CN1003064B - Fluorescent picture-element tube with high brightness - Google Patents
Fluorescent picture-element tube with high brightness Download PDFInfo
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- CN1003064B CN1003064B CN85104028A CN85104028A CN1003064B CN 1003064 B CN1003064 B CN 1003064B CN 85104028 A CN85104028 A CN 85104028A CN 85104028 A CN85104028 A CN 85104028A CN 1003064 B CN1003064 B CN 1003064B
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Abstract
The present invention relates to a chromatic and fluorescent image element tube with high brightness, which is used for large screen displaying or super screen displaying. The image element tube is a display device with a cathode, a control electrode and an anode. A Luminous substance is covered on the surface of the anode; higher light output and luminous brightness are obtained by outputting light emitted from the luminous substance with a large area from a light output surface with a smaller area; simultaneously, a heat radiation area is enlarged with a high luminous efficiency. Because the element works under an anode voltage of about 100 volts, the application and the maintenance thereof are greatly simplified, and the cost is greatly reduced. Because each image element tube can display chromatic color, large screen chromatic display is possibly realized. The image element tube can not only be used for the display of characters, curved lines, charts, etc., but also be used for the display of images, such as television images.
Description
The present invention relates to a kind of fluorescent picture-element tube with high brightness, specially refer to the colored picture-element tube of the needed high brightness of a kind of outdoor large-screen or jumbotron display screen.
Under common outdoor large-screen or jumbotron display condition,, often require display brightness to reach Cd/m up to ten thousand because surround lighting is stronger
2, and because display area often at tens square metres or bigger, uses individual monitor spare that enough big display screen and brightness can not be provided.In order to address this problem, adopted a large amount of luminous pixel elements to form display screen, each pixel element is represented a pixel on the screen picture, by with each electrically connected supply line of pixel element, make the instant luminosity of each pixel element corresponding, constitute piece image with this with the instant brightness of the pairing image pixel of this element.Because the brightness of pixel element has directly determined the luminosity and the output of total light of whole screen, in order to reach the purpose of outdoor application, the luminosity that improves each pixel element becomes a problem that at first will solve.In the previous technology, once used incandescent lamp, and constituted a large amount of incandescent lamp bulbs and arranged the dot matrix screen that forms as the pixel element.Because the maximum luminousing brightness of incandescent lamp can reach by setting up the bulb maximum rated power, can solve as the luminosity problem of pixel element, present outdoor highlighting character shows this mode that still often adopts.But the incandescent lamp bulb power consumption is big, and efficient is low, and reaction speed is slow, poor reliability, and also all power passes through control circuit, circuit cost height.For this reason, several years ago in day the present invention a kind of general beam cathode ray tube (Flood Beam CRT).As shown in Figure 1, it is about 1 inch of a kind of diameter, the cathode ray tube that electron gun structure zero deflection system is arranged, light-emitting area is in the end of general beam tube, a general beam tube is a pixel, and several ten thousand even hundreds of thousands only this general beam tube such as (its quantity screen curtain size and resolution requirements and decide) can constitute large-scale or ultra-large type image or character display screen by the certain way arrangement.Use general beam tube and solved the deficiency of incandescent lamp dot matrix screen to a certain extent as the pixel element, for example power consumption is big, efficient is low, reaction speed is slow, whole power is by problems such as control circuits.In addition, because each general beam tube can be made the three primary colors display device, each pixel can comprise three general beam tubes of monochrome, instant color according to this pixel, corresponding monochromatic general beam tube is luminous immediately, has realized good color reproduction, thereby makes the colour demonstration of whole screen become possibility.The quality of image, luminosity also can reach instructions for use.
Yet, because every general beam tube itself is exactly a little picture tube, complex structure, for several ten thousand of needs even hundreds of thousands only the big display system of general beam tube cost too high.In addition, in order to reach required luminosity, the anode high voltage that general beam tube uses is up to 8,000～10,000 volt, this has brought a series of problems, and such as the high-tension line complexity, requirement is high, cost is high, power supply is difficult, especially because of at outside work, rainy day or mould season can produce the High-Voltage Insulation difficulty, even cause high voltage fault, use high pressure to bring difficulty or the like to maintenance.
In U.S. Pat-4,352, a kind of cathodoluminescence light source is disclosed in 043.This light emitting source comprise the glass envelope, on the interior surfaces of glass as the conduction coating of anode, on anode phosphor powder layer and the pipe in negative electrode and grid.Under the effect of anode voltage and grid voltage,, outwards luminous behind the light-emitting phosphor by phosphor powder layer itself by the phosphor powder layer on the electron bombard anode of cathode emission.By negative electrode and grid structure rationally are set, make the electronics that sends by negative electrode beat on envelope equably, thereby luminous equably, simultaneously modulated structure simple, be easy to make.But the anode voltage of this illuminating source is higher, generally at 5 to 15 kilovolts, and corresponding voltage doubling rectifing circuit that therefore this invention is supporting for it.Because operating voltage height, relevant device complexity are not suitable for using under the condition of large-screen and jumbotron demonstration especially.And because the anode voltage height, anode consumption power is very high, causes temperature of anode very high, thereby light-emitting phosphor efficient and brightness descend, shortening device lifetime.Owing to the envelope uniformly light-emitting of this product, be mainly used in the usefulness of light source.
In order to address the above problem, the invention provides the colored picture-element tube of a kind of novel high brightness.One of target of the present invention provides a kind of high brightness picture-element tube that can be used for large-screen or jumbotron demonstration usefulness, and this picture-element tube can be worked under low-voltage and can be guaranteed sufficiently high luminosity.Another target of the present invention provides the colored picture-element tube of a kind of height that can work under low-voltage, each picture-element tube has all comprised red, green, blue three kinds of primary colours, and each picture-element tube is exactly a colour element.
According to the present invention, a picture-element tube comprises the shell that has exiting surface, the electric ejector of negative electrode in the enclosure, anode, control electrode and each electrode, on the anode surface of picture-element tube, be covered with one deck luminescent substance, through control electrode control, when the electron bombard anode of cathode emission, luminescent substance is luminous.Because anode extends axially certain-length along shell, has than large tracts of land, the light that sends on the area thus is through the reflection of the reverberation device in the pipe, by the less exiting surface output of area comparatively speaking.Because light-emitting area is much larger than the area of lighting area, press said process, luminous flux by exiting surface is just greater than the luminous flux that is only sent when exiting surface partly is covered with luminescent substance, and the light-emitting area of general picture tube or general beam tube is corresponding to lighting area, and light-emitting area is usually in the end of picture tube or general beam tube, be subjected to the light-emitting area area and be the restriction of certain value, area is smaller usually.Like this, picture-element tube constructed in accordance, higher from the brightness of exiting surface output.Therefore, can use lower anode voltage by the picture-element tube of basic design manufacturing of the present invention and that luminosity is complete is suitable with the luminosity of general beam tube.
Can know according to top description, use picture-element tube of the present invention can make total light flux that bigger increase is arranged, thereby improved the luminosity of picture-element tube by exiting surface.On the other hand, area of dissipation has also increased when increasing light-emitting area, thereby improved the luminous efficiency of luminescent substance, structure particularly of the present invention allows to use the thin-walled glass bulb, anode can directly overlay on inner surface of outer cover, outer surface of outer cover also scribbles heat sink material, more helps heat radiation, guarantees high efficiency.Area of dissipation increases, and good heat dissipation effect has also reduced the requirement of equipment ventilation and heat.The more important thing is that providing under the situation of the luminosity roughly suitable with general beam tube, picture-element tube of the present invention can work under the much lower operating voltage, in the present invention, the anode voltage value can be about 100 volts.
When along the corresponding to line of demarcation of axial profile line direction with shell luminescent substance being divided into several zones (Ru San district), and each regional luminescent substance is when having different glow colors (as three primary colors), and each picture-element tube all becomes a color display pixel.According to the instant colored requirement of this pixel, change respective anode voltage and change the instant brightness of corresponding light-emitting zone, thereby obtain versicolor luminously, realize that at last the colour of whole screen shows.
Because picture-element tube of the present invention has used lower operating voltage, make supply line and power supply form simplify greatly, cost reduces greatly, because each picture-element tube needn't be considered problems such as High-Voltage Insulation, the structure of pipe and technology are also simplified greatly, the cost of each picture-element tube is also reduced greatly, and its cost is approximately 1/4～1/5 of general beam tube.The what is more important low voltage operating improves the functional reliability of picture-element tube greatly.When reaching rainy day and mould season especially under outdoor situations, be difficult for producing the problem of similar high voltage fault, the entire image steady quality is reliable.Therefore, picture-element tube of the present invention will be used widely in large-screen or jumbotron demonstration, more demonstrate its superiority for outdoor utility, and for example the sports ground epigraph shows, the large display screen that traffic administration is used etc. also can be used for a piece of digital and show.And the application of colored picture-element tube makes the large-sized solor demonstration become possibility, except general character, chart, curve display, goes back displayable image, as colour TV picture.
Fig. 1 is the structure chart of the general beam cathode ray tube used in the above-mentioned prior art.
Fig. 2 has represented a kind of cylindrical picture-element tube that obtains by one embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 3 has represented the cylindrical picture-element tube of a kind of band lens that obtains by one embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 4 has represented the picture-element tube of the band cylindrical shape control electrode that obtains by one embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 5 has represented the conical picture-element tube that obtains by one embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 6 has represented the plan view of the triangular-section pen section pipe that obtains by another embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 2 has shown a kind of picture-element tube of making by basic design of the present invention.Its shell (11) is the cylinder-shaped thin wall glass shell; Negative electrode (22) is for being positioned at the direct-heated cathode on the housing axis; It is to be the conductive film of main component with tin oxide that anode (12) overlays on the inner surface of shell, and is covered with luminescent material (19) on anode; The control utmost point (13) is with the coaxial spiral grid of negative electrode and between negative electrode and anode; Exiting surface (28) is an end face of cylinder blanket; Outer surface at shell is covered with one deck highly reflecting films (20), can be the aluminium film; The light that luminescent substance on the anode is sent by electron bombard through the reflection of luminescent substance coating and aluminium film, comprises through after concave spherical surface reverberation device (14) reflection that is positioned at a relative side with exiting surface, by above-mentioned exiting surface output light.To make the effect of some simple estimation inventions below.
If the inner surface of above-mentioned picture-element tube exiting surface (28) does not cover any material, establish the high H of being of luminous component, the anode radius is R, luminosity is B
0, then the illuminating part branch sends luminous flux and is:
F
1=π B
0S sends out=2 π
2RHB
0(1)
Set out spectrum and count the ratio that K is the luminous flux that sends of light energy and the luminous component of exiting surface output, the transmissivity of exiting surface itself is ρ
0, lighting area S goes out the R for π
2, then the luminosity of above-mentioned picture-element tube is:
B=l
0F
1/ π S
Go out=l
02 π
2RHB
0K/ π
2R
2=2l
0B
0KH/R ... (2)
ρ
0The transmission situation that is decided by exiting surface, under the situation of the uncoated material of exiting surface, ρ
0Can be greater than 0.8～0.9, K is then relevant with the ratio of reflection coefficient and H/R, after the H/R value increases to a certain degree, K value trend is saturated, therefore can rationally determine the ratio of H/R, under the situation of cylindrical picture-element tube, the value of H/R is usually desirable 3～4, and the value of K is generally 0.6～0.7, if with ρ
0=0.8, K=0.6, H/R=3, substitution formula (2), then the B value is about 2.88, and this and actual numerical value are approaching.Compared with the luminosity that the general beam tube that only applies luminescent substance on exiting surface obtains, the luminosity of picture-element tube of the present invention is generally the former 4～5 times.Like this, although the exiting surface area is identical and be a limit value.Picture-element tube of the present invention can obtain higher luminosity.
As a kind of modification, also indicated as Fig. 2, can also be covered with the electric conducting material (12) that one deck and anode (12) fuse at the inner surface of exiting surface (28), this material can be the same with anode material, can all be that one deck is the film of Main Ingredients and Appearance with tin oxide, and be covered with one deck luminescent substance (19) thereon, as long as this layer luminescent substance thickness is suitable, its light transmission can not be lower than 0.7, because the light that this part luminescent substance sends directly has contribution to the total light flux of output, then can further improve luminosity.In addition, because the diffusion effect of this layer luminescent substance makes by the luminous energy of output in the pipe and is exported by exiting surface more concentratedly.If supposing this part luminous flux that sends is F
2=2 π
2R
2B
0, the luminous flux that anode part sends is F as described above
1=2 π
2RHB
0, then the luminosity of this picture-element tube will for:
B=ρ（F
1KF
2）/πR
2·π
＝2ρB
0（1+K·H/R） ……（3）
ρ has applied the transmissivity behind the luminescent substance at the exiting surface inner surface in the formula, and K is a bright dipping coefficient with this understanding.If get the H/R value is 3, and usually ρ is about 0.6, and K is about 0.5, and then the B value is about 3B
0
In above-mentioned situation, be covered with one deck reflectance coating on the above-mentioned concave spherical surface reverberation device (14) that is positioned at a relative side with exiting surface, can be the concave spherical surface that is covered with the aluminium film, constitute such as on mica sheet, being covered with the aluminium film.Outside the highly reflecting films (20) of outer surface of outer cover (except exiting surface part and), scribble one deck black heat sink material (21).
Fig. 3 is the picture-element tube that obtains according to one embodiment of the invention, and its structure and picture-element tube shown in Figure 2 are roughly the same, and main the variation is that exiting surface (28) should have a positive lens (27), so that the light beam of output concentrates in the certain angle in dead ahead.These lens can add also and can blow with glass bulb.
Fig. 4 is the picture-element tube that obtains according to one embodiment of the invention, and its structure and picture-element tube shown in Figure 2 are roughly the same.Consider that the control utmost point is operated in the possibility of positive electricity nip, anode (12) is overlayed on the inner surface of outer cover that leaves negative electrode one end, and the control utmost point (13) is to overlay on the inner surface of outer cover of nearly negative electrode one end, tin oxide is the film of Main Ingredients and Appearance, and on the surface of the control utmost point, be covered with luminescent substance too, in case control utmost point traps electrons also can be luminous and participate in contribution to total light output.
As another modification of the present invention, as shown in Figure 5, shell (11) is become coniform shell, and circular cone bottom surface (28) are exiting surface, shell can be the thin-walled glass shell; Negative electrode (22) is to be the direct-heated cathode that place at the center with the housing axis; Anode (12) overlays on the inner surface of shell, is to be the conductive film of Main Ingredients and Appearance with tin oxide, and is covered with luminescent material (19) on anode; The control utmost point (13) is the guard that places between negative electrode and the anode; And be covered with one deck highly reflecting films (20) at outer surface of outer cover, can be the layer of aluminum film, and outside the aluminium film, apply one deck heat sink material again.Because conical Shell can more effectively be exported light, adds that exiting surface is not coated with luminescent substance and still has effect preferably, the transmissivity of exiting surface just can be higher, and therefore, the luminosity of this picture-element tube is higher.If awl end radius is R, the awl length of side is L, then light-emitting area S
Send out=π RL, lighting area S
Go out=π R
2, S
Send out/ S
Go out=L/R is if luminosity is B
0, the luminous flux of outgoing is on this taper picture-element tube light face:
F=π B
0S
Send outK(1-S '/S goes out)
K in the formula is the bright dipping coefficient, and its value is relevant with the luminescent substance reflection coefficient, and K is about 0.9 in the taper picture-element tube.S ' is the dash area that causes because of the tube interior structure, and it is about 0.07 that S '/S goes out, and the luminosity of this picture-element tube is:
B=F/ π S
Go out=π B
0S
Send out/ π S
Go outK(1-S '/S goes out)=B
0S sends out/and S goes out K(1-S '/S
Go out) ... (4)
The respective value substitution is drawn:
B=0.837B
0S
Send out/ S
Go out
If L/R gets 4, then:
B＝3.35B
0
According to the picture-element tube that this embodiment is made, luminosity is about luminescent substance luminosity B
0The value 3 times, approaching with the aforementioned calculation value.At B
0=5,000Cd/m
2The time, the B value can reach 13,000Cd/m
2, can supply outdoor utility fully.
As another modification of the present invention, can make rectangular cylindrical outer cover to the picture-element tube shell, the cross section of cylindrical outer cover can be circular, ellipse garden shape or subtriangular, Fig. 5 has shown that cross section is subtriangular a kind of picture-element tube.Axial along shell the shell separated into two parts, the case surface of a part is covered with anode and luminescent substance, and another part relative with it is exiting surface.Negative electrode is the direct-heated cathode that is positioned on the housing axis, and the control grid is between negative electrode and anode.Anode can be that tin oxide is the conductive film of Main Ingredients and Appearance, shell is the thin-walled glass bulb, be covered with one deck reflectance coating with the corresponding glass bulb outer surface of anode, can be the aluminium film, scribble one deck black heat sink material again outside this aluminium film, be circular picture-element tube to cross section, be vertically cylindrical shell to be divided into two roughly the same semicolumns, a semicolumn is covered with anode and luminescent material, and another semicolumn is as exiting surface, and effectively lighting area is identical with the cylindrical center area of section.To cross section is oval-shaped picture-element tube, is at the minor axis place of ellipse shell to be divided into above-mentioned two parts vertically, and effectively lighting area is identical with minor axis place axial cross section area.Cross section is approximately leg-of-mutton picture-element tube, with a leg-of-mutton corresponding cylinder in limit (28) be outer convex surface and as exiting surface, effectively the pairing area of plane of cylinder is identical therewith for lighting area.Be covered with anode (12) and luminescent substance (19) with this leg-of-mutton inner surface of two corresponding two cylinders in limit (29) in addition, the junction of this two cylinder (20) are a curved surface.Above-mentioned various forms of column picture-element tubes all are that the light that luminescent substance sent on the beam bombardment anode of cathode emission is exported from an effective exiting surface littler than light-emitting area, thereby can obtain higher luminosity, and anode working voltage can reduce.This picture-element tube is particularly suitable as the pen section pipe that numeral shows usefulness.
Above-mentioned example is being done just can obtain colored display element pipe behind certain change.Can be divided at least two zones to luminescent substance, each regional luminescent substance has different glow colors, and these regional lines of demarcation are consistent with the axial profile line direction of shell.By the voltage of control respective anode, make the color of the light that picture-element tube sends consistent with the instant color of the image at this place, picture-element tube place, realized good Color reproduction, reach the target of colored demonstration.Can be divided into three zones to light-emitting zone, it is luminescent substances red, green, blue three primary colors that each zone is covered with glow color respectively, can delimit different light-emitting areas according to the different luminous efficiencies of each primary colours luminescent substance, just can be by the picture-element tube that the present invention obtains except that being used for general character display, chart, extra curvature, can also be used for image and show, show as television image.
By the above-mentioned made picture-element tube according to the present invention is to be operated under the higher vacuum, and employed negative electrode can be oxide coated cathode, and for higher vacuum in the holding tube, life-saving is equipped with getter (15) in pipe.For the low voltage operating with anode adapts, the luminescent substance of employing is a kind of low-voltage luminescent powder.ZnO: Zn and low pressure color phosphor have been used in the present invention.
Claims (15)
1, a kind of fluorescent picture-element tube with high brightness comprises the shell of finding time that has exiting surface, negative electrode in the enclosure, anode, the electric ejector of control electrode and each electrode, the anode that it is characterized in that this picture-element tube is positioned on the non-exiting surface inner surface partly of shell, on this anode, be covered with luminescent substance, the said area that is covered with the area of luminescent substance part much larger than said exiting surface, said picture-element tube also comprises light output arrangement, said light output arrangement comprises concave spherical surface reflex reflector that is positioned at a side relative with the exiting surface of said shell and one deck optical reflection film that the part except that exiting surface is covered with on outer surface of outer cover, said control grid is between anode and negative electrode, and said negative electrode is that settle at the center with the housing axis.
2, a kind of picture-element tube as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that said picture-element tube shell is the cylinder-shaped thin wall glass shell, and said exiting surface is an end face of this cylinder blanket, and said anode is to be the membrane electrode of main component with tin oxide.
3, a kind of picture-element tube as claimed in claim 2 is characterized in that said reflectance coating is the layer of aluminum film, also is covered with one deck black heat sink material at the outer surface of this reflectance coating.
4, a kind of picture-element tube as claimed in claim 3 is characterized in that the said control utmost point is the spiral grid coaxial with negative electrode.
5, a kind of picture-element tube as claimed in claim 2, it is characterized in that the said control utmost point is that to overlay on the inner surface of outer cover of nearly negative electrode one end be the film of Main Ingredients and Appearance with tin oxide, and on this surface, being covered with luminescent substance, said anode overlays on the inner surface of outer cover that leaves negative electrode one end.
6, a kind of picture-element tube as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that said shell is the thin-walled glass cylindrical outer cover, axial along shell the shell separated into two parts, the inner surface of outer cover of a part is covered with anode and luminescent substance, another part relative with it is exiting surface, said negative electrode is the direct-heated cathode that is positioned on the housing axis, and said anode is to be the film of main component with tin oxide, is the layer of aluminum film at the optical reflection film of the corresponding glass shell outer surface of anode.
7, a kind of picture-element tube as claimed in claim 6, the cross section that it is characterized in that said cylindrical outer cover is for circular.
8, a kind of picture-element tube as claimed in claim 6, the cross section that it is characterized in that said cylindrical outer cover is divided into said two parts to shell at the minor axis place of ellipse vertically for oval.
9, a kind of picture-element tube as claimed in claim 6, the cross section that it is characterized in that said cylindrical outer cover is approximately triangle, with this leg-of-mutton corresponding cylinder in limit be outer convex surface and as exiting surface, be covered with anode and luminescent substance with this leg-of-mutton inner surface of two corresponding two cylinders in limit in addition, the junction of this two cylinder is a curved surface.
10, a kind of picture-element tube as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that said luminescent substance is divided at least two zones, and the line of demarcation in said zone is consistent with the axial profile line direction of shell, is covered with the luminescent substance of different glow colors on the said zone respectively.
11, a kind of fluorescent picture-element tube with high brightness comprises the shell of finding time that has exiting surface, negative electrode in the enclosure, anode, the ejector of control electrode and each electrode, it is characterized in that said shell is the thin-walled glass coniform shell, the anode of this picture-element tube is positioned on the non-exiting surface inner surface partly of shell, on this anode, be covered with luminescent substance, the said area that is covered with the area of luminescent substance part much larger than said exiting surface, said picture-element tube also comprises light output arrangement, said exiting surface is that the awl bottom of this coniform shell is divided, said light output arrangement is one deck optical reflection film that is covered with on shell tapering part outer surface, the control utmost point is between said negative electrode and anode, and said negative electrode is to be the direct-heated cathode of center symmetry placement with the conical Shell axis.
12, a kind of picture-element tube as claim 11 is characterized in that said anode is is the membrane electrode of main component with tin oxide.
13, a kind of picture-element tube as claim 11 is characterized in that said reflectance coating is the layer of aluminum film, also is covered with one deck black heat sink material at the outer surface of this reflectance coating.
14, a kind of as claim 11,12 picture-element tube, it is characterized in that very aperture plate shape of said control.
15, a kind of picture-element tube as claim 11 is characterized in that said luminescent substance is divided at least two zones, and the line of demarcation in said zone is consistent with the axial profile line direction of shell, is covered with the luminescent substance of different glow colors on the said zone respectively.
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN85104028A CN1003064B (en) | 1985-05-25 | 1985-05-25 | Fluorescent picture-element tube with high brightness |
| US06/844,592 US4737683A (en) | 1985-04-10 | 1986-03-27 | High luminance color picture element tubes |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN85104028A CN1003064B (en) | 1985-05-25 | 1985-05-25 | Fluorescent picture-element tube with high brightness |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN85104028A CN85104028A (en) | 1986-11-19 |
| CN1003064B true CN1003064B (en) | 1989-01-11 |
Family
ID=4793591
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN85104028A Expired CN1003064B (en) | 1985-04-10 | 1985-05-25 | Fluorescent picture-element tube with high brightness |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN1003064B (en) |
-
1985
- 1985-05-25 CN CN85104028A patent/CN1003064B/en not_active Expired
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN85104028A (en) | 1986-11-19 |
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