CN100420907C - 天然气生产、运输、卸载、储存及向销售地分送的方法 - Google Patents

天然气生产、运输、卸载、储存及向销售地分送的方法 Download PDF

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CN100420907C
CN100420907C CNB018015492A CN01801549A CN100420907C CN 100420907 C CN100420907 C CN 100420907C CN B018015492 A CNB018015492 A CN B018015492A CN 01801549 A CN01801549 A CN 01801549A CN 100420907 C CN100420907 C CN 100420907C
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natural gas
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凯文·肯内利
保罗·D·帕特森
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BP Corp North America Inc
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Abstract

本发明提供了天然气生产、运输、卸载、储存和向销售地分送的有效方法。所述方法包括从第一地下储气层生产天然气，将天然气液化以生产液化天然气，将液化天然气输送到再气化平台，卸载和加压液化天然气，再气化液化天然气以生产再气化的天然气，以及将再气化的天然气注入到第二地下储气层中，该地下储气层具有储存天然气的能力，以及从第二地下储气层生产产品天然气，并通过分送系统将产品天然气流输送到销售地。

Description

天然气生产、运输、卸载、储存及向销售地分送的方法
发明背景
技术领域
本发明涉及天然气生产、运输、卸载、加压、储存和向销售地分送的有效方法，所述天然气采自距销售地偏远的地下储气层，而所述的销售地使用能储存天然气的地下储气层。
背景技术
由于天然气燃烧清洁和使用方便，近年来已被广泛用于工业应用和民用加热。大多数的天然气源在偏远的地区，在每一销售地并非都可方便地获得。当销售地不能通过管道输送获得天然气时，生产的天然气通常被加压液化为液化天然气(LNG)以运输到销售地。LNG工厂的一个显著特征是其厂房建设投资很大。
在LNG销售前，需要另外的大量投资，在目的地靠近销售地建造低温储罐以储存LNG。这些低温设施相对比较昂贵，而且需要再气化LNG，以通过管道系统或其它方式将其输送到最终的用户。
通过管道输送天然气到销售地，天然气需求在高峰和低谷期间的变化很大。在这种情况下，有时天然气被储存于地下储气层或空穴中。天然气以气体形式输送到地下储存，随后再从地下储气层输送到管道或其它系统以将其分送到最终用户。这些系统要求所述地下储存区储存的天然气可从管道以气体形式获得。
天然气通常在约1.76×105kg/m2～7.03×106kg/m2[约250psig(磅/平方英寸，表压)～约10,000psig]的压力、约26.7℃～176.7℃[约80°F～约350°F]的温度条件下，从地下储气层中获得。该气体通过已知技术被加工成液化天然气。可使用各种冷却循环使天然气液化，有三种最常用的循环：阶式循环是使用以步进式排列的多个单组分制冷剂和热交换剂，使气体温度降低到液化温度；膨胀循环是从高压降到低压时气体膨胀，同时相应的温度降低；以及多组分制冷循环，其使用多组分制冷剂和特别设计的热交换剂使天然气液化。也可使用这些加工过程的组合。LNG通常用低温贮罐海轮运送。
如前述，这两种方法存在某种缺点，即管道系统的建设限制了天然气的管道输送；因此，天然气可以气体形式储存在地下储气层、空穴或地面储存设施中，但其仅限于大量天然气可输送到的地区，而后在需求淡季时使用。类似地，(在销售地或其附近进行液化)液化天然气的使用也仅限于一年中至少有一段时间输送过量天然气的地区。如前述，这样也需要建造并使用相对昂贵的低温贮罐。
在偏远的生产地液化的液化天然气的使用，也需要使用低温储存设施，以及在销售地或其附近将其再气化的设备，这样使LNG能够储存直到其需要再气化并使用。
如前述，由天然气生产液化天然气的各种系统已为公众熟知。例如在下列专利中公开的一些系统，1977年7月5日公布的Leonard K.Swenson的美国专利4,033,735，1997年8月19日公布的Brian C.Price的美国专利5,657,643，以及1974年12月24日公布的Simon等的美国专利3,855,810。
液化天然气的再气化系统也为公众熟知。这些系统相差较大，但包括：敞开架式汽化器，其通常用海水作为热交换介质，管壳式汽化器，其使用海水、乙二醇淡水混合物或丙烷，以及中间体作为热交换介质。浸没燃烧汽化器、蒸汽加热汽化器以及环境空气加热汽化器是液化天然气再气化的其它方法。可以使用广泛的各种汽化器，只要其能够用适当的热交换介质通过热交换使LNG再气化即可。
因此，通过前述将天然气输送到用户的任一方法，从其运行费用看，所述方法的运行费用都比较高，为此进行了持续不断的努力，目的开发从偏远天然气生产地将其输送到销售地的更加有效的方法。
发明简要
本发明提供了天然气生产、运输、卸载、储存和向销售地分送的有效方法，所述方法包括：从第一地下储气层生产天然气，将天然气液化以生产液化天然气，将液化天然气输送到再气化设施(陆地上、海上或二者的结合)，卸载并在适当的压力下再气化天然气以生产可注入的再气化天然气，将再气化的天然气注入到第二地下储气层中，该底下层具有储存天然气的能力。使用生产井和配有管道的相关设施，以从第二地下储气层将储存的天然气输送到销售地。
附图简述
本图是本发明实施方式的示意图。
优选实施方式的描述
根据本发明，天然气通过下述过程可有效地输送到销售地，在生产地或附近将天然气液化，将液化天然气输送到再气化设施，卸载并加压液化天然气达到再注入的压力，在压力下再气化天然气，将天然气注入到适于储存天然气的地下储气层中，该储存的天然气作为产品从第二地下储气层通过分送体系将其输送到销售地。上面描述的气体再注入压力可以达到，如在再气化前将液化天然气加压，或气化后用常规的天然气压缩设备加压，或采用它们的组合。再气化天然气的再注入速度与液化天然气的卸载速度相同，因此可省去在再气化平台上的低温液化天然气储罐。接着天然气被储存在第二地下储气层中直到其制备成分送气体。使用生产井和配有到销售地的管道的相关设施，从第二地下储气层将储存的天然气输送到销售地。通过采用与以前使用的从第二地下储气层生产天然气相同的生产系统可生产气体，通过采用与以前使用的从第二地下储气层中分送天然气相同的分送体系可分送气体。
尽管天然气能够以LNG和再气化气体输送，而且能够直接分送到管道，在其以相对连续的速度再气化，稳定供给管道之前，需要建造昂贵的低温设施储存LNG。使用第二地下储气层以储存天然气，因此可省去低温储存，而且可根据销售地需求改变天然气的生产速度。与以前使用的昂贵的低温储存设施相比，这是一种更加经济和灵活的储存和分送LNG的系统。
如图1所示，本发明的实施方式包括：海上平台10，其包括产气井和为从第一偏远的地下储气层11生产天然气所安装的生产设施，所述地下储气层11指天然产气田。海平面16上的平台由从海底14的支柱12支撑。通过气井18(箭头20示意)实现生产。生产的气体通过由平台10延伸的管道22送到LNG工厂(如24所示)，产气井和LNG工厂的生产设施可以在海上(如示意)，或根据地下产气层11的位置也可在陆地上。所示LNG工厂24在陆地26上。只要方便，LNG工厂24可以建设在平台、漂移容器或接触海底的容器上，或者在陆地上。在LNG工厂24中，天然气被液化并输送到LNG储存处28中。从LNG储存处28，轮船30(示意为LNG油轮)装载液化的天然气并运输到码头和再气化平台32。平台32由从海底14的支柱34支撑。平台32建造的足够牢固允许油轮靠近码头并从LNG油轮30上卸载天然气。在平台32使用低温增强泵给LNG加压，然后用公知的方法再气化。也可使用任何适当的热交换系统再气化，如敞开架式汽化器，管壳式汽化器，其使用海水、乙二醇淡水混合物或丙烷作为中间体，或使用任何适当的热交换介质。浸没燃烧汽化器、蒸汽加热汽化器或环境空气加热汽化器及类似汽化器。可以使用这些汽化器的组合。优选海水作为平台32上的热交换介质。尽管天然气可用任何适当的热交换方法再气化，但本发明优选使用敞开架式汽化器，海水作为热交换介质。上面描述的所需的气体再注入压力可以达到，如在再气化前将液化天然气加压，或气化后用常规的天然气压缩设备加压，或采用它们的组合技术。天然气于是经过注入平台36，该平台36由从海底14的支柱38支撑，在此通过气井40将天然气注入到第二地下储气层44中(箭头42示意)。第二地下储气层44有储存天然气的能力，该地下储气层可以是耗尽、或至少是部分耗尽的地下储气层，所述储气层以前产量丰富，完全有必要建造产气井、收集设施和从地下储气层44分送到销售地的输送管道等一整套系统。在液化的天然气再气化过程中和之后，通过气井50(箭头52示意)将天然气从地下储气层44输送到平台46实现天然气的生产，平台46从海底14由支柱48支撑。平台36和46可以作为设施建造在陆地上，也可建造在海上平台。但优选平台32建造在海上近海区域，以使油轮靠近并卸载，同时也方便使用海水作为热交换介质。
通过平台46，从第二地下储气层将生产的气体经由管道54输送到管道系统56。可以理解，示意的平台46表示从地下储气层回收天然气而建造的多个平台。对本领域技术人员而言，从含有天然气田的地下储气层中生产天然气，公知的方法中可以使用多个平台，或使用导向钻探气井的平台或二者的组合，以及类似方法。同样，示意的管道54可以使用多个收集管。收集的天然气被输送到管道系统56中，该系统未详细示意。本领域的技术人员应理解，在将天然气输送到商业管道系统前，可能有必要处理回收的天然气，以除去硫化氢和二氧化碳化合物、水和可能的其它杂质，实际上通常是必要的。
根据本发明，天然气被液化而且能够通过油轮或其它方式，从偏远的气田远距离输送到再气化设施，在此天然气卸载、加压、再气化并储存，而不需要低温储存设施，从有储存天然气能力的第二地下储气层，经过生产井和收集设施以及管道分送系统可生产天然气。
总之，本发提供了天然气生产、运输、卸载、储存和向销售地分送的非常有效的方法。通过使用在第二地下储气层44的现有储存能力可达到节约的目的，当从油轮30卸载LNG时，再气化过程的使用避免了在平台32的低温储存。通过比较本发明和现有的从偏远的天然气田生产和输送天然气的方法，本发明方法的优点可以节约相当多的费用。本发明也允许使用足够的再气化能力，以加速LNG油轮的卸载，这样可使油船因卸载而滞留的时间最短。
通常，天然气在平台32被再气化，当其通过气井40在约10℃～29.4℃(约50°F～约85°F)的温度范围注入时，注入天然气的温度略高于第二地下储气层中气体水合物的温度。根据耗尽的储气层所需的压力，在约1.41×105kg/m2～175.8×105kg/m2(约200psi～约2500psi)的压力或更高的压力时注入天然气。天然气输送到管道56的条件，考虑压力、温度和气体杂质等因素，当然是根据各自管道系统的要求而设定。
参考特定的优选实施方式，对本发明进行了描述，所公开的实施方式是说明性的，并不限制其本质特征，在本发明的范围内可进行许多的变化和修改。参考上面描述的本发明优选实施方式，对本领域的技术人员而言，许多这样的变化和修改显而易见。

Claims (18)

1. 天然气生产、运输、卸载、储存和向销售地分送的有效方法，所述方法包括：
(a)从第一地下储气层生产天然气；
(b)将天然气液化以生产液化天然气；
(c)将液化天然气输送到再气化平台；
(d)再气化液化天然气以生产再气化的天然气；以及
(e)将再气化的天然气注入到第二天然形成的地下储气层中，该地下储气层包括气井和从所述第二地下储气层回收所述天然气的设施以及管线，而且从第二地下储气层通过分送系统将产品天然气流输送到销售地，所述第二地下储气层为含有天然气或耗尽天然气的地下储气层。
2. 权利要求1所述的方法，其中在液化前，将天然气处理以除去硫化氢、二氧化碳、水和其它杂质。
3. 权利要求1所述的方法，其中通过船只输送液化天然气。
4. 权利要求1所述的方法，其中在再气化前将液化天然气加压，或再气化后用常规的天然气压缩设备加压，或采用二者的组合来达到天然气的再注入压力。
5. 权利要求1所述的方法，其中液化天然气通过与海水热交换进行再气化。
6. 权利要求1所述的方法，其中液化天然气再气化使用的热交换系统选自敞开架式汽化器，使用海水、乙二醇淡水混合物或丙烷作为中间体的管壳式汽化器，浸没燃烧汽化器，蒸汽加热汽化器以及环境空气加热汽化器。
7. 权利要求1所述的方法，其中天然气再气化使用敞开架式汽化器与海水进行热交换。
8. 权利要求1所述的方法，其中再气化的天然气，在温度0℃～26.7℃时注入到第二地下储气层中，所述温度高于第二地下储气层中气体水合物的温度。
9. 权利要求1所述的方法，其中再气化的天然气注入到第二地下储气层的压力高于第二地下储气层内的压力。
10. 权利要求9所述的方法，其中压力为1.41×105kg/m2～175.8×105kg/m2。
11. 权利要求1所述的方法，其中从第一地下储气层生产天然气能通过陆地气井和生产设施和/或海上气井和生产设施来实现。
12. 权利要求1所述的方法，其中再气化设施、再注入气井和天然气注入到第二地下储气层的设施，以及气井和从第二地下储气层的生产设施，建造在海上、陆地上或二者的组合。
13. 权利要求1所述的方法，其中液化天然气到陆地的输送设施，是与码头有关的常规卸载\入港\停泊设施以及低温管道。
14. 天然气生产、运输、卸载、储存和向销售地分送的有效方法，所述方法包括：
(a)从第一地下储气层生产天然气；
(b)将天然气液化以生产液化天然气；
(c)将液化天然气输送到再气化设施；
(d)卸载和加压液化天然气；
(e)再气化液化天然气以生产再气化的加压天然气；以及
(f)将再气化的天然气注入到第二天然形成的地下储气层中，该地下储气层包括气井和从所述第二地下储气层回收所述天然气的设施以及管线，而且从第二地下储气层通过分送系统将产品天然气流输送到销售地，所述第二地下储气层为含有天然气或耗尽天然气的地下储气层。
15. 天然气向销售地分送的有效方法，所述方法包括：
(a)再气化液化天然气以生产再气化的天然气；以及
(b)将再气化的天然气注入到第二天然形成的地下储气层中，该地下储气层包括气井和从所述第二地下储气层回收所述天然气的设施以及管线，而且从第二地下储气层通过分送系统将产品天然气流输送到销售地，所述第二地下储气层为含有天然气或耗尽天然气的地下储气层。
16. 权利要求15所述的方法，其中在再气化前将液化天然气加压，或再气化后用常规的天然气压缩设备加压，或采用二者的组合来达到天然气的再注入压力。
17. 权利要求15所述的方法，其中液化天然气通过与海水热交换进行再气化。
18. 权利要求15所述的方法，其中液化天然气再气化使用的热交换系统选自敞开架式汽化器，使用海水、乙二醇淡水混合物或丙烷作为中间体的管壳式汽化器，浸没燃烧汽化器，蒸汽加热汽化器以及环境空气加热汽化器。
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US6298671B1 (en) 2001-10-09
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