, hydrocarbon black powder, the low resistance particle of metallics etc.

Aluminium oxide, zinc paste, the known metal oxide of tin oxide etc., mostly situation is under the environment of ambient temperature and moisture, the influence because of the hydroxyl on surface is presented on 1 * 10 ⁶～1 * 10 ⁷Resistance value about Ω cm.But because this resistance value depends on humidity, resistance often changes, so even comprise in toner under the situation of above-mentioned metal oxide, its physical property is still unsettled.

Since by roasting under air atmosphere, but make the tin oxide that comprises antimony present electric conductivity easily, so though can prevent the resistance variations that humidity causes, still, the roasting part is the color of cyan to black cyan.Add at home and abroad and the occasion used at toner,, will be transferred on the transfer paper, then produce the reduction of coloured picture quality that causes from the free tin oxide of opening of toner if form in the operation at image.In addition, add in the color toner, become the main cause that colorrendering quality is reduced.

For carrying out roasting by metal oxide under the reducing atmosphere of hydrogen etc. to tin oxide, titanium dioxide etc., the part of reduction tin composition and present the oxide of electric conductivity or carbon black etc., handle by reduction, roasting part band black, identical with the above-mentioned tin oxide that contains antimony, cause the colorrendering quality of toner, the reduction of picture quality.

In addition, because the such low resistance material of metallics becomes the main cause that causes leakage phenomenon sometimes in necessarily requiring the developing procedure of high electric field, so the shortage long-time stability.

In addition, situation is mostly, and above-mentioned particulate is that single particle is formed, its coherency height, and size-grade distribution is a broad.In order to realize required particle diameter, size-grade distribution, obviously require the granulation administrative skill, but the subsequent handling of mechanicalness pulverizing, fragmentation, classification etc. requires the more time of cost.For particle diameter, in the granulation management, the situation that is difficult to tackle is arranged sometimes, in producing, the coherency because of particle is arranged than the particle of small particle diameter, pulverize, the situation that the efficient of classification reduces, in addition, also to point out in known manufacture method, to have aspect the coherency restricted in improvement.For toner with such particle, have following problem, that is, its flowability is uneven, when image forms, is easy to generate the variation of concentration, easily image veil etc. takes place.

In addition, open the spy that flat 8-109341 communique, spy are opened flat 6-192592 communique, the spy opens in the flat 5-17622 communique, disclose the conductive pigment or the filler that have stannic oxide layer on core, this stannic oxide layer has been doped P elements, fluorine element, antimony element respectively.But, in all these documents, do not mention fully these materials made an addition to content in the developer.

Have again,, open in the flat 9-278445 communique the spy and to disclose the technology that relates to the tin oxide that is doped with tungsten with regard to tungsten.This technology to be scattered in the bonding agent and the coating composition that obtains as the electric conductivity coated film, its resistance value excellent in stability over time is a key concept, does not relate to the effect that the present invention presents as developer by the surface that makes particulate be present in toner.

Summary of the invention

The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of toner, the anti-environmental change of this toner, and can obtain images with high image quality.

The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of toner, the permanance of this toner is good, and can obtain images with high image quality.

The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of image forming method, this method is suppressed at the excess current of pin hole, even have charging property still stable under the condition of high humidity when adopting contact electrification mechanism, even under situation about using for a long time, the reconstruction of image is still good.

In addition, the object of the present invention is to provide a kind of image forming method, wherein the recovery of transfer printing remaining toner is good, can carry out the image formation that good development is held concurrently and cleaned.

In addition, the object of the present invention is to provide a kind of image forming method, this method is by making up the stable charging property and the double spatter property that develops, and the image that can carry out cleaner-less forms.

This method the object of the present invention is to provide a kind of image forming method of cleaner-less, even still can stably obtain preferable image when improving image analytic degree and adopt the littler toner particle of particle diameter.

This method another object of the present invention is to provide a kind of image forming method of cleaner-less, even under the condition of high humidity, still can obtain preferable image steadily in the long term.

The present invention is as described below.

The present invention relates to a kind of toner, this toner comprises toner particle and particulate, this toner particle comprises adhering resin and colorant at least, this particulate has the formation that covers the tin compound that contains W elements on parent particle, tin element (Sn) with respect to the mass ratio (Sn/B) of parent particle (B) in 0.01～2.0 scope, W elements (W) with respect to the mol ratio (W/Sn) of tin element (Sn) in 0.001～03 scope.

In addition, the present invention relates to a kind of toner, this toner comprises toner particle and particulate, this toner particle comprises adhering resin and colorant at least, this particulate is the tin oxide particulate that contains W elements, W elements (W) with respect to the mol ratio (W/Sn) of tin element (Sn) in 0.001～03 scope.

In addition, the present invention relates to a kind of image forming method, this method is included in impressed voltage on the live part at least, and it is contacted with image carrier, makes the charged charged operation of image-carrier; Form operation with the electrostatic latent image that forms electrostatic latent image on by charged above-mentioned image carrier; With will be carried on toner on the toner carrier and transfer to and remain on the lip-deep above-mentioned electrostatic latent image of above-mentioned image carrier, form the developing procedure of toner picture; With, look like to be electrostatically transferred to transfer printing process on the transfer materials with being formed at toner on the above-mentioned image-carrier, it is characterized in that, as above-mentioned toner, use any above-mentioned toner.

Description of drawings

Fig. 1 is the summary pie graph that shows the image processing system be used to implement the inventive method;

Fig. 2 shows to be used to implement the summary pie graph of the single component development of the inventive method with developing apparatus;

Fig. 3 is the summary pie graph that shows the photoreceptor be used to implement the inventive method;

Fig. 4 is the summary pie graph that shows the contact transfer member be used to implement the inventive method;

Fig. 5 is the summary pie graph that shows the image processing system of one embodiment of the invention;

Fig. 6 is the summary pie graph that shows the image processing system of one embodiment of the invention;

Fig. 7 is the charged characteristic curve map that shows the contact electrification parts;

Fig. 8 is the synoptic diagram that shows the layer structure of the photoreceptor be used to implement the inventive method.

Embodiment

At first the particulate that contains in the toner of the present invention is described.

The particulate that contains in (1) the 1st toner

The particulate that in the 1st toner of the present invention, contains, has the structure that on parent particle, has covered the tin compound that contains W elements, tin element (Sn) with respect to the mass ratio (Sn/B) of parent particle (B) 0.01～2.0, W elements (W) with respect to the mol ratio (W/Sn) of tin element (Sn) in 0.001～03 scope.Such particulate has white or near white tone, in addition, can obtain frictional electrification equably chronically owing to contain this atomic toner, so can obtain the preferable image quality.Particularly, prevent the charging that the unusual frictional electrification under the low humidity condition causes, prevent under high humidity that the reduction of the frictional electrification amount that the moisture absorption of toner causes can provide stable frictional electrification.In not damaging the scope that effect is provided of such frictional electrification, also can adopt other element simultaneously.

The particulate of the 1st toner is the double-decker that maintains tin oxide on parent particle, owing to contain the mobile good of this atomic toner of the present invention, and can modulate equably, even therefore after rapid environmental change or long-term the placement, still can obtain frictional electrification efficiently, consequently obtain higher image quality serially.

In the particulate of the 1st toner, tin oxide is remained on the parent particle well, even under long-term situation about using, also be difficult to peel off, follows the time and the variation of the particle properties that produces is less.

In addition, the particulate that in the 1st toner of the present invention, contains, by with tin element (Sn) with respect to the mass ratio (Sn/B) of parent particle (B) at the tin compound that 0.01～2.0 ratio contains, become material with moderate conductivity.In charged operation during impressed voltage, between live part and image-carrier, there is atomic occasion, electric current transmits in tin compound and flows, but, owing to limited the amount of tin compound with respect to parent particle, so big electric current is difficult to flow, therefore, even under the situation that has pin hole on the image carrier surface, still can suppress excess current and flow, also suppress the generation of image deflects simultaneously.In addition,, pretend, in the scope of common current value, carry out the occasion of charged operation, can improve the charged homogeneity of toner widely to particulate resistance is lower owing to contain tin compound.

In addition, making tin compound remain on occasion on the parent particle, if the environmental change of frictional electrification then takes place Sn/B less than 0.01 sometimes.In addition, from property easy to manufacture aspect, preferred Sn/B 2.0 or below.In addition, if Sn/B surpasses 2.0, the mobile effect that improves is reduced.

In addition, have with respect to tin element at particulate, the occasion of the W elements (W) of mol ratio (W/Sn) in 0.001～0.3 scope, big electric current is difficult to flow more, and the inhibition effect of superfluous electric current is more remarkable.

If the environmental change of frictional electrification then takes place W/Sn less than 0.001 sometimes, if surpass 0.3, then the physical strength of tin oxide reduces, and can't obtain sufficient permanance.

Tin element in the particulate and W elements can carry out qualitative, quantitative according to ICP, ESCA etc.

Specifically, on parent particle, be coated with the atomic occasion of the tin compound that contains W elements, obtain in the following manner.

Be insoluble to the occasion of bronsted lowry acids and bases bronsted lowry at parent particle:

At first, obtain the mol ratio of tin element and W elements by esca analysis.Then, after particulate being handled, it is handled, remove overlayer, obtain the quality of parent with aqueous slkali with hydrochloric acid.Then, according to atomic quality before the processing of measuring in advance and the difference between the parent quality, obtain tectal quality, the tin element that calculates according to this quality and ESCA and the mol ratio of W elements calculate the mass ratio (Sn/B) of tin element with respect to parent particle.

Be dissolved in the occasion of bronsted lowry acids and bases bronsted lowry at parent particle:

At first, by esca analysis, obtain the mol ratio of tin element and W elements.Then, adjust pH, particulate and tin element or W elements are dissolved simultaneously,, obtain the mol ratio of other element in tin element or W elements and the parent particle by responding to coupled plasma Emission Spectrophotometer device (ICP-AES).According to these mol ratios, obtain the mass ratio (Sn/B) of tin element with respect to parent particle.

In addition, in atomic esca analysis, when adjusting etching period, tin element, W elements and the ratio that is contained in the element beyond these elements in the parent particle are analyzed, can confirm that whether W elements exists with tin element, can confirm further whether it only exists only on the surface of parent particle.

On the other hand, in the atomic occasion of the tin oxide that contains W elements, after making the particulate dissolving,, calculate the content of each element by induction coupled plasma Emission Spectrophotometer device.

As tin compound, have the aspect of electric conductivity from making particulate, preferably adopt low-resistance tin oxide.As W elements, the aspect of current amount flowing preferably is contained in the tin compound from be controlled at low-resistance tin compound.

In addition, if the lip-deep particle that tin compound is remained on parent particle is as particulate, then just present electric conductivity by a spot of tin compound, obtain uniform charging property, on the other hand, owing to only transmitting on atomic surface, electric current flows, so the control of superfluous electric current is easy, suppressing the image deflects that pin hole causes easily, is preferred type of service.

Such particulate can be by the wet method manufacturing.

For example can enumerate, the salt compounds solution of the salt compounds solution of tin, tungsten with after the solution that is suspended with parent particle mixes, is hydrolyzed to it and carries out the method for roasting then; By preceding method, only the tin composition is remained on the parent particle, make it roasting after, make the tungsten composition impregnated in method of wherein once more it being carried out roasting etc. by wet method.After roasting,, obtain particulate by modes such as fragmentation, classifications.

As the compound that contains tin element that in atomic manufacturing, is adopted, can enumerate tin chloride (the 1st, the 2), tin oxychloride, stannic acid, potassium stannate, sodium stannate, organo-tin compound (for example, alkoxy tin).

As the compound that contains W elements that in atomic manufacturing, is adopted, can enumerate tungsten chloride, tungsten oxchloride, wolframic acid, sodium tungstate, potassium tungstate, artificial schellite, organic tungsten compound.

Roasting can be adopted tunnel cave, rotary kiln, electric furnace, baker, drying under reduced pressure machine etc.For roasting atmosphere gas, except air atmosphere, also can adopt partial pressure of oxygen has been carried out the oxidation atmosphere gas of adjusting as required, the reductibility atmosphere gas of importing hydrogen etc. imports the inert atmosphere gas of inert gas etc.

In addition, as tin compound being remained on its surperficial parent particle, the such known particles such as inorganic particulate of organic filler, metal or metal oxide that can adopt resin to form, but consider in the intensity of the stress that faces the portion of connecing place between live part and the image-carrier and the fitting tightly property between parent particle surface and the tin compound, wherein preferred inorganic particulate more preferably adopts the such oxygen containing metallic compound of metal oxide.As concrete compound, for example can enumerate monox, titanium dioxide, aluminium oxide, alumina silicate, magnesium oxide, barium sulphate, titanium oxide.

The particulate that contains in (2) the 2nd toners

The particulate that contains in the 2nd toner is the tin oxide particulate that contains W elements.

This tin oxide particulate is to have white or near the particle of white color, can not hinder the tone of toner, prevents that picture quality from reducing.Owing to prevent that hygroscopic effect is higher simultaneously, can suppress the humidity dependence of resistance, so, still can present stable resistance value, frictional electrification providing capability even under the situation of environmental change.By such effect, the atomic toner of tin oxide that contains of the present invention is more clearly adjusted the distribution of frictional electrification, obtains uniform frictional electrification chronically.Particularly, can prevent the charging that the unusual frictional electrification under the low humidity condition causes, prevent the reduction of the frictional electrification amount that the moisture absorption of the toner under the high humidity causes, stable frictional electrification can be provided.In not damaging the scope that effect is provided of such frictional electrification, also can adopt other element simultaneously.

In the tin oxide particulate, the mol ratio (W/Sn) of W elements (W) and tin element (Sn) is in 0.001～03 scope.If above-mentioned mol ratio (W/Sn) less than 0.001, then with respect to rapid environmental change, the frictional electrification providing capability reduces, if this mol ratio surpasses 0.3, then the atomic physical strength of tin oxide changes, and permanance changes, and is therefore not preferred.

Tin element in the particulate and W elements can be according to similarly carrying out quantitatively with the atomic situation of the 1st toner.

The atomic manufacturing of the tin oxide that the present invention relates to for example can be enumerated, and after the salt compounds solution of the salt compounds solution of tin, tungsten is mixed, adds water decomposition, carries out the method for roasting then; The salt compounds solution of tungsten is made an addition in tin oxide water-soluble serous the method for carrying out roasting after when Jia Shui makes its decomposition, wearing out.After roasting, obtain particulate by fragmentation, classification etc.

As the compound that contains tin element that is adopted in the atomic manufacturing of tin oxide, can enumerate tin chloride (the 1st, the 2), tin oxychloride, stannic acid, potassium stannate, sodium stannate, organo-tin compound (for example, alkoxy tin compound).

As the compound that contains W elements that is adopted in the atomic manufacturing of tin oxide, can enumerate tungsten chloride, tungsten oxchloride, wolframic acid, sodium tungstate, potassium tungstate, artificial schellite, organic tungsten compound.

Roasting can be adopted tunnel cave, rotary kiln, electric furnace, baker, drying under reduced pressure machine etc.For roasting atmosphere gas, except atmospheric atmosphere gas, also can adopt partial pressure of oxygen has been carried out the oxidation atmosphere gas of adjusting as required, the reductibility atmosphere gas of importing hydrogen etc. imports the inert atmosphere gas of inert gas etc.

Below atomic common trait of the present invention is described.

Atomic resistance value is preferably 1 * 10 ⁹Ω cm or following.If atomic resistance value is greater than 1 * 10 ⁹Ω cm, then when the image forming method that is used to adopt development to hold concurrently cleaning, even particulate is present in the contact site of live part and image-carrier, near or the charging zone it, particulate by the contact electrification parts keeps still can't obtaining to be used to obtain the charged facilitation effect of good charging property under the situation with the tight contact of image-carrier.In addition,, stably obtain good charging property in order to improve atomic charged facilitation effect fully, atomic resistance value preferably less than the surface element of contact electrification parts or with the resistance of the contact site of image-carrier.In addition, in this resistance value greater than 1 * 10 ⁹The occasion of Ω cm has the tendency that resistance variations that humidity causes increases, so not preferred.As atomic resistance value, more preferably 1 * 10 ²～1 * 10 ⁹In the scope of Ω cm, further preferably 1 * 10 ²～1 * 10 ⁷In the scope of Ω cm.When this resistance value less than 1 * 10 ²The time, from making, whitening suffers damage.

As the method that resistance is controlled in the above-mentioned scope, can pass through acid value (in the occasion of tin oxide, the valence mumber of tin is 4 valencys) according to the metal of tin oxide, appropriate amount ground contains has selected different types of unit of valence mumber usually to control.That is, with respect to the tin oxide as 4 valent metal oxides, the preferred various element that uses is that valence mumber is the element of 5 valencys, in the present invention, adopts tungsten as so different types of element.

The mensuration of atomic resistance is carried out in the following manner.Sample is filled in the columnar insulation cell, so that it contacts with sample, on upper electrode, applies 7kgf/cm at the upper and lower settings electrode ²Load.Under this state, impressed voltage between electrode (being 50V in the present invention) according to the electric current I (A) that flow through this moment, is measured atomic resistance of the present invention (volume resistance value RV).At this moment, if represent electrode area (cm by S ²), by M (cm) expression sample thickness, then resistance is by following formulate.

Mathematical formulae 1

RV(Ωcm)＝V×S/I/M

As particulate, preferably adopt volume average particle size at 0.05 μ m or above particle.If atomic volume average particle size less than 0.05 μ m, in order to prevent the reduction of the development under the super-humid conditions, must make the content of the relative toner integral body of particulate less.If like this, can't guarantee atomic effective dose, in charged operation, can't make the contact site of live part and image-carrier or the following particulate that there is q.s near the charging zone it, be easy to generate charged bad, and the particulate of this q.s is to be enough to overcome to the adhering to of the transfer printing remaining toner of the insulativity of contact electrification parts, and sneaks into the charged obstruction that causes, and carries out the charged amount of image-carrier well.

In addition, if atomic volume average particle size is bigger, since except easily from live part is free open, the number of particles of unit weight also reduces, therefore consider the minimizing that comes off etc. and to cause from live part atomic, degradation, for little by little with particulate, supply to the contact site or near the charging zone it of live part and image-carrier continuously, make it be present in this place, perhaps for the closely contact of contact electrification parts by particulate maintenance and image-carrier, obtain good charging property, must increase the content of particulate with respect to toner integral body.But, if make atomic content excessive, then make particularly the frictional electrification ability under high humidity environment, development reduction, produce image color and reduce, toner disperses etc.From such viewpoint, atomic mean grain size is preferably in 5 μ m or following.In addition, atomic volume average particle size preferably in the scope of 0.1～5 μ m, in the scope particularly preferably in 0.5～3 μ m, if also consider the abrasivity of image-carrier, then more preferably particle diameter at 5 μ m or above particle at 3 number % or following.

In addition, ratio (S/T) between the weight average particle diameter (T) (μ m) of preferred atomic volume average particle size (S) (μ m) and toner particle is 0.5 or following (more preferably in the scope 0.01～03), if this ratio is greater than 0.5, then when particulate is mixed with toner particle, this particulate is opened from toner is free easily, at developing procedure,, be difficult to obtain enough charging property from the quantity delivered deficiency of developer container to image-carrier.In addition, the particulate that comes off from live part blocks the exposure light that writes electrostatic latent image or with its diffusion, the defective of generation electrostatic latent image reduces picture quality.

Weight average particle diameter is not according to identical scale ratio with volume average particle size, but since particulate less than toner particle, so in the present invention, toner particle and atomic size index adopts these parameters as a comparison.

Atomic particle size determination, be that the liquid assembly is installed in the LS-230 type laser diffraction formula particle size distribution device that コ-Le -society produces, with the particle diameter of 0.04～2000 μ m as measurement range, pass through the size-grade distribution of the volume reference that obtained, calculate volume average particle size (volume 50% particle diameter), 5 μ m or the above number % of particle.Mensuration is to add the surfactant of trace in the water of 10ml, adds the particle of 10mg therein, with after disperseing 10 minutes in the ultrasonic dispersing machine, measures under the condition of minute 90 seconds, mensuration number of times 1 time.

Preferred particulate from the free ionization rate of toner particle in 10.0～95.0% scope, more preferably in 20.0～95.0% scope.Atomic ionization rate was less than 10.0% o'clock, then to the quantity delivered deficiency of image-carrier, be difficult to obtain enough charging property, if this ionization rate is greater than 95.0%, because the atomic quantitative change that the cleaning of holding concurrently by developing reclaims is many, be easy to generate atomic in the developing apparatus and accumulate the frictional electrification of the toner that causes and the reduction of development, therefore not preferred.

Particulate is meant by パ-テ from the free ionization rate of toner particle _ィNetwork Le ア Na ライザ-(PT1000: Yokogawa Motor (strain) produce) measures, and this mensuration is that the principle of describing in the 65-68 page or leaf according to Japan Hardcopy97 collection of thesis is carried out.Specifically, this device is that the powder with toner etc. imports plasma one by one and makes it luminous, from the luminous frequency spectrum of powder, and the particle diameter of the element of luminescent substance, number of particles, particle as can be known.

In addition, above-mentioned " ionization rate " be meant, according to as toner particle luminous with the carbon atom of the formation element of adhering resin, and the luminous simultaneity of the tin atom in the particulate, Ding Yi value according to the following equation.

Atomic ionization rate (%)=100 * (only the number of light emission times of tin atom/with the number of light emission times of tin atom of the number of light emission times of the simultaneously luminous tin atom of carbon atom+only)

Here, " luminous in the time of carbon atom and tin atom " be meant, will be from luminous luminous with interior luminous tin atom of the luminous beginning 2.6msec of carbon atom as the while, and only tin atom luminous of the luminous conduct of later tin atom.

Concrete assay method is as described below.Employing contains the helium of 0.1% oxygen, is 23 ℃ in temperature, and humidity is to measure under 60% the environment, and the toner sample was placed for 1 night under identical environment, will be used for through the sample of damping measuring.In addition, measure carbon atom at passage 1, measure tin atom (measure wavelength and K factor and adopt recommendation) at passage 2, the mode of amount of luminescence in 1000～1400 scope according to the scanning carbon atom by once taken a sample, scan repeatedly, until the sum of the amount of luminescence of carbon atom 10000 or more than, amount of luminescence is carried out accumulation calculating.At this moment, sampling is so that be the longitudinal axis in the luminous number of carbon, and the cubic root voltage of carbon is in the distribution of transverse axis, has a maximum value, and does not have paddy, measures.Then, according to these data, the clutter cutting horizontal that makes whole elements is 1.50V, adopts the aforementioned calculation formula, calculates atomic ionization rate.

In addition, be that blur, inconspicuous in order to make the particulate that is needed on the transfer materials as veil, that particulate is preferably is transparent, the particulate of white or light color.Equally never cause electrostatic latent image to form the meaning aspect of obstruction of the exposure light of operation, that particulate can be is transparent, white, the particulate of light color, more preferably particulate with respect to the transmissivity of exposure light 30% or more than.

In the present invention, by following operation, atomic light transmission is measured.Be to have on the one side on the clear films of adhesive linkage the fixedly particulate of one deck, under this state, measure transmitance.Light will be measured its light quantity through the optical convergence at the film back side from the vertical direction irradiation of this sheet material.As clean light quantity, calculate the transmissivity of particle according to the value that only has film and the light quantity when being attached to particulate to calculate.In fact, the 310T transmission-type concentration meter that adopts X-Rite Co., Ltd. to produce is measured.

In the present invention, as making particulate be contained in method in the toner, the inner interpolation and outside method of adding arranged.In order to realize foregoing action effect of the present invention more apace, effectively, preferred particulate is present in toner surface, as such realization measure, preferably adopt the outside of control easily to add, but in addition, after also can being set forth in inner the interpolation, the method for the machinery by pulverizing, grinding etc. makes it be exposed to lip-deep measure etc.

In addition, the particulate that is present on the surfaces of toner particles is preferably existence 03 or above ratio in each toner particle, more preferably has 1.0～50.0 in each toner particle, preferred especially 1.0～10.If be present in 03 of the particulate less than of surfaces of toner particles, because the effect that the flowability of toner is improved reduces, so preferably do not adopt this mode.

Can obtain to be present in the ratio that has or not and exist of the atomic existence on the surfaces of toner particles according to the Direct observation of surfaces of toner particles.That is, adopt scanning electron microscope (SEM), will contain atomic toner, 10 toner particles are caught as an aggregate, calculate the atomic number that is present on each surfaces of toner particles.The atomic qualitative qualitative analysis apparatus that is arranged at simultaneously on the SEM that adopts is undertaken by the mode at the tin element graphing.By this method, 10 aggregates (toner particle amounts to 100) are measured, calculate the atomic ratio that exists of each toner particle.

In addition, as mentioned above, open in the flat 9-278445 communique, disclose the technology relevant with type of service with the manufacture method of the conductive tin oxide that contains W elements as adulterant the spy.But the type of service in the document is the form as conductive coating paint or charged preventor, and its starting point is electric conductivity.Relative therewith, in the present invention, by with in the special dimension of so-called electrofax, suitably that various materials and service condition are combined, relate to and be not only atomic electric conductivity, and the special use-pattern of the electric current of inhibition surplus, therefore, design of the present invention and technology contents are difficult to open flat 9-278445 communique from the spy and easily analogize.

In addition, open in the flat 6-183733 communique the spy, disclose with antimony element as essential composition, adopt the electroconductive powder of the tin oxide formation of W elements simultaneously, but in the present invention, tin element to contain proportional be different, design of the present invention is different with technology contents with the content of above-mentioned document.In addition, owing to be difficult to excess current is controlled as tin oxide particle that must composition, be difficult to be directly used in the present invention so open the technology of describing in the flat 6-183733 communique the spy with antimony element.

(3) toner

With regard to the particle diameter of toner particle of the present invention, generally in order to form higher picture quality, verily small latent image dots to be developed, the preferred weight mean grain size is in the scope of 3～10 μ m.In the toner particle of weight average particle diameter less than 3 μ m, because the transfer efficiency of toner reduces, it is many that the transfer printing remaining toner on the image-carrier becomes, and in the situation that is used for the contact electrification operation, easily live part polluted.In addition, be present in the such occasion of contact site of live part and image-carrier, the tendency that the charged facilitation effect that has particulate to cause reduces at particulate.In addition, because the surface area of whole toner increases, and as the flowability of powder and the reduction of stirring property, be difficult to make equably each toner particle frictional electrification, cause veil to increase or the transfer printing variation, forming the image deflects that charging property reason in addition causes easily, therefore, is not preferred as toner particle of the present invention.In addition, surpass the occasion of 10 μ m in the weight average particle diameter of toner particle, be easy to generate literal, the row image disperses, and is difficult to obtain higher image analytic degree.In addition, for the device of higher image analytic degree, this toner forms the tendency of 1 repeatability variation.In addition, also has the situation of under low-humidity environment, condensing, so preferably do not adopt this mode.

The weight average particle diameter of toner particle of the present invention and quantity mean grain size can be measured by coulter counter TA-II type or コ-Le -マ Le チサイザ-various methods such as (コ-Le -Co., Ltd. produce).Specifically, can be as following mensuration.Adopt コ-Le -マ Le チサイザ-(コ-Le -Co., Ltd. produces), the interface (day section's machine is produced) and the PC9801 personal computer (NEC production) that connect the distribution of output number, volume distributed median, electrolytic solution adopts 1 grade sodium chloride, the NaCl aqueous solution of modulation 1%.For example, can adopt ISOTON R-II (コ-Le -サイエ Application テ _イOff _{ィッ}Network ジヤパ Application Co., Ltd. produces).Measure that operation is following carries out.Add the above-mentioned electrolytic aqueous solution of 100～150ml, add the mensuration sample of 2～20mg in addition, in ultrasonic disperser, the electrolytic solution that is suspended with sample is carried out dispersion treatment reach 1～3 minute approximately, by above-mentioned コ-Le -マ Le チサイザ-, adopt the opening of 100 μ m, measure volume, the number of 2 μ m or above toner, volume calculated distributes and the number distribution.Thus, calculated the weight average particle diameter (D4) of volume reference, and gone out the number benchmark from the number Distribution calculation and obtain the length mean grain size from volume distributed median of the present invention, that is, and number average particle diameter (D1).

As passage, adopt at 2.00～2.52 μ m (deficiency); 2.52～3.17 μ m (deficiency); 3.17～4.00 μ m (deficiency); 4.00～5.04 μ m (deficiency); 5.04～635 μ m (deficiency); 635～8.00 μ m (deficiency); 8.00～10.08 μ m (deficiency); 10.08～12.70 μ m (deficiency); 12.70～16.00 μ m (deficiency); 16.00～20.20 μ m (deficiency); 20.20～25.40 μ m (deficiency); 25.40～32.00 μ m (deficiency); 32.00 13 passages of～40.30 μ m (deficiency) (with the intermediate value of passage typical value) as each passage.

Toner of the present invention except aforesaid particulate, preferably also comprises the inorganic fine particles that the following describes.

Toner of the present invention preferably is added with as the average primary particle diameter of fluidity improving agent and the transfer printing assistant inorganic fine-powder at 4～80nm.The purpose of adding this inorganic micro powder end is to improve the flowability of toner, make the frictional electrification amount of toner particle even, and raising transfer printing, but, also, provide the performance of the adjustment of the frictional electrification amount of toner, the raising of environmental stability etc. preferably by the inorganic micro powder end being carried out the processing of hydrophobization processing etc.

Greater than the occasion of 80nm or do not adding the occasion that this particle diameter is 80nm or following inorganic fine particles, it is many that the transfer printing remaining toner becomes, and is difficult to stably obtain good charged characteristic in the average primary particle diameter of inorganic fine particles.In addition, can not get the flowability of good toner, it is inhomogeneous that toner particle charged is easy to generate, the problem that can't avoid that the increase of veil, image color reduce, toner disperses etc.In the average primary particle diameter at inorganic micro powder end occasion less than 4nm, the coherency at inorganic micro powder end is stronger, even easily as being not predecessor, having the condensed matter that still is difficult to the firm coherent broad particle distribution of decomposing by break process and move, be easy to generate the image deflects that development, image-carrier or the toner carrier etc. of damage condensed matter cause.More even for the frictional electrification amount distribution that makes toner particle, the average primary particle diameter of inorganic fine-powder is 6～70nm more preferably.

In the present invention, the determination method of the average primary particle diameter of inorganic fine-powder, the available photo that carries out the toner of bust shot by scanning electron microscope, with the Atomic Absorption SpectrophotometerICP of XMA by further being attached to scanning electron microscope etc. to elemental that inorganic trickle powder comprised the photo of toner contrast, measure the predecessor of 100 or above the inorganic fine-powder that is attached on the toner surface or exists in free mode simultaneously, obtain number average particle diameter.

As inorganic trickle powder of the present invention, can adopt silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, aluminium oxide, or their composite oxides etc.

For example, as silicon dioxide, so-called silicic acid fine-powder, the so-called wet silicon dioxide that can adopt so-called dry process that is generated by the halid vapor phase oxidation processes of silicon or the dry type silicon dioxide that is called fumed silica and make by water glass etc. the two, but the silanol of preferred inside of adopting the fine-powder that is present in surface and silicon dioxide seldom and Na ₂O, SO ₃ ^-Deng manufacturing residue dry type silicon dioxide seldom.In addition, as composite oxides, for example, in the manufacturing process of dry type silicon dioxide, by will be for example other metal halide of aluminum chloride, titanium chloride etc. use with silicon halogenide, can obtain the compound fine-powder of silicon dioxide and other metal oxide.

The addition of the inorganic fine-powder of average primary particle diameter in 4～80nm scope is with respect to the toner particle of 100 mass parts, preferably in 0.01～8 mass parts, more preferably in 0.1～3.0 mass parts.If addition less than 0.01 mass parts, then its effect is not enough, if surpass 8.0 mass parts, then fixation performance variation.

Characteristic aspect under the hot and humid environment, the material of preferred inorganic fine-powder for handling, preferably the hydrophobization degree of measuring by the methyl alcohol burette test such material in 30～80 scope through hydrophobization.If the inorganic fine-powder that mixes with toner particle is moisture absorption, then the frictional electrification amount of toner significantly reduces, and is easy to generate toner and disperses.

As the treating agent that hydrophobization is handled, can be individually or side by side use silicone varnish, various modified polyorganosiloxane varnish, silicone oil, various modified silicon oils, silane compound, silane coupling agent, other organo-silicon compound, the treating agent that organic titanic compound is such is handled it.As concrete treating agent, can enumerate hexamethyldisilazane, trimethyl silane, trimethyl chlorosilane, trimethylethoxysilane, dimethyldichlorosilane, methyl trichlorosilane, allyldimethylcholrosilane, the allyl phenyl dichlorosilane, benzyl dimethyl chlorosilane, bromomethyl dimethylchlorosilane, α-chloroethyl trichlorosilane, β-chloroethyl trichlorosilane, chloroethyl dimethylchlorosilane, three silicyl mercaptan, trimethyl silyl mercaptan, three silicyl acrylates, vinyl-dimethyl base acetoxylsilane, dimethylethoxysilane, dimethyldimethoxysil,ne, diphenyl diethoxy silane, HMDO, 1, the 3-divinyl tetramethyl disiloxane, 1,3-diphenyl tetramethyl disiloxane, each molecule has 2～12 siloxane units and 1 dimethyl polysiloxane with the hydroxyl of Si bonding is arranged being positioned at terminal unit respectively, dimethyl silicon oil, methyl phenyl silicone oil, the silicone oil of α-Jia Jibenyixi modification, chlorphenyl silicone oil, the silicone oil of fluorine modification.These compositions can use a kind, or use 2 kinds or above potpourri.

Wherein, the preferred material of handling with silicone oil, more preferably when inorganic fine-powder being carried out hydrophobic treatments by silane compound etc., or after this is handled, by silicone oil to its material of handling, even this material also can keep the frictional electrification amount of higher toner under high humidity environment, prevent that toner from dispersing.

As the treatment conditions of inorganic fine-powder, for example as the 1st order reaction, can carry out Silanization reaction by silane compound etc., by chemical bond silanol is disappeared, then,, can form hydrophobic film from the teeth outwards by silicone oil as the 2nd order reaction.

Above-mentioned silicone oil, preferably the viscosity in the time of 25 ℃ is 10～200,000mm ²The silicone oil of/s, still, more preferably the viscosity in the time of 25 ℃ is 3,000～80,000mm ²/ s silicone oil.If the not enough 10mm of above-mentioned viscosity ²/ s does not then have stability in inorganic fine-powder, because of the stress of heat and machinery, the tendency of picture quality variation is arranged.Surpass 200 in above-mentioned viscosity, 000mm ²The occasion of/s then has the tendency that is difficult to handle uniformly.

As the method that silicone oil is handled, can adopt the mixer of Henschel mixer etc., the inorganic fine-powder of for example handling by silane compound is directly mixed with silicone oil, also silicone oil directly can be sprayed to inorganic powder.Perhaps, in the solvent that is fit to,, add SiO 2 powder and mix the method for desolvating of removing then after the silicone oil dissolving or disperseing.From the less aspect of generation of the condensed matter of inorganic fine-powder, more preferably adopt the method for sprayer.

The treatment capacity of silicone oil, with respect to the inorganic fine-powder of 100 mass parts, preferred 1～23 mass parts, more preferably 5～20 mass parts.If the amount of silicone oil is very few, then can't obtain excellent hydrophobic property, if the amount of silicone oil is too much, then produce the fuzzy rough sledding that waits.

In inorganic fine-powder of the present invention, preferably the specific surface area of measuring by the BET method of passing through nitrogen adsorption is 30m ²/ g or above material are more preferably at 50m ²/ g or more than, particularly preferably in 50～250m ²Material in the/g scope.

For specific surface area, according to the BET method, adopt specific area measuring device オ-トソ-Block 1 (production of the shallow アイ of soup オニ Network ス Co., Ltd.), make nitrogen adsorption on specimen surface, adopt the BET multipoint method, calculated specific surface area.

In the present invention, can adopt magnetic or non magnetic in any toner particle, but adopting the occasion of magnetic color tuner, the average circularity of preferred toner 0.97 or more than, the magnetic field of toner is that the magnetized intensity of 79.6kA/m (1000 oersted) is at 10～50Am ²In the scope of/g (emu/g), good charging property be can keep like this, transfer printing amount of remaining toner and veil reduced.

Particulate in image forming method of the present invention, adopts the occasion of magnetic color tuner particle, owing to should fly on the image-carrier with toner, so preferably adopt nonmagnetic particle when developing.Its reason is: if having magnetic, its toner carrier that is difficult to be adopted from the single composition developing method of magnetic flies out.

Average circularity of the present invention is the index of using as the easy method of the shape of representing particle quantitatively, and in the present invention, its flow-type particle image analyzer " FPIA-1000 " that adopts the East Asia medical electric to produce is measured.By following formula (1), obtain the circle footpath degree (ai) of each particle of measuring at the particle group of 3 μ m or above round equivalent diameter respectively, further, shown in following formula (2) like that, the summation of the circularity of all particles measured divided by the value that all particles quantity (m) obtains, is defined as " average circularity (a) ".

In addition, " FPIA-1000 " adopts following computing method as determinator of the present invention, wherein, after calculating the circularity of each particle, after average circularity was calculated, the circularity that obtains according to particle was divided into 61 with the scope of circularity 0.40～1.00 and cuts apart grade, adopt the central value and the frequency of cut-point, average the calculating of circularity.But, error between each value of the average circularity of calculating by this computing formula is very little, be essentially insignificant degree, in the present invention, reason owing to the data processing aspects such as simplification of the shortening of computing time or calculation operations formula, also can utilize the notion of computing formula of the circularity of above-mentioned each particle of direct employing, the such computing formula that adopts a part to change.

The mensuration mode is as described below.In the water of 10ml of surfactant of 0.1mg is had an appointment in dissolving, the toner that disperses 5mg, the modulation dispersion liquid, by ultrasound wave (20kHz, 50W) this dispersion liquid is carried out radiation and reach 5 minutes, make dispersion liquid concentration in the scope of 5000～20,000/μ l, measure, obtain the quite average circularity of the particle group in footpath of 3 μ m or above circle by aforementioned means.

Average circularity of the present invention is the index of the concavo-convex degree of toner, is spherical completely occasion at toner, and its average circularity is 1.000, and surface configuration is complicated more, and circularity is more little.

In addition, in this is measured, only measure 3 μ m or above circle quite the reason of the particle group in footpath be: quite also comprise the particle group of a large amount of external additives that are independent of toner particle and exist in the particle group in footpath at the circle of less than 3 μ m, so because of its influence, the circularity of toner particle group can't correctly be estimated.

In addition, in the present invention, the magnetized intensity of magnetic color tuner is to adopt oscillating mode magnetometer VSMP-1-10 (Tohei Ind Co., Ltd.'s production), under 25 ℃ room temperature, measures under the external magnetic field of 79.6kA/m.

Toner of the present invention can pass through comminuting method, polymerization manufacturing.

At first, illustration comminuting method.

Can pass through mixers such as Henschel stirring machine, bowl mill, with adhering resin, colorant (according to circumstances being magnetic), and as required, other adjuvant (also can add above-mentioned particulate) etc. such as release agent, charge control agent is mixed fully, adopt the heating mixing roll of warm-up mill, kneader, extruder etc. that it is carried out melting mixing then, cooling curing, after the pulverizing, carry out classification, as required, carry out surface treatment, obtain toner particle.Above-mentioned particulate, inorganic fine-powder etc. are mixed with the toner particle that is obtained, form toner.Which formerly all can for classification and surface-treated order.In the classification operation, from the production efficiency aspect, the preferred employing cut apart grader more.Pulverizing process can be by adopting physical shock formula, injecting type etc. the method for known reducing mechanism carry out.

As the adhering resin that when making toner particle, is adopted by comminuting method, for example can enumerate, polystyrene, poly-to chlorostyrene, styrene such as polyvinyl toluene are inhaled its homopolymer that replaces body; Styrene-to chloro-styrene copolymer, styrene-ethylene base toluene multipolymer, styrene-ethylene base naphthalenedicarboxylate copolymer, copolymer in cinnamic acrylic ester, styrene-methacrylate copolymer, styrene-α-chloromethyl propylene acid ester copolymer, styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, styrene-ethylene ylmethyl ether copolymer, styrene-ethylene benzyl ethyl ether multipolymer, styrene-ethylene ylmethyl ketone copolymers, Styrene-Butadiene, the styrene-isoprene multipolymer, styrene based copolymers such as styrene-acrylonitrile-indene copolymer; Polyvinylchloride, phenolics, natural resin resin modified phenol resin, the maleic acid resin of natural resin modification, acryl resin, methacrylic resin, polyvinyl acetate (PVA), organic siliconresin, vibrin, polyurethane, polyamide, furane resin, epoxy resin, xylene resin, polyvinyl butyral, terpene resin, coumarone-indene resin, petroleum line resin.

In addition, in the occasion of adhering resin employing styrene based copolymer, also can be undertaken crosslinked by cross-linkable monomer.As the aromatic diethylene compound, for example can enumerate divinylbenzene, divinyl naphthalene; As the diacrylate compounds that connects by alkyl chain, for example can enumerate glycol diacrylate, 1, the 3-butanediol diacrylate, 1,4-butanediol diacrylate, 1,5-pentanediol diacrylate, 1,6 hexanediol diacrylate, the acrylate in neopentylglycol diacrylate and the above compound replace with methacrylate and the compound that forms; As the diacrylate compounds that connects by the alkyl chain that contains ehter bond, for example can enumerate, diethylene glycol diacrylate, triethylene glycol diacrylate, tetraethylene glycol diacrylate, polyglycol #400 diacrylate, the acrylate in polyglycol #600 diacrylate and the above compound replaces and the compound of formation with methacrylate; As the diacrylate compounds that is connected by the chain that contains aromatic radical and ehter bond, for example can enumerate, polyoxyethylene (2)-2, two (4-hydroxy phenyl) the propane diacrylates of 2-, polyoxyethylene (4)-2,2-is two, and (acrylate in (4-hydroxy phenyl) propane diacrylate and the above compound is replaced by methacrylate and the compound that forms; As polyester-type diacrylate class, for example can enumerate the commodity of trade name MANDA (Japanese chemical drug).

In addition, as crosslinking chemical, can exemplify, pentaerythritol triacrylate, the trimethylolethane trimethacrylate acrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, the tetramethylol methane tetraacrylate, the acrylate in oligoester acrylate and the above compound is replaced by methacrylate and the compound that forms; Triallyl cyanurate, the trimellitic acid triallyl.

With respect to other monomer component 100 mass parts, these crosslinking chemicals preferably use 0.01～10 mass parts, more preferably use 0.03～5 mass parts.In cross-linkable monomer, from the aspect of fixation performance, anti-skew, be suitable for the material of resin for toner, can exemplify, divinyl aromatic compound (particularly divinylbenzene), the diacrylate compounds that is connected by the chain that contains aromatic series base and ehter bond.

Styrene based copolymer for example can be synthetic by following method.As synthetic method, can adopt block polymerization, solution polymerization process, suspension polymerization, emulsion polymerization method.

In addition, in the occasion of adhering resin employing vibrin, the 45～55mol% that preferably constitutes whole compositions of resin is an alcohol, and 55～45mol% is sour composition.

As pure composition, can enumerate ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1,3 butylene glycol, 1, the 4-butylene glycol, 2,3-butylene glycol, diglycol, triethylene glycol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, neopentyl glycol, 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol, hydrogenated bisphenol A, bisphenol derivative, glycols, glycerine, multivalence alcohols such as D-sorbite.

As 50mol% that contains in the complete sour composition or above divalent carboxylic acid, can enumerate phthalic acid, terephthalic acid (TPA), benzene dicarboxylic acid class or its acid anhydrides such as m-phthalic acid; Succinic acid, hexane diacid, alkyl dicarboxylic aid's class or its acid anhydrides such as decanedioic acid, azelaic acid, and by the alkyl of carbon number in 6～18 scope, or succinic acid or its acid anhydrides of thiazolinyl replacement; Fumaric acid, maleic acid, citraconic acid, unsaturated dicarboxylic or its acid anhydrides such as itaconic acid; In addition,, can enumerate trimellitic acid, Pyromellitic Acid, benzophenone tetrabasic carboxylic acid or its acid anhydrides as 3 valencys or above carboxylic acid.

As the pure composition of the preferred especially vibrin that adopts, be bisphenol derivative, as sour composition, can enumerate, phthalic acid, terephthalic acid (TPA), m-phthalic acid or its acid anhydrides, succinic acid, positive dodecenyl succinic succinic acid or its acid anhydrides, fumaric acid, maleic acid, omega-dicarboxylic acids such as maleic anhydride; Tricarboxylic acids such as trimellitic acid or its acid anhydrides.

Below the situation of making toner particle by polymerization is described.Here, the situation by suspension polymerization manufactured toner particle is described.

In containing the water solvent of dispersion stabilizer, the polymerizable monomer and the colorant of formation adhering resin dissolved or is dispersed with in suspension equably by dispersion machines such as homogenizer, bowl mill, colloid mill, ultrasonic dispersing machines, and dissolve as required or be dispersed with polymerization initiator, crosslinking chemical, charge control agent, release agent, plastifier, magnetic, the monomer composition of other adjuvant etc.Polymerization initiator added when both can add other adjuvant in polymerizable monomer, mixed before also can be in being suspended in water solvent.In addition, also can be after granulation, before the beginning polyreaction, add the polymerization initiator that is dissolved in polymerizable monomer or the solvent.

Polymerization temperature be set in 40 ℃ or more than, generally be set in 50～90 ℃ the temperature range and carry out polyreaction.If in this temperature range, carry out polyreaction, then should be sealed in inner release agent and separate out by being separated, it is more complete that inside comprises processing.In order to consume residual polymerizable monomer,, temperature of reaction is risen in 90～150 ℃ the temperature range if arrive polyreaction final period.After reaction finishes, suspending liquid is cooled off, filter, washing, processing such as drying obtain toner particle.In the toner particle that is obtained, mix additives such as above-mentioned particulate, inorganic fine-powder, form toner.

As polymerizable monomer, can enumerate styrene, o-methyl styrene, a methyl styrene, p-methylstyrene, to methoxy styrene, to styrenic monomers such as ethyl styrenes, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, the acrylic acid n-propyl, acrylic acid n-octyl, dodecylacrylate, 2-EHA, the acrylic acid stearyl, acrylic acid 2-chloro-ethyl ester, esters of acrylic acids such as phenyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, Jia Jibingxisuanyizhi, n propyl methacrylate, n-BMA, isobutyl methacrylate, n octyl methacrylate, lauryl methacrylate, methacrylic acid 2-Octyl Nitrite, the methacrylic acid stearyl, the methacrylic acid phenylester, dimethylaminoethyl acrylate methyl base amino-ethyl ester, methyl acrylic ester and other vinyl cyanide such as methacrylic acid diethylamino ethyl ester, methacrylonitrile, acrylamide.

These monomers can be used alone or as a mixture.From the developing property of toner and the aspect of permanance, in the preferred above-mentioned monomer, use styrene or cinnamic derivant separately, or mix use with other monomer.

Also can in monomer composition, add resin and carry out polymerization then.For example, interpolation has amino, carboxylic acid group, hydroxyl in toner planning, sulfonic group, glycidyl, water wettability functional groups' such as cyano group monomer component, and because these monomers are water miscible, dissolving causes in the time of can't using because of emulsion polymerization in waterborne suspension, these compositions can form random copolymerss with vinyl compounds such as styrene or ethene, segmented copolymer, or the form of multipolymer such as graft copolymer is used.Perhaps, also can adopt condensed polymers such as polyester, polyamide, polytrimethylene ether, addition polymers such as poly-imines.If in toner, contain the resin of high molecular polymer simultaneously with such polar functional base, release agent is produced be separated, it is more firm that inside comprises processing, can obtain smearfastness, anti-adhesive, toner that low-temperature fixing is good.Contain the occasion of the high molecular polymer of such polar functional base in use, its mean molecular weight preferred 5000 or more than.If this mean molecule quantity not sufficient 5000, particularly 4000 or following situation under, then this polymkeric substance concentrates near surface easily, thus, easily development, anti-adhesive is caused adverse effect, and is therefore not preferred.In addition, as polar polymer, especially preferably adopt vibrin.

In addition, when being purpose, also can in single mass system, add above-mentioned resin in addition with dispersiveness, fixation performance or the picture characteristics of improving material, as the resin that is adopted, ground be can individually or mix and polystyrene, the styrene of polyvinyl toluene etc. and the homopolymer of substituent thereof for example adopted; The styrene-propene multipolymer, styrene-ethylene base toluene multipolymer, styrene-ethylene base naphthalenedicarboxylate copolymer, styrene-propene acid methyl terpolymer, styrene-propene acetoacetic ester multipolymer, the styrene-propene butyl acrylate copolymer, the misery ester copolymer of styrene-propene, styrene-propene acid dimethyl aminoethyl ester copolymer, styrene-methylmethacrylate copolymer, styrene-ethyl methacrylate copolymers, styrene-butyl methacrylate copolymer, styrene-metering system olefin(e) acid dimethyl aminoethyl ester copolymer, styrene-ethylene ylmethyl ether copolymer, styrene-ethylene benzyl ethyl ether multipolymer, styrene-ethylene ylmethyl ketone copolymers, Styrene-Butadiene, styrene-isoprene multipolymer, styrene-maleic acid copolymer, styrene based copolymers such as styrene-maleic acid ester copolymer; Polymethylmethacrylate, poly-n-butyl methacrylate, polyvinyl acetate, tygon, polypropylene, polyvinyl butyral, organic siliconresin, vibrin, polyamide, epoxy resin, polyacrylic resin, rosin, modified rosin, terpene resin, phenolics, aliphatics or alicyclic hydrocarbon resin, aromatic series through-stone oleoresin etc.As the addition of these resins, with respect to the polymerizable monomer of 100 mass parts, preferably in the scope of 1～20 mass parts.If less than 1 mass parts, then additive effect is less, on the other hand, if surpass 20 mass parts, then has the tendency of the various physical propertys designs that are difficult to realize polymerization toner.

As polymerization initiator, can enumerate 2,2 '-azo two (2, the 4-methyl pentane nitrile)), 2,2 '-azobis isobutyronitrile, 1,1 '-azo two (cyclohexanes-1-nitrile), 2,2 '-azo is two-4-methoxy-2, the 4-methyl pentane nitrile, azos such as azobis isobutyronitrile system or diazonium are polymerization initiator, benzoyl peroxide, peroxidating methyl ethyl ketone, peroxidating carbonic acid diisopropyl ester, cumene hydroperoxide, 2, the 4-dichlorobenzoperoxide, lauroyl peroxide, tert-butyl hydroperoxide-peroxidating system polymerization initiators such as 2 ethyl hexanoic acid ester.

Also can add crosslinking chemical, preferred addition is 0.001～15 quality % of whole monomer.As crosslinking chemical, the main compound that adopts with 2 or above polymerisable double bonds, for example, separately or mix ground and adopt divinylbenzene, divinyl aromatic compounds such as divinyl naphthalene; Glycol diacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, 1,3 butylene glycol dimethylacrylate etc. have the carboxylate of 2 two keys; Divinyl aniline, divinyl ether, vinyl thioether, divinyl compounds such as divinyl sulfone; And compound with 3 or above vinyl.

Dispersion stabilizer can adopt surfactant, organic dispersing agent, or inorganic dispersant, wherein, and from the dispersion stabilization aspect, preferred inorganic dispersant.As inorganic dispersant, can enumerate calcium phosphate, magnesium phosphate, aluminum phosphate, the phosphoric acid multivalent metal salt of trbasic zinc phosphate etc., lime carbonate, carbonate such as magnesium carbonate, calcium metasilicate, calcium sulphate, inorganic salts such as barium sulphate, calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, aluminium hydroxide, silicon dioxide, bentonitic clay, inorganic oxides such as aluminium oxide.This inorganic dispersant preferably uses 0.2～20 mass parts separately with the polymerizable monomer with respect to 100 mass parts, but because this quantity not sufficient handles so that the monomer composition that is difficult to produce ultramicron is carried out particulate, so also can adopt the surfactant of 0.001～0.1 mass parts simultaneously.As surfactant, for example can enumerate dodecyl phenenyl sulfate, sodium tetradecyl sulfate, pentadecyl sodium sulphate, sodium octyl sulfate, sodium oleate, sodium laurate, odium stearate, potassium stearate.

In toner of the present invention, preferably in toner, be used charge control agent.Pass through charge control agent, can realize optimal quantity of electric charge control corresponding to toning system, particularly in the present invention, can make the balance of size-grade distribution and electric charge more stable, adopt charge control agent, the function that can make the high image quality that causes in each previously described particle size range form usefulness is separated and is compensatory clearer and more definite mutually.

As positive charge control agent, can according to separately or the mode of 2 kinds or above combination adopt for example modifier of nigrosine and fatty acid metal salts; 1-hydroxyl-4-naphthalene sulfonic acids tributyl hexadecyldimethyl benzyl ammonium, the quaternary ammonium salt that tributyl benzyl ammonium tetrafluoroborate is such; Imidazolium compounds.Wherein, especially preferably adopt the such charge control agent of nigrosine based compound and quaternary ammonium salt.In addition, also can with the homopolymer of monomer or with foregoing styrene, the multipolymer of the polymerizable monomer that acrylate and methacrylate are such is as positive charge control agent, and in this occasion, these charge control agents also have the effect of adhering resin (all or part of).

In addition, can enumerate following material as the controlling agent of electronegative property.For example, organometallic complex, chelate be effectively, the metal complex of Monoazo metal complex, cetylacetone metallic complex, aromatic hydroxy-carboxylic, aromatic dicarboxylic acid system.In addition also have amphyl classes such as aromatic hydroxy-carboxylic, aromatic series monocarboxylic acid and polybasic carboxylic acid and slaine thereof, acid anhydrides, ester class, bis-phenol.

Above-mentioned charge control agent (not having the type as the effect of adhering resin) preferably is finely particulate.In this occasion, specifically, preferably the number average particle diameter of this charge control agent is at 4 μ m or following (more preferably at 3 μ m or following).When adding in toner, such charge control agent is with respect to the adhering resin of 100 mass parts interior, and (more preferably in the scope of 0.1～10 mass parts, further preferred in the scope of 0.1～5 mass parts) uses in the scope of 0.1～20 mass parts.

At toner of the present invention is the occasion of magnetic color tuner, as magnetic material, can enumerate magnetic iron ore, maghemite, the iron oxide that ferrite is such, and the iron oxide that comprises other metal oxide; Fe, Co, the metal that Ni is such, or these metals and Al, Co, Cu, Pb, Mg, Ni, Sn, Zn, Sb, Be, Bi, Cd, Ca, Mn, Se, Ti, W, the alloy of the such metal of V, and their potpourri.

Specifically, as magnetic material, can enumerate tri-iron tetroxide (Fe ₃O ₄), di-iron trioxide (γ-Fe ₂O ₃), iron oxide zinc (ZnFe ₂O ₄), iron oxide yttrium (Y ₃Fe ₅O ₁₂), iron oxide cadmium (CdFe ₂O ₄), iron oxide gadolinium (Gd ₃Fe ₅O ₁₂), iron oxide copper (CuFe ₂O ₄), iron oxide lead (PbFe ₁₂O ₁₉), iron oxide tweezer (NiFe ₂O ₄), iron oxide neodymium (NdFe ₂O ₃), barium ferric oxide (BaFe ₁₂O ₁₉), iron oxide magnesium (MgFe ₂O ₄), iron-manganese oxide (MnFe ₂O ₄), iron oxide lanthanum (LaFeO ₃), iron powder (Fe), cobalt powder (Co) and tweezer powder (Ni).According to separately, or the mode of 2 kinds or above combination is used above-mentioned magnetic material.Particularly preferred magnetic material is a tri-iron tetroxide, or the fine-powder of γ-di-iron trioxide.For the content of magnetic, with respect to the adhering resin of 100 mass parts, magnetic can be preferably in the scope of 20～150 mass parts in the scope of 10～200 mass parts.

As the employed colorant of toner, can adopt over known dyestuff and/or pigment.As colorant, can enumerate carbon black, phthalocyanine blue, peacock blue, permanent red, C lake red CAN'T, the rhodamine color lake, Hansa yellow, permanent yellow, benzidine yellow.Content as colorant, adhering resin with respect to 100 mass parts, can be in the scope of 0.1～20 mass parts, preferably in the scope of 0.5～20 mass parts, particularly preferably less than 12 mass parts, so that it is make the permeability of ohp film of toner fixing good, further preferred in the scope of 0.5～9 mass parts.

As required, preferably make and comprise release agent in the toner particle.

Can exemplify aliphatics hydrocarbon system waxes such as Fischer-Tropsch (Fischer-Tropsch) wax, low molecular weight polyethylene, low-molecular-weight polypropylene, microcrystalline wax, paraffin as release agent; The oxide of aliphatics hydrocarbon system waxes such as polyethylene oxide wax; Perhaps their segmented copolymer; Brazil wax, husky rope wax, montanic acid ester type waxes etc. are the wax class of principal ingredient with the fatty acid ester; Deoxidation Brazil waxs etc. are with wax of the part or all of deoxidation of fatty acid ester etc.In addition, can also enumerate: saturated straight chain fatty acids such as palmitic acid, stearic acid, montanic acid; Unsaturated fatty acids such as brassidic acid, eleostearic acid, parinaric acid; Saturated alcohols such as stearyl alcohol, aralkyl alcohol, behenyl alcohol, carnaubyl alcohol, cetanol, melissyl alcohol; The chain alkyl alcohols; Polyalcohols such as D-sorbite; Fatty acid acyl amines such as linoleic acid acid amides, oleamide, lauric amide; Saturated fatty acid bisamide classes such as di-2-ethylhexylphosphine oxide stearic amide, ethylenebis capric acid acidamide, ethylenebis lauric amide, the two stearic amides of hexa-methylene; Ethylenebisoleaamide, the two oleamides of hexa-methylene, N, N '-two oil base hexane diacid acid amides, N, unsaturated fatty acid amide-types such as N '-two oil base decanedioic acid acid amides; The two stearic amides of m-xylene, N, N '-fragrant family bisamide classes such as distearyl m-phthalic acid acid amides; Aliphatics slaines (being commonly referred to as metallic soap) such as calcium stearate, calcium laurate, zinc stearate, dolomol; Wax class with the grafting on aliphatic hydrocarbon wax of vinyl monomers such as styrene or acrylic acid; The partial esterification thing of fatty acid such as Yu acid monoglyceride and polyvalent alcohol; Methyl-esterified compound that obtains by the vegetative grease hydrogenation etc. with hydroxyl.Release agent is preferably with respect to the adhering resin of 100 mass parts, in the scope of 0.1～20 mass parts, in the scope particularly preferably in 0.5～10 mass parts.

In the DSC curve that the differential scanning heat instrument (DSC) of the wax that contains in by toner is measured, heat absorption main peak value temperature during intensification is preferably in 60～140 ℃ scope, more preferably in 60～120 ℃ scope, but in toner with above-mentioned specific size-grade distribution, preferred especially, heat release main peak value temperature during cooling is preferably in 60～150 ℃ scope, more preferably in 60～130 ℃ scope.

The glass transition temperature of toner of the present invention is preferably in 45～80 ℃ the scope, more preferably in 50～70 ℃ scope.In addition, in the DSC curve of measuring by the differential scanning heat instrument (DSC) of toner, the heat absorption main peak value temperature that intensification is is preferably in 60～140 ℃ scope, more preferably in 60～120 ℃ scope, heat release main peak value temperature during cooling is preferably in 60～150 ℃ the scope, more preferably in 60～130 ℃ the scope.In addition, in the molecular weight distribution of measuring with GPC, preferably count mean molecular weight (Mn) in 1000～50000 scope, weight average molecular weight (Mw) is in 6000～1000000 scope.Acid value is preferably in 90mgKOH/g or following, more preferably at 50mgKOH/g or following.

Adopting differential thermal analysis meter (DSC analyzer: DSC-7 (パ-キ Application エ Le マ-Co., Ltd. produces)), under following condition, measure heat absorption exothermic peak (peak) temperature of the glass branchpoint (Tg) of developer.

Sample: in the scope of 5～20mg, be preferably 10mg

Temperature curve: intensification I (20 ℃ → 180 ℃, 10 ℃ of programming rates/min.)

Cooling I (180 ℃ → 10 ℃, 10 ℃ of cooling rates/min.)

Intensification II (10 ℃ → 180 ℃, 10 ℃ of programming rates/min.)

The Tg that will measure by intensification II is as measured value.

Determination method: sample is put in the aluminium dish,, adopted empty aluminium dish as initial conditions.Present before the heat absorption maximal value and the intersection point of the line of the central point of afterwards baseline and differential thermal curve as glass branchpoint Tg.

(4) image forming method

Image forming method of the present invention is characterised in that charged operation adopts the contact electrification operation, and toner adopts above-mentioned toner.In addition, image forming method of the present invention preferably has the cleaning process of develop holding concurrently, in this operation, by toner carrier to reclaiming at the transfer printing remaining toner that remains in after the transfer printing on the image-carrier.

As charged operation, adopt following contact electrification operation, in this operation,,, make image-carrier charged to the live part impressed voltage that is contacted by the contact site of formation with image-carrier, thus, the multiple advantages of the low electric power of acquisition low-ozone etc.

In addition, be mixed with above-mentioned atomic toner by employing, particulate in this toner is in developing procedure, be attached on the contact site of contact electrification parts and image-carrier, behind transfer printing process, move according to the mode that remains on the image-carrier, between between the two above-mentioned, thus, obtain charged evenly, preferable image.This effect is having or not of cleaning process no matter, all can see.

Specifically, the image forming method of the double cleaning of the preferred development of adopting is following image forming method (or image forming method of cleaner-less) among the present invention, this image forming method comprises following operation: charged operation, in this charged operation, the electrostatic image carrier is carried out charged processing; The electrostatic latent image forming process in this electrostatic latent image forming process, writes the image information as electrostatic latent image on charged of image-carrier; Developing procedure at this developing procedure, by remaining on the toner on the toner carrier, makes this electrostatic latent image carry out visualization processing with toner as form; Transfer printing process, at this transfer printing process, look like to be transferred to this toner on the transfer materials, above-mentioned developing procedure is simultaneously as following cleaning process, at this following cleaning process, after toner being looked like to be transferred on the transfer materials, the toner that remains on the image-carrier is reclaimed, forming the above-mentioned charged operation of image repeatedly on image-carrier is following operation, in this operation, the contact site of formation and image-carrier is to the live part impressed voltage that is contacted, make image-carrier charged thus, and at least live part and image-carrier contact and/or its near, the above-mentioned particulate that comprises in the toner is attached on the image-carrier at developing procedure, behind transfer printing process, move according to the mode that also residues on the image-carrier, between between the two above-mentioned.Developing procedure refers to following operation, in this operation, by the electrostatic latent image of above-mentioned toner development image-carrier.

At first, in the image forming method of cleaning of develop holding concurrently, adopt toner and the atomic action to toner, added in the image formation process of occasion of toner of conductive particle from the outside to be described.

When the development of the electrostatic latent image of the image-carrier side of developing procedure, the particulate that comprises in the toner moves to the image-carrier side according to appropriate amount with toner.Toner picture on the image-carrier is transferred on the transfer materials in transfer printing process.Atomic part on the image-carrier is attached on the transfer materials, and residual part remains on the image-carrier with adhering mode, and is thereon residual.Adding the occasion of carrying out transfer process with the transfer bias of toner opposite polarity, toner attracted to the transfer materials side and carries out positive transfer, but, because the particulate on the image-carrier is an electric conductivity, so it does not shift towards the material for transfer side energetically, its part is attached on the material for transfer, and residual part remains on the image-carrier according to adhering mode, and is thereon residual.

In the image forming method that does not adopt clearer, residue in transfer printing remaining toner on the image-carrier face after the transfer printing and above-mentioned residual particulates, at electro-mechanical part as the contact site of image-carrier and contact electrification parts, because the rotation of image-carrier, moving to adhere to same as before is blended on the contact electrification parts.Therefore, under the state on the contact site of image-carrier and contact electrification parts, carry out the contact electrification of image-carrier at particulate.

By there being this particulate, though pollute owing to the transfer printing remaining toner adheres to be blended on the contact electrification parts, but can keep in touch the tight contact and the contact resistance of live part and image-carrier, so can utilize the charged processing of the image-carrier of these contact electrification parts well.

In addition, by outside live part, being added on the charged bias voltage on the image-carrier, adhering to the transfer printing remaining toner that is blended on the contact electrification parts carries out charged according to the polarity identical with charged bias voltage, from the contact electrification parts, be discharged at leisure on the image-carrier, moving of accompanying image carrier side arrives development section, at developing procedure, develop simultaneously and cleaning (recovery).

In addition, form by carrying out image repeatedly, the particulate that comprises in the toner is transferred on the image-carrier face at development section, by moving of this image-carrier face, through transfer printing portion, be transported on the electro-mechanical part, continuously particulate supplied on the electro-mechanical part gradually, so even at the electro-mechanical part place, particulate reduces because of situation such as come off, or under the situation of degradation etc., the reduction that still can prevent to produce charging property can stably keep good charging property.

But, generally containing the atomic toner occasion of image forming method of cleaning held concurrently that is used to develop, atomic localization causes bigger influence to picture characteristics.Promptly, such as described above, the particulate that comprises in toner is transferred to the image-carrier rear flank with toner particle in right amount in developing procedure, in transfer printing process, atomic part on the image-carrier is attached on the transfer materials, residual part remains on the image-carrier according to adhering mode, and is thereon residual.Carrying out the occasion of transfer process by adding transfer bias, toner particle attracted to the transfer materials side and shifts energetically, but the particulate on the image-carrier is owing to have electric conductivity, so it does not transfer to the transfer materials side energetically, an atomic part is attached on the transfer materials, and residual part remains on the image-carrier according to adhering mode, and is thereon residual.

In the image forming method that does not have cleaning mechanism, owing to do not adopt clearer, adhere to and be blended on the contact electrification parts so residue in transfer printing remaining toner on the image-carrier after the transfer printing and above-mentioned residual particulates.At this moment, because the difference of the transfer printing of particulate and toner particle, the ratio of amount of adhering to the atomic amount that is blended in the contact electrification parts and transfer printing remaining toner is significantly greater than the corresponding proportion of the atomic amount in the original toner.At this state, adhere to the particulate that is blended on the contact electrification parts, with the transfer printing remaining toner, be discharged on the image-carrier at leisure from the contact electrification parts, moving of accompanying image carrier arrives development section, in developing procedure double cleaning (recoverys) processing of developing.Promptly, by the double cleaning of developing, the toner that containing atomic ratio significantly increases is recovered, therefore quicken atomic localization significantly, such as described above, under high humidity environment, triboelectric behavior reduces greatly, causes the decline of the image property that significant image color reduction etc. causes.

Relative therewith, if it is identical with the occasion of the image processing system with cleaning mechanism in past, if plan particulate is fixed on the toner particle, reduce atomic localization, even then move with toner particle at the transfer printing process particulate, thus, this particulate is transferred to the transfer materials side with toner particle, it can't adhere to and is blended on the contact electrification parts and between electro-mechanical part, even in addition under the situation of electro-mechanical part, relative transfer printing amount of remaining toner, atomic existence is also not enough, can't surpass the charged obstruction that the transfer printing remaining toner causes and retainer belt is electrical, also have, can't keep in touch the tight contact and the contact resistance of live part and image-carrier, reduce, produce veil and image contamination by the charging property of the image-carrier of contact electrification parts.In the time will containing the image forming method that development that atomic toner has been used to adopt the contact electrification parts holds concurrently cleaning, has above-mentioned such difficulty.

Relative therewith, the inventor illustrates, contain the atomic toner that has W elements and tin element as mentioned above by employing, use can reduce the contact electrification parts that ozone takes place, even in the image forming method of the cleaner-less that does not produce used toner, still can keep good charging property, alleviate simultaneously atomic localization (segregation) significantly, the decline of the image property of image color reduction etc. is improved to no problem in actual use degree.Can think that the reason of this situation is: by special resistance characteristic or the triboelectric characteristic that particulate had, in transfer printing process, an amount of particulate is transferred to the transfer materials side with toner, the shared ratio of particulate in the transfer printing remaining toner is fit to, even do not having under the situation of clearer, will it reclaim, can suppress the atomic segregation in the developing apparatus significantly.

With reference to the accompanying drawings, image forming method of the present invention is described.Fig. 1 is the synoptic diagram that can implement the image processing system of image forming method of the present invention.

Around as the photosensitive drums 100 of image-carrier, be provided with a charged roller 117, as the developing apparatus 140 of development means, as the transfer printing charged roller 114 of transfer member, clearer 116, register roller etc. as live part.By an above-mentioned charged roller 117 make above-mentioned photosensitive drums 100 for example have-(impressed voltage: alternating voltage is-2.0kVpp, and DC voltage is-700Vdc) for the electricity of 700V.And, realize exposure by 121 pairs of photosensitive drums of generating device of laser, 100 irradiating lasers 123.Electrostatic latent image on the photosensitive drums 100 is developed by the toner that remains on the toner carrier 102 that is arranged on the developing apparatus 140, by transfer materials, by means of being transferred on the transfer materials with above-mentioned photosensitive drums 100 contacted transfer rolls 114.The transfer materials that is loaded with the toner picture is transported to fixing device 126 places by travelling belt 125 grades, carries out photographic fixing on transfer materials.In addition, the toner supplying roller of toner is supplied with in label 141 expressions to toner carrier 102.

In addition, a part of toner that remains on the photosensitive drums 100 by 116 pairs of clearers carries out cleaning.Also have, clearer 116, as described above, simultaneously as the occasion that reclaims the cleaning process that residues in the transfer printing remaining toner on the image-carrier after looking like to be transferred to toner on the transfer materials, dispensable at developing procedure.In this occasion, the also preferred magnetic force that adopts by magnetic roller, the magnetic color tuner that the transfer printing remaining toner reclaims to developing apparatus easily.

In addition, Fig. 2 is the synoptic diagram of an embodiment of developing apparatus that is used to adopt the occasion of such magnetic color tuner.

In this developing apparatus 140, be provided with toner carrier 102 cylindraceous (below, also be referred to as " development sleeve "), this toner carrier 102 is near above-mentioned photosensitive drums 100, it is made by aluminium, the such nonmagnetic metal of stainless steel, gap between above-mentioned photosensitive drums 100 and the development sleeve 102 remains on for example 300 μ m by not shown sleeve/photosensitive drums gap holding part part etc.In development sleeve inside, magnetic roller 104 is according to fixing, be provided with the coaxial mode of development sleeve 102.But development sleeve 102 is rotatable.Possess a plurality of magnetic poles on magnetic roller 104, S1 impacts development, and N1 impacts toner coating amount restriction, and S2 impacts the obtaining of toner/conveyance, and N2 impacts preventing blowing out of toner.Be attached on the development sleeve 102 and by the toner bed thickness limiting part of the magnetic color tuner amount of conveyance as restriction, be provided with elastic scraper 103, by the contact pressure of 103 pairs of development sleeves 102 of this elastic scraper, the toning dosage that sends development section to is controlled.

At development section, external dc and the development bias voltage that exchanges between above-mentioned photosensitive drums 100 and above-mentioned development sleeve 102, the toner on the above-mentioned development sleeve disperses on above-mentioned photosensitive drums 100 corresponding to electrostatic latent image, forms the toner picture.

At first, the charged operation in the image forming method of the present invention is carried out following description.

In this charged operation, by the contact site of formation with image-carrier, impressed voltage on the live part that is contacted makes image-carrier charged.

In image forming method of the present invention, be provided with and make the contact site of particulate between live part and image-carrier.Therefore, live part preferably has elasticity, and for by making image-carrier charged to the live part impressed voltage, preferably this live part has electric conductivity.Therefore, best above-mentioned live part is the elastic conduction roller member, has the magnetic brush portion that makes the constraint of magnetic particle magnetic and make this magnetic brush portion and the brush portion part of Magnetic brush contact electrification parts that contacted by electrified body or conducting fibre formation.

In addition, for with temporary transient recovery image-carrier on the transfer printing remaining toner time, support particulate and advantageously directly inject chargedly, the contact electrification parts preferably adopt the roller member with elastic conduction as compliant member, or rotatable charged brush roll.

If the contact electrification parts have flexibility, then make the contact site of contact electrification parts and image-carrier and/or near, the chance that particle contacts with image-carrier increases, and can obtain higher contact, and direct injection charging property is improved.Promptly, the contact electrification parts are by particulate, contact with image-carrier, the particulate of contact site that is present in contact electrification parts and image-carrier under situation very close to each other with the image carrier surface friction, thus, in image-carrier that these contact electrification parts cause charged, owing to there is particulate, do not adopt stable and safe charged the occupying an leading position of direct injection of electric discharge phenomena, can obtain the higher charged efficient that the roller strap electricity etc. by the past can't obtain, can make image-carrier obtain basically be added on the contact electrification parts outward on the identical current potential of voltage.

In addition, if between the translational speed of the translational speed on the live part surface that forms contact site and image carrier surface, it is poor to set relative velocity, then making at the contact electrification parts further increases with the chance that the particulate of the contact site of image-carrier contacts with image-carrier, can obtain higher contact, therefore, direct injection charging property is improved, on this aspect, preferably adopt above-mentioned setting means.

By making the contact site of particulate between contact electrification parts and image-carrier, because atomic lubricant effect (friction reduces effect), can be under the situation that is not attended by the noticeable wear of the significantly increase of torque, contact electrification parts and image carrier surface between contact electrification parts and the image-carrier, setting speed is poor.

As the scheme that is used for the setting speed difference, can enumerate that rotation drives the contact electrification parts, the mode of setting speed difference between image-carrier and this contact electrification parts.

For the transfer printing remaining toner on the image-carrier that will be transported to electro-mechanical part provisionally evenly is recovered on the contact electrification parts, contact electrification parts and image-carrier are moved according to mutually opposite direction.For example, preferred rotation drives the contact electrification parts, and in addition, this sense of rotation constitutes the direction rotation opposite with the moving direction of image carrier surface.That is, by rightabout rotation, temporary transient transfer printing remaining toner on the image-carrier is pulled away from carried out charged processing, thus, can preferentially directly inject charged processing.

Though the mode that live part is moved according to the direction identical with the moving direction of image carrier surface, make it have velocity contrast, but owing to directly inject the ratio that charged charging property depends on peripheral speed with the peripheral speed of live part of image-carrier, so in order to obtain the relative velocity ratio identical with reverse direction, the corresponding number of times of the number of revolutions of live part along clockwise direction greater than oppositely the time, from the number of revolutions aspect, making live part is favourable along moving in the other direction thus.

As the index of expression relative speed difference, the relative moving speed ratio by following formula (3) expression is arranged.

Mathematical formulae 5

Relative moving speed than (%)=| (Vc-Vp)/Vp| * 100 (3)

(in above-mentioned formula, Vc represents the translational speed on live part surface, the translational speed of Vp presentation video carrier surface, when moved along the direction identical with image carrier surface on live part surface in contact site, Vc was the value with the Vp same-sign).

Relative moving speed is than usually in 10～500% scope.

As charged method, include the method for the contact electrification device that utilizes the live part that uses charged roller parts, charged blade member, charged brush portion part etc.These contact electrification devices have the effect that reduces that does not need high voltage, ozone.

The charged roller parts that adopted as the contact electrification device and the material of charged blade member preferably adopt conducting rubber, also releasable film can be set in its surface.As releasable film, can adopt nylon is resin, PVdF (polyvinylidene fluoride), PVdC (polyvinylidene chloride), perfluoroalkyl acrylate resin etc.

Specifically, for example the charged roller parts are made by forming on metal-cored as the medium resistance layer of the rubber of compliant member or foaming body etc.Also above-mentioned releasable film can be set in its surface.This medium resistance layer is by resin (for example, polyurethane), conductive material (for example, carbon black), vulcanizing agent, gas-development agents etc. are mixed with, its be the roller shape and be formed at metal-cored on.Then, can as required it be cut, shaping is carried out in surface grinding, makes the charged roller parts.

Material as the charged roller parts, be not limited to rubber or foaming body, it can be elastic body, can enumerate as elastomeric material, in elastomeric materials such as ethylene-propylene-diene tygon (EPDM), urethane, acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR), silicon rubber and isoprene rubber, in order to adjust resistance, disperseed the elastomeric material of conductive materials such as carbon black or metal oxide, or the material that their foaming are formed.In addition, can also not disperse conductive material or with conductive material and usefulness, use the material of ionic conductivity to adjust resistance.

The A Sika of charged roller parts (アスカ-) C hardness preferably 50 degree or below, further preferably in the scopes of 25～50 degree.If above-mentioned hardness is low excessively, then owing to the shape instability, with the contact variation of image-carrier, in addition, in the occasion of the contact site of particulate between charged roller parts and image-carrier, grinding easily, the top layer of damage charged roller parts is difficult to obtain stable charging property.In addition,, then not only can't between these charged roller parts and image-carrier, guarantee charged contact site if above-mentioned hardness is too high, and with the meticulous contact variation of image carrier surface.As the concrete assay method of above-mentioned A Sika (アスカ-) C hardness, A Sika (アスカ-) the C hardness tester C type that adopts macromolecule gauge Co., Ltd. to produce is to measure under the condition of 500g at load.

Importantly, the charged roller parts have elasticity, and when obtaining the sufficient contact condition with image-carrier, it is as the electrode with resistance enough low for the image-carrier that moves charges.On the other hand, on image-carrier, have the occasion of the rejected region of pin hole etc., must prevent the leakage of voltage.In order to obtain enough charging property and anti-leaks, the volume intrinsic resistance value is preferably 10 ³～10 ⁸Resistance value in the scope of Ω cm is more preferably 10 ⁴～10 ⁷Resistance value in the scope of Ω cm.

According to so following, measure the volume intrinsic resistance value of charged roller parts.The charged roller parts are being pressed against on the aluminum barrel cylindraceous that diameter is 30mm, so that the metal-cored state that applies the general pressure of 1kg to the charged roller parts, add the voltage of 100V between metal-cored and aluminum barrel, folder sector width and elastomeric thickness during according to the resistance value of measuring, mensuration calculate.

Best, the charged roller parts surface has small chamber or jog, so that be situated between at particulate therein.That is, be preferably in the charged roller parts, the surface has the recess of average cavity diameter in the scope of 5～300 μ m that converts by sphere at least, is preferably in as the voidage on the surface of the roller member of space part with this recess in 15～90% the scope.

If above-mentioned average cavity diameter less than 5 μ m, voidage then remains on the tin oxide particulate the lip-deep ability of roller member and reduces greater than 90%, and the tin oxide particulate is situated between and is that the amount in the above-mentioned contact site reduces, and thus, has the tendency of a charging property variation.Further, since big with the friction force change of photoreceptor, to the grinding increase of image-carrier, so this mode is bad.If the average cavity diameter surpasses 300 μ m, voidage is less than 15%, and then the charged roller parts reduce with the homogeneity that contacts of photoreceptor, the charged homogeneity of a charging property, charged current potential reduces, and makes mesh image etc., it is bad to produce charged uneven image, so this mode is bad.

The charged roller parts are realized that with respect to image-carrier the mode of pressure contact is provided with, and forms the charged contact site as the contact site of charged roller parts and image-carrier with the pressing force of regulation according to opposing elasticity.The width of this charged contact site is not subjected to special restriction, and still, in order to make stable the connecting airtight property closely of acquisition between charged roller parts and the image-carrier, above-mentioned width can be more than or equal to 1mm, is preferably greater than to equal 2mm.

As the charged brush material of contact electrification parts, can use that the dispersed electro-conductive material carries out the adjusted material of resistance in the general fiber that adopts.As fiber, the fiber that can adopt general people to know, for example nylon, acrylic acid, rayon, polycarbonate and polyester etc.Can use general known conductive material as conductive material, conductive metal such as nickel, iron, aluminium, gold, silver for example, perhaps conductive metal oxides such as iron oxide, zinc paste, tin oxide, antimony oxide, titanium dioxide can be enumerated conductive powders such as carbon black in addition.These conductive materials can carry out hydrophobization as required, carry out surface treatment according to orders such as adjusting resistance.In use, consider with the dispersiveness of fiber and throughput rate and can suitably select to use.

Material as charged brush portion part, specifically, comprise the electric conductivity regenerated fiber REC-B that ユニチカ (Co., Ltd.) produces, REC-C, REC-M1, REC-M10, Yi is Ji the SA-7 that East レ (Co., Ltd.) produces, サ Application ダ-ロ Application that Japan's silkworm hair (Co., Ltd.) is produced, the ベ Le トロ Application that カネボウ produces, Network ラカ-ボ that Network ラレ (Co., Ltd.) produces is dispersed with the material of carbon in rayon, ロ-バ Le that mitsubishi rayon (Co., Ltd.) produces etc., but, especially preferably adopt REC-B, REC-C from the environmental stability aspect, REC-M1, REC-M10.

Adopt the occasion of the charged brush portion part of electric conductivity as the contact electrification parts, include the type of fixed and rotatable roller shape.As the charged brush portion part of roller shape, can metal metal-cored on, shape is for example reeled in the shape of a spiral, and conducting fibre is made the band of pile, forms rotary broom thus.Conducting fibre preferably adopts the thickness (fibre diameter is about 10～500 μ m) in the scope of 1～20 danier (denier) of fiber, the length of fiber is in the scope of 1～15mm, the brush density be per 1 square inch 1～300,000 (every square metre, 1.5 * 10 ⁷～4.5 * 10 ⁸In the scope of root).

From charged inhomogeneity viewpoint once, charged brush portion part preferably adopts the higher type of brush density, preferably makes 1 fiber by several～hundreds of trickle fibers.For example, also can be according to the mode of 300 daniers/50 thread, the trickle fiber colligation of 50 300 daniers is formed 1 fiber together, plant hair.

But, in the present invention, owing to directly inject charged contact site and near the atomic density that exists it that charged charged degree mainly depends on live part and image-carrier, so the range of choice broad of charged brush portion part is even this brush density also has no relations than the occasion that adopts charged brush portion part individually is little.

Atomic amount to the contact site place between image-carrier and the contact electrification parts describes below.

If atomic Jie at the contact site place between image-carrier and the contact electrification parts is very few in amount, then can't obtain the lubricant effect that particulate produces fully, it is big that friction between image-carrier and the contact electrification parts becomes, and is difficult to according to keeping the mode of velocity contrast that the rotation of contact electrification parts is driven with image-carrier.That is, if driving torque is excessive, make its rotation forcibly, then the surface of contact electrification parts or image-carrier is subjected to grinding.In addition, also have and to obtain the effect that touch opportunity that particulate causes increases, can't obtain enough chargeding performances.On the other hand, if amount is too much, then particulate significantly increases from coming off of contact electrification parts, and imaging is caused adverse effect.

Atomic amount is more preferably greater than 10 ²Individual/mm ²If above-mentioned amount is less than 10 ²Individual/mm ², then can't obtain the effect that enough lubricant effects and touch opportunity increase, chargeding performance reduces, and in addition, in the more occasion of transfer printing remaining toner, chargeding performance reduces easily.

Atomic coating density range also determines by following situation this situation refers to it is according to which kind of density, particulate is coated on the image-carrier be coated with, and can obtain the electrical effect of homogeneous band.When charged, from the aspect of its record resolution, necessarily require uniform contact electrification at least.But, with regard to the visual characteristic of human eye, when spatial frequency at 10cyc1es/mm or when above, the identification gray scale number on the image is to be infinitely close to 1,, can't discern the inhomogeneous of concentration that is.If utilize this characteristic energetically, then,, particulate is present on the image-carrier at least according to 10cycles/mm or above density making particulate be attached to occasion on the image-carrier, can directly inject charged.Even for example do not have atomic local the generation under the small charged condition of poor, owing to sparing because of the density unevenness on this charged bad image that produces, owing to occur in spatial frequency zone, so aspect image, do not become problem above human vision property.

When atomic coating variable density, just on image, whether can recognize as the even charged condition of poor of density unevenness, if the particulate of coating trace (10/mm for example ²), confirm to have inhibition effect to charged inhomogeneous generation, still, the density unevenness on image is spared the aspect that whether allows for human body, and is still not enough.

But, if its coating amount is 10 ²Individual/mm ²Or more than, then performance is improved, thereby obtains fabulous result aspect the objective evaluation of image.

Directly inject the charged of charged mode in employing, with the charged mode fundamental difference of discharge, the mode that contacts with image-carrier really according to live part realizes charged, still, same under situation about particulate excessively being coated on the image-carrier, must have the part that can't contact.Yet the atomic coating of the visual characteristic by utilizing human body energetically addresses this problem from practical application.

But, directly injecting the charged mode occasion that the uniform charged of the image-carrier that the image of cleaning forms handles of holding concurrently as developing, the adhering to of live part of transfer printing remaining toner takes place, sneak into the charged characteristic that causes and reduce.In order to suppress transfer printing remaining toner adhering to and sneak into to live part, or overcome transfer printing remaining toner adhering to or sneak into the adverse effect that causes charged characteristic to live part, it is charged to carry out good direct injection, best, the atomic amount of the contact site between image-carrier and the contact electrification parts is more than or equal to 10 ²Individual/mm ²

Also have, the maximal value of atomic coating amount is that particulate applies 1 layer degree equably on image-carrier, even under the situation according to the coating of the amount more than it, is not that effect improves, and in contrast, produces the drawback of exposure light source being blocked or makes its scattering.

Owing to coating density maximal value follows atomic particle diameter to change,, be maximal value but on image-carrier, apply 1 layer amount equably with particulate so can't lump together.

If atomic amount surpasses 5 * 10 ⁵Individual/mm ², then coming off of the relative image-carrier of particulate significantly increases, and no matter the light transmission of particulate itself does not have, and all has the tendency of generation to the exposure deficiency of image-carrier.When atomic amount smaller or equal to 5 * 10 ⁵Individual/mm ²The time, the atomic amount that comes off can be suppressed at smaller value, can improve the obstruction situation of exposure.Atomic amount is 10 ²～5 * 10 ⁵Individual/mm ²Scope in, carry out image and form, during the atomic amount that comes off on being determined at image-carrier, this is measured 10 ²～5 * 10 ⁵Individual/mm ²Scope in, do not have the drawback in the imaging.Therefore, atomic preferred amount on be limited to 5 * 10 ⁵Individual/mm ²

Assay method to the particulate amount on the image-carrier of the atomic amount of charged contact site and sub-image forming process is described below.Be preferably in the face that contacts of contact electrification parts and image-carrier, atomic amount is directly measured, but the occasion of setting speed difference between the surface of the surface of the contact electrification parts that form contact site and image-carrier, with the contact electrification parts before, be present in a large amount of particulate on the image-carrier when oppositely moving, peel off with the live part that is contacted, thus, according to the present invention, be amount with the particulate amount that arrives the surface that contacts facial contact electrification parts before.

Specifically, do not adding the state of charged bias voltage, stop the rotation of image-carrier and charged roller parts, by videomicroscopy (OVM1000N that OLYMPUS produces) and digital still register (SR-3100 that DELTIS produces), the surface of photographic images carrier and charged roller.For the charged roller parts, according to contacting identical condition, these charged roller parts are contacted with glass slide with image-carrier, from the back side of this glass slide,,, 10 positions of surface of contact are taken by 1000 times object lens by videomicroscopy.For according to the digital picture that is obtained, corresponding particulate is carried out the zone separate, handle so carry out 2 values according to mode with certain threshold value, adopt required image processing software, measure the quantity that there is the zone in particulate.In addition,,, on image-carrier, take equally, carry out same processing and measure by same videomicroscopy for the amount of image-carrier.

In the charged operation in image forming method of the present invention, the contact electrification parts are contacted with image-carrier (by electrified body), these contact electrification parts are added the charged bias voltage of regulation, make by electrified body and wear the polarity of electricity for regulation, current potential.Also can only be DC voltage can obtain good charging property with respect to the charged bias voltage of adding of contact electrification parts, still, alternating voltage also can superpose on DC voltage.

As the waveform of alternating voltage, sine wave can suitably be adopted, square wave, triangular wave etc.In addition, also can be the pulsating wave that forms by the mode of on/off direct supply periodically.Like this, as the waveform of alternating voltage, the pulse that can adopt its magnitude of voltage periodically to change.

In the present invention, live part is contacted with image-carrier, it is the preferred form that does not produce ozone, guarantees environmental protection.In addition, in charged operation, preferably pass through the live part impressed DC voltage, make image-carrier charged or have the voltage that forms less than the alternating voltage of 2 times the peak-to-peak voltage of the discharge inception voltage Vth (V) of external dc being added on the DC voltage stack on the live part, also can have the voltage that forms less than the alternating voltage of the peak-to-peak voltage of the discharge inception voltage Vth (V) of external dc being superimposed upon on the DC voltage stack on the live part, thus, make image-carrier charged.

As the preferred process conditions when adopting the roller member of a form, adopt following condition, that is, roller member (in 5～500g/cm) the scope, uses the voltage of the DC voltage or the alternating voltage that superposeed with respect to the contact pressure of image-carrier at 4.9～490N/m on DC voltage.Occasion adopting the voltage of stack alternating voltage on DC voltage preferably adopts following condition, that is, alternating voltage in the scope of 0.5～5kVpp, a-c cycle in the scope of 50～5kHz, DC voltage ± 0.2～± scope of 5kV in.

Below image-carrier is described.As image-carrier, for example can adopt photoreceptor.In image forming method of the present invention, best, the volume intrinsic resistance value of the outermost layer of image-carrier is 1 * 10 ⁹～1 * 10 ¹⁴In the scope of Ω cm, thus, can give better charging property.In the charged mode that adopts electric charge directly to inject, by reduction by the resistance on charged side, but efficient is carried out the reception of electric charge well.For this reason, as the volume intrinsic resistance value preferred 1 * 10 of outermost layer ¹⁴Ω cm or following.On the other hand, because image-carrier must keep electrostatic latent image according to certain hour, so the volume intrinsic resistance value of outermost layer is preferably 1 * 10 ⁹Ω cm or more than.

In addition, because image-carrier is an Electrophtography photosensor, the volume intrinsic resistance value of the outermost layer of this Electrophtography photosensor is 1 * 10 ⁹～1 * 10 ¹⁴In the scope of Ω cm, so even in the higher device of process speed, also can improve enough charging property.

In addition, the mensuration of the volume intrinsic resistance value of the outermost layer of image-carrier of the present invention is undertaken by following manner, this mode is: carried out from the teeth outwards making the layer that is made of the outermost layer same composition with image-carrier on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film of golden vapor deposition treatment, adopted volume intrinsic resistance analyzer (ヒュ-レ _Starトパ _StarThe 4140B pA MATER that カ-De Co., Ltd. produces), under 23 ℃, 65% environment, the voltage that adds 100V is measured it.

In addition, the preferred image carrier is the photoreceptor of photosensitive drums or sensitization band etc., and it adopts noncrystalline selenium, CdS, ZnO ₂, the photoconductivity material that uncrystalline silicon or organic system photoactive substance are such especially preferably has the uncrystalline silicon photographic layer, the photoreceptor of organic photosensitive layer.

As organic photosensitive layer, photographic layer both can be the type of the simple layer that comprises electric charge generation material and charge transport material in one deck, also can be the function divergence type photographic layer with charge transport layer and charge generating layer.A preferred example is on conductive base, lamination charge generating layer successively, the lamination-type photographic layer of charge transport layer.

By the volume intrinsic resistance value of the outermost layer of image-carrier is adjusted to 1 * 10 ⁹～1 * 10 ¹⁴In the scope of Ω cm, can stablize, carry out equably charged processing more.

For by the surface resistance of image-carrier is adjusted in the above-mentioned scope, it is more effective that electric charge is injected, or promote this electric charge to inject, and preferred especially electric charge injection layer is provided with as the outermost layer of the Electrophtography photosensor of image-carrier.

As the form that electric charge injection layer is set, for example: have

(i) the inorganic photoreceptor of selenium, uncrystalline silicon etc., or the occasion of electric charge injection layer is set on single stratotype Organophotoreceptor;

(ii) as the charge transport layer of function divergence type Organophotoreceptor, make the outer coversheet that constitutes by charge transport material and resin have occasion as the function of electric charge injection layer simultaneously (for example as charge transport layer, make charge transport material and conductive particle be scattered in the resin or according to charge transport material itself or its existence, make charge transport layer have occasion as the function of electric charge injection layer);

(iii) further on function divergence type Organophotoreceptor, be provided as the occasion etc. of the electric charge injection layer of outermost layer.

But preferred, the volume intrinsic resistance value of outermost layer is 1 * 10 ⁹～1 * 10 ¹⁴In the scope of Ω cm.

As electric charge injection layer, the inorganic layer by metal evaporation film etc. or make conductive particle be scattered in formations such as conductive particle dispersion resin layer in the adhering resin for example, vapor-deposited film passes through evaporation, conductive particle dispersion resin layer by the dip coating method, the spraying and applying method, the coating process that is fit to of the coating process of roller coating and light beam coating process etc. applies and forms.

Have again, also can adopt in the adhering resin of insulativity, mix the resin of macroion electric conductivity, or make it give birth to copolyreaction surely and the layer that forms with light transmission, or in medium resistance by certain resin monomer with photoconductivity form layer.

Wherein, the outermost layer of preferred image carrier is the resin bed that is dispersed with at least the conductive particle that is formed by metal oxide.The reason of this layer that adopts is: the resistance on the surface by making Electrophtography photosensor reduces, receive electric charge with higher efficient, and during image-carrier maintenance electrostatic latent image, surface resistance is reduced, can suppress the diffusion of electrostatic latent image electric charge thus and the sub-image that causes fuzzy or flow.

Outermost layer at image-carrier is the occasion of conductive particle dispersion layer, the incident scattering of light that causes for the conductive particle that prevents to have disperseed, the particle diameter of conductive particle must be less than the incident light wavelength, as the particle diameter of the conductive particle that is disperseed preferably smaller or equal to 0.5 μ m.The content of conductive particle is preferably in the scope of 2～90 quality % with respect to the gross mass of outermost layer, more preferably in the scope of 5～70 quality %.In occasion less than 2 quality %, be difficult to obtain required intrinsic resistance value, in addition, in occasion greater than 90 quality %, the situation of film strength reduction, electric charge injection layer grinding takes place easily, have the tendency that the term of life of photoreceptor shortens, in addition, be easy to generate the image condition of poor that resistance reduces, the electrostatic latent image potential change causes.

The bed thickness of outermost layer is preferably in the scope of 0.1～10 μ m, aspect from the sharpness of the profile that obtains electrostatic latent image, preferred especially above-mentioned layer thickness is smaller or equal to 5 μ m, and from the permanance aspect of electric charge injection layer, above-mentioned layer thickness is more preferably greater than equaling 1 μ m.

In addition, the adhering resin of electric charge injection layer also can be identical with the adhering resin of the layer that is used for the electric charge injection layer below, but in this occasion, because when the coating of electric charge injection layer, has the possibility that the applicator surface of the layer (for example charge transport layer) of below is damaged, so must select especially to manufacturing process.

In addition, in the present invention, preferably make the outermost layer of image-carrier have release property, the preferred image carrier surface with respect to the contact angle of water 85 degree or more than, more preferably this contact angle 90 degree or more than.

As making outermost layer have the mode of release property, can enumerate:

(1) resin of structure outermost layer itself adopts the lower type of surface energy;

(2) in outermost layer, add and give hydrophobic, the such adjuvant of lipophilicity;

(3) in outermost layer, disperse to have lubricant particles of higher release property;

Or the like.As the example of (1), can be by in resin structure, import contain fluorine-based, contain mode such as silica-based and realize.As the mode of (2), can be with surfactant etc. as adjuvant.As the mode of (3), can exemplify from fluorine resin organic siliconresin, or at least a kind or above lubricant particles selecting in the polyolefin-based resins.

As fluorine resin, can enumerate for example teflon, polyvinylidene fluoride, fluorocarbons etc.

By these modes, can make photosensitive surface with respect to the contact angle of water 85 degree or more than, the transfer printing of toner and the permanance of photoreceptor are further improved.Best, above-mentioned contact angle 90 the degree or more than.Wherein, preferably adopt the mode of polyflon particle as the dispersion of lubricant particles.

In order to make the surface comprise these lubricant particles, if in the adhering resin of outermost layer, be dispersed with lubricant particles, or the Organophotoreceptor that forms based on original resin, new outer coversheet then can be set, lubricant particles is scattered in the outermost layer.The addition of lubricant particles with respect to the gross mass of outermost layer in the scope of 1～60 quality %, more preferably in the scope of 2～50 quality %.If less than 1 quality %, then the effect improved of the permanance of the transfer printing of toner and photoreceptor is insufficient, if surpass 60 quality %, then film strength reduces, or the incident light quantity of photoreceptor significantly reduces, so preferably do not adopt these modes.

Fig. 8 represents to be provided with as outermost layer the example of layer structure of the photoreceptor of electric charge injection layer.That is, on conductive base (aluminum substrate) 11, stacked successively coated conductive layer 12, positive charge injects and prevents layer 13, charge generating layer 14, charge transport layer 15, coating electric charge injection layer 16 improves chargeding performance thus on the general organic photo conductor drum that forms thus.

The volume intrinsic resistance value of electric charge injection layer 16 is 1 * 10 ⁹～1 * 10 ¹⁴In the scope of Ω cm.Even be not provided with as this programme under the situation of electric charge injection layer 16, for example, the occasion in the scope of charge transport layer 15 in above-mentioned resistance value still can obtain equal effect.For example, even be about 1 * 10 at the intrinsic resistance value that adopts outermost layer ¹³Under the situation of the uncrystalline silicon photoreceptor of Ω cm, still can similarly obtain good charging property.Conductive particle is scattered in the electric charge injection layer, adopts aforesaid way as required.

A preferred form to photoreceptor of the present invention is described below.

As conductive base, can adopt aluminium, the such metal of stainless steel; Plastics with lining rete of aluminium alloy, indium oxide-tin oxide alloy; Be impregnated with electroconductive particle paper, plastics, have the cylindric cylinder and the film of the plastics of electric conductive polymer.

On these conductive bases, also can be provided with down and stretch layer, so that improve the cementability of photographic layer, improve screening characteristics, the protection matrix covers the defective on the matrix, improves the electric charge injection of matrix, prevents that photographic layer is subjected to electrodisintegration etc.Stretch layer under this by polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), poly--N-ethene imidazoles, polyoxyethylene, ethyl cellulose, methylcellulose, nitrocellulose, ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer, polyvinyl butyral, phenolics, casein, polyamide, copolymer nylon, gelatine, gelatin, polyurethane, the such material of aluminium oxide forms.This thickness in the scope of 0.1～10 μ m, is preferably in the scope of 0.1～3 μ m usually.

Charge generating layer can by with azo pigment, phthualocyanine pigment, indigo series pigments, perylene series pigments, to encircle quinone pigment, squarilium dyestuff, pyrans salt, thiapyran salt, triphenyl methane be that the electric charge generation material of the dead matter etc. of pigment or selenium or amorphous silicon etc. is scattered in and is coated with in the suitable binding resin or forms by evaporation more.As binding resin, can in the resin of wider range, select, can enumerate for example polycarbonate resin, vibrin, polyvinyl butyral resin, polystyrene resin, acryl resin, methacrylic resin, phenolics, organic siliconresin, epoxy resin, vinyl acetate resin.The adhering resin amount that contains in charge generating layer is 80 quality % or following, is preferably 0～40 quality %.In addition, the preferred 5 μ m or following of the thickness of charge generating layer, preferred especially 0.05～2 μ m.

Charge transport layer has the charge carrier that receives from charge generating layer, the function of carrying this charge carrier in the presence of electric field.Charge transport layer is dissolved in the solvent together by making charge transport material and binding resin as required, is coated with to form, and its thickness generally is 5～40 μ m.As the charge transport material, can enumerate at main chain or side chain and have biphenyl, anthracene, pyrene and luxuriant and rich with fragrance isostructural polycyclc aromatic compound; The nitrogenous ring type compound of picture indoles, carbazole, oxadiazole and pyrazoline etc.; Hydrazone compound; Compound of styryl; Selenium; Selenium-tellurium; Amorphous silicon; Cadmium sulfide.

As the binding resin that these charge transport materials are disperseed, can enumerate the resin of polycarbonate, vibrin, polymethacrylate, polystyrene resin, acrylate resin and polyamide etc.; The electrical polymkeric substance of organic light-guide such as poly N-vinyl carbazole and polyvinyl anthracene.

Also can be with above-mentioned conductive particle dispersion layer and/or contact angle more than or equal to the layer of 85 degree as outermost layer, but also can be independent of them, with protective seam as outermost layer.

As the resin of protective seam, according to separately or the mode of 2 kinds or above combination can adopt polyester, polycarbonate, acryl resin, epoxy resin, phenolics, or these hardening of resin agent.

In addition, also conductive particle can be scattered in the resin of protective seam.As the embodiment of conductive particle, can enumerate metal, metal oxide is preferably zinc paste, titanium dioxide, tin oxide, antimony oxide, indium oxide, bismuth oxide, be coated with the film titanium dioxide of tin oxide, be coated with the indium oxide of tin film, be coated with the tin oxide of antimony film, zirconic ultramicron.These particles both can use individually, also can use according to the mode of 2 kinds or above mixing.

In the occasion that generally conductive particle is scattered in the protective seam; in order to prevent the incident scattering of light of conductive particle; the particle diameter of conductive particle must be less, and the particle diameter that is scattered in the conductive particle in the protective seam among the present invention is preferably less than 0.5 μ m.In addition, the gross mass of the content relative protective seam of this particulate in protective seam is preferably in the scope of 2～90 quality %, particularly is preferably in the scope of 5～80 quality %.The thickness of protective seam is preferably in the scope of 0.1～10 μ m, is preferably in the scope of 1～7 μ m.

Image forming method of the present invention is the photoreceptor of organic compound for adopting the surface, and the occasion that contacts printing transferring method is effective especially.Its reason is: forms the occasion of the outer coversheet of photoreceptor at organic compound, has with other photoreceptor of employing inorganic material and compare, and stronger with the cementability of the adhering resin that comprises in the toner particle, the tendency that transfer printing is lower.

In addition, adopt the occasion that contacts printing transferring method at image forming method of the present invention, as the outside material of the photoreceptor that is adopted, can enumerate for example organic siliconresin, polyvinylidene chloride, styrene-vinyl chloride, styrene-acrylonitrile, styrene-methyl methacrylate, styrene, polyethylene terephthalate and polycarbonate, but be not limited to these compositions, also can adopt other monomer, multipolymer between the above-mentioned adhering resin and blend.

In addition, be fit to adopt the image forming method of the present invention of contact printing transferring method, can be used to have the image processing system than the photoreceptor of minor diameter of diameter especially effectively smaller or equal to 50mm.That is, bigger with respect to the curvature of same line pressure in the occasion than the photoreceptor of minor diameter, the pressure that is easy to generate contact site is concentrated.It is believed that in the belt photoreceptor, to have same phenomenon equally, but the present invention is also effective at 25mm or following image processing system for the radius-of-curvature of transfer area.

Below the electrostatic latent image forming process is described.According to image forming method of the present invention, preferably adopt by image exposure, on charged of image-carrier, write exposure process as the image information of electrostatic latent image.That is, on charged of image-carrier, form the electrostatic latent image building mortion of electrostatic latent image, be preferably image exposing apparatus.As forming the image exposing apparatus that electrostatic latent image is used, be not limited to form the laser scanning exposure device of digital sub-image, can enumerate the image exposure of common simulation, or other the light-emitting component of LED etc., or the array configuration of the light-emitting component of fluorescent light etc. and liquid crystal shutter etc., so long as can form with the form of the corresponding electrostatic latent image of image information can.

Image-carrier also can be electrostatic recording dielectric etc., in this occasion, according to the rules polarity, current potential equably make this dielectric side disposable charged after, by removing the neutralizer of acusector head, electron gun etc., remove electric treatment selectively, form required electrostatic latent image with writing mode.

Then, developing procedure is described.In the developing procedure of image forming method of the present invention,, the electrostatic latent image of image-carrier is developed by toner of the present invention.At first, employed toner carrier in development is described.

Toner carrier of the present invention preferably adopts by aluminium, the such metal of stainless steel, or the electric conductivity cylinder (developer roll) of alloy formation.In addition, both can form the electric conductivity cylinder, and also can adopt electric conductivity as rubber roll by resin combination with sufficient mechanical and electric conductivity.In addition, be not limited to as described above cylindricly, also can have the form of the endless belt that rotation drives.

In the present invention, be preferably on the toner carrier and form consumption at 5～50g/m ²Scope in toner layer.If the toning dosage on the toner carrier is less than 5g/m ², then can't obtain enough image colors, produce the charged toner layer that too much causes inhomogeneous of toner, if the toning dosage on the toner carrier is greater than 50g/m ², then be easy to generate toner and disperse.

Also have, for the surfaceness of toner carrier of the present invention, JIS center line average roughness (Ra) is preferably in the scope of 0.2～3.5 μ m.As Ra during less than 0.2 μ m, the carried charge that then has on the toner carrier uprises, the inadequate tendency of development.If Ra surpasses 35 μ m, the toner overlay generation that then has on the toner carrier is inhomogeneous, causes the even tendency of density unevenness of image.Further preferred above-mentioned Ra is in the scope of 0.5～3.0 μ m.

In the present invention, the surface roughness Ra of toner carrier is equivalent to according to JIS surfaceness " JISB0601 ", the center line average roughness that adopts roughness tester (サ-Off コ-ダ SE-30H, the little Ban Yanjiusuoshe of Co., Ltd. produces) to measure.Specifically, from roughness curve, direction along center line, extraction is as the part of the 2.5mm of measured length a, when the center line of representing this extraction part by X-axis, represent the direction of vertical multiplying power by Y-axis, when roughness curve was represented by y=f (x), then the value of obtaining by following formula (4) was represented by micron (μ m).

(mathematical formulae 6)

Ra = 1 / a {&Integral;}_{0}^{a} | f (x) | dx - - - (4)

In order to make toner of the present invention have higher charged ability, be preferably in when developing, total carried charge of toner to be controlled, the surface of toner carrier of the present invention is preferably covered by the resin bed that is dispersed with conductive particle and/or lubricant.

In the resin bed of toner carrier, the conductive particle that comprises in the resin material is according to 120kg/cm ²The volume intrinsic resistance value of pressure after pressurizeing preferably at 0.5 Ω cm or following.

The conductive particle that is adopted in the resin bed as toner carrier, preferred carbon particulate, the potpourri of carbon particulate and crystallinity graphite particle, or crystallinity graphite particle.The particle diameter of the conductive particle that is adopted in the toner carrier is preferably in the scope of 0.005～10 μ m.

The resin that is adopted in the resin bed of toner carrier, for example can adopt, thermoplastic resins such as phenylethylene resin series, vinyl resin, polyethersulfone resin, polycarbonate resin, polyphenylene oxide resin, polyamide, fluororesin, cellulose-based resin, acrylic resin, thermosetting such as epoxy resin, vibrin, alkyd resin, phenolics, melamine resin, urethane resin, urea resin, organic siliconresin, polyimide resin or light-cured resin etc.

Wherein, more preferably use organic siliconresin, fluororesin etc. to have release property, perhaps the good resin of mechanical property of polyethersulfone resin, polycarbonate resin, polyphenylene oxide resin, polyamide, phenolics, vibrin, urethane resin, phenylethylene resin series etc.Preferred especially phenolics.

The conductive particle that is adopted in the resin bed of toner carrier with respect to the resinous principle of 100 mass parts, is preferably in interior use of scope of 10～200 mass parts.In the occasion that carbon particulate and crystallinity graphite particle are used in combination, the crystallinity graphite particle of preferably relative 100 mass parts, carbon particulate uses in the scope of 10～500 mass parts.The volume intrinsic resistance value of resin bed of toner carrier that preferably is dispersed with conductive particle is 10 ^-6～10 ⁶In the scope of Ω cm, more preferably 10 ^-1～10 ⁶In the scope of Ω cm.

In addition, in the developing procedure of image forming method of the present invention, because by making the translational speed that keeps toner, sends it to the toner carrier of development section, translational speed with respect to image-carrier has velocity contrast, can fully toner particle and particulate be supplied to the image-carrier side from the toner carrier side, so can obtain preferable image.

Keep the toner carrier surface of toner, both can move, also can move along opposite direction along the direction identical with the moving direction of image carrier surface.At this moving direction is the occasion of equidirectional, preferably the ratio of the translational speed of its relative image-carrier 1.05 times or more than.If less than 1.05 times, the situation of image quality difference is arranged then.Translational speed is higher than more, and the amount of the toner of supply development section is many more, with respect to electrostatic latent image, the disengaging frequency of toner is big more, unwanted part is scraped by carrying out repeatedly, provide it to the operation of necessary part, obtain the image of faithful to electrostatic latent image.Velocity ratio is the value of obtaining by following formula.

(mathematical formulae 7)

Velocity ratio (doubly)=toner carrier speed/image-carrier speed

Specifically, the translational speed on toner carrier surface is preferably 1.05～3.0 times speed with respect to the translational speed of image carrier surface.If surpass 3.0 times, then impel the degradation of the toner when durable easily.

In order to make the noncontact developing method be suitable for the present invention, preferably toner carrier and image-carrier are set according to certain clearance, the thickness of the toner layer on the toner carrier is less than above-mentioned gap.Developing procedure is fit to adopt following noncontact developing method, in the method, make toner layer and image-carrier carry out noncontact, make the electrostatic latent image of image-carrier carry out visual with the form of toner picture, thus, even under the particulate that resistance value is less made an addition to situation in the toner, the bias voltage that also do not develop was injected into the development veil that causes on the image-carrier.Thus, can obtain preferable image.

In addition, in the developing procedure of image forming method of the present invention, in order to obtain not have the high image quality of veil, preferably by the following developing procedure shadow that wets, in this developing procedure, on toner carrier, according to layer thickness less than the minimum distance (between the S-D) between toner carrier and the image-carrier (for example photoreceptor), the coating toner adds AC bias, carries out development treatment.Toner bed thickness limiting part by the toner on the restriction toner carrier, nearest gap according to photoreceptor and toner carrier is set greater than the mode of the toner bed thickness on the toner carrier, but, from making the charged equably viewpoint of toner, the toner bed thickness limiting part on the preferred especially toner carrier is the elastomeric element that contacts with toner carrier by toner.

In addition, preferably toner carrier relatively is provided with according to the mode and the image-carrier in the gap with 100～1000 μ m, and more preferably mode and the image-carrier according to the gap with 120～500 μ m relatively is provided with.

If the gap between toner carrier and the image-carrier is less than 100 μ m, owing to strengthen with respect to the variation of the developing property of the toner of the vibration in gap, so be difficult to produce in batches the image processing system that satisfies stable image.If the gap between toner carrier and the image-carrier is greater than 1000 μ m, then the transfer printing remaining toner is easy to generate and reclaims the bad veil that causes towards the recovery reduction of developing apparatus.In addition, owing to reduce with respect to the tracing property of the toner of the electrostatic latent image on the image-carrier, so cause image analytic degree to reduce easily, the image quality reduction of image color reduction etc.

In the present invention, preferably develop, add the development bias voltage and also can be alternating voltage is superimposed on the DC voltage and the bias voltage that forms by developing procedure that the toner carrier applying alternating electric field is developed.

The waveform of alternating voltage can suitably use sine wave, square wave, triangular wave etc.In addition, also can be by making the periodically pulse that forms of on/off of direct supply.Like this, the waveform of alternating voltage can adopt such pulse that its magnitude of voltage periodically changes.

Be preferably between toner carrier and the image-carrier, the electric field intensity between the peak to peak is 3 * 10 ⁶～10 * 10 ⁶In the scope of V/m, the alternately electric field of frequency in the scope of 100～5000Hz applies as the development bias voltage.If the electric field intensity that is added on the development bias voltage between toner carrier and the image-carrier outward is less than 3 * 10 ⁶V/m then towards the recovery reduction of the transfer printing remaining toner of developing apparatus, is easy to generate and reclaims the bad veil that causes.In addition, because development power is less, so the image that causes image color to reduce easily.On the other hand, if the electric field intensity of development bias voltage greater than 10 * 10 ⁶V/m then is easy to generate the destruction of the excessive fine rule that causes of development power and the Xie Xiangdu that produces reduces, and the reduction of the image quality that the veil increase causes is easy to generate the image deflects that the development bias voltage causes towards the leakage of image-carrier.In addition, if the frequency of alternating component that is added on the development bias voltage between toner carrier and the image-carrier outward is less than 100Hz, then the disengaging adhesive rate of the relative electrostatic latent image of toner reduces, and the transfer printing remaining toner reduces easily towards the recovery of developing apparatus, and image quality also descends easily.If the frequency of the alternating component of development bias voltage is greater than 5000Hz, then owing to can follow the toner of the variation of electric field to tail off, the recovery reduction of transfer printing remaining toner is so development descends easily.

By replacing electric field as modes such as the development bias voltage apply, even then owing to have between toner carrier and the image-carrier under the situation of high potential difference, the electric charge to image-carrier that does not still produce by development section injects, so make the particulate in the toner that makes an addition to the toner carrier side transfer to the image-carrier side equably easily, equably particulate is coated on the image-carrier, contact uniformly at electro-mechanical part, can obtain good charging property.

Below the contact transfer printing process in the image forming method of the present invention is specifically described.In the present invention, receive the transfer materials of the transfer printing of toner picture, also can be the intermediate transfer body of transfer drum etc. from image-carrier.At transfer materials is the occasion of intermediate transfer body, by carrying out transfer printing once more from middle transfer article to paper etc., just obtains the toner picture.

" contact transfer printing process " refers to following operation, in this operation, photoreceptor by transfer materials with when transfer member contacts, look like to be transferred to toner on the transfer materials with electrostatic means, contact pressure as transfer member, preferred line pressure is more than or equal to 2.9N/m (3g/cm), more preferably greater than 19.6N/m (20g/cm).If less than 2.9N/m (3g/cm), the transmission that then is easy to generate transfer materials departs from, takes place the transfer printing condition of poor, so preferably do not adopt this mode as the line pressure of contact pressure.

In addition, as contacting the transfer device that transfer printing process is used, can adopt the device of contact transfer member with transfer roll or transfer belt etc.Fig. 4 represents an example of the structure of transfer roll.This transfer roll 34 is made of metal-cored 34a and conductive elastic layer 34b at least, conductive elastic layer is made by following elastic body, this elastic body is the polyurethane that is dispersed with the conductive material of carbon etc., ethylene-propylene-diene tygon (EPDM) etc., and its volume intrinsic resistance value is 10 ⁶～10 ¹⁰In the scope of Ω cm,, add transfer bias by transfer bias power supply 35.

Below with reference to Fig. 5, the image forming method of the cleaning (system of cleaner-less) of holding concurrently as the development of a kind of form of the present invention is specifically described.

Fig. 5 forms the schematic composition diagram of an embodiment of device for Fig. 1 picture that adopts image forming method of the present invention.This image processing system is the laser printer (pen recorder) of holding concurrently cleaning (system of cleaner-less) for the development of adopting the transfer-type electronic camera technology.This figure has provided the embodiment that following noncontact is developed, it comprises handle box, removed the cleaning device of the cleaning member with cleaning balde etc. in this box, it is toner that developer adopts the single composition of magnetic, and toner layer on the toner carrier and image-carrier are provided with according to non-contacting mode.

As the rotation cartridge type OPC photoreceptor 21 of image-carrier, be driven in rotation along the direction of arrow X peripheral speed (processing speed) according to certain speed.According to the pressing force with regulation, opposing elasticity realizes that the mode of pressure contact is arranged on the photoreceptor 21 as the charged roller 22 of contact electrification parts.Symbol n represents the charged contact site between photoreceptor 21 and the charged roller 22.Charged roller 22 is at the charged contact site n place as the surface of contact of photoreceptor 21, and (direction opposite with the moving direction of photosensitive surface) is driven in rotation in opposite direction.That is, has velocity contrast with respect to the surface of photoreceptor 21 as the surface of the charged roller 22 of contact electrification parts.

On the surface of charged roller 22,, apply aforesaid particulate according to the uniform mode of coating amount.

From charged bias voltage additional power source with DC voltage as on the metal-cored 22a that is added on charged roller 22 outside the charged bias voltage.According to the current potential that equates with the impressed voltage of charged roller 22 basically,, charged processing is carried out on the surface of photoreceptor 21 here, in the charged mode of direct injection.

By exposer 23, on the surface of photoreceptor 21, form and the required corresponding electrostatic latent image of image information as exposure device.By developing apparatus 24 the lip-deep electrostatic latent image of photoreceptor 21 is looked like to carry out development treatment as toner.

Developing apparatus 24 is the discharged-area development device of non-contact type.As the development sleeve 24a of toner carrier, locate at development section a (developing regional), along the direction identical, with the peripheral speed rotation of certain speed with the sense of rotation of photoreceptor 21 as the relative portion of photoreceptor 21.By elastic scraper 24c as toner bed thickness limiting part, with thin layer toner is coated on the development sleeve 24a, electric charge is provided.Be coated on the rotation of toner by development sleeve 24a on the development sleeve 24a, be sent to photoreceptor 21 and development section a place as the relative portion of development sleeve 24a.In addition, by development bias voltage additional power source (not shown), on development sleeve 24a, add the development bias voltage.In addition, a place between development sleeve 24a and photoreceptor 21 carries out the development of beating of single composition.In addition, label 24b represents when development sleeve 24a supplies with toner, the parts that toner is stirred.

As the transfer roll 25 of contact electrification parts, contact with photoreceptor 21 pressure according to certain line pressure, form transfer printing contact site b.From not shown sheet feed section, in the moment of regulation, transfer materials P is supplied on this transfer printing contact site b, and on transfer roll 25, from the transfer bias additional power source, add the transfer bias of regulation, thus, the toner with photoreceptor 21 sides looks like to be transferred on the face of the transfer materials P that supplies to transfer printing contact site b place successively.

Then, adopt the material of certain roller resistance value, impressed DC voltage carries out transfer process.That is, transmit the transfer materials P that is directed to transfer printing contact site b place,, keep being formed at the lip-deep toner picture of photoreceptor 21 with electrostatic force and pressing force transfer printing in its face side with method of clamping.

Supply to transfer printing contact site b place, accepted the transfer materials P of transfer printing of the toner picture of photoreceptor 21 sides, surface isolation with photoreceptor 1, it is imported in the fuser 26 of hot photographic fixing mode, accepting the photographic fixing of toner picture handles, then, form thing (photo, copy) as image, be discharged to outside the image processing system.

In this printer, removed cleaning device, with respect to the residual toner of transfer printing on the surface of the toner of the transfer materials P photoreceptor 21 after as transfer printing, do not remove by clearer, the electro-mechanical part n that it moves by the rotation of not following photoreceptor 1, arrive development section a place, at developing apparatus 24 places, to its double cleaning (recovery) of developing.

In Fig. 5, be formed with handle box 27, this handle box 27 has photoreceptor 21, charged roller 22 and developing apparatus 24 simultaneously, and this handle box 27 printer main body relatively freely loads and unloads.The combination of the treating apparatus of formation handle box etc. is not limited to above-mentioned form, and it is arbitrarily.For example, can consider to adopt the combination of developing apparatus and photoreceptor, the combination of developing apparatus and charged roller, the combination of developing apparatus and photoreceptor and charged roller etc.The loading and unloading guiding holding member of label 28 expression handle boxes.

[embodiment]

Below by Production Example and embodiment, the present invention is carried out more concrete description, but this description does not constitute limitation of the invention.In addition, the umber in the following proportioning all is a mass parts.

(A-1) atomic manufacturing

1. the manufacturing of particulate A-1

According to the mol ratio (W/Sn) of tungsten (W) and tin (Sn) is 0.05 mode, mixed chlorinated tin (SnCl ₄5H ₂O) with wolframic acid (H ₂WO ₄) aqueous solution.According to tin element: the mass ratio of titanium dioxide is 2.2: 1 a ratio, when under 90 ℃ temperature, above-mentioned mixed aqueous solution being stirred, the titanium dioxide that this mixed aqueous solution is splashed into the formation parent particle that makes 200 mass parts is scattered in the water of 2000 mass parts and in the aaerosol solution that forms, then, add hydrochloric acid, to the coprecipitate that is generated filter, dried.

(600 ℃) carry out roasting to this dry product in the electric furnace of blanket of nitrogen, carry out fragmentation, classification processing, and volume average particle size is adjusted to 0.8 μ m.The particulate that is obtained, Sn/B (mass ratio)=2.0, W/Sn (mol ratio)=0.045, volume resistance=9 * 10 ³Ω cm.With it as particulate A-1.

2. the manufacturing of particulate A-2

In the manufacturing of particulate A-1, be 0.015 mode according to mol ratio (W/Sn), change tin chloride (SnCl ₄5H ₂O) with wolframic acid (H ₂WO ₄) the blending ratio of aqueous solution, in addition, change ratio and the roasting condition of mixed aqueous solution with respect to titanium dioxide, in addition, according to identical method manufacturing, obtaining volume average particle size is that 0.9 μ m, volume resistance are 3 * 10 ³The particulate A-2 of Ω cm.In addition, in the particulate A-2 that is obtained, Sn/B (mass ratio)=0.01, W/Sn (mol ratio)=0.01.

3. the manufacturing of particulate A-3

In the manufacturing of particulate A-1, be 0.10 mode according to mol ratio (W/Sn), change tin chloride (SnCl ₄5H ₂O) with wolframic acid (H ₂WO ₄) the blending ratio of aqueous solution, in addition, change ratio and the roasting condition of mixed aqueous solution with respect to titanium dioxide, in addition, according to identical method manufacturing, obtaining volume average particle size is that 0.8 μ m, volume resistance are 1 * 10 ⁴The particulate A-3 of Ω cm.In addition, in the particulate A-3 that is obtained, Sn/B (mass ratio)=1.6, W/Sn (mol ratio)=0.10.

4. the manufacturing of particulate A-4

In the manufacturing of particulate A-1, adopt spherical silicon dioxide to replace titanium dioxide, be 0.10 mode according to mol ratio (W/Sn), change tin chloride (SnCl ₄5H ₂O) with wolframic acid (H ₂WO ₄) the blending ratio of aqueous solution, in addition, change ratio and the roasting condition of mixed aqueous solution with respect to spherical silicon dioxide, in addition, according to identical method manufacturing, obtaining volume average particle size is 2.1 μ m, volume resistance is 3 * 10 ⁴The particulate A-4 of Ω cm.In addition, in the particulate A-4 that is obtained, Sn/B (mass ratio)=0.8, W/Sn (mol ratio)=0.10.

5. the manufacturing of particulate A-5

In the manufacturing of particulate A-1, adopt the different titanium dioxide of particle diameter, change W/Sn into 0.075, change ratio in addition with respect to the mixed aqueous solution of titanium dioxide, it is carried out roasting.This roasting product is carried out fragmentation, classification, and obtaining volume average particle size is 0.4 μ m, and volume resistance is 2 * 10 ⁴The particulate A-5 of Ω cm.In addition, the particulate A-5 that is obtained, Sn/B (mass ratio)=1.8, W/Sn (mol ratio)=0.075.

(A-2) manufacturing of toner particle

1. the manufacturing of toner particle A-1

Pass through Henschel mixer, with (Tg:63 ℃ in vibrin, molecular weight: Mp7800, Mn3500, Mw61000) 100 mass parts, carbon black 5 mass parts, Monoazo metal complex (negative charge controlling agent) 2 mass parts, after the multipolymer of low-molecular-weight ethylenic-propylene (heat absorption main peak value temperature: 84 ℃, heat release main peak value temperature: 86 ℃) 3.5 mass parts are mixed, in the twin shaft mixing roll under being set in 135 ℃ temperature it is advanced mixing.After the mixing thing cooling, by beater grinder it is carried out thick level and pulverize, then, by the mechanical type comminutor it is pulverized, then by the airflow classification machine, it is carried out classification handle, obtaining weight average particle diameter is the nonmagnetic toner particle A-1 of 6.8 μ m.

2. the manufacturing of toner particle A-2

In the manufacturing of toner particle A-1, vibrin is changed into (Tg:59 ℃ of the multipolymer of styrene-propene acid butyl ester, molecular weight: Mp18000, Mn13000, Mw315000), in addition, make by the same way, obtaining weight average particle diameter is the nonmagnetic toner particle A-2 of 7.9 μ m.

3. the manufacturing of toner particle A-3

According to the method identical with the Production Example of toner particle A-1, and the multipolymer of employing styrene-propene acid butyl ester-maleic acid fourth half ester (Tg:63 ℃, molecular weight: Mp15500, Mn6800, Mw240000) 100 mass parts, magnetic oxide (mean grain size: 0.22 μ m, σ s:83.8Am ²Kg) 90 mass parts, Monoazo metal complex (negative charge controlling agent) 2.5 mass parts, multipolymer 3 mass parts of low-molecular-weight ethylenic-propylene are made, and obtaining weight average particle diameter is 7.1 μ m, has the toner particle A-3 of magnetic.

[embodiment A-1]

(1) manufacturing of toner A-1

In toner particle A-1 (100 mass parts), add the hydrophobic silica fine-powder (1.2 mass parts) with the dimethyl-silicon oil processing by particulate A-1 (1.5 mass parts), it is made an addition in the Henschel mixer modulation toner A-1.The ratio that particulate is present in toner surface is 5.0 of each toner particles, and the particle diameter ratio of the mean diameter of particulate and toner is 0.09.

(2) manufacturing of carrier A-1

As the two-component developing agent development carrier, make following development carrier A-1, wherein, and with respect to ferrite particle 100 mass parts of 45 μ m, coating acryl resin 0.8 mass parts.

(3) modulation of two-component system developer A-1

Relative development carrier A-1: 100 mass parts, mix 7 mass parts toner A-1, obtain two-component system developer A-1.

Adopt the developer obtained, by or following method estimate.

Evaluation method

As image processing system, (Canon produces: development section GP405) transform this research as with the back use will to have the digital copier of a-Si photoreceptor.Developer transform the single component developer that jumps two components as and develops and to use developer, and development sleeve is that the mode of 1.0 μ m is carried out blasting treatment with beaded glass to development sleeve according to surface roughness Ra.In development sleeve, the alternating voltage of superpose on the DC voltage of 300V 1kVpp, 2kHz in addition, at development section, is adjusted to the direction identical with photoreceptor its peripheral speed, 150% of photoreceptor peripheral speed.

Under 23 ℃/60% environment, adopting print scale is 6% test pattern, carries out 20,000 pictures continuously, to the image veil of the image after durable, line reproducibility and durable after the abrasion degree situation of photoreceptor estimate.

For the image veil, measure with reflection measurement machine REFLECTMETER (Tokyo electricity look (Co., Ltd.)) by veil, measure Image blank portion and do not use the reflectivity of paper, with its poor (not using the reflectivity of paper reflectivity-Image blank portion) as veil (%).

The image veil is estimated according to following benchmark.

A: veil is less than 0.5%

B: veil 0.5～1.0% (deficiency)

C: veil 1.0～2.0% (deficiency)

D: veil is more than or equal to 2.0%

The evaluation of line reproducibility is according to following benchmark.

A: repeatability is good

B: produce attenuating, overlapping of trickle fine rule, but practical aspect is no problem

C:, produce attenuating, overlapping of fine rule in a part

D: attenuating, overlapping of fine rule is remarkable

Photoreceptor abrasion, the image color that causes by abrasion change and the estimating of image veil.

A: do not have the image degradation that abrasion cause

B: produce slight concentration change, but practical aspect is no problem

C:, concentration change and image veil take place in a part

D: concentration change, image veil are remarkable

In embodiment A-1, obtained images with high image quality.The evaluation result relevant with above-mentioned project provides in table 1.

[embodiment A-2]

In the manufacturing of toner A-1, change according to the mode that adopts toner particle A-2 and particulate A-2, and change atomic addition into 1.0 mass parts, in addition, and according to identical mode, modulation toner A-2.The ratio that particulate is present in the surface of toner is 2.2 of each toner particles, and the particle diameter ratio of particulate and toner mean diameter is 0.07.

Except adopting toner A-2, according to the mode identical with embodiment A-1, modulation two-component system developer A-2 similarly estimates.In embodiment A-2, obtained images with high image quality.The evaluation result relevant with above-mentioned project provides in table 1.

[embodiment A-3]

In the manufacturing of toner A-1, change according to the mode that adopts toner particle A-3 and particulate A-3, and change atomic addition into 3.0 mass parts, in addition, and according to identical mode, modulation toner A-3.The ratio that particulate is present in the surface of toner is 10.5 of each toner particles, and the particle diameter ratio of particulate and toner mean diameter is 0.08.

The developer that is adopted in the embodiment A-1 used instead jump to develop into single component use developer, in addition, by identical method, employing toner A-3 carries out picture appraisal.As development sleeve, adopt following type, wherein be the mode of 0.6 μ m according to Ra, by beaded glass the sleeve of SUS system is carried out blasting treatment.In embodiment A-3, obtained images with high image quality.The evaluation result relevant with above-mentioned project provides in table 1.

[embodiment A-4]

In the manufacturing of toner A-1, change according to the mode that adopts toner particle A-3 and particulate A-4, and change atomic addition into 1.0 mass parts, in addition, and according to identical mode, modulation toner A-4.The ratio that particulate is present in the surface of toner is 1.1 of each toner particles, and the particle diameter ratio of particulate and toner mean diameter is 0.21.

Except adopting toner A-4, estimate according to the mode identical with embodiment A-3.In embodiment A-4, obtained images with high image quality.The evaluation result relevant with above-mentioned project provides in table 1.

[embodiment A-5]

To move in 30 ℃/80% the environment by the be through with image processing system estimated of embodiment A-1, and it be conformed reach 24 hours, carry out the evaluation identical then with embodiment A-1.

Consequently, at the durable initial stage, image veil and line reproducibility are good, confirm to realize good frictional electrification.In durable, keep good image quality, equally keep the image quality identical with embodiment 1 final.

In addition, image processing system moved in 15 ℃/5% the environment, it is conformed reach 24 hours, then, carry out the evaluation identical with embodiment A-1.

Consequently, confirm to suppress charging, uneven charged, can obtain good frictional electrification from the durable initial stage.In durable, keep good image quality equally, also keep the image quality identical with embodiment 1 final.

In addition, the image quality that causes of the abrasion that development sleeve arranged unconfirmed reduces.

[Comparative examples A-1]

Making mol ratio (Sb/Sn) is that the water soluble mixt co-precipitation of 0.02 antimony chloride and tin chloride is on silicon dioxide granule, then it is carried out roasting, thus, on silica particle surface, form the stannic oxide layer that is doped with Sb of electric conductivity, adopt the particle (resistance 5 * 10 that forms thus ²Ω cm, volume average particle size is 1.5 μ m, Sn/B=1.0 W/Sn=0), to replace the particulate A-1 of embodiment A-1, carries out the evaluation identical with embodiment A-1.This evaluation result is listed in the table 1.

[Comparative examples A-2]

By to by SnO ₂The barium sulphate particle and the SnF that cover ₂Mixture carry out roasting, obtain at SnO thus ₂(resistance is 3 * 10 to be doped with the electroconductive particle of fluorine in the layer ⁴Ω cm, particle diameter are 1.1 μ m, Sn/B=2.5, W/Sn=0).Adopt this particle to replace the particulate A-1 of embodiment A-1, carry out the evaluation identical with embodiment A-1.This evaluation result is listed in the table 1.

[Comparative examples A-3]

(particle diameter is 5.5 μ m to the particle that the surface of employing Titanium particles is covered by ZnO, Zn/B=1.9), to replace the particulate A-1 of embodiment A-1, carries out the evaluation identical with embodiment A-1.This evaluation result is listed in the table 1.

Table 1

	The image veil	Line reproducibility	The abrasion of photoreceptor
	The image veil	Line reproducibility	The abrasion of photoreceptor	Embodiment A-1	A	A	A
Embodiment A-2	A	A	A	Embodiment A-1	A	A	A
Embodiment A-2	A	A	A	Embodiment A-3	A	A	A
Embodiment A-4	A	A	A	Embodiment A-3	A	A	A
Embodiment A-4	A	A	A	Comparative examples A-1	D	B	C
Comparative examples A-2	D	B	C	Comparative examples A-1	D	B	C
Comparative examples A-2	D	B	C	Comparative examples A-3	D	C	D

(atomic Production Example) with tin compound and W elements

(atomic Production Example B-1)

According to the mol ratio (W/Sn) of tungsten (W) and tin (Sn) is 0.05 mode, mixed chlorinated tin (SnCl ₄5H ₂O) with wolframic acid (H ₂WO ₄) aqueous solution.According to tin element: the mass ratio of titanium dioxide is 0.6: 1 a ratio, when under 90 ℃ temperature, above-mentioned mixed aqueous solution being stirred, the titanium dioxide that this mixed aqueous solution is splashed into the formation parent particle that makes 200 mass parts is scattered in the water of 2000 mass parts and in the aaerosol solution that forms, then, add hydrochloric acid, to the coprecipitate that is generated filter, dried.

(600 ℃) carry out roasting to this dry product in the electric furnace of blanket of nitrogen, carry out fragmentation, classification processing, and volume average particle size is adjusted to 0.8 μ m.The particulate that is obtained, Sn/B (mass ratio)=0.59, W/Sn (mol ratio)=0.045, volume resistance=9 * 10 ³Ω cm.With it as particulate B-1.This atomic physical characteristics is listed in the table 2.

(atomic Production Example B-2)

In the manufacturing of particulate B-1, change mol ratio (0.10) and the roasting condition of W/Sn, in addition, according to identical method manufacturing, obtaining volume average particle size is the particulate of 0.8 μ m.In addition, the particulate that is obtained, Sn/B=0.59, W/Sn=0.092, volume resistance=1 * 10 ⁴Ω cm.With it as particulate B-2.This atomic physical characteristics is listed in the table 2.

(atomic Production Example B-3)

In the manufacturing of particulate B-1, adopt spherical silicon dioxide to replace titanium dioxide, change tin chloride (SnCl ₄5H ₂O) with wolframic acid (H ₂WO ₄) the mixed aqueous solution amount of aqueous solution, obtain the particle of volume average particle size=7.9 μ m.In the particulate that is obtained, Sn/B=0.52, W/Sn=0.093, volume resistance=1 * 10 ⁴Ω cm.With it as particulate B-3.This atomic physical characteristics is listed in the table 2.

(atomic Production Example B-4)

In the manufacturing of particulate B-1, adopt the different titanium dioxide of particle diameter, W/Sn is changed into 0.075 carry out roasting.The roasting part is pulverized/classification, adjusted to volume average particle size=0.03 μ m.In the particulate that is obtained, Sn/B=0.58, W/Sn=0.069, volume resistance=2 * 10 ⁵Ω cm.With it as particulate B-4.This atomic physical characteristics is listed in the table 2.

(atomic Production Example B-5)

In the manufacturing of particulate B-1, be 0.10 mode according to the mol ratio (W/Sn) of W and Sn, mixed chlorinated tin (SnCl ₄5H ₂O) with wolframic acid (H ₂WO ₄) aqueous solution, adopt spherical silicon dioxide to replace titanium dioxide, and the amount that will make an addition to the mixed aqueous solution of aaerosol solution is set at 1/20 of Production Example B-1, under 90 ℃ temperature, it heated mixing, add hydrochloric acid, to the generation coprecipitate filter, drying.

(600 ℃) carry out roasting to this dry product in the electric furnace of blanket of nitrogen, carry out fragmentation, classification processing, and volume average particle size is adjusted to 03 μ m.The particulate that is obtained, Sn/B=0.04, W/Sn=0.092, volume resistance=4 * 10 ⁸Ω cm.With it as particulate B-5.This atomic physical characteristics is listed in the table 2.

(atomic Production Example B-6)

In the manufacturing of particulate B-1, do not add wolframic acid, be that 0.07 mode is added antimony trichloride to replace wolframic acid according to the mol ratio (Sb/Sn) of Sb and Sn.The particulate that is obtained, volume average particle size=1.2 μ m, Sn/B=0.68, Sb/Sn=5.9, volume resistance=6 * 10 ⁶Ω cm.With it as particulate B-6.This atomic physical characteristics is listed in the table 2.

(atomic Production Example B-7)

Mol ratio (W/Sn) according to W and Sn is 0.0007, and the mol ratio of Sb/Sn (Sb/Sn) is 0.07 mode, mixed chlorinated tin (SnCl ₄5H ₂O) with wolframic acid (H ₂WO ₄) and the aqueous solution of antimony trichloride.It is made an addition in the aaerosol solution of titanium dioxide, under 90 ℃ temperature, it is heated mixing, add hydrochloric acid then, to the generation coprecipitate filter, drying.

(600 ℃) carry out roasting to this dry product in the electric furnace of blanket of nitrogen, carry out fragmentation, classification processing, and volume average particle size is adjusted to 0.6 μ m.The particulate that is obtained, Sn/B=0.90, W/Sn=0.0005, volume resistance=9 * 10 ⁷Ω cm.With it as particulate B-7.This atomic physical characteristics is listed in the table 2.

(atomic Production Example B-8)

According to the mol ratio (W/Sn) of W and Sn is 0.0015 mode, mixed chlorinated tin (SnCl ₄5H ₂O) with wolframic acid (H ₂WO ₄) aqueous solution.It is made an addition in the aaerosol solution of titanium dioxide, under 90 ℃ temperature, it is heated mixing, add hydrochloric acid then, to the generation coprecipitate filter, drying.

(600 ℃) carry out roasting to this dry product in the electric furnace of blanket of nitrogen, carry out fragmentation, classification processing, and volume average particle size is adjusted to 0.7 μ m.The particulate that is obtained, Sn/B=0.70, W/Sn=0.001, volume resistance=1 * 10 ⁹Ω cm.With it as particulate B-8.This atomic physical characteristics is listed in the table 2.

(atomic Production Example B-9)

In the manufacturing of particulate B-1, be 0.29 mode according to mol ratio (Sb/Sn), change tin chloride (SnCl ₄5H ₂O) with wolframic acid (H ₂WO ₄) the mixing ratio of aqueous solution, and change roasting condition, in addition, make according to identical method.Obtain the particulate of volume average particle size=1.2 μ m.The particulate that obtains, Sn/B=0.60, W/Sn=0.26, volume resistance=3 * 10 ⁸Ω cm.With it as particulate B-9.This atomic physical characteristics is listed in the table 2.

(atomic Production Example B-10)

In the manufacturing of particulate B-1, be 0.35 mode according to mol ratio (W/Sn), change tin chloride (SnCl ₄5H ₂O) with wolframic acid (H ₂WO ₄) the mixing ratio of aqueous solution, and change roasting condition, in addition, make according to identical method.Obtain the particulate of volume average particle size=1.5 μ m.The particulate that obtains, Sn/B=0.48, W/Sn=0.32, volume resistance=1 * 10 ⁹Ω cm.With it as particulate B-10.This atomic physical characteristics is listed in the table 2.

(atomic Production Example B-11)

In the manufacturing of particulate B-1, be 0.10 mode according to the mol ratio (W/Sn) of W and Sn, mixed chlorinated tin (SnCl ₄5H ₂O) with wolframic acid (H ₂WO ₄) the mixing ratio of aqueous solution, adopt the spherical silicon dioxide of made to replace titanium dioxide, and the mixed aqueous solution amount that makes an addition in the aaerosol solution is decided to be 1/40 of Production Example B-1, under 90 ℃ temperature, it is heated mixing, add hydrochloric acid then, to the generation coprecipitate filter, drying.

(600 ℃) carry out roasting to this dry product in the electric furnace of blanket of nitrogen, carry out fragmentation, classification processing, and volume average particle size is adjusted to 0.3 μ m.For the particulate that is obtained, Sn/B=0.02, W/Sn=0.092, volume resistance=3 * 10 ⁹Ω cm.With it as particulate B-11.This atomic physical characteristics is listed in the table 2.

By argon ion, etch processes is carried out on the surface of acquired above-mentioned particulate B-1～5,7～11, then, carry out surface analysis by ESCA, at this moment, the two atomic ratio of tin element and W elements does not rely on disposing time and keeps certain basically.In addition, know, follow the processing time, with respect to element silicon or titanium elements, both atomic ratios reduce according to substantially the same ratio, and equally by this method, it mainly is on the surface in the parent particle that these two elements of tin element and W elements all are present in.

Table 2

Particulate No.	Tin element content/mol ratio vs. parent	W elements content/mol ratio vs.Sn	Volume average particle size/μ m	5 μ m or above particulate/number %	Volume resistance/Ω cm	Light transmission/the % of relative exposure light
Particulate No.	Tin element content/mol ratio vs. parent	W elements content/mol ratio vs.Sn	Volume average particle size/μ m	5 μ m or above particulate/number %	Volume resistance/Ω cm	Light transmission/the % of relative exposure light	Particulate 1	0.59	4.5	0.8	0	9×10 ³	35
Particulate 2	0.59	9.2	0.8	0	1×10 ⁴	35	Particulate 1	0.59	4.5	0.8	0	9×10 ³	35
Particulate 2	0.59	9.2	0.8	0	1×10 ⁴	35	Particulate 3	0.52	93	7.9	61	1×10 ⁴	20
Particulate 4	0.58	6.9	0.03	0	2×10 ⁵	45	Particulate 3	0.52	93	7.9	61	1×10 ⁴	20
Particulate 4	0.58	6.9	0.03	0	2×10 ⁵	45	Particulate 5	0.04	9.2	03	0	4×10 ⁸	40
Particulate 6	0.68	0	1.2	3	6×10 ⁶	35	Particulate 5	0.04	9.2	03	0	4×10 ⁸	40
Particulate 6	0.68	0	1.2	3	6×10 ⁶	35	Particulate 7	0.90	0.05	0.6	0	9×10 ⁷	35
Particulate 8	0.70	0.1	0.7	0	1×10 ⁹	35	Particulate 7	0.90	0.05	0.6	0	9×10 ⁷	35
Particulate 8	0.70	0.1	0.7	0	1×10 ⁹	35	Particulate 9	0.60	26.0	1.2	2	3×10 ⁸	35
Particulate 10	0.48	32.0	1.5	3	1×10 ⁹	30	Particulate 9	0.60	26.0	1.2	2	3×10 ⁸	35
Particulate 10	0.48	32.0	1.5	3	1×10 ⁹	30	Particulate 11	0.02	9.2	0.3	0	3×10 ⁹	40

[Production Example of toner]

(the Production Example B-1 of toner)

20 parts of the multipolymers of the positive butyl ester of styrene/acrylic

(monomer is than 80/20)

4 parts of negative charge controlling agents

(the Fe compound of the monoazo dyes system shown in the following general formula (1))

(changing 1)

Azo is iron complex (1)

80 parts of magnet

5 parts of low molecular weight polyethylenes

By stirring machine above-mentioned material is mixed, in being heated to 110 ℃ two-axis extruder, carry out melting mixing, by beater grinder the mixing thing that cools off being carried out thick level pulverizes, after by jet mill thick level crushed material being carried out trickle pulverizing, by wind-force the trickle crushed material that is obtained is carried out classification, obtaining weight average particle diameter is the toner particle of 73 μ m.By Henschel mixer, to this toner particle with respect to 100 parts, the BET value that is added with 1.2 parts is 120m ²The hydrophobic silica fine-powder of/g, 2.0 the potpourri of the particulate B-1 of part mixes, this silicon dioxide fine-powder is that the employing initial size is the silicon dioxide of 12nm, handle by hexamethyldisilazane, handle by silicone oil then and form, thus, modulation toner B-1.The physical characteristics of this toner B-1 is listed in the table 3 with the physical characteristics of following toner.

(the Production Example B-2 of toner～7)

In the Production Example B-1 of toner, adopt particulate B-2～5,8,9 to replace particulate B-1, in addition, and according to identical method, modulation toner B-2～7.Its physical characteristics is listed in the table 3.

(the Production Example B-8 of toner)

According to the mode identical with the Production Example B-1 of toner, obtaining weight average particle diameter is the toner particle of 7.3 μ m.By impact type surface processing device Ha イ Block リダイザ-(nara machinery (Co., Ltd.), potpourri is carried out surfaction to be handled, in this potpourri, this relative 100 parts toner particle, be added with 2.0 parts particulate B-1, add 1.2 parts of the hydrophobic silica particulates that adopted among the Production Example B-1 of toner then, pass through Henschel mixer, to its mixing, modulation toner B-8.Its physical characteristics is listed in the table 3.

(the Production Example B-9 of toner)

In the Production Example B-1 of toner, change the condition of trickle pulverizing and the condition of air classification, obtaining the weight average particle diameter is the toner particle of 2.9 μ m.By Henschel mixer, following potpourri is mixed, in this potpourri, above-mentioned toner particle with respect to 100 parts, be added with 2.5 parts the hydrophobic silica particulate that Production Example B-1 adopted that passes through toner, and 2.0 parts particulate B-1, modulation toner B-9.Its physical characteristics is listed in the table 3.

(the Production Example B-10 of toner)

In the Production Example B-1 of toner, change the condition of trickle pulverizing and the condition of air classification, obtaining the weight average particle diameter is the toner particle of 10.2 μ m.By Henschel mixer, following potpourri is mixed, in this potpourri, above-mentioned toner particle with respect to 100 parts, add 0.9 part the hydrophobic silica micro mist that in Production Example B-1, is adopted, and 2.0 parts particulate B-1, modulation toner B-10.Its physical characteristics is listed in the table 3.

(the Production Example B-11 of toner)

In ferrous sulfate aqueous solution, mix soda lye, modulation contains the aqueous solution of ferrous sulphate.When being blown into air, carry out oxidation reaction, modulation is used to generate the slurries of crystal seed.

Then, according to the mode of equivalent in 0.9～1.05 scope of initial relatively alkali number, these slurries, adjust ferrous sulphate concentration, further when being blown into air, carry out oxidation reaction, the magnetic iron oxide particles that is generated is cleaned, filter, its temporary transient taking-up.Then, under moist situation, be scattered in this aqueous sample in another water-medium once more after, carrying out the well-beaten while, add silane coupling agent (n-C ₁₀H ₂₁Si (OCH ₃) ₃), carry out coupling and handle.By conventional method, to the hydrophobicity iron oxide particles that is generated clean, filter, drying, obtain the surface treatment magnetic.

Then, in 710 parts ion exchange water, add 0.1mol/ liter-Na of 450 parts ₃PO ₄Aqueous solution is heated 60 ℃, then, adds 1.0mol/ liter-CaCl of 67 parts at leisure ₂Aqueous solution obtains to comprise Ca ₃(PO ₄) ₂Water-medium.

Adopt アトライ -(Mitsui three pond chemical industry machines (Co., Ltd.)), make following component dispersing and mixing equably, the modulation monomer composition.

80 parts of styrene

20 parts of n-butyl acrylates

5 parts in vibrin

1 part of negative charge controlling agent

(the Fe compound of the monoazo dyes system shown in the above-mentioned general formula (1))

80 parts of above-mentioned surface treatment magnetics

Above-mentioned monomer composition is heated to 60 ℃, therein, adds 5 parts the low molecular weight polyethylene that is adopted in the Production Example B-1 of toner, it is disperseed, make 3 parts polymerization initiator 2,2 '-azo two (2, the 4-methyl pentane nitrile) is dissolved in wherein.

Containing above-mentioned Ca ₃(PO ₄) ₂Water-medium in, add above-mentioned polymerizable monomer system, at N ₂Under the atmosphere, adopt TK formula homomixer (special machine chemical industry (Co., Ltd.)),, stirred 20 minutes, carry out granulation and handle according to the rotating speed of 10000rpm.Then, when stirring, under 60 ℃ temperature, make its reaction 6 hours by the impeller agitator.Then, making fluid temperature is 80 ℃, then to its continuous stirring 4 hours.After reaction finishes, under 80 ℃ temperature, its distillation processing is reached 2 hours.Then, suspending liquid is cooled off, add hydrochloric acid, dissolving Ca ₃(PO ₄) ₂, filtration, washing, drying, obtaining weight average particle diameter is the toner particle of 6.8 μ m.

By Henschel mixer, following potpourri is mixed, in this potpourri, toner particle with respect to 100 parts, add 1.2 parts of hydrophobic silica micro mists that in the Production Example B-1 of toner, adopted, 2.0 parts particulate B-1, modulation toner B-11.Its physical characteristics is listed in the table 3.

(the Production Example B-12 of toner～14)

According to the mode identical with the Production Example B-1 of toner, obtaining weight average particle diameter is the toner particle of 73 μ m.By Henschel mixer (Mitsui three pond chemical industry machines (Co., Ltd.)) following potpourri is mixed, this potpourri comprises the above-mentioned toner with respect to 100 parts, 2.0 the particulate B-1 of part, 1.2 the hydrophobic silica micro mist of part, or 1.2 parts hydrophobic titanium oxide micro mist, perhaps 1.2 parts hydrophobicity alumina powder, above-mentioned hydrophobic silica micro mist carries out surface treatment by hexamethyldisilazane and forms, and the BET value after the processing is 200m ²/ g, this hydrophobic titanium oxide micro mist carry out surface treatment by the isobutyl trimethoxy silane and form, and the BET value after it is handled is 100m ²/ g, above-mentioned hydrophobicity alumina powder carry out surface treatment by the isobutyl trimethoxy silane and form, and the BET value after it is handled is 150m ²/ g, thus, modulation toner B-12～14.Its physical characteristics is listed in the table 3.

(the comparison Production Example B-1 of toner)

In the Production Example B-1 of toner, do not adopt particulate B-1, in addition, according to identical mode, modulation ratio is than toner B-1.Its physical characteristics is listed in the table 3.

(comparative example B-2～6 of toner)

In the Production Example B-1 of toner, adopt particulate B-6,7,10～12 to replace particulate B-1, in addition, according to identical mode, modulation ratio is than toner B-2～6.Its physical characteristics is listed in the table 3.

In addition, the magnetic field intensity among the magnetic field 79.6kA/m of toner B-1～13 and comparison toner B-1～6 is all at 26～30Am ²In the scope of/kg.

Table 3

Toner No.	Mean grain size/μ m	Average circularity	Particulate/the umber that uses	Atomic ionization rate/%	Inorganic micro powder/the umber that uses
Toner No.	Mean grain size/μ m	Average circularity	Particulate/the umber that uses	Atomic ionization rate/%	Inorganic micro powder/the umber that uses	Toner B-1	7.3	0.921	Particulate B1/2 part	81	HMDS+ silicone oil is handled silicon dioxide/1.2 part
Toner B-2	7.3	0.921	Particulate B-2/2 part	78	HMDS+ silicone oil is handled silicon dioxide/1.2 part	Toner B-1	7.3	0.921	Particulate B1/2 part	81	HMDS+ silicone oil is handled silicon dioxide/1.2 part
Toner B-2	7.3	0.921	Particulate B-2/2 part	78	HMDS+ silicone oil is handled silicon dioxide/1.2 part	Toner B-3	7.3	0.921	Particulate B-3/2 part	96	HMDS+ silicone oil is handled silicon dioxide/1.2 part
Toner B-4	7.3	0.921	Particulate B-4/2 part	10	HMDS+ silicone oil is handled silicon dioxide/1.2 part	Toner B-3	7.3	0.921	Particulate B-3/2 part	96	HMDS+ silicone oil is handled silicon dioxide/1.2 part
Toner B-4	7.3	0.921	Particulate B-4/2 part	10	HMDS+ silicone oil is handled silicon dioxide/1.2 part	Toner B-5	7.3	0.921	Particulate B-5/2 part	56	HMDS+ silicone oil is handled silicon dioxide/1.2 part
Toner B-6	7.3	0.921	Particulate B-8/2 part	79	HMDS+ silicone oil is handled silicon dioxide/1.2 part	Toner B-5	7.3	0.921	Particulate B-5/2 part	56	HMDS+ silicone oil is handled silicon dioxide/1.2 part
Toner B-6	7.3	0.921	Particulate B-8/2 part	79	HMDS+ silicone oil is handled silicon dioxide/1.2 part	Toner B-7	7.3	0.921	Particulate B-9/2 part	84	HMDS+ silicone oil is handled silicon dioxide/1.2 part
Toner B-8	7.3	0.936	Particulate B-1/2 part	8	HMDS+ silicone oil is handled silicon dioxide/1.2 part	Toner B-7	7.3	0.921	Particulate B-9/2 part	84	HMDS+ silicone oil is handled silicon dioxide/1.2 part
Toner B-8	7.3	0.936	Particulate B-1/2 part	8	HMDS+ silicone oil is handled silicon dioxide/1.2 part	Toner B-9	2.9	0.933	Particulate B-1/2 part	31	HMDS+ silicone oil is handled silicon dioxide/25 part
Toner B-10	10.2	0.919	Particulate B-1/2 part	86	HMDS+ silicone oil is handled silicon dioxide/0.9 part	Toner B-9	2.9	0.933	Particulate B-1/2 part	31	HMDS+ silicone oil is handled silicon dioxide/25 part
Toner B-10	10.2	0.919	Particulate B-1/2 part	86	HMDS+ silicone oil is handled silicon dioxide/0.9 part	Toner B-11	6.8	0.971	Particulate B-1/2 part	83	HMDS+ silicone oil is handled silicon dioxide/1.2 part
Toner B-12	7.3	0.921	Particulate B-1/2 part	82	HMD handles silicon dioxide/1.2 part	Toner B-11	6.8	0.971	Particulate B-1/2 part	83	HMDS+ silicone oil is handled silicon dioxide/1.2 part
Toner B-12	7.3	0.921	Particulate B-1/2 part	82	HMD handles silicon dioxide/1.2 part	Toner B-13	73	0.921	Particulate B-1/2 part	73	HMDS handles titanium dioxide/1.2 part
Toner B-14	7.3	0.921	Particulate B-1/2 part	75	HMDS handles aluminium oxide/1.2 part	Toner B-13	73	0.921	Particulate B-1/2 part	73	HMDS handles titanium dioxide/1.2 part
Toner B-14	7.3	0.921	Particulate B-1/2 part	75	HMDS handles aluminium oxide/1.2 part	Compare toner B-1	7.3	0.921	Do not use	-	HMDS+ silicone oil is handled silicon dioxide/1.2 part
Compare toner B-2	7.3	0.921	Particulate B-6/2 part	85	HMDS+ silicone oil is handled silicon dioxide/1.2 part	Compare toner B-1	7.3	0.921	Do not use	-	HMDS+ silicone oil is handled silicon dioxide/1.2 part
Compare toner B-2	7.3	0.921	Particulate B-6/2 part	85	HMDS+ silicone oil is handled silicon dioxide/1.2 part	Compare toner B-3	7.3	0.921	Particulate B-7/2 part	68	HMDS+ silicone oil is handled silicon dioxide/1.2 part
Compare toner B-4	7.3	0.921	Particulate B-10/2 part	87	HMDS+ silicone oil is handled silicon dioxide/1.2 part	Compare toner B-3	7.3	0.921	Particulate B-7/2 part	68	HMDS+ silicone oil is handled silicon dioxide/1.2 part
Compare toner B-4	7.3	0.921	Particulate B-10/2 part	87	HMDS+ silicone oil is handled silicon dioxide/1.2 part	Compare toner B-5	7.3	0.921	Particulate B-11/2 part	59	HMDS+ silicone oil is handled silicon dioxide/1.2 part
Compare toner B-6	7.3	0.921	Particulate B-12/2 part	95	HMDS+ silicone oil is handled silicon dioxide/1.2 part	Compare toner B-5	7.3	0.921	Particulate B-11/2 part	59	HMDS+ silicone oil is handled silicon dioxide/1.2 part

[Production Example of photoreceptor]

(Production Example 1 of photoreceptor)

The aluminum cylinder that with the diameter is 30mm is a matrix.By the dip coating mode, the layer of lamination structure is as shown in Figure 3 successively thereon made the photoreceptor 1 that the negative charging that adopts the electrical material of organic light-guide is used.

(1) the 1st layer is conductive layer, the powder of tin oxide and titanium dioxide is scattered in the phenolics, with the material that forms thus as main body.Thickness is 15 μ m.

(2) the 2nd layers under stretch layer, based on modification of nylon and copolymer nylon.Thickness is 0.6 μ m.

(3) the 3rd layers is charge generating layer, will have absorbefacient AZO pigments in the long wavelength zone and be scattered in the butyral resin, with the material that forms thus as main body.Thickness is 0.6 μ m.

(4) the 4th layers is charge transport layer, in this layer, mass ratio according to 8: 10, hole transmission property triphenylamine compound is scattered in the polycarbonate resin (molecular weight of Ostwald (Ostwald) viscosimetry is 20,000), with the material that forms thus as main body, in addition, with respect to total solid (total amount of amines and polycarbonate resin), add the polyflon particle (volume average particle size is 0.2 μ m) of 10 quality %, make its even dispersion.Thickness is 25 μ m.

The photoreceptor that is obtained (1) is 95 degree with respect to the contact angle of water.In addition, the mensuration of contact angle adopts pure water, and determinator adopts consonance interface science (Co., Ltd.), contact angle instrument CA-X type.The volume intrinsic resistance value of the outermost layer of photoreceptor (1) is 2 * 10 ¹⁵Ω cm.

(Production Example 2 of photoreceptor)

The aluminum cylinder that with the diameter is 30mm is a matrix.By the dip coating mode, the layer of lamination structure is as shown in Figure 8 successively thereon made the photoreceptor (2) that the negative charging that adopts the electrical material of organic light-guide is used.

(1) the 1st layer is conductive layer, it is for the defective of smooth aluminum cylinder etc., and the generation of the ripple that causes for the reflection that prevents laser explosure and the thickness that is provided be about 20 μ m electroconductive particle dispersion resin layer (with the powder of tin oxide and titanium dioxide be scattered in the phenolics and the material that forms as main body).

(2) the 2nd layers prevent layer (stretching layer down) for positive charge injects, and it be the medium resistance layer, wherein passes through the nylon by methoxyization, and its resistance is adjusted to 10 ⁶About Ω cm, its thickness is about 1 μ m, and its realization prevents the function that offsets from aluminum substrate positive charge that injects and the negative charge that has at photosensitive surface.

(3) the 3rd layers is charge generating layer, wherein, disazo pigment is scattered in the butyral resin, and its thickness is about 0.3 μ m, and by accepting laser explosure, it is right to produce positive and negative electric charge.

(4) the 4th layers is charge transport layer, in this layer, in polycarbonate resin, is dispersed with hydrazone compound, and its thickness is about 25 μ m, and it is a P-type semiconductor.Therefore, the negative charge that photosensitive surface has can't move at this layer, can only will be transported to photosensitive surface at the positive charge that charge generating layer produces.

(5) the 5th layers is electric charge injection layer, wherein, in the acryl resin of photo-curable, is dispersed with the polyflon particle that conductive tin oxide ultramicron and particle diameter are about 0.25 μ m.Specifically, with respect to resin, be dispersed with 100 parts antimony dopant, realize what low resistance was handled, particle diameter is about 0.03 μ m tin oxide particle, is dispersed with 20 parts polyflon particle in addition, 1.2 parts spreading agent.By the spraying and applying method, according to the thickness of about 2.5 μ m, the coating liquid of the such modulation of coating then, by rayed, makes its sclerosis, forms electric charge injection layer.

The volume intrinsic resistance value on the surface of the photoreceptor that is obtained (2) is 5 * 10 ¹²Ω cm, photosensitive surface is 102 degree with respect to the contact angle of water.

(Production Example 3 of photoreceptor)

In the 5th layer of photoreceptor (2), be not dispersed with polyflon particle and spreading agent, in addition,, make photoreceptor (3) according to the mode identical with photoreceptor Production Example 2.Thus, the volume intrinsic resistance value of photosensitive body surface surface layer is 2 * 10 ¹²Ω cm, photosensitive surface is 78 degree with respect to the contact angle of water.

(Production Example 4 of photoreceptor)

In the 5th layer of photoreceptor (2), add following material, wherein, the acryl resin of the photo-curable with respect to 100 parts disperses 300 parts following tin oxide particle, the particle diameter of this particle is about 0.03 μ m, by antimony dopant, realize the low resistance processing, in addition, identical with the Production Example 2 of photoreceptor, make photoreceptor (4).In this occasion, the volume intrinsic resistance value of photosensitive body surface surface layer is 2 * 10 ⁷Ω cm, photosensitive surface is 88 degree with respect to the contact angle of water.

(Production Example 5 of photoreceptor)

Form the 5th layer (electric charge injection layer) that photoreceptor (2) is not set, and with the photoreceptor of charge transport layer as 4 layers of structure of outermost layer, identical with the Production Example 2 of photoreceptor in addition, make photoreceptor (5).In this occasion, the volume intrinsic resistance value of photosensitive body surface surface layer is 1 * 10 ¹⁵Ω cm, the contact angle of the relative water of photosensitive surface are 73 degree.

In order to carry out following evaluation, with respect to all photoreceptors, in the end make the surface outstanding by pin, the superficial layer of atomic small size is peeled off.

[Production Example of live part]

(Production Example 1 of live part)

With diameter is that 6mm, length are that the SUS roller of 264mm is as metal-cored, on this is metal-cored, be the foamed polyurethane layer that the roller shape forms medium resistance, its component is: urethane resin, carbon black as conductive material, vulcanizing agent, gas-development agents etc. carry out cutting and grinding to it in addition, its shape and superficiality are adjusted, making is as compliant member, and diameter is 12mm, and length is the charged roller parts (1) of 234mm.

The charged roller parts (1) that obtained, volume intrinsic resistance value are 10 ⁵Ω cm, A Sika (アスカ-) C hardness is 30 degree.In addition, when observing this charged roller surface by scanning electron microscope, the average cavity diameter is about 100 μ m, and voidage is 60%.

(Production Example 2 of live part)

With diameter be 6mm, length be the SUS roller of 264mm as metal-cored, metal metal-cored on, to reel with the electric conductivity nylon fiber be the band of pile to shape in the shape of a spiral, makes the charged brush portion part (2) of roller shape.In the brush in this charged brush portion part (2), in nylon fiber, be dispersed with carbon black, thereby adjust its resistance, the rugosity of fiber is 6 daniers (300 daniers/50 piece), and the length of the fiber of brush is 3mm, and brush density is 100,000/m ², carry out flocking and handle.

[Embodiment B-1]

As image processing system, the printer that Canon is produced: LBP-1760 transforms, the type identical with Fig. 1 that adopts the foregoing description to provide.Photoreceptor as image-carrier adopts above-mentioned photoreceptor (1).Following charged roller as live part is contacted with this photoreceptor, in this charged roller, be dispersed with conductive carbon, be coated with nylon resin (contact pressure is 60g/cm) on it, apply following bias voltage, superposeed on the DC voltage of-700Vdc alternating voltage of 2.0kVpp of this bias voltage forms, and makes on the photoreceptor charged equably.After charged processing, by laser, image section is exposed, thus, form electrostatic latent image.At this moment, the dark current potential Vd=-700V of portion, bright current potential VL=-150V.

As toner carrier, at the diameter that the surface is carried out blasting treatment is on the aluminium cylinder of 16mm, form development sleeve, this development sleeve is formed with following component, bed thickness is about 7 μ m, JIS surfaceness (Ra) is the resin bed of 1.0 μ m, and in this development sleeve, including the development magnetic pole is 85mT (850 Gauss's) magnet.

100 parts in phenolics

Crystallinity graphite particle (volume average particle size: about 7 μ m) 90 parts

10 parts of carbon black fine particle

As toner bed thickness limiting part, employing thickness is that 1.0mm, drift are the silicon rubber system scraper plate of 1.0mm, according to the linear pressure of 29.4N/m (30g/cm), this scraper plate is contacted with development sleeve.Gap between photoreceptor and the development sleeve is 290 μ m.

Development bias voltage as being added on outward on the development sleeve adopts following bias voltage, and this bias voltage stack frequency on the DC voltage of-500V is that 2000Hz, peak-to-peak voltage are that the alternating voltage of 1600V forms.In addition, the peripheral speed of development sleeve is with respect to photoreceptor peripheral speed (94mm/sec), at development section along equidirectional, 1.1 times speed (103mm/sec).

In addition, as transfer device, adopt the such transfer roll of Fig. 4, this roller has and will be dispersed with the ethylene-propylene rubber layer of conductive carbon as conductive elastic layer.This transfer roll 34, volume intrinsic resistance value are 1 * 10 ⁸Ω cm, rubber surface hardness is 24 degree, and diameter is 20mm, and its contact pressure according to 59N/m (60g/cm) contacts with photoreceptor.In Fig. 4, with respect to the peripheral speed (94mm/sec) of the photoreceptor 100 of arrow A direction, be constant speed along equidirectional at contact site, transfer bias is the DC voltage of 1.5kV.

As fixing device, adopt the fuser of following manner, it does not have the oil coating function of LBP-1760, makes the transfer materials of the image that maintains not photographic fixing by backer roll, contacts with well heater across film, heats as the compression set shadow.At this moment, backer roll adopts the type of the superficial layer with fluorine resin, and the diameter of roller is 30mm.In addition, fixing temperature is 180 ℃, and the folder sector width is set in 7mm.

As toner, adopt toner B-1, be 25 ℃ in temperature, humidity is under 80% the environment, the test of painting.As transfer materials, adopt 90g/m ²Paper.Consequently, in the early stage, obtain to present higher transfer printing, do not have preferable image to the veil of non-image portion.In addition, carry out following such evaluation.

In temperature is that 25 ℃, humidity are under 5% the environment, is the picture pattern that 5% horizontal line forms by the print area ratio, carries out Evaluation of Durability.

The processing of escaping clearer owing to the atomic part in the toner arrives the charged roller place, thus follow durable process, to the atomic adhesion amount increase of charged roller.Follow the increase of this adhesion amount, be easy to generate the leakage of the electric charge of charged operation.Surface make photoreceptor (1) by pin on is outstanding and part after the film of atomic small size peeled off produces the electric charge leakage.Bad to whether consequent image taking place, and durable which open and produce this bad evaluation.In other words, it is many more that this durable number when bad takes place, and the permanance of image forming method is good more.

Also have, even under the situation that does not produce leakage, the occasion that charging property is still bad is owing on the mesh image, produce image bad (the inhomogeneous density unevenness that causes of sub-image current potential is even), so also by visual, the charging property of mesh image is estimated.

Transfer efficiency is in following occasion, calculate according to the following equation, in this occasion, pass through polyester tape, transfer printing remaining toner on the photoreceptor after the transfer printing of all black image glued to get peel off, the value that is affixed on Macbeath (MacBeth) concentration on the paper is represented by C, on the paper of the toner after carrying transfer printing before the photographic fixing, post Macbeath (MacBeth) concentration of polyester tape and represent that by D the Macbeath that posts polyester tape (MacBeth) concentration on untapped paper is represented by E.If transfer efficiency more than or equal to 90%, then is no problem image.

[mathematical formulae 8]

Transfer efficiency (%)=(D-C/D-E) * 100

In addition, the image analytic degree at durable initial stage is by following repeatability evaluation, and this repeatability is meant that electric field is closed easily, the repeatability of the isolated single-point of the minor diameter among the 600dpi that is difficult to reproduce owing to the electrostatic latent image electric field.

Damaged among the A:100 smaller or equal to 5

Damaged in 6～10 scope among the B:100

Damaged in 11～20 scope among the C:100

Damaged among the D:100 greater than 20

The mensuration of the veil on the paper is measured by the REFLECTMETERMODEL TC-6DS that Tokyo electricity look Co., Ltd. produces.Filtrator adopts cleaning and filtering, and the numerical value of veil is calculated by following formula by the whole white image.If the veil on the paper smaller or equal to 2.0%, then is a preferable image.

[mathematical formulae 9]

Veil (reflectivity) (%)=reflectivity (%) of reflectivity (%)-non-image portion of sample on the standard paper

Image color is measured by Macbeath (MacBeth) concentration meter RD918 (production of Macbeath (MacBeth) Co., Ltd.).Initial concentration is the concentration of the 20th of drafting.

The results are shown in Table 4 for these mensuration.

[Embodiment B-2]

Adopt toner B-2 to replace toner B-1, draw test according to the image forming method identical with Embodiment B-1.Consequently, as shown in table 4, obtain good result.

[Embodiment B-3,4]

Adopt toner B-3,4 replace toner B-1, draw test according to the image forming method identical with Embodiment B-1.Consequently, as shown in table 4, acquisition does not have the result of special problem.But in the occasion that adopts toner B-3, the non-image portion on the OHP paper has opaque slightly.

[Embodiment B-5]

Adopt toner B-5 to replace toner B-1, draw test according to the image forming method identical with Embodiment B-1.Consequently, as shown in table 4, obtain good result.

[Embodiment B-6]

Adopt toner B-6 to replace toner B-1, draw test according to the image forming method identical with Embodiment B-1.Consequently, as shown in table 4, after 1300, produce slight electric leakage, after 1600, charging property has instability slightly, but obtains not have the result of special problem.

[Embodiment B-7]

Adopt toner B-7 to replace toner B-1, draw test according to the image forming method identical with Embodiment B-1.Consequently, as shown in table 4, obtain good result.

[Embodiment B-8,9]

Adopt toner B-8,9 replace toner B-1, draw test according to the image forming method identical with Embodiment B-1.Consequently, as shown in table 4, the occasion that comprises the higher atomic toner B-8 of resistance in employing, after 1000, charging property has instability slightly, in the occasion that adopts weight average particle diameter less than the toner B-9 of 3 μ m, the transfer printing residual quantity increases, after 1800, charging property has instability slightly, but obtains not have the result of special problem.

[Embodiment B-10]

Adopt weight average particle diameter to replace toner B-1, draw test according to the image forming method identical with Embodiment B-1 greater than the toner B-10 of 10 μ m.Consequently, as shown in table 4, though image analytic degree is poor slightly, others obtain good result.

[Embodiment B-11]

Adopt toner B-11 to replace toner B-1, draw test according to the image forming method identical with Embodiment B-1.Consequently, as shown in table 4, obtain very good result.

[Embodiment B-12～14]

Adopt toner B-12～14 to replace toner B-1, draw test according to the image forming method identical with Embodiment B-1.Consequently, as shown in table 4, obtain good substantially result.

[comparative example B-1]

Adopt relatively toner B-1 replacement toner B-1, draw test according to the image forming method identical with Embodiment B-1.Consequently, because when long duration test is about 400, it is even to produce density unevenness on the mesh image, follow durable, this degradation, thus in the time of 800, the termination printout.In addition, can't see the vestige of electric leakage.The results are shown in Table 4 for it.

[comparative example B-2]

Adopt relatively toner B-2 replacement toner B-1, draw test according to the image forming method identical with Embodiment B-1.Consequently, because the vestige of electric leakage takes place, interrupt drawing test when endurancing is about 600 on image.Charging property does not have special problem.The results are shown in Table 4 for it.

[comparative example B-3]

Adopt relatively toner B-3 replacement toner B-1, draw test according to the image forming method identical with Embodiment B-1.Consequently, owing to when endurancing is about 800, the vestige of electric leakage takes place on image, interrupt drawing test.Charging property does not have special problem.The results are shown in Table 4 for it.

[comparative example B-4]

Adopt relatively toner B-4 replacement toner B-1, draw test according to the image forming method identical with Embodiment B-1.Consequently,,, find the vestige of electric leakage, so interrupt drawing test then 1200 the moment because when endurancing was about 1100, it was even to produce density unevenness on the mesh image.The results are shown in Table 4 for it.

[comparative example B-5]

Adopt relatively toner B-5 replacement toner B-1, draw test according to the image forming method identical with Embodiment B-1.Consequently, because when endurancing was about 500, it was even to produce density unevenness on the mesh image, follows durable continuous deterioration, in the time of 1000, interrupt printout.In addition, find no the vestige of electric leakage.The results are shown in Table 4 for it.

[comparative example B-6]

Adopt relatively toner B-6 replacement toner B-1, draw test according to the image forming method identical with Embodiment B-1.Consequently, owing to when endurancing is about 300, leak electricity, interrupt drawing test.Till 300, charging property does not have special problem.But the non-image portion on the OHP paper has opaque slightly.The results are shown in Table 4 for it.

Table 4

[Embodiment B-15]

Toner of the present invention also can be suitable for the image forming method of cleaner-less or the image forming method that develops and hold concurrently cleaning.As image processing system, the type identical that adopts above-mentioned embodiment to provide with Fig. 5.

This device is for having the hold concurrently laser printer (recording unit) of cleaning (cleaner-less system) of the development of adopting the transfer-type electrofax to handle.The handle box that comprises the cleaning device of having removed the cleaning member with cleaning balde etc. adopts toner B-1 as toner, the noncontact development method that adopts toner layer on the toner carrier and image-carrier to be provided with in the noncontact mode.

(1) overall schematic of the image processing system of present embodiment constitutes

The photoreceptor (2) that obtains as the Production Example 2 by above-mentioned photoreceptor of image-carrier along the arrow directions X, according to the peripheral speed (processing speed) of 94mm/sec, drives its rotation for rotation drum type OPC photoreceptor.

The contact electrification parts adopt the charged roller parts (1) by Production Example 1 acquisition of above-mentioned live part, and as shown in Figure 5, charged roller 22 is provided with thereon with the mode that photoreceptor 21 pressure contact with the pressing force of stipulating according to opposing elasticity.Symbol n represents the charged contact site as the contact site of photoreceptor 21 and charged roller 22.In the present embodiment, charged roller 22 is at the charged contact site n place of conduct with the surface of contact of photoreceptor 21, and along relative direction (arrow Y direction), the peripheral speed rotation with 100% drives.That is, the surface of charged roller 22 has relative moving speed than the relative speed difference that is 200% with respect to the surface of photoreceptor 21.In addition, above-mentioned particulate 1 is about 1 * 10 according to coating amount ⁴Individual/mm ²Mode be coated on equably on the surface of charged roller 22.

In addition, from charged bias voltage additional power source, the DC voltage of-650V is added on outward on the metal-cored 22a of charged roller 22 as charged bias voltage.In the present embodiment, according to the charged mode of direct injection, (630V), charged equably processing is carried out on the surface of photoreceptor 21 with the essentially identical current potential of the impressed voltage of charged roller 22.Be described below relevant these situations.

As laser beam flying instrument (exposer) 23 that comprises laser diode polygon mirror etc. of exposure mechanism time series electronic digit picture element signal corresponding to required image information, the laser that output modifies tone through intensity, by this laser, the uniform charged face of above-mentioned photoreceptor 21 is carried out scan exposure handle.By this scan exposure, on the face of rotation photoreceptor 21, form and the required corresponding electrostatic latent image of image information.By the developing apparatus 24 as developing mechanism, the electrostatic latent image on the surface of photoreceptor 21 develops as the toner picture.

The developing apparatus 24 of this example is for having the discharged-area development device as the non-contact type of the toner B-1 of toner.

Toner carrier adopts following development sleeve 24a, wherein the bed thickness of following composition is 7 μ m, JIS surfaceness (Ra) is the resin bed of 1.0 μ m, being formed at the diameter that blasting treatment has been carried out on the surface is on the aluminium cylinder of 16mm, its inside is provided with development magnetic pole 90mT (900 Gauss's) magnetic roller, making thickness as toner bed thickness limiting part according to the line pressure of 29.4N/m (30g/cm) is that 1.0mm, drift are that the elastic scraper 24c of the polyurethane system of 1.5mm realizes the pressure contact, and the gap between photoreceptor 21 and the development sleeve 24a is 290 μ m.

100 parts in phenolics

Graphite (volume average particle size: about 7 μ m) 90 parts

10 parts of carbon blacks

In addition, as with the development section a (developing regional) of the relative portion of photoreceptor 21, along the direction (arrow W direction) identical with the sense of rotation of photoreceptor 21, the peripheral speed according to the peripheral speed 120% of photoreceptor 21 makes development sleeve 24a rotation.

On this development sleeve 24a, by elastic scraper 24c, with thin layer coating toner.By elastic scraper 24c, the restriction toner in addition, provides electric charge with respect to the bed thickness of development sleeve 24a.At this moment, the toning dosage that is coated on the development sleeve 24a is 15g/m ²

Be coated on the rotation of toner by development sleeve 24a on the development sleeve 24a, be sent to as the development section a place of photoreceptor 21 with the relative portion of development sleeve 24a.In addition, by development bias voltage additional power source, on development sleeve 24a, add the development bias voltage.The development bias voltage is that 1600Hz, peak-to-peak voltage are that (electric field intensity is 5 * 10 to 1500V for DC voltage and the frequency of general-420V ⁶The voltage that the alternating voltage of rectangle V/m) is formed by stacking between development sleeve 24a and photoreceptor 21, carries out single composition jump by development section a and develops.

Transfer roll 25 as the medium resistance of contact electrification parts according to the line pressure of 98N/m (100g/cm), contacts with photoreceptor 21 pressure, forms transfer printing contact site b.From not shown sheet feed section, in the moment of regulation, supply transfer materials P to this transfer printing contact site b, and from the transfer bias additional power source, on transfer roll 25, add the transfer bias of regulation, thus, the toner picture of photoreceptor 21 1 sides in turn is needed on the face that supplies to the transfer materials P on the transfer printing contact site b.

In the present embodiment, adopting its volume intrinsic resistance value is 5 * 10 ⁶The transfer roll 25 of Ω cm adds+DC voltage of 3000V, carries out transfer process.That is, the transfer materials P that sends into transfer printing contact site b is carried out clamping transmit, in its face side, according to the mode of electrostatic force and pressing force, transfer printing keeps being formed at the lip-deep toner picture of photoreceptor 21 successively.Supply to transfer printing contact site b, the transfer materials P of the transfer printing of the toner picture of reception photoreceptor 21 sides and the surface isolation of photoreceptor, it is sent into the fuser 26 of hot photographic fixing mode as fixing device etc., accept the photographic fixing of toner picture and handle, it is formed product (print, duplicating) as image and be discharged to outside the device.

(b) estimate

In the present embodiment, in toner Cartridge, fill the toner B-1 of 120g,, in toner Cartridge, use toning dosage, until reaching seldom according to the picture pattern that only forms than the horizontal line that is 2% by print area.Transfer materials adopts 75g/m ²The A4 copy paper, according to intermittent mode, carry out 2000 printing, but do not see that the development reduction is arranged.

In addition, behind 2000 intermittent printing, on charged roller 22, with adhesive tape pair with and the corresponding part of the charged contact site n of photoreceptor 21 glue and take off processing, observation, at this moment, confirm to have the transfer printing remaining toner of trace, but, covering by particulate B-1 basically, the amount of this remaining toner is about 3 * 10 ⁴Individual/mm ²When the transfer printing remaining toner between the contact site of live part and image-carrier being observed by scan microscope, do not observed following transfer printing remaining toner, this transfer printing remaining toner is covered by the very tiny fixing mode of particulate of particle diameter according to the surface.

In addition, because there is the state of particulate B-1 in charged contact site n place between photoreceptor 21 and charged roller 22, and enough low and be 9 * 10 in atomic resistance value ³Ω cm, thus from the initial stage, behind 2000 the intermittent printing till, do not produce the charged bad image deflects that cause, obtained good direct injection charging property.

In addition, owing to adopt the tin oxide to contain W elements to remain on the particulate of the lip-deep special formation of parent particle, so the image that causes of also not leaking electricity is bad.

Because image-carrier adopts following photoreceptor, wherein the volume intrinsic resistance value of the outermost layer of the Production Example 2 of photoreceptor is 5 * 10 ¹²Ω cm, so by keeping electrostatic latent image, obtain the character image of profile clearly, even under the situation after 2000 intermittent printing, the direct injection that still can realize obtaining enough charging property is charged.Photoreceptor current potential after direct injection behind 2000 the intermittent printing is charged is with respect to adding charged bias voltage-650V, is-580V, and the reduction of initial relatively charging property is slight, is 50V, the reduction of the image quality that the reduction that charging property arranged unconfirmed causes.

Also have, add the surface of adopting image-carrier and be the effect of photoreceptor (2) of the photoreceptor Production Examples 2 of 120 degree with respect to the contact angle of water, though in the early stage with 2000 intermittent printing after situation under, transfer efficiency is still very good.Even a spot of transfer printing remaining toner is arranged observing on the photoreceptor after the transfer printing, because the transfer printing remaining toner on the charged roller 22 behind 2000 the intermittent printing is micro-, and the veil of non-image portion is very little, knows thus, and the recovery of the transfer printing remaining toner of development is good.In addition, even after 2000 intermittent printing, the damage of photoreceptor is still slight, corresponding to this damage, will be suppressed in admissible degree in the practicality in the image deflects of the generation on the image.

In the evaluation assessment of print image, image color, image veil and transfer efficiency carry out according to the mode identical with Embodiment B-1, and charging property and particulate amount are estimated in the following way.The results are shown in Table 5 for it.

(1) charging property

In the early stage with the printout off-test after, at the developing apparatus location settings sensor, measure the photosensitive surface current potential behind the uniform charged, estimate by its differential pair charging property.This difference negative value is big more, shows that the reduction amplitude of charging property is big more.

(2) the atomic amount of the charged contact site of image-carrier and contact electrification parts

Measure the atomic amount of the charged contact site of photoreceptor and contact electrification parts by aforesaid method.Preferred amount is 1 * 10 ²～5 * 10 ⁵Individual/mm ²Scope in.

[Embodiment B-16～19]

The photoreceptor (2) that adopts that photoreceptor (1) that the Production Example 1,3～5 by photoreceptor obtains, in (3)～(5) any one replace that Embodiment B-15 adopted by Production Example 2 acquisitions of photoreceptor, in addition, identical with Embodiment B-15, draw test.The results are shown in Table 5 for it.

In the Embodiment B-17 that adopts photoreceptor (3), compare with Embodiment B-15, it is poor slightly to obtain transfer printing, but no problem image.

In the Embodiment B-18 that adopts photoreceptor (4), to compare with Embodiment B-15, the clarity of profile that obtains the toner picture is poor slightly, but others preferable image basically.

In the Embodiment B-19 that adopts photoreceptor (5), to compare with Embodiment B-15, initial charged efficient is relatively poor, with respect to adding charged grid bias power supply-650V, the relative initial stage of photosensitive surface current potential after charged is-620V, and is poor slightly, and the charging property after 2000 is reduced to-560V.

[Embodiment B-20]

The charged roller parts (1) that charged brush portion part (2) the replacement Embodiment B-16 that adopts the Production Example 2 by live part to obtain is adopted, identical with Embodiment B-16 in addition, the test of painting.Fig. 6 provides the synoptic diagram of charged brush portion part (2) as the image processing system of live part.The results are shown in Table 5 for it.

If compare with Embodiment B-16, obtain following image, photoreceptor 21 is few slightly with the atomic amount at the charged contact site n place of charged brush portion part 22, charged lack of homogeneity, but there is not special problem.

[Embodiment B-21～33]

Toner B-2～14 that employing table 3 provides, so that the toner B-1 that replaces Embodiment B-16 to be adopted is identical with Embodiment B-16 in addition, the test of painting.The results are shown in Table 5 for it.

[comparative example-7,8]

Adopt comparative example toner B-2,3, so that the toner B-1 that replaces Embodiment B-16 to be adopted in addition, carries out according to the mode identical with Embodiment B-16.The results are shown in Table 5 for it.In any toner,, just leak electricity from the stage early of long duration test.

[comparative example-9,10]

Adopt comparative example toner B-4,5, so that the toner B-1 that replaces Embodiment B-16 to be adopted in addition, carries out according to the mode identical with Embodiment B-16.The results are shown in Table 5 for it.In any toner, from the early stage of long duration test, just take place charged badly, interrupted long duration test.

[comparative example-11]

Adopt comparative example toner B-6, so that the toner B-1 that replaces Embodiment B-16 to be adopted in addition, carries out according to the mode identical with Embodiment B-16.The results are shown in Table 5 for it.From the stage early of long duration test, just leak electricity.

[table 5]

(C-1) the atomic manufacturing of tin oxide

1. the manufacturing of tin oxide particulate C-1

According to the mol ratio (W/Sn) of W/Sn is 0.04 mode, mixed chlorinated tin (SnCl ₄5H ₂O) aqueous solution and wolframic acid (H ₂WO ₄) aqueous solution, in that pH is remained in 65～75, under 90 ℃ temperature, above-mentioned mixed aqueous solution is heated mixing, add hydrochloric acid then, to the coprecipitate that is generated filter, dried.

(600 ℃) carry out roasting to this dry product in the electric furnace of blanket of nitrogen, carry out fragmentation, classification processing, and volume average particle size is adjusted to 1.0 μ m.

For the tin oxide particulate that is obtained, W/Sn=0.036, volume resistance=1 * 10 ⁴Ω cm.With it as tin oxide particulate C-1.

2. the manufacturing of tin oxide particulate C-2

In the manufacturing of tin oxide particulate C-1, change W/Sn into W/Sn=0.08, under air atmosphere, carry out roasting.This dry product is carried out fragmentation, classification processing, volume average particle size is adjusted to 1.5 μ m.

The particulate that is obtained, W/Sn=0.073, volume resistance=1 * 10 ⁶Ω cm.With it as tin oxide particulate C-2.

3. the manufacturing of tin oxide particulate C-3

In the manufacturing of tin oxide particulate C-1, change W/Sn into W/Sn=0.01, carry out roasting.This this dry product is carried out fragmentation, classification processing, volume average particle size is adjusted to 0.5 μ m.

The particulate that is obtained, W/Sn=0.008, volume resistance=7 * 10 ⁵Ω cm.With it as tin oxide particulate C-3.

4. the manufacturing of tin oxide particulate C-4

In the manufacturing of tin oxide particulate C-1, change condition broken, classification, volume average particle size is adjusted to 0.3 μ m.With it as tin oxide particulate C-4.

(C-2) manufacturing of toner particle

1. the manufacturing of toner particle C-1

Pass through Henschel mixer, to (Tg:62 ℃ in vibrin, molecular weight: Mp7600, Mn3300, Mw60000) 100 mass parts, carbon black 5 mass parts, Monoazo metal complex (negative charge controlling agent) 2.5 mass parts, the multipolymer of low-molecular-weight ethylenic-propylene (endothermic temperature main peak temperature: 84 ℃, heat release main peak temperature: 86 ℃) 3 mass parts are mixed, then, undertaken mixing by the twin shaft mixing roll that is set in 130 ℃.Mixing thing carries out thick level and pulverizes by beater grinder, by the mechanical type comminutor, it is pulverized then.Further by the airflow classification machine, it is carried out classification, obtaining weight average particle diameter is the nonmagnetic toner particle C-1 of 7.0 μ m.

2. the manufacturing of toner particle C-2

By the method identical with the manufacturing of toner particle C-1, and the multipolymer of usefulness styrene-propene acid butyl ester-maleic acid butyl half ester (Tg:60 ℃, molecular weight: Mp12000, Mn6300, Mw221000) 100 mass parts, magnetic oxide (averaged particles footpath: 0.22 μ m, σ s:83.8Am ²/ kg100 mass parts, Monoazo metal complex (negative charge controlling agent) 2 mass parts, the multipolymer of low-molecular-weight ethylenic-propylene (endothermic temperature main peak value temperature: 85 ℃, heat release main peak value temperature: 86 ℃) 3 mass parts are mixed, and obtaining weight average particle diameter is the toner particle C-2 with magnetic of 6.5 μ m.

3. the manufacturing of toner particle C-3

Manufacturing at toner particle C-1, vibrin is changed into (Tg:58 ℃ of the multipolymer of styrene-propene acid butyl ester, molecular weight: Mp16800, Mn10100, Mw303000), in addition, make according to identical method, obtaining weight average particle diameter is the nonmagnetic toner particle C-3 of 7.5 μ m.

[Embodiment C-1]

(1) manufacturing of toner C-1

In toner classification product C-1 (100 mass parts), add tin oxide particulate C-1 (1.5 mass parts) and the hydrophobic silica micro mist (1.2 mass parts) that passes through the dimethyl-silicon oil processing, it is joined in the Henschel mixer, obtain toner C-1.The ratio that tin oxide particulate C-1 is present in toner surface is 35 of each toner particles.In addition, particulate (S) is 0.11 with the particle diameter ratio (S/T) of toner (T).

(2) manufacturing of support C-1

As the two-component developing agent development carrier, make following development carrier C-1, wherein,, be coated with the acroleic acid resin of 0.7 mass parts with respect to the ferrite particle of 100 mass parts of 45 μ m.

(3) modulation of two-component system developer C-1

With respect to development carrier C-1:100 mass parts, mix toner C-1:7 mass parts, obtain two-component system developer C-1.

Adopt the developer that is obtained, estimate by following method.

(4) evaluation method

Use in the following manner as image processing system, this mode is: (Canon produces: charged device GP55), transfer printing device, developer are transformed to the digital copier that adopts laser beam.GP55 comprises the OPC photoreceptor, the corona charging device, and single component jumping mode developer, the corona transfer device, the scraper-type cleaning container, exposure device etc., it is that processing speed is the digital copier of the discharged-area development mode of 150mm/s.

For charged device, the corona charging device is taken out, load the charged roller of contact, make the driven rotation of its rotation with respect to photoreceptor.By external power source, be added to the alternating voltage that is superimposed with AC1500Vpp (800Hz) on the DC-700V.

For the transfer printing device, the corona transfer device is taken out, touch roll transfer printing device is installed.Roller is connected by gear with an end of photoreceptor, but pair roller drives.This driving is according to adjusting the steady current control of direct supply of transfer printing electric current along the mode of peripheral speed (equidirectional) rotation identical with the rotation of photoreceptor.

For developing apparatus, the single component development device is taken off, the developer of bi-component mode is installed.Adopt following type as development sleeve, wherein, reach the mode of 1.0 μ m, the sleeve of SUS system is carried out blasting treatment by beaded glass according to Ra.Development sleeve can be by the external drive motor, and the difference with 150% drives.On development sleeve, by external power source, the square wave of stack DC-500V, AC1000Vpp.

Under 23 ℃/60% environment, employing printing ratio is 6% test pattern, carries out 1000 drawing continuously, and as the image quality evaluation, to the image veil, line reproducibility is estimated.In the image veil is estimated, also simultaneously the atomic state of dispersing of tin oxide is estimated.

For the image veil, measure with reflection measurement instrument REFLECTMETER (Tokyo electricity look (Co., Ltd.)) by veil, measure Image blank portion and do not use the reflectivity of paper, with its poor (not using the reflectivity of paper reflectivity-Image blank portion) as veil (%).

The image veil is estimated according to following benchmark.

A: veil is less than 0.5%

B: veil 0.5～1.0% (deficiency)

C: veil 1.0～15% (deficiency)

D: veil 1.5～2.0% (deficiency)

E: veil is more than or equal to 2.0%

The evaluation of dispersing is according to following benchmark.

A: do not take place.

B: slight dispersing takes place, can see the confusion of some images.

C: take place to disperse significantly, can see the variation of image quality.

Then, the evaluation of line reproducibility is according to following benchmark.

A: repeatability is good

B:, attenuating, overlapping of slight fine rule taken place in the part.

C: the attenuating or overlap significantly of fine rule.

In Embodiment C-1, obtained images with high image quality.The evaluation result relevant with above-mentioned project listed in the table 6.

[Embodiment C-2]

In the manufacturing of toner C-1, change according to the mode that adopts toner particle C-2, in addition, with respect to toner particle 100 mass parts, change the atomic addition of tin oxide into 2.0 mass parts, in addition, according to identical mode, modulation toner C-2.The ratio that particulate is present in toner surface is that each toner particle is 7.5, and particulate is 0.08 with respect to the particle diameter ratio (S/T) of toner mean grain size.

Jump development with the developer except Embodiment C-1 developer that is adopted being used instead,, adopt toner C-2 to carry out picture appraisal according to identical method into single component.As development sleeve, adopt the mode that reaches 0.6 μ m according to Ra, the sleeve that the sleeve of SUS system has been carried out blasting treatment by beaded glass.In Embodiment C-2, obtained images with high image quality.The evaluation result relevant with above-mentioned project listed in the table 6.

[Embodiment C-3]

In the manufacturing of toner C-1, change according to the mode that adopts toner particle C-3, in addition, with respect to toner particle 100 mass parts, change the addition of the little son of tin oxide into 1.0 mass parts, in addition, according to identical mode, modulation toner C-3.The ratio that particulate is present in toner surface is that each toner particle is 1.5, and particulate is 0.07 with respect to the particle diameter ratio (S/T) of toner mean grain size.

With respect to development carrier 1 (100 mass parts), mix the toner C-3 of 6.5 mass parts, obtain two-component system developer C-3.

Adopt this developer, carry out the evaluation identical with Embodiment C-1.This evaluation result is listed in the table 6.

[Embodiment C-4]

In the manufacturing of toner C-1, according to adopting toner particle C-2 and the atomic mode of tin oxide to change, in addition, with respect to toner particle 100 mass parts, change the atomic addition of tin oxide into 0.8 mass parts, in addition, according to identical mode, modulation toner C-4.The ratio that particulate is present in toner surface is that each toner particle is 2.1, and particulate is 0.20 with respect to the particle diameter ratio (S/T) of toner mean grain size.

Adopt single component jump developer,, the peripheral speed of development sleeve is adjusted to 170%, toner 4 is added to wherein, carry out the picture appraisal identical with embodiment 1 wherein by external drive.Its evaluation result is listed in the table 6.

[Embodiment C-5]

In the manufacturing of toner C-1, change according to the mode that adopts toner particle C-3 and tin oxide particulate C-3, in addition, with respect to toner particle 100 mass parts, change the atomic addition of tin oxide into 0.4 mass parts, in addition, according to identical mode, modulation toner C-5.Particulate is 1.1 with respect to the ratio that is present in toner surface for each toner particle, and the particle diameter ratio (S/T) of particulate toner mean grain size is 0.04.

With respect to development carrier C-1 (100 mass parts), mix the above-mentioned toner C-5 of 7.0 mass parts, obtain two-component system developer C-3.

Adopt this toner C-5, carry out the picture appraisal identical with Embodiment C-1.This evaluation result is listed in the table 6.

[Embodiment C-6]

In the manufacturing of toner C-5, add the hydrophobic titanium oxide particulate of handling by the normal-butyl trimethoxy silane from the outside, so that replace fine silica powder, carry out same evaluation.Its evaluation result is listed in the table 6.

In addition, change environment into 23 ℃/5% low temperature environment, carry out same evaluation, at this moment, image veil, line reproducibility reduce, and can obtain good effect.

[Embodiment C-7]

In Embodiment C-1, change environment into 23 ℃/5% low wet environment, carry out same evaluation, in addition, estimate by same method.Consequently, obtain the high-quality identical with Embodiment C-1.

[comparative example C-1]

With the mol ratio (Sb/Sn) of Sb and Sn is that 0.02 tin chloride and antimony chloride add water decomposition in hot water, in electric furnace coprecipitate is carried out roasting, obtains to comprise the tin oxide particulate of antimony.The tin oxide particulate that is obtained is cyan darkly.

With respect to toner particle C-2 (100 mass parts), (resistance is 3 * 10 with above-mentioned tin oxide particulate from the outside ³Ω cm) 13 mass parts and hydrophobic silica micro mist 1.2 mass parts make an addition in the Henschel mixer, obtain toner C-6.The ratio that tin oxide is present on the toner surface is that each toner particle is 5.0, and particulate is 0.25 with respect to the particle diameter ratio (S/T) of the mean grain size of toner.

This toner C-6 is put in the single component jump developer that Embodiment C-2 adopted, carry out the evaluation identical with Embodiment C-1.Its evaluation result is listed in the table 6.

[comparative example C-2]

Tin oxide particulate (the SnO of W elements will do not comprised ₂) 1.1 mass parts and hydrophobic silica micro mist 1.2 mass parts make an addition to toner particle C-1 (100 mass parts), modulation toner C-7.The ratio that tin oxide is present on the toner surface is 2.5 for each toner particle, and particulate is 0.18 with respect to the particle diameter ratio (S/T) of the mean grain size of toner.

Development carrier C-1 (100 mass parts) mixes the toner C-7 of 7.0 mass parts relatively, obtains two-component system developer C-7.

Adopt this developer to carry out the evaluation identical with Embodiment C-1.Its evaluation result is listed in the table 6.

[comparative example C-3]

Under hydrogen atmosphere, the tin oxide particulate that will be adopted in comparative example C-2 carries out roasting, obtains to make SnO ₂The tin oxide particulate of partial reduction.The tin oxide particulate that is obtained is black, and resistance is 2 * 10 ⁵Ω cm.

Except this tin oxide particulate that adopts 1.1 mass parts, according to the mode identical with comparative example C-2, modulation toner C-8 obtains two-component system developer C-8 in addition.

Adopt this developer, carry out the evaluation identical with Embodiment C-1.Its evaluation result is listed in the table 6.

[table 6]

	The image veil	Disperse	Line reproducibility
	The image veil	Disperse	Line reproducibility	Embodiment C-1	A	A	A
Embodiment C-2	A	A	A	Embodiment C-1	A	A	A
Embodiment C-2	A	A	A	Embodiment C-3	A	A	A
Embodiment C-4	A	A	A	Embodiment C-3	A	A	A
Embodiment C-4	A	A	A	Embodiment C-5	A	A	A
Embodiment C-6	A	A	A	Embodiment C-5	A	A	A
Embodiment C-6	A	A	A	Comparative example C-1	D	C	B
Comparative example C-2	D	B	B	Comparative example C-1	D	C	B
Comparative example C-2	D	B	B	Comparative example C-3	D	C	B

[Embodiment C-8]

Hold concurrently in the image processing system of cleaning having Embodiment B-15 development of being adopted, adopt toner C-2, identical with Embodiment B-15, carry out image and form.

In the present embodiment, adopt 75g/m as transfer materials ²The A4 copy paper, carry out 2000 printing according to intermittent mode, but do not see the reduction of development.

In addition, behind 2000 intermittent printing, cling in the charged roller 22 and the corresponding part of charged contact site n photoreceptor 21 with adhesive tape, observe, at this moment, confirm to have the transfer printing remaining toner of trace, but, covering by tin oxide particulate C-1 basically, amount is about 2.5 * 10 ⁴Individual/mm ²When the transfer printing remaining toner that is present in the contact site between live part and the image-carrier being observed by scan microscope, do not observe following particulate, in this particulate, its surface is capped according to being fixed with the very little atomic mode of particle diameter.

Also having, at the charged contact site n place of photoreceptor 21 with charged roller 22, have the state of tin oxide particulate C-1, because atomic resistance value is enough low, is 1 * 10 ⁴Ω cm so behind the intermittent printing at initial stage to 2000, do not produce the charged bad image deflects that cause, has obtained good direct injection charging property.

Because adopting the volume intrinsic resistance value of outermost layer of the Production Example 2 of photoreceptor as image-carrier is 5 * 10 ¹²The photoreceptor of Ω cm, so by keeping electrostatic latent image, obtain the character image of profile clearly, even behind 2000 intermittent printing, the direct injection that still can realize obtaining enough charging property is charged.The current potential of the photoreceptor after the direct injection behind 2000 the intermittent printing is charged is-570V with respect to adding charged bias voltage-650V, is slight with respect to the 60V that is reduced to of the charging property at initial stage, the reduction of the image quality that the reduction of charging property unconfirmed causes.

Have, adding the surface of adopting image-carrier is the photoreceptor (2) of the photoreceptor embodiment 2 of 102 degree with respect to the contact angle of water again, so even in the early stage with 2000 intermittent printing situation afterwards under, transfer efficiency is still very good.Even observing under the residual amount of tones of transfer printing situation seldom on the photoreceptor after the transfer printing, transfer printing remaining toner on the charged roller 22 behind 2000 the intermittent printing is micro-, the veil of non-image portion is very little, knows thus, and the recovery of the transfer printing remaining toner of development is good.In addition, even under the situation behind 2000 the intermittent printing, the damage on the photoreceptor is slight, and is corresponding with this damage, be suppressed in admissible degree in the practicality in the image deflects that produce on the image.

[Embodiment C-9]

Even the toner with this programme with the combined situation of the image processing system with a-Si photoreceptor under, can realize that still preferable image forms.

In Embodiment C-8, the photoreceptor of the a-Si that makes by following method replaces photoreceptor, in addition, carries out image equally and forms.

Adopt plasma CVD apparatus,, be manufactured on the a-Si photoreceptor that is stacked with restraining barrier, optical conductive layer and deposition surface layer on the cylindric conductive base by following condition.In addition, the silicon atom content of the superficial layer of the photoreceptor that is obtained is 49 atom % less than 0.01 atom %, hydrogen richness.

Lower barrier ... SiH ₄100ml/min (normally)

H ₂300ml/min (normally)

PH ₃800ppm (relative SiH ₄)

NO 5ml/min (normally)

Power 150W (13.56MHz)

The interior 80Pa that presses

280 ℃ of substrate temperatures

Thickness 3 μ m

Optical conductive layer ... SiH ₄350ml/min (normally)

H ₂600ml/min (normally)

B ₂H ₆0.5ppm (relative SiH ₄)

Power 400W (13.56MHz)

The interior 73Pa that presses

280 ℃ of substrate temperatures

Thickness 20 μ m

Superficial layer ... CH ₄500ml/min (normally)

Power 1000W (13.56MHz)

The interior 66.7Pa that presses

200 ℃ of substrate temperatures

Thickness 0.5 μ m

In the present embodiment, add as charged bias voltage-DC voltage of 500V, as the development bias voltage, on the DC voltage of-250V, impressed frequency is that 1800Hz, peak-to-peak voltage are the alternating voltage of 800V.

In the present embodiment, adopt 75g/m as transfer materials ²The A4 copy paper, according to clearance mode, carry out 2000 printing, but do not see the reduction of development.

In addition, behind 2000 intermittent printing, cling in charged roller 22 and the corresponding part of charged contact site n photoreceptor 21 with adhesive tape, observe, at this moment, confirm to have the transfer printing remaining toner of trace, but covered by tin oxide particulate C-1 basically, amount is about 2.0 * 10 ⁴Individual/mm ²By scan microscope, when the transfer printing remaining toner of the contact site that is present in live part and image-carrier is observed, do not observe following transfer printing remaining toner, its surface is according to being capped by the very little fixing mode of particulate of particle diameter.

In addition, at the charged contact site n place of photoreceptor 21 with charged roller 22, having the state of tin oxide particulate C-1, because atomic resistance value is enough low, is 1 * 10 ⁴Ω cm so behind the intermittent printing at initial stage to 2000, do not produce the charged bad image deflects that cause, has obtained good direct injection charging property.

Also have, though in the early stage with 2000 intermittent printing after, transfer efficiency is still good, after 2000 intermittent printing, the image that also can carry out good no cleaning forms.In addition, even behind 2000 intermittent printing, the damage on the photoreceptor does not take place still.

Claims

1. toner, it is characterized in that, the particulate that this toner has toner particle and adds in this toner particle outside, this toner particle contains adhering resin and colorant at least, above-mentioned particulate is the tin oxide particulate that contains W elements, in 0.001～0.3 scope, above-mentioned atomic volume average particle size is in the scope of 0.1～5 μ m with respect to the mol ratio W/Sn of tin element Sn for W elements W, and above-mentioned atomic resistance is 1 * 10 ²Ω cm～1 * 10 ⁹Ω cm.

2. toner according to claim 1 is characterized in that, above-mentioned particulate is that 0.3 or above 7.5 or following ratio are present on the surface of above-mentioned toner particle according to each toner particle.

3. toner according to claim 1 is characterized in that the weight average particle diameter of above-mentioned toner particle is in the scope of 3～10 μ m.

4. toner according to claim 1 is characterized in that, above-mentioned particulate contains number number percent 3% or following 5 μ m or above particle.

5. toner according to claim 1 is characterized in that, the ratio S/T of above-mentioned atomic mean grain size S and the mean grain size T of above-mentioned toner particle 0.5 or below.

6. toner according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, above-mentioned toner is except having above-mentioned particulate, also comprise following inorganic trickle powder, by selecting in silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, aluminium oxide and their composite oxides, the average primary particle diameter of this inorganic trickle powder is in the scope of 4～80nm at least for this inorganic trickle powder.

7. toner according to claim 6 is characterized in that, above-mentioned inorganic trickle powder was handled with silicone oil.