CN100510397C - Refrigerant compressor - Google Patents
Refrigerant compressor Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN100510397C CN100510397C CNB2007100850383A CN200710085038A CN100510397C CN 100510397 C CN100510397 C CN 100510397C CN B2007100850383 A CNB2007100850383 A CN B2007100850383A CN 200710085038 A CN200710085038 A CN 200710085038A CN 100510397 C CN100510397 C CN 100510397C
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- oil
- liner
- weight
- asbestos
- pad
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
- F04B39/00—Component parts, details, or accessories, of pumps or pumping systems specially adapted for elastic fluids, not otherwise provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F04B25/00 - F04B37/00
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K7/00—Use of ingredients characterised by shape
- C08K7/02—Fibres or whiskers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
- C09K5/02—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used
- C09K5/04—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa
- C09K5/041—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
- F04B35/00—Piston pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids and characterised by the driving means to their working members, or by combination with, or adaptation to, specific driving engines or motors, not otherwise provided for
- F04B35/04—Piston pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids and characterised by the driving means to their working members, or by combination with, or adaptation to, specific driving engines or motors, not otherwise provided for the means being electric
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B31/00—Compressor arrangements
- F25B31/02—Compressor arrangements of motor-compressor units
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B9/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point
- F25B9/002—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the refrigerant
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
- F05B2210/00—Working fluid
- F05B2210/10—Kind or type
- F05B2210/14—Refrigerants with particular properties, e.g. HFC-134a
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S417/00—Pumps
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Compressor (AREA)
- Sealing Material Composition (AREA)
Abstract
The invention provides compressor with reliable environmental protection adopting the following refrigerant compression pad. The pad used in refrigerant compressor doesn't use asbestos, it keeps the leak tightness of the members and has good intensity and wear, and it hasn't the situation of producing precipitate and accelerating the deterioration of the refrigerator oil. An inner pad (15) having hermetical compression mechanism (3) is set In the refrigerant compressor comprising a closed container (2) storing the refrigerator oil in which stores compression mechanism (3) and electric motor mechanism (4), the pad (15) adopts the seal pad which contains combining materials, filler materials and non-asbestos materials parent metal fiber and has good thermal stability, oil resistance, refrigerating fluid resistance.
Description
Technical field
For example the present invention relates to refrigerator, room air conditioner is the coolant compressor of the refrigerating and air conditioning system etc. of representative.
Background technique
In the past, the liner as using in the inside of coolant compressor had used asbestos seal gasket.This asbestos seal gasket be by supplying between the pair of rolls in conjunction with the used for sealing gasket composition that material and compounding ingredient obtain as base material and mixed rubber etc. with asbestos, it is added hot compression and make.The asbestos seal gasket that obtains like this is fine and close and uniform laminar body, and heat resistance is also superior.
In recent years, the someone pointed out the influence of asbestos to human body.Be used in the coolant compressor of refrigerator, compressing member is configured in the seal container, and asbestos are blended in the rubber, and is cured, therefore, when reality is used refrigerator, the possibility that does not have asbestos to disperse.In addition, when product discarded, also be the legal restrictions object that household electrical appliances utilize method etc. again, and also do suitable processing in the equipment utilizing again, therefore, do not have asbestos to disperse to the possibility of outside.
But, recently, having limited the use of asbestos in the world wide gradually, liner still develops towards the liner of asbestos.Fiber in inorfil, can be enumerated glass fibre, mineral fibre, carbon fiber, ceramic fiber, potassium titanate fibre, wollastonite fibre etc. as an alternative.In organic fiber, can enumerate aramide-fibre, polyolefine fiber, polyacrylonitril fiber, poly-to conduct representatives such as benzene benzo-dioxazole fibers.As the liner that does not use asbestos record in patent documentation 1.
[patent documentation 1] spy opens flat 7-No. 216342 communiques
Yet the someone points out: under the situation that organic fibers such as inorfil such as combine glass and aramide-fibre use, when mixing these materials, inorfil is pulverized, and causes reducing as the sealing of liner.In addition; therefore bad dispersibility when inorfil mixes usually, exists following problem; that is: be difficult to obtain the homodisperse used for sealing gasket composition of fiber, cause that the intensity and the stress retentivity of the liner that obtains of used for sealing gasket composition are poor dispersedly unevenly by fiber.
To this, use organic fiber in a large number as substrate fiber and have the problem of poor heat resistance in the liner that forms.In addition, compare, under asbestos seal gasket is in situation under the High Temperature High Pressure with asbestos seal gasket, wherein the rubber constituent of Pei Heing is owing to thermal process causes that curing, decomposition, disappearance etc. are aging, therefore, sealing reduces in the short period of time, so reliability reduces.
In addition, in the situation of the combination of HFC series coolant/ester oil etc. down, bound fractions such as rubber constituent are corroded, and its result causes lacking as the desired durability of the liner of hermetic type compressor, and sealing is also insufficient.And then the unreacted sulfuration composition that is contained in the asbestos-free diaphragm seal is that sulphur or superoxide dissolving are separated out in refrigerator oil, thereby, produce the remarkable possibilities that reduces the performance of compressor such as making the refrigerator oil deterioration.
Summary of the invention
The present invention makes in view of the above problems, and its purpose is to provide suitable environmental preservation, and keeps the confidentiality of compressing member, guarantees intensity and durability, the coolant compressor of the deterioration of freezing-inhibiting machine oil.
To achieve these goals, in the seal container of storing refrigerator oil, contain in the coolant compressor of compressor section and motor part, the present invention possesses: the liner that seals the inside of described compression mechanical part, described liner adopts gasket seal, the sealing pad contains in conjunction with material, fills material and non-asbestos are substrate fiber, and heat resistance, oil resistance, anti-refrigeration agent are superior.
In the present invention, even adopt the liner that is made of the composition beyond the asbestos, also do not produce precipitation, promote the situation of the deterioration of refrigerator oil, preferred mode is as described below.
(1) as the material of liner, the aramide-fibre that contains 5～30 weight % in the fibre content of having removed solvent is a substrate fiber as non-asbestos, contains zine oxide 1～15 weight %.
(2), contain the inorganic material of 50～90 weight % as described filling material as the carbon black that contains 1～15 weight % in conjunction with material.
(3) use hydrocarbon (Ha イ De ロ カ-ボ Application) as refrigeration agent, as refrigerator oil, using viscosity is 10～80mm under 40 ℃
2In the PAG oil of/s, polyatomic alcohol polybasic alcohol ester oil, poly-α-alkene oil, paraffin series mineral oil, the naphthene series mineral oil any or mix two or more uses.
(4) use hydrogen fluorohydrocarbon (Ha イ De ロ Off Le オ ロ カ-ボ Application) as refrigeration agent, as refrigerator oil, using viscosity is 10～80mm under 40 ℃
2In the PAG oil of/s, polyatomic alcohol polybasic alcohol ester oil, poly-α-alkene oil, paraffin series mineral oil, the naphthene series mineral oil any or mix two or more uses.
According to the present invention as can be known, can provide be fit to save environment from damage and keep confidentiality, guarantee intensity and durability, the coolant compressor of the deterioration of freezing-inhibiting machine oil.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the sectional drawing as the sealed electrical compressor of the coolant compressor of present embodiment.
Fig. 2 is the External view of liner.
1-sealed electrical compressor (coolant compressor); 2-seal container; 3-compression mechanical part; 4-motor part; 5-framework; 6-axle; 7-piston; 8-cylinder; 9-end cap; 10-bolt; 11-spring; 12-motor; 13-stator; 14-rotor; 15-liner.
Embodiment
Below, with reference to accompanying drawing, embodiments of the invention are described.Fig. 1 is the sectional drawing of the coolant compressor of expression present embodiment, and the coolant compressor of present embodiment is the sealed electrical compressor that contains compression mechanical part and motor part in seal container.Fig. 2 is the External view of the liner that uses in the present embodiment.
That sealed electrical compressor has is rotary, eddy type, multiple compress mode such as reciprocating type.In addition, in reciprocating type, also have multiple modes such as piston rod type or dog link.Fig. 1 represents the sealed electrical compressor of dog link formula, but uses the liner at present embodiment to be not limited to the dog link formula.
Top in seal container 2 is provided with compression mechanical part 3, and motor part 4 is set in the bottom, and the stator 13 usefulness bolts 10 of motor 12 are fixed on the framework 5, and in addition, rotor 14 and axle 16 are by being pressed into or shrink fit is connected.These pass through spring 11 elastic support in seal container 2.
If like this sealed electrical compressor that constitutes drives by motor 12, then piston 7 rotatablely moves by the off-centre via the crankshaft 6 of 14 supportings of rotor, carries out back and forth movement, refrigerant gas is sucked in the cylinder 8, and compression, and with its ejection.At this, adopt liner 15 between cylinder 8 and the end cap 9, prevent the freezing medium leakage in cylinder 8.
In addition, storage has refrigerator oil in seal container 2.If drive motor 12, then crankshaft 6 rotations, refrigerator oil passes through the position of the effect elevator of its pump to compression mechanical part 3, and is fed into the sliding parts of compression mechanical part 3.Thereby the sliding parts of cylinder 8 and piston 7 is also lubricated, carries out stable motion.So, because refrigerator oil also is fed in the cylinder 8, therefore, be positioned at cylinder 8 in the liner 15 of portion be not only heat resistance or anti-refrigeration agent also has problems.
Therefore, trial-production contains the liner of various compositions, and resistance to pressure or intensity are estimated.The liner of estimating in the table 1 expression present embodiment contain composition.
Table 1
Liner contain composition
Contain the aramide-fibre of 10～20 weight % as the liner material shown in the embodiment,, use carbon black (use level: 1～10 weight %) as in conjunction with material.In addition, consider the intensity maintenance and contain zine oxide that remaining composition is inorganic filling material.Also have, in the table 1, the content of inorganic filling material is expressed as 60～80 weight %, but this is general data, according to the content of aramide-fibre, zine oxide or carbon black, can be 50～90 weight %.
Comparative example 1 is that fiber 20 weight %, NBR latex 15 weight %, residue are the example of inorganic filling material of 65 weight %, comparative example 2 be amount to the aramide-fibre that contains 1～10 weight % and fiber, NBR latex 20 weight %, residue is the example of the inorganic filling material of 70 weight %.
Comparative example 3 is the liners that contain the asbestos that in the past just used, and contains the asbestos of 44 weight %, and carbon black is 10 weight %, remains to be inorganic filling material.That is, the performance of the liner of this comparative example 3 (heat resistance or oil resistance etc.) is as the comparison other of the performance of the liner that uses in the coolant compressor.
About these embodiments and comparative example, implemented sealed tube test.Sealing pipe test especially with the oil resistant/refrigeration agent evaluation of liner material as purpose, according to the method for the supporting material 2 of abideing by JIS K2211 " refrigerator oil ".As test conditions, in developmental tube, put into three as by the liner of the dumbbell shape that is processed as length 50mm, wide 3mm, thick 0.8mm of sample, after injecting oily 3g, refrigeration agent 0.5g, seal, 130 ℃ of down heating after 40 days, measure outward appearance, and the tenacity of look (form and aspect), acid number, the liner of oil.
About the combination of refrigeration agent and refrigerator oil,, test with the combination of hydrocarbon/mineral oil, the combination of hydrogen fluorohydrocarbon/ester oil as representative.Use R600a as hydrocarbon coolant,, use R134a as fluoroether refrigerant.The acid value measuring of the freezing mechanism after the test is abideed by JIS K2501 " petroleum products and lubricant oil-neutralization value test method ".In addition, the tenacity of liner carries out with the method for abideing by JIS R3453 " gasket seal ".
These evaluation results are as shown in table 2.
Table 2
Analysis composition after the test
As shown in table 2, from the influence that produces to deterioration unconfirmed of embodiment's liner to refrigerator oil.Especially, by comparative example 1 and comparative example 2 as can be known, strong to the erosion of ester oil.In addition, the decline that can also confirm intensity is compared comparative example 1, comparative example 2 less.That is, can confirm: about the evaluation of oil resistant/refrigeration agent, present embodiment is more superior than comparative example 1,2.In addition, also equate about erosion with comparative example 3 to ester oil.About tenacity, than comparative example 3 differences slightly, be enough to no problem intensity but can confirm as the liner that uses between cylinder in the coolant compressor 8 and the end cap 9.
In comparative example 1,2, adopt the same rubber constituent of NBR latex, think that the filling material (plasticizing agent) in this rubber constituent promotes refrigerator oil, in addition, liner self also is subjected to the influence of refrigerator oil and variation.In the present embodiment, do not use the NBR latex and form liner, and contain aramide-fibre and zine oxide, therefore, think that it keeps playing effect to intensity.
About heat resistance, the specification temperature range of the liner of present embodiment is-100 ℃～180 ℃, and this test temperature condition is not the deterioration that causes liner self.But, no problem in order to confirm in the actual machine, and under the temperature that makes compressor rises to situation about 115 ℃, carry out product assembling life test in order to confirm sealing.
As test conditions, for example, at high temperature and high speed continuously under the situation of running, room temperature is made as 44 ℃, rotating speed and is made as 4900min
-1, when running pressure be made as Pd/Ps=0.06/0.9Mpa.According to this condition, the temperature of compressor is about 115 ℃, owing to be exposed under the discharge gas of high temperature, near the temperature the liner is in the state about 180 ℃.Under this condition, carry out 90 days trial run, roughly be equivalent to 10 years under the common Environmental Conditions.
Confirm: after implementing this product assembling test, unload compressor, apply the airload of 1Mpa, also do not have sealing problem.In addition, about refrigerator oil, also recovery test oil confirms the deterioration of refrigerator oil.
In the liner of present embodiment, may not contain more than the aramide-fibre 10 weight %, but think to have removed and contain at least outside the solvent more than the 5 weight %.In addition, need be in 20 weight %, but need at most in 30 weight %.Zine oxide is suppressed at 15 weight % too, then can expect to bring into play at least as the no problem performance of using between cylinder in the coolant compressor 8 and the end cap 9 of liner.According to the content of above-mentioned each composition and difference is made as in maximum 15 weight % by the content with carbon black, other are inorganic filling material, make liner in conjunction with material.
In addition, in table 2, shown the result who has adopted ester oil and mineral oil as refrigerator oil, even but can confirm refrigerator oil for other, the scope that does not also have special problem under in the present embodiment the situation used as the liner of coolant compressor.As mineral oil,, almost do not find the deterioration of liner and refrigerator oil even be any of paraffin or naphthene series yet.In addition, poly-α-alkene oil or PAG oil are carried out identical evaluation, but these deterioration reaction is compared also convergence with comparative example 1,2.
By adopting this liner, there is not the situation of the deterioration that promotes refrigerator oil, the intensity that also suppresses liner reduces, and in addition, does not also produce precipitation, thereby, can provide reliability high compressor.
Claims (2)
1. coolant compressor, it contains compression mechanical part and motor part in the seal container of storing refrigerator oil, it is characterized in that,
Possess: seal the liner of the inside of described compression mechanical part, described liner has adopted gasket seal, and the sealing pad contains in conjunction with material, fills material and non-asbestos are substrate fiber, and heat resistance, oil resistance, anti-refrigeration agent are superior,
As the material of described liner, the aramide-fibre that will contain 20～30 weight % in the fibre content of having removed solvent is a substrate fiber as non-asbestos, contains zine oxide 1～15 weight %,
Use hydrocarbon or hydrogen fluorohydrocarbon as refrigeration agent, as refrigerator oil, using viscosity is 10～80mm under 40 ℃
2In the PAG oil of/s, polyatomic alcohol polybasic alcohol ester oil, poly-α-alkene oil, paraffin series mineral oil, the naphthene series mineral oil any or mix two or more uses.
2. coolant compressor according to claim 1 is characterized in that,
Contain the carbon black of 1～15 weight % as described in conjunction with material, contain the inorganic material of 50～90 weight % as described filling material.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2006137213A JP4866655B2 (en) | 2006-05-17 | 2006-05-17 | Refrigerant compressor |
| JP2006137213 | 2006-05-17 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN101074662A CN101074662A (en) | 2007-11-21 |
| CN100510397C true CN100510397C (en) | 2009-07-08 |
Family
ID=38842254
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNB2007100850383A Expired - Fee Related CN100510397C (en) | 2006-05-17 | 2007-02-28 | Refrigerant compressor |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP4866655B2 (en) |
| KR (1) | KR100856630B1 (en) |
| CN (1) | CN100510397C (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN108603506B (en) * | 2016-02-19 | 2020-11-03 | 松下知识产权经营株式会社 | Refrigerant compressor and refrigeration device using same |
Family Cites Families (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH01210664A (en) * | 1988-02-16 | 1989-08-24 | Nippon Reinz Co Ltd | Gasket with grommet |
| JPH01229091A (en) * | 1988-03-08 | 1989-09-12 | Nippon Reinz Co Ltd | Composition for gasket and production of gasket |
| JP2568470B2 (en) * | 1992-03-17 | 1997-01-08 | ニチアス株式会社 | Gasket sheet material |
| KR0143182B1 (en) * | 1994-04-29 | 1998-08-01 | 김광호 | Compressor |
| JPH07305772A (en) * | 1994-05-11 | 1995-11-21 | Nippon Valqua Ind Ltd | Nonasbestine filler material for spiral gasket |
| JPH0835562A (en) * | 1994-07-26 | 1996-02-06 | Nisshinbo Ind Inc | Head gasket or muffler gasket for compressor of refrigerator |
| JP2945844B2 (en) * | 1994-12-16 | 1999-09-06 | 松下冷機株式会社 | Refrigeration equipment |
| JP4316048B2 (en) | 1999-05-12 | 2009-08-19 | 三菱電機株式会社 | Refrigerant circulation system |
| JP2002194330A (en) * | 2000-12-26 | 2002-07-10 | Ask Technica Corp | Composition for forming joint sheet |
| JP2002194331A (en) * | 2000-12-27 | 2002-07-10 | Tomoegawa Paper Co Ltd | Gasket |
| JP3946032B2 (en) * | 2001-11-21 | 2007-07-18 | 東洋紡績株式会社 | Joint sheet forming composition and joint sheet |
| JP2005155460A (en) * | 2003-11-26 | 2005-06-16 | Sanyo Electric Co Ltd | Compressor |
| JP2005283110A (en) * | 2005-03-16 | 2005-10-13 | Sanyo Electric Co Ltd | Refrigerating device |
-
2006
- 2006-05-17 JP JP2006137213A patent/JP4866655B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2007
- 2007-02-27 KR KR1020070019300A patent/KR100856630B1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2007-02-28 CN CNB2007100850383A patent/CN100510397C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2007309153A (en) | 2007-11-29 |
| KR20070111316A (en) | 2007-11-21 |
| JP4866655B2 (en) | 2012-02-01 |
| CN101074662A (en) | 2007-11-21 |
| KR100856630B1 (en) | 2008-09-03 |
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Granted publication date: 20090708 Termination date: 20160228 |