CN100386502C - 具有改进的罩或密封件的蒸汽/气体涡轮机 - Google Patents

具有改进的罩或密封件的蒸汽/气体涡轮机 Download PDF

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CN100386502C
CN100386502C CNB038266393A CN03826639A CN100386502C CN 100386502 C CN100386502 C CN 100386502C CN B038266393 A CNB038266393 A CN B038266393A CN 03826639 A CN03826639 A CN 03826639A CN 100386502 C CN100386502 C CN 100386502C
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steam
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gas turbine
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CN1788142A (zh
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奥莱格·耐尔卓托夫
芙莱德伦·兹廷
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01DNON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D5/00Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
    • F01D5/12Blades
    • F01D5/14Form or construction
    • F01D5/141Shape, i.e. outer, aerodynamic form
    • F01D5/142Shape, i.e. outer, aerodynamic form of the blades of successive rotor or stator blade-rows
    • F01D5/143Contour of the outer or inner working fluid flow path wall, i.e. shroud or hub contour
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01DNON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D11/00Preventing or minimising internal leakage of working-fluid, e.g. between stages
    • F01D11/08Preventing or minimising internal leakage of working-fluid, e.g. between stages for sealing space between rotor blade tips and stator
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01DNON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D25/00Component parts, details, or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart from, other groups
    • F01D25/007Preventing corrosion
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01DNON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D5/00Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
    • F01D5/12Blades
    • F01D5/22Blade-to-blade connections, e.g. for damping vibrations
    • F01D5/225Blade-to-blade connections, e.g. for damping vibrations by shrouding
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05DINDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2220/00Application
    • F05D2220/30Application in turbines
    • F05D2220/31Application in turbines in steam turbines
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05DINDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2220/00Application
    • F05D2220/30Application in turbines
    • F05D2220/32Application in turbines in gas turbines
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05DINDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2260/00Function
    • F05D2260/60Fluid transfer
    • F05D2260/602Drainage
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05DINDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2260/00Function
    • F05D2260/95Preventing corrosion
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02TCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T50/00Aeronautics or air transport
    • Y02T50/60Efficient propulsion technologies, e.g. for aircraft

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Turbine Rotor Nozzle Sealing (AREA)
  • Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)
  • Sealing Using Fluids, Sealing Without Contact, And Removal Of Oil (AREA)

Abstract

蒸汽/气体涡轮机叶片的罩或等同部件、包括相邻密封件的不完善设计,导致可靠性和效率的减小。这些缺陷通过使用叶片的罩中的钻出的径向孔来被消除,这些孔以预先确定的方向沿着罩表面分布。密封件的特殊设计提供了沿着蒸汽/气体流的预先确定的径向间隙,便于蒸汽/气体通过罩孔输送,结果减缓了罩表面的压力梯度,降低了涡轮机的振动,并防止罩内表面上金属氧化物、盐或其它沉积物的形成。孔的数量和直径,连同它们对应的沉积物以及径向间隙值来调节涡轮机的效率,且可以基于提供的公式得到确定。

Description

具有改进的罩或密封件的蒸汽/气体涡轮机
发明领域
本发明涉及蒸汽和气体涡轮机、压缩空气装置和气体压力泵的制造和运行。更具体地说,本发明涉及蒸汽或气体涡轮机以及空气压缩机压力级(pressure stage),包括涡轮机转子叶片的罩上的密封件,所述密封件位于罩上或位于涡轮机定子上。
发明背景
所知的蒸汽涡轮压力级(图1和图2)设计有包含喷嘴(定向的)叶片2和遮罩3的喷嘴(定向的)组1、一个包含盘6、转子叶片7、罩8的转子叶轮、以及连接到如图1所示的喷嘴组的遮罩3上的,或者在另一个实施方案(显示在图2中)中连接到转子叶片的罩上的罩密封件4和5。
一个涡轮机级的罩密封件通常包含两个脊,其具有位于密封件中依蒸汽流的方向的第一脊4以及第二脊5,该两者形成了位于罩上方的包含径向间隙h1和h2的罩室11,以决定流经该密封件的蒸汽或气体的流动速率。
对每一级或级组,间隙h1和h2被设置为绝对值相等,所述值依赖于涡轮机部件的热膨胀条件,也依赖于汽轮发电机组阈值功率即产生低频振动的功率的条件。
因此,此类机器的叶片的带形罩或同样部件的不完美设计,包括邻接密封件的不完美设计导致可靠性和效率的下降。
同时,如图1和图2所示,罩的内表面形成金属氧化物和盐的沉积物。
如图1和图2所述的蒸汽或气体涡轮机级具有在涡轮机运行过程中出现的如下明显缺陷:
a)由于在该级周围沿罩周边的径向间隙的不均匀分布,将产生空气动力学的托马斯力,引起涡轮机转子和它的支撑件的振动和不稳定运行;
b)罩的内表面形成金属氧化物和盐的氧化物,该氧化物的出现将封闭转子叶片自由流动区域的一部分,这导致额定效率因子的降低以及随后涡轮机功率的降低。
c)由于p.(b)与相当的涡轮机负载变化而引起的过量的燃料燃烧导致燃料资源的额外耗费。
发明简述
通过在叶片的罩中钻径向孔的方式来消除这些缺点。流经罩孔的蒸汽的传输导致在罩表面的压力梯度的减小,并防止罩内表面上金属氧化物、盐及其它沉积物的形成。这些孔的数量和直径,连同它们对应的沉积物和在罩凸起的密封件中的径向间隙值调整它们的效率。
图1和图2所示的一种蒸汽(气体)涡轮机(压缩机)压力级包含一个具有喷嘴(定向的)叶片2和一个遮罩3的喷嘴(定向的)组1、位于图2中罩8上的密封罩脊4和5或脊4和5、以及具有位于转子叶片7上的罩8的转子叶轮,其在增加涡轮机的效率因子和运行可靠性的目的方面是不同的,罩密封件的第二脊5的径向间隙h2,沿蒸汽/气体流动方向被制作为小于罩密封件的脊4的径向间隔h1,以及在罩8的部分13、14、15,靠近单叶片间通道处有多个径向排放孔12(图3,图4,图5和图6所示),这些孔被均匀地分布在罩8的部分13、14、16的表面。所述径向排放孔也能被安排成交错序列16,以及沿着中等蒸汽流线14和18,或在与图4中叶片间通道中的蒸汽流线18对称的位置,以用于蒸汽(气体)从图5中的罩上方的外围17和罩上方的室11溢出到流体通道,以及用于释放罩过压,所述压力是超过罩和脊的“托马斯力”而引起的空气动力来源,其引起涡轮机转子和它的支撑件的不稳定运行,因此,蒸汽(气体)进入通过罩8中的排放孔12,到上面的流体通道的罩外围,来防止在罩8的内表面的金属和盐氧化物10的形成,该罩8具有的孔12的直径d和它们在覆盖单叶片间通道的罩部分13、14、16的每一流体通道的每一表面Sk上的数目n,具有如下的比:
d = 2 · ( 0.02 ÷ 0.50 ) · Sk n · π
因此,本发明的方案可以描述如下:
1.一种轴流式蒸汽或气体涡轮机,包括:固定的外壳;转子构件,它设置在所述外壳内,所述转子构件包括内置盘、基本上在圆周方向上环绕所述盘的外罩、以及安装在所述盘和所述罩之间的多个叶片;所述罩至少在它的一部分上提供有多个通孔,形成该孔以使蒸汽或气体径向向外流过所述孔;各所述孔的直径对应于如下方程:
d = 2 · ( 0.02 ÷ 0.50 ) · Sk n · π
其中n参数是所述孔的数目,Sk参数是所述罩部分的面积,以及所述孔防止在所述外罩的内表面上形成金属氧化物和盐的氧化物。
2.一种轴流式蒸汽或气体涡轮机,包括:固定的外壳;转子构件,它设置在所述外壳内,所述转子构件包括内置盘、基本上在圆周方向上环绕所述盘的外罩,所述罩至少在它的一部分上提供有多个通孔,形成该孔以使蒸汽或气体径向向外流过所述孔;安装在所述盘和所述罩之间的多个叶片;密封件,包括位于所述罩的外表面上的或位于径向面对所述罩的所述外壳的内表面上的两个密封元件,所述密封元件在所述转子构件和所述外壳之间沿设计的流动方向依次提供两个径向间隙h1和h2,所述间隙h2比所述间隙h1小。
附图说明
图1是具有在喷嘴组的遮罩中的罩密封件的涡轮机压力级的一个纵截面图;
图2是具有位于转子叶片罩中的罩密封件的涡轮机压力级的一个纵截面图;
图3是图1中的一个罩剖面图;
图4是图2中的一个罩剖面图;
图5是沿D-D方向的图2的一个详细剖面图;
图6是沿C-C方向的图1的一个详细剖面图。
发明实施方案试样的描述和操作
本发明的目的在于蒸汽和气体涡轮机运行可靠性的改进,相比于现存参数的实际效率因子及功率的增加。
通过使在罩密封件的脊中的间隙h1和h2处于如下方式来达到上述目的,该方式为:第二脊5上的径向间隙h2小于在第一脊4上的径向间隙h1,其允许调整蒸汽的流动速率,以在特定的限制下通过罩室11。通过对图5和图6中的罩钻孔,一个排放孔12系统被实现在覆盖单叶片间通道的转子叶片罩零件部分13中。该孔12沿在图4的叶片间通道14的蒸汽流18的方向,被均匀的置于沿罩8的部分13和14的表面。所述孔可以交错顺序16安排,依赖于沉淀物的性质和它们的容积,以及密封件的设计。
孔数目n和它们直径d的比如下:
d = 2 · ( 0.02 ÷ 0.50 ) · Sk n · π
其中,Sk是该罩部分的平方面积,该罩部分覆盖转子叶轮中的每一单叶片间通道。
在涡轮机运行期间,由于在转子叶片7的罩8中的孔12处,发生蒸汽从位于罩上方的室11和图5所示的罩上方的外围(enclosure)17溢出到位于罩下方的流体通道的部分,这导致产生一种障碍效应,其阻止在罩内表面的金属和盐氧化物的形成。
从位于罩上方的室11和罩上方的外围17的压力释放通过类似蒸汽溢出过程来实施,该过程排斥超过罩和脊托马斯力而引起的空气动力的开始,阻止引起涡轮机转子和它的支架的不稳定运行。这,反回来,利于第二脊5上的径向间隙h2的减小,来控制汽轮发电机组阈值功率,其导致由于蒸汽溢出密封件的减小而引起的效率因子的额外增加。
因此,本发明能被用于以下目的:
a)作为防止在转子叶片罩的内表面上的金属和盐氧化物的形成的装置;
b)作为用于汽轮发电机组振动态的增强的装置;
c)用于因目的a和目的b(P.P.a和b)而引起的维修间的周期延长,以及涡轮机工作寿命延长的目的。

Claims (2)

1.一种轴流式蒸汽或气体涡轮机,包括:
固定的外壳;
转子构件,其设置在所述外壳内,所述转子构件包括内置盘、在圆周方向上环绕所述内置盘的外罩、以及安装在所述内置盘和所述外罩之间的多个叶片;
所述外罩在其至少一部分上设置有多个通孔,所述通孔被形成为使蒸汽或气体径向向外流过所述通孔;
各所述通孔的直径对应于如下公式:
d = 2 · ( 0.02 ÷ 0.50 ) · Sk n · π
其中n参数是所述通孔的数目,Sk参数是所述外罩的所述部分的面积,以及所述通孔防止在所述外罩的内表面上形成金属氧化物和盐的氧化物。
2.如权利要求1所述的轴流式蒸汽或气体涡轮机,进一步包括:
密封件,所述密封件包括两个密封元件,所述密封元件位于所述外罩的外表面上或位于所述外壳的内表面上径向面对所述外罩,所述密封元件在所述转子构件和所述外壳之间沿设计的流动方向依次提供两个径向间隙h1和h2,所述间隙h2比所述间隙h1小。
CNB038266393A 2003-04-18 2003-04-18 具有改进的罩或密封件的蒸汽/气体涡轮机 Expired - Fee Related CN100386502C (zh)

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PCT/US2003/012102 WO2004099572A1 (en) 2003-04-18 2003-04-18 Steam/gas turbine pressure stage with universal shroud

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CN100386502C true CN100386502C (zh) 2008-05-07

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AU (1) AU2003228590B2 (zh)
BR (1) BR0318261A (zh)
CA (1) CA2562712C (zh)
EA (1) EA008156B1 (zh)
HK (1) HK1092853A1 (zh)
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JPS55146201A (en) * 1979-05-04 1980-11-14 Hitachi Ltd Moving blade for turbine
US4534701A (en) * 1982-06-29 1985-08-13 Gerhard Wisser Rotor or guide wheel of a turbine engine with shroud ring
US5154581A (en) * 1990-05-11 1992-10-13 Mtu Motoren- Und Turbinen- Union Munchen Gmbh Shroud band for a rotor wheel having integral rotor blades
CN1057504A (zh) * 1990-05-14 1992-01-01 Gec阿尔斯托姆有限公司 减少二次损失的涡轮机级
US6142739A (en) * 1996-04-12 2000-11-07 Rolls-Royce Plc Turbine rotor blades
US6340284B1 (en) * 1998-12-24 2002-01-22 Alstom (Switzerland) Ltd Turbine blade with actively cooled shroud-band element

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JP2006523792A (ja) 2006-10-19
AU2003228590A1 (en) 2004-11-26
JP4195882B2 (ja) 2008-12-17
CA2562712C (en) 2011-05-31
CA2562712A1 (en) 2004-11-18
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UA81314C2 (en) 2007-12-25
HK1092853A1 (en) 2007-02-16
CN1788142A (zh) 2006-06-14
EP1623097A4 (en) 2012-06-27
BR0318261A (pt) 2006-05-23
WO2004099572A1 (en) 2004-11-18

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