CH295683A - Process for the non-cutting deformation of metals. - Google Patents
Process for the non-cutting deformation of metals.Info
- Publication number
- CH295683A CH295683A CH295683DA CH295683A CH 295683 A CH295683 A CH 295683A CH 295683D A CH295683D A CH 295683DA CH 295683 A CH295683 A CH 295683A
- Authority
- CH
- Switzerland
- Prior art keywords
- sulfides
- aqueous phase
- emulsion
- dependent
- metals
- Prior art date
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C22/00—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
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- C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
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- C10M2207/10—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof
- C10M2207/12—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
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- C10M2207/10—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof
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- C10M2207/121—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms having hydrocarbon chains of seven or less carbon atoms
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- C10M2207/12—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
- C10M2207/125—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms having hydrocarbon chains of eight up to twenty-nine carbon atoms, i.e. fatty acids
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- C10M2207/10—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof
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- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
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- C10N2040/24—Metal working without essential removal of material, e.g. forming, gorging, drawing, pressing, stamping, rolling or extruding; Punching metal
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Description
Verfahren zur spanlosen Verformung von Metallen. Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur spanlosen Verformung von Metallen, insbe sondere Eisen und Stahl, und ist dadurch ge- k ennzeichnet, dass als Kühl- und Schmier mittel Emulsionen von Ölen mit Wasser Ver wendung finden, deren wässrige Phase Sulfide in gelöster Form enthält, die in Berührung mit. den Metallen auf diesen einen Film er zeugen.
Für die spanlose Verformung von Eisen und Stahl ist bisher noch kein Schmiermittel gefunden worden, welches insbesondere bei Verwendung gewöhnlicher Zieh- und Press- werkzeuge die volle oder auch nur weit gehende Ausnutzung der Verformbarkeit von Eisen und Stahl gestatten würde. Besonders dann, wenn hohe und höchste Verformungs- grade erzielt werden sollen, versagt jedes be kannte Kühl- und Schmiermittel. Es tritt dann unvermeidlich das bekannte Anfressen des Werkzeuges auf dem Werkstüek ein.
Ein wesentlicher Fortschritt bei der span losen Verformung von Eisen und Stahl wurde dadurch erzielt, dass man die Werkstücke vor der Verformung durch bekannte Verfahren, wie Brünieren, Phosphatieren, mit einer dich ten, zusammenhängenden Kristallhaut von Oxyden oder Salzen, z. B. Phosphaten, ver sieht, deren Kristalle fest mit der metallischen Unterlage verwachsen sind. Dieses bekannte Verfahren weist den Nachteil auf, dass die Werkstücke vor der Kaltverformung in Brii- nier- oder Phosphatbädern vorbehandelt wer den müssen.
Es wurde nun die überraschende Beob achtung gemacht, dass in den Öl-in-Wasser oder Wasser-in-Öl Emulsionen von Ölen, bei spielsweise Mineralölen, pflanzlichen oder tie rischen Ölen, deren wässrige Phase Einfach- oder Mehrfachsulfide in gelöster Form ent hält, Kühl- und Schmiermittel vorliegen, die auch bei Anwendung hoher und höchster Um formungsgrade einen vollkommenen Schutz gegen das Anfressen der Werkzeuge bieten, und zwar auch dann,
wenn als Werkstoff für die Verformungswerkzeuge gewöhnliche Zieh- und Pressstähle Verwendung finden und die zu verformenden Werkstücke nicht mit einer Schutzschicht von Oxyden oder Salzen ver sehen sind. Man kann sich die Wirkung der Kühl- und Schmiermittel nach der Erfindung so erklären, dass die in gelöster Form im Kühl- und Schmiermittel enthaltenen Sulfide auf den Oberflächen, sowohl des Werkstückes als auch der Werkzeuge, einen ständig sich erneuernden Film erzeugen, der ein Verschwei ssen von Stahl auf Stahl verhindert.
Bei der Kaltformgebung von Aluminium legierungen unter Verwendung der Kühl- und Schmiermittel nach der Erfindung wird ver mutlich das intermediär gebildete Aluminium sulfid rasch unter Bildung von Aluminium hydroxyd zersetzt. Da aber auch der Ziehvor gang mit grosser Geschwindigkeit verläuft, ist. es eine offene Frage, ob das intermediär ge bildete Aluminiumsulfid oder das bei der Zersetzung entstehende Aluminiumhydroxyd die zieherleichternde Wirkung ausübt.
Es wurde die Beobachtung gemacht, dass selbst auf einer Rohrstreckpresse, auf der die Ziehringe die stärkste aller Beanspruchungen erleiden, niedrig legierte Manganstähle für das Werkzeug verwendet. werden können, die praktisch sonst nie als Ziehstähle Verwen dung finden, und die auch unter andern Be dingungen bei Verwendung phosphat.ierter Rohre sofort. unbrauchbar würden.
Da es anderseits auch möglich ist, die üblich ver- wendeten Ziehstähle von 2% Kohlenstoff und grösseren Chromgehalten zu benutzen, die sul- fidresistent sind, kann die Frage der Sulfid bildung auf den Werkzeugen nicht einheitlich beantwortet. werden.
Es ist bereits bekannt, bei der spanlosen Verformung von Metallen Ölsuspensionen zu verwenden, welche Schwefel in fein- bis feinst- verteilter Form enthalten. Der Schwefel sollte dabei wohl einerseits als Gleitmittel, ander seits dazu dienen, auf der metallischen Ober fläche einen das Anfressen des Werkzeuges verhindernden Film zu erzeugen. In Wirklich keit tritt unter den Bedingungen, wie die Schmier- und Kühlmittel bei der Kaltver formung von Metallen verwendet werden, durch den zugesetzten Schwefel eine solche Filmbildung überhaupt nicht oder in so trä gem Masse ein, dass sie auf den Ziehvorgang ohne Einfluss ist.
Bei den Schmiermitteln nach der Erfindung findet dagegen beispiels weise die Bildung eines Eisen-II-Sulfidfilms schon in der Kälte und, was wesentlich ist, mit grosser Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit statt.
Die Wirkung des Sulfidfilms ist zweifel los ähnlich der der Phosphatschichten bei dem bekannten Ziehverfahren. Es besteht aber in sofern ein Unterschied, als bei dem bekannter. Verfahren die Phosphate und Oxyde vor der Kaltverformung erzeugt werden, während die Sulfide bei dem Verfahren nach der Erfin dung erst gebildet werden, wenn das Werkstück mit dem Kühl- und Schmiermittel in Berüh rung kommt. Bei dem bekannten Verfahren kann eine Neubildung von Phosphat- und OxSdschichten im Verformungsvorgang nicht eintreten.
Dagegen kann bei dem Verfahren nach der Erfindung eine ständige Neubildung von Sulfidschiehten stattfinden. Daraus er klärt sich, dass die Selrutzwirkung bei Anwen- j dung des Kühl- und Schmiermittels nach der Erfindung eine vollkommene ist, während ihr beim bekannten Verfahren gewisse Grenzen gesetzt sind.
Die grössere Stärke der Scliiehten bei dem bekannten Verfahren bietet anderseits den Vorteil, dass die Reibungsarbeit bei der Ver formung vermindert wird. Es ist deshalb unter Umständen vorteilhaft, von den Merk malen beider Verfahren Gebrauch zu machen, c also das Verfahren unter Verwendung von '\Verkstücken auszuführen, die durch vorher gehende Behandlung mit Oxyd- oder Salz schichten versehen worden sind.
Man wird die Kombination beider Verfahrensmerkmale , mit Vorteil insbesondere dann anwenden, wenn eine damit verbundene Verminderung der Zahl der Arbeitsgänge und wesentliche Er höhung der Standzeit der Werkzeuge die durch die Erzeugung der Phosphat.- oder Oxydschichten bedingten Mehrkosten recht fertigt.
Als Kühl- und Schmiermittel nach der Erfindung hat sich beispielsweise eine Mi schung von 15 kg eines im Handel erhältli., chen, sogenannten wasserlöslichen Bohr- und Ziehfettes und 1.5 kg Wasser der 6 bis 800 cm s gelbes Schwefelammonium zugefügt sind, be währt. Es hat sieh als zweckmässig erwiesen, dein für die 3Iisehung- verwendeten Wasser vor dem Zusatz des Zieh- und Bohrfettes Alkalisalze schwacher Säuren, wie Borax, Soda, zuzufügen.
Mit der so zusammengesetz ten Emulsion war es möglich, unter Anwen dung des Streckverfahrens nach Patent Nr. 170512 unbehandelte Stahlrohre von mm Wandstärke in einer Operation auf 0,6 mm Wandstärke herunterzustrecken.
Die Erfindung lässt sieh auch auf Nicht eisenmetalle und deren Legier engen, wie Aluminium, Zink, Nickel, llonelmetall, Legie rungen des Al-Cu-Mg- und Al-l-Ig-Tvps usw., anwenden Die zieherleichternde Wirkung der ge nannten Kühl- und Schmiermittel macht sieh nicht nur bei Nickel und hochnickelhaltigen Legierungen, die bekanntlich beim Ziehen er hebliche Schwierigkeiten verursachen, sondern auch bei Metallen wie Aluminium und Alu miniumlegierungen dadurch geltend, dass der Reibungswiderstand erheblich vermindert wird,
und die Rohroberflächen auch bei An wendung stärkerer Verformungsgrade ein glatteres und schöneres Aussehen erhalten als bei Verwendung von Kühl- und Schmiermit teln ohne Zusatz der genannten Stoffe.
Gemäss der Erfindung wird beispielsweise zum Ziehen von Rohren des Al-Cu-Mg-Typs eine wässrige Ölemulsion verwendet, der auf 1.00 Liter Emulsion 500 g Schwefelleber zu gefügt. sind.
Die günstige Wirkung des Zusatzes der Sulfide zu den Kühl- und Schmiermitteln zeigt sich auch darin, dass die Werkzeuge ge schont, werden und als Werkstoff für den Ziehring niedrig legierte und vor allem wol- framfreie Stähle verwendet, werden können.
Bei der praktischen Ausführung des Ver fahrens hat es sich gezeigt, dass gewisse Tief- ziehstä.hle eine erhebliche Resistenz gegen den Angriff. wässriger Lösungen der Sulfide der Alkalien, Erdalkalien und organischen Basen in der angewandten Verdünnung aufweisen.
Es wurde nun gefunden, dass man die Aggressivität, dieser stark basisch reagieren den Sulfide erheblich steigern kann, wenn man ihren Lösungen saure Stoffe, wie Mine ralsäuren, organische Säuren, insbesondere mittel- und höhermolekulare Fettsäuren mit 5 bis 30 Kohlenstoffatomen, Phenole usw. Die Steigerung der Aggressivität ist ver mutlich auf die durch den Zusatz von sauren Stoffen bewirkte Bildung von Wasserstoff sulfid zurückzuführen.
Die gleiche Wirkung wird deshalb auch erzielt, wenn man den Öl- emulsionen an Stelle der Metallsulfide Schwe- felwasserstoffwasser zufügt.
Es hat sich als zweckmässig erwiesen, bei Verwendung von Schwefelwasserstoffwasser geringe Mengen mittel- oder höhermolekularer Fettsäuren, wie Caprylsäure, Linolensäure, zuzufügen, da diese Stoffe anscheinend den Schwefelwasserstoff zu binden und dessen rasche Oxydation zu verhindern vermögen.
Process for the non-cutting deformation of metals. The invention relates to a method for the non-cutting deformation of metals, in particular special iron and steel, and is characterized in that emulsions of oils with water are used as coolants and lubricants, the aqueous phase of which contains sulfides in dissolved form, those in contact with. the metals on this one film.
No lubricant has yet been found for the non-cutting deformation of iron and steel which would allow full or even extensive utilization of the deformability of iron and steel, especially when using conventional drawing and pressing tools. Every known coolant and lubricant fails, especially when high and extremely high degrees of deformation are to be achieved. The known seizure of the tool on the workpiece then inevitably occurs.
A significant advance in the non-cutting deformation of iron and steel has been achieved in that the workpieces prior to deformation by known methods such as burnishing, phosphating, with a up th, coherent crystal skin of oxides or salts, eg. B. phosphates, ver provides the crystals are firmly fused with the metallic substrate. This known method has the disadvantage that the workpieces have to be pretreated in burnishing or phosphate baths prior to cold forming.
The surprising observation has now been made that in the oil-in-water or water-in-oil emulsions of oils, for example mineral oils, vegetable or animal oils, whose aqueous phase contains single or multiple sulfides in dissolved form, Coolants and lubricants are available that offer complete protection against tool seizure even when high and extremely high degrees of deformation are used, even if
if normal drawing and pressed steels are used as the material for the forming tools and the workpieces to be formed are not provided with a protective layer of oxides or salts. The effect of the coolant and lubricant according to the invention can be explained by the fact that the sulfides contained in dissolved form in the coolant and lubricant produce a constantly renewing film on the surfaces of both the workpiece and the tools, which creates a weld prevents steel on steel from moving.
In the cold forming of aluminum alloys using the coolants and lubricants according to the invention, the aluminum sulfide formed as an intermediate is ver presumably decomposed rapidly with the formation of aluminum hydroxide. But since the Ziehvor gang runs at high speed, is. there is an open question as to whether the aluminum sulfide formed as an intermediate or the aluminum hydroxide formed during the decomposition has the effect of facilitating the pulling process.
It was observed that even on a pipe stretching press, on which the drawing rings suffer the greatest of all stresses, low-alloy manganese steels are used for the tool. which are practically never used as drawing steels, and which can also be used immediately under other conditions when using phosphated pipes. would become unusable.
Since, on the other hand, it is also possible to use the commonly used drawing steels with 2% carbon and higher chromium contents that are sulphide-resistant, the question of sulphide formation on the tools cannot be answered uniformly. will.
It is already known to use oil suspensions for the non-cutting deformation of metals which contain sulfur in finely to finely divided form. The sulfur should serve as a lubricant on the one hand, and on the other hand to create a film on the metallic surface that prevents the tool from being pitted. In reality, under the conditions in which the lubricants and coolants are used in the cold forming of metals, the added sulfur does not result in such a film formation or to such an extent that it has no influence on the drawing process.
In the lubricants according to the invention, however, for example, the formation of an iron (II) sulfide film takes place in the cold and, what is essential, with a high reaction rate.
The effect of the sulfide film is undoubtedly similar to that of the phosphate layers in the known drawing process. But there is a difference in this respect than with the more familiar. Process the phosphates and oxides are generated prior to cold forming, while the sulfides are only formed in the process according to the invention when the workpiece comes into contact with the coolant and lubricant. With the known method, a new formation of phosphate and oxide layers cannot occur in the deformation process.
On the other hand, in the method according to the invention, a constant new formation of sulfide layers can take place. This explains that the self-cleaning effect when using the coolant and lubricant according to the invention is perfect, while it is subject to certain limits in the known method.
On the other hand, the greater strength of the seams in the known method offers the advantage that the work of friction during deformation is reduced. It is therefore sometimes advantageous to make use of the features of both processes, i.e. to carry out the process using blocks that have been provided with layers of oxide or salt through previous treatment.
The combination of both process features will be used to advantage, in particular, if an associated reduction in the number of operations and a substantial increase in the service life of the tools justifies the additional costs caused by the production of the phosphate or oxide layers.
As a coolant and lubricant according to the invention, for example, a mixture of 15 kg of a commercially available., Chen, so-called water-soluble drilling and drawing fat and 1.5 kg of water to which 6 to 800 cm s of yellow ammonium sulphide have been added, has been proven. It has proven to be expedient to add alkali salts of weak acids, such as borax and soda, to the water used for the preparation before adding the drawing and drilling fat.
With the emulsion composed in this way, it was possible, using the stretching process according to patent no. 170512, to stretch down untreated steel pipes from mm wall thickness to 0.6 mm wall thickness in one operation.
The invention can also be applied to non-ferrous metals and their alloys, such as aluminum, zinc, nickel, llonelmetall, alloys of the Al-Cu-Mg and Al-l-Ig types, etc. The pull-relieving effect of the cooling mentioned - and lubricant not only applies to nickel and high-nickel alloys, which are known to cause considerable difficulties when drawing, but also to metals such as aluminum and aluminum alloys in that the frictional resistance is considerably reduced,
and the pipe surfaces receive a smoother and nicer appearance even when applying greater degrees of deformation than when using coolants and lubricants without the addition of the substances mentioned.
According to the invention, for example, an aqueous oil emulsion is used for drawing pipes of the Al-Cu-Mg type, to which 500 g of sulfur liver are added to 1.00 liter of emulsion. are.
The beneficial effect of adding sulfides to the coolants and lubricants is also shown in the fact that the tools are spared and that low-alloy and, above all, tungsten-free steels can be used as the material for the drawing ring.
During the practical implementation of the method, it has been shown that certain deep-drawn steels have considerable resistance to attack. aqueous solutions of the sulphides of the alkalis, alkaline earths and organic bases in the dilution used.
It has now been found that the aggressiveness of this strongly alkaline reacting the sulfides can be increased considerably if you add acidic substances such as mineral acids, organic acids, especially medium and high molecular weight fatty acids with 5 to 30 carbon atoms, phenols, etc. to their solutions The increase in aggressiveness is presumably due to the formation of hydrogen sulfide caused by the addition of acidic substances.
The same effect is therefore also achieved if the oil emulsions are added to hydrogen sulphide instead of the metal sulphides.
When using hydrogen sulfide water, it has proven to be useful to add small amounts of medium or high molecular weight fatty acids, such as caprylic acid, linolenic acid, since these substances appear to bind the hydrogen sulfide and prevent its rapid oxidation.
Claims (1)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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CH295683T | 1944-02-28 |
Publications (1)
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CH295683A true CH295683A (en) | 1954-01-15 |
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Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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CH295683D CH295683A (en) | 1944-02-28 | 1944-02-28 | Process for the non-cutting deformation of metals. |
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CH (1) | CH295683A (en) |
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1944
- 1944-02-28 CH CH295683D patent/CH295683A/en unknown
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