CH703014A2 - Forest-fire warning system comprises networks of wireless sensors for monitoring the moisture of the ground - Google Patents
Forest-fire warning system comprises networks of wireless sensors for monitoring the moisture of the ground Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CH703014A2 CH703014A2 CH5852010A CH5852010A CH703014A2 CH 703014 A2 CH703014 A2 CH 703014A2 CH 5852010 A CH5852010 A CH 5852010A CH 5852010 A CH5852010 A CH 5852010A CH 703014 A2 CH703014 A2 CH 703014A2
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- forest
- monitoring
- moisture
- ground
- warning system
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- G—PHYSICS
- G08—SIGNALLING
- G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
- G08B25/00—Alarm systems in which the location of the alarm condition is signalled to a central station, e.g. fire or police telegraphic systems
- G08B25/01—Alarm systems in which the location of the alarm condition is signalled to a central station, e.g. fire or police telegraphic systems characterised by the transmission medium
- G08B25/08—Alarm systems in which the location of the alarm condition is signalled to a central station, e.g. fire or police telegraphic systems characterised by the transmission medium using communication transmission lines
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G08—SIGNALLING
- G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
- G08B17/00—Fire alarms; Alarms responsive to explosion
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G08—SIGNALLING
- G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
- G08B17/00—Fire alarms; Alarms responsive to explosion
- G08B17/005—Fire alarms; Alarms responsive to explosion for forest fires, e.g. detecting fires spread over a large or outdoors area
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- Emergency Management (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- Alarm Systems (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Settore tecnicoTechnical field
[0001] L’invenzione consiste nella creazione di un sistema per l’analisi del pericolo dinamico di innesco e propagazione degli incendi in aree boschive attraverso una tecnologia wireless. [0001] The invention consists in the creation of a system for the analysis of the dynamic danger of ignition and propagation of fires in wooded areas through a wireless technology.
[0002] Il sistema proposto è composto da Sensori Pali che misurano la temperatura al suolo ed il contenuto idrico allo strato della lettiera (FFMC) e dell’orizzonte organico del terreno (DC). In aggiunta a tali pali e come elemento integrativo, per una migliore gestione dell’informazione, può essere utile aggiungere anche una centralina meteorologica, anch’essa wireless, in grado di misurare i parametri atmosferici più importanti nello svilupparsi dell’incendio: temperatura e umidità dell’aria (8), velocità e direzione del vento (7), precipitazioni (5). [0002] The proposed system is composed of Pali sensors that measure the ground temperature and the water content of the litter layer (FFMC) and of the organic soil horizon (DC). In addition to these poles and as an integrative element, for better information management, it may also be useful to add a meteorological unit, also wireless, capable of measuring the most important atmospheric parameters in the development of the fire: temperature and humidity air (8), wind speed and direction (7), precipitation (5).
[0003] L’intero sistema utilizza sensori wireless di nuova generazione, a bassi consumi, alta affidabilità ed in grado di raccogliere qualunque tipo di parametro ambientale e renderlo disponibile su web o cellulare in pochi secondi. [0003] The entire system uses new generation wireless sensors, with low power consumption, high reliability and able to collect any type of environmental parameter and make it available on the web or mobile in just a few seconds.
Stato della tecnicaState of the art
[0004] Nel mondo ciascuna nazione e zona geografica ha sviluppato sistemi di previsione del pericolo di incendio basati su modelli matematici che stimano il livello di pericolo in funzione delle variabili ambientali e meteorologiche. Di seguito vengono elencati i più conosciuti con le relative variabili utilizzate: – Australiano: temperatura dell’aria, umidità dell’aria; – IMPI (italiano): temperatura dell’aria, umidità dell’aria, velocità del vento; – IREPI (italiano): evapotraspirazione, bilancio idrico; – Canadese (Byram): temperatura dell’aria, umidità dell’aria, velocità del vento, precipitazioni, umidità negli strati FFMC (lettiera), DMC (humus), DC (profondo); – Portoghese: temperatura dell’aria, velocità del vento, punto di rugiada, precipitazioni; – Francese: temperatura dell’aria, velocità del vento, precipitazioni, evapotraspirazione, latitudine; – indice di Carrega: temperatura dell’aria, velocità del vento, precipitazioni, latitudine, evapotraspirazione, riserva d’acque nel suolo; – ICONA (spagnola): temperatura dell’aria, umidità dell’aria, velocità del vento, pendenza del terreno, copertura del terreno, esposizione; – Statunitense: analisi meteorologica, fulmini, orografia, umidità del terreno (parte viva e morta). [0004] In the world, each country and geographical area has developed fire hazard prediction systems based on mathematical models that estimate the level of danger according to environmental and meteorological variables. The most known with the related variables used are listed below: - Australian: air temperature, air humidity; - IMPI (Italian): air temperature, air humidity, wind speed; - IREPI (Italian): evapotranspiration, water balance; - Canadian (Byram): air temperature, air humidity, wind speed, precipitation, moisture in the layers FFMC (litter), DMC (humus), DC (deep); - Portuguese: air temperature, wind speed, dew point, precipitation; - French: air temperature, wind speed, precipitation, evapotranspiration, latitude; - Carrega index: air temperature, wind speed, precipitation, latitude, evapotranspiration, water reserve in the soil; - ICON (Spanish): air temperature, air humidity, wind speed, ground slope, ground cover, exposure; - US: meteorological analysis, lightning, orography, soil moisture (living and dead part).
[0005] La maggior parte dei modelli sono facilmente implementabili attraverso una rete di stazioni meteorologiche distribuite sulla zona in esame. Metodi come quello Canadese e Statunitense, invece, richiedono il monitoraggio di molti parametri e di una sensoristica particolare. [0005] Most models can be easily implemented through a network of meteorological stations distributed over the area in question. Methods like the Canadian and the US, on the other hand, require the monitoring of many parameters and a particular sensor.
Presentazione dell’invenzionePresentation of the invention
[0006] Il sistema proposto propone un monitoraggio continuo delle variabili ambientali e meteorologiche, in modo da prevedere, attraverso modelli di previsione elaborati sulla base di dati sperimentali, in quali aree sarà più probabile l’innesco e la propagazione di un incendio con dettaglio spaziale superiore a quello attualmente messo a disposizione dalla maggior parte dei sistemi di previsione del pericolo. I vantaggi di questo sistema innovativo sono molteplici. Un incendio boschivo che si sviluppa in condizioni di bassa umidità dello strato di lettiera può assumere, soprattutto se in condizioni di forte vento, elevata intensità e severità, necessitando di un enorme dispendio di risorse per il suo spegnimento. Per contro un incendio che si sviluppa con elevata umidità dello strato di lettiera e degli orizzonti organici del terreno, anche in condizioni di ventosità, ha più probabilità di essere tenuto sotto controllo e di arrecare danni minori al sistema bosco. Un’informazione rapida e precisa sulle condizioni micro-climatiche dell’umidità di lettiera e degli orizzonti organici del suolo consente di definire con maggior dettaglio il livello di pre-allerta ed i relativi tempi minimi di intervento. Per questo motivo è nato FireLess2, realizzato sulla piattaforma NaturAlert, in grado di monitorare costantemente l’umidità della lettiera e degli orizzonti organici del terreno. [0006] The proposed system proposes a continuous monitoring of the environmental and meteorological variables, so as to foresee, through forecasting models elaborated on the basis of experimental data, in which areas the triggering and propagation of a fire with spatial detail will be more likely. higher than currently available from most hazard prediction systems. The advantages of this innovative system are manifold. A forest fire that develops in conditions of low humidity of the litter layer can take, especially in conditions of high wind, high intensity and severity, requiring an enormous expenditure of resources for its extinction. On the other hand, a fire that develops with high humidity in the litter layer and the organic horizons of the soil, even in windy conditions, is more likely to be kept under control and to cause minor damage to the forest system. Rapid and precise information on the micro-climatic conditions of litter humidity and organic soil horizons makes it possible to define the pre-alert level and the relative minimum intervention times in greater detail. For this reason, FireLess2 was born, created on the NaturAlert platform, able to constantly monitor litter humidity and organic soil horizons.
[0007] La piattaforma NaturAlert è così composta: – elemento sensibile: misura il parametro fisico (umidità, temperatura, ecc.); – nodo, detto anche «sentinella»: è dato dall’integrazione dell’elemento sensibile sull’elettronica; – gateway: dispositivo in grado di ricevere i messaggi di allarme dai sensori, di comunicare con altri dispositivi gateway e di trasferire allarmi alla centrale operativa; – Centrale operativa: riceve gli allarmi dai gateway e li smista su diversi canali (telefoni cellulari, e-mail, interfaccia grafica utente) agli utenti prestabiliti. [0007] The NaturAlert platform is as follows: - sensitive element: measures the physical parameter (humidity, temperature, etc.); - node, also called «sentinel»: it is given by the integration of the sensitive element on the electronics; - gateway: device able to receive alarm messages from the sensors, to communicate with other gateway devices and to transfer alarms to the operations center; - Operations center: receives the alarms from the gateways and sorts them on different channels (mobile phones, e-mail, graphic user interface) to the pre-established users.
Elenco dei disegniList of drawings
[0008] <tb>fig. 1:<sep>sensore wireless dell’umidità della lettiera (FFMC), con: 1: elettronica e trasmettitore 2: palo di supporto 3: elemento sensibile <tb>fig. 2:<sep>sensore wireless dell’umidità degli stati organici del suolo (DC), con: 1: elettronica e trasmettitore 2: palo di supporto 4: elemento sensibile <tb>fig. 3:<sep>centralina meteorologica wireless con: 5: pluviometro 6: gateway alimentato a pannelli solari 7: anemometro a ventolina con banderuola per direzione del vento 8: alloggiamento per sensore di temperatura e umidità dell’aria[0008] <Tb> fig. 1: <sep> wireless litter humidity sensor (FFMC), with: 1: electronics and transmitter 2: support pole 3: sensitive element <Tb> fig. 2: <sep> wireless humidity sensor for soil organic states (DC), with: 1: electronics and transmitter 2: support pole 4: sensitive element <Tb> fig. 3: <sep> wireless weather station with: 5: rain gauge 6: gateway powered by solar panels 7: vane anemometer with wind vane 8: housing for temperature and air humidity sensor
Realizzazione dell’invenzioneRealization of the invention
[0009] Ogni stazione di FireLess2 è dotata di Sensori Pali per misurare l’umidità della lettiera e del terreno profondo e può essere affiancata da una o più stazioni meteorologiche, utili come integrazioni ai dati raccolti. [0009] Each FireLess2 station is equipped with Poles Sensors to measure litter and deep soil humidity and can be flanked by one or more meteorological stations, useful as additions to the collected data.
[0010] Il sensore dell’umidità della lettiera (FFMC) (fig. 1) viene posizionato con l’elemento sensibile (3) nello strato indecomposto di lettiera, ad un’altezza tra i 2 cm ed i 5 cm. Il sensore è esposto al flusso d’aria ma è protetto da possibili infiltrazioni d’acqua grazie ad una membrana traspirante di feltro epitrofico (polipropilene). [0010] The litter humidity sensor (FFMC) (fig. 1) is placed with the sensitive element (3) in the undecomposed litter layer, at a height between 2 cm and 5 cm. The sensor is exposed to the flow of air but is protected from possible water infiltration thanks to a breathable membrane of epitrofico felt (polypropylene).
[0011] L’elemento sensibile (4) che misura l’umidità negli orizzonti organici del suolo (DC) (fig. 2), invece, viene installato orizzontalmente ad una profondità variabile tra 10 cm e 30 cm, a seconda del tipo di terreno. Il modello considerato presenta una discreta indipendenza alla salinità del terreno. [0011] The sensitive element (4) which measures the humidity in the organic soil horizons (DC) (fig. 2), instead, is installed horizontally at a variable depth between 10 cm and 30 cm, depending on the type of ground. The model considered has a fairly good independence from the salinity of the soil.
[0012] Gli elementi sensibili possono essere posizionati sullo stesso sostegno o su 2 diversi pali (2). [0012] Sensitive elements can be positioned on the same support or on 2 different poles (2).
[0013] La centralina meteorologica (fig. 3), infine, può essere fissata agli alberi oppure a dei pali. Viene camuffata da una casetta per uccellini (utilizzabile dagli stessi), alimentata a pannelli solari (6), che gestisce contemporaneamente più sensori ambientali e nel contempo riceve via radio le informazioni dai sensori di terra. [0013] Finally, the weather station (fig. 3) can be fixed to the trees or to poles. It is disguised as a bird house (usable by them), powered by solar panels (6), which simultaneously manages several environmental sensors and at the same time receives information from the earth sensors via radio.
[0014] Il tutto lavora senza fili. I «pali intelligenti» trasmettono più volte al giorno al gateway presente in campo i dati rilevati. Questi invierà via internet i dati ricevuti ai data center, che li conserverà e li memorizzerà per lo studio e analisi statistiche degli stessi. [0014] Everything works without wires. The «intelligent poles» transmit the data collected several times a day to the gateway in the field. These will send the data received to the data center via internet, which will keep them and store them for the study and statistical analysis of the same.
[0015] Il tutto è facilmente accessibile in tempo reale con il semplice utilizzo di un browser web. I grafici risultanti potranno consentire in tempo reale di determinare il pericolo di innesco e propagazione di eventuali incendi boschivi. [0015] Everything is easily accessible in real time with the simple use of a web browser. The resulting graphs will allow real-time determination of the danger of ignition and propagation of any forest fires.
Esempio di realizzazione 1Example of embodiment 1
[0016] La rete di sensori wireless per il rilevamento del rischio dinamico degli incendi boschivi può essere installata in tutti i boschi e le foreste. Dall’analisi in continuo dei dati relativi all’umidità del terreno alle diverse profondità è possibile fornire dei modelli statistici sulla probabilità del verificarsi di un incendio boschivo e sulla sua intensità. All’interno di un bosco o foresta si possono avere delle sotto-aree di diversa vegetazione, combustibile ed esposizione. Risulta dunque fondamentale avere un’idea precisa sul rischio di ogni singola area. [0016] The wireless sensor network for the detection of the dynamic risk of forest fires can be installed in all forests and forests. From the continuous analysis of data relating to soil moisture at different depths it is possible to provide statistical models on the probability of the occurrence of a forest fire and its intensity. Within a forest or forest you can have sub-areas of different vegetation, fuel and exposure. It is therefore essential to have a precise idea on the risk of each individual area.
Claims (8)
Priority Applications (1)
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CH5852010A CH703014A2 (en) | 2010-04-23 | 2010-04-23 | Forest-fire warning system comprises networks of wireless sensors for monitoring the moisture of the ground |
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CH5852010A CH703014A2 (en) | 2010-04-23 | 2010-04-23 | Forest-fire warning system comprises networks of wireless sensors for monitoring the moisture of the ground |
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US11346717B2 (en) | 2018-11-13 | 2022-05-31 | Project Canary, Pbc | Air quality monitoring system and method |
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- 2010-04-23 CH CH5852010A patent/CH703014A2/en not_active Application Discontinuation
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US11781979B1 (en) | 2020-09-10 | 2023-10-10 | Project Canary, Pbc | Air quality monitoring system and method |
US11774426B1 (en) | 2022-03-25 | 2023-10-03 | Project Canary, Pbc | Emissions detection system and methods |
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