CH124831A - Steam generation process and steam generator for its realization. - Google Patents

Description

  

  Steam generation process and steam generator for its realization. The present invention relates to a method for generating steam and to a steam generator for its implementation.



  According to this process, water is circulated continuously and forced through a determined closed circuit comprising elements (the steam generator inside which the water is introduced in an amount smaller than that necessary for fill them, but greater than their generating capacity, a predetermined minimum quantity of water in the liquid state being constantly maintained in said circuit.



  By carrying out this process so as to produce a film of free, unencumbered water flowing from top to bottom against the inner surface of tubes whose outer surface is. exposed to the heat of hot gases circulating along the latter surface, an extremely intense heat exchange can be obtained, the.

   heat transferred to the tubes by the hot gases being directly transmitted by the metal of these tubes to the water which is in contact in the form of a film with their internal surface, the vapor thus produced being free to escape through the central part of the tu bes, which is completely free, and to exit at their lower end.



  The application of this process makes it possible to produce steam generating apparatuses of remarkable efficiency when compared to ordinary steam generators of the tube type or even to those of the injection type.



  In the steam generators described later and established for carrying out the above process, the water which enters. the upper end of relatively long tubes is directed in such a manner against the internal wall of these tubes and is continuously sent therein in such quantity that a thin film is maintained against said internal wall to which the heat is directly transmitted by the walls, so that at. the. Unlike what happens in ordinary tube boilers, that is to say in boilers where the tubes are completely filled with water, it is not to be feared that the water is isolated from the tube wall by vapor bubbles.



  These bubbles are, in fact, free to escape through the relatively thin film of water which is against the wall and to go into the central part of the tube which is released.



  As with all steam generators in general, it is good, in the case of the steam generator according to the invention, to provide the means of remedying the drawbacks which may be detrimental to the efficiency and to the continuity of operation. machines:

   impurity of the water, scaling of the elements, variation in the quantity of steam required from the appliance, difficulty in removing the. soot or other deposits which may form on the external wall of the elements, excess or insufficient pressure inside the appliance liable to cause the introduction of steam into key parts of the appliance where this steam would interfere with the , circulation of water, etc., drawbacks or difficulties which have been encountered in other types of steam generators and which have been avoided or solved in various ways.



  But it is at. note that préei4ment the method and the generator according to the invention allow. to avoid, without difficulty, the inconveniences that we have had in other cases. with great difficulty in eliminating and easily solving problems whose solution had otherwise been difficult.



  For the generators (1o steam of the eo.nsid@ré type, we have planned a system (the circulation (the water in which the tu 1 are included) Ps or the elements inside which the steam is produced and organs, a pump, by e @ emnle, intended to ensure the forced circulation of water.



  These latter organs constitute. in a way, a part of the menératePur itself Pt are, by jump, subjected on each side (their sides to the. pressure adversely reigns inside the steam generator.



  So that it is possible to ensure a continuous supply of water to the generator tubes
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    50 Means allowing the internal and external cleaning of the generator tubes without having to remove them from their supports; <B> 60 </B> An arrangement and shape of the tubes used, such as to ensure maximum heat absorption. in contact with gases passing by them;

    <B> 70 </B> An arrangement of the tubes intended to ensure the condensed organization essential to obtain a satisfactory heat exchange and to obtain that the water supply of the different tubes is proportional * to the different speeds of evaporation of the water inside the various tubes as a function of the variations: of heating intensity to which these various tubes are subjected according to their position inside the generator; 8 Means to prevent the foreign substances which can move with it, the circulating water from stopping the operation of the key generating mechanism the film - of water;

    9e Finally, in general, key means allowing to achieve a generator in which the movements of hot gases and water or any other fluids between which one would like to cause a key heat exchange are determined in a forced manner and are maintained under conditions such that the greatest possible heat transfer is obtained - from the hottest fluid to the coldest fluid and in such a way that the colder fluid is rapidly and completely heated and in all its mass,

   by virtue of the fact that it is formed as a stream or a relatively thin film in thermal relation with the hottest of fluids and that it is placed there under conditions such that heat is transmitted directly to it through the tube wall.



  As will be seen below, many other very arrangements can be made to make the generator particularly suitable for operating with the most advantageous efficiency.



  In order to use the steam generator described below, by way of example, for the implementation of the process according to the invention, it is possible to use as a heat source the hot gases originating either from a combustion caused in a chamber directly associated with the steam generator, or a combustion carried out at any other point. Said gases can, moreover, also be heated in any other suitable way and the heat used can be produced in any way.



  In the key embodiment of the invention which is shown by way of example, the generator is more specially designed so as to use the waste heat from the gas generators and so as to be connected to the superheater of a key gas installation.



  It will be seen that, owing to its lightness, its compact construction and its great efficiency, it is particularly applicable to the use of waste heat from gas production installations, the aforementioned characteristics allowing it to be direct. mounted above the superheater or in a confined space in the vicinity of the latter. In addition, thanks to its efficiency, the temperature loss in the installations in question is reduced to a minimum.



       Until now, it was customary to connect the hot chamber of the boiler or the steam generator used for the recovery of lost heat directly to the superheater chamber of the gas generator without interposing between the chambers at any valve, no valve is inserted by inserting a valve that is strictly impermeable to gases, a valve which is very expensive to construct and to maintain. On the other hand, a valve was placed at the outlet of the chamber. generator heater.

        As a result of this arrangement, serious explosions occurred in the heating chamber of the generator, resulting in serious damage to this device.



  To avoid this drawback, we have tried to inject into the. hot chamber of the, enerator, during the manufacture of gas, a certain quantity of water thus causing a conirepression intended to prevent the .raz from escaping from the supercoiler towards the. dli generator heating chamber.



  This method is bad, because the. This fear causes the generator to cool down and its use in such conditions constitutes a loss.



  In order to avoid the dangers of explosion and. loss of heat resulting from the mo-ens used until now to avoid the explosions, one resorts to, in. the rPp generator shown, to the following provisions: A valve is interposed between the superheater and the heating chamber of the generator.



  In the second place, one maintains, in the vicinity of the. aforementioned valve, a pilot flame fed by means of a mixture of air and dP gas previously prepared, and which, consequently, cannot be extinguished.



  Finally, thirdly, there is introduced into the mixture which feeds the pilot flame an excess of air sufficient to ensure the combustion of the small quantities of carbon monoxide which could have been formed as a result of a lack of air at the time. gas formation and which could have entered the. chamber when opening the valve. This air would, moreover, also ensure, if it took place, the combustion of traces of gas which, during the period of manufacture of the gas, could have filtered through the valve.



  Preferably, the outlet of the generator heating chamber dP clll remains <B> or- </B> green instead of being, as before, provided with a valve.



       Further advantages of this arrangement will be indicated below. In addition, to ensure the safety of the generator itself. workers who watch over it and: & s neighboring constructions, provision has been made for the application of explosion doors of a new device, screens, and other safety devices which will be described in detail later.



  In the accompanying drawing, given by way of example: La, fi-. 1. represents an established steam generator in elevation. in accordance with the invention Pt associated with one of the superheaters of a gas generator, with a view to using the, ellaleur <B> '</B> (11az which pass through said superheating at the time when insufflation occurs in the gas generator;

    Fig. \? shows a vertical section of the lower part of the heating chamber of the steam generator, said chamber serving as a combustion chamber when said, ent '@ ratPLlr is itself provided with a heater conforming to that shown in did it. 51; The. Fic. 3 shows a vertical section following. the section shown in FIG. \? and corresponding to the upper part of the apparatus;

    The, fig. 4 is a front elevational view making it possible to see the explosion doors including. is provided with the heating chamber of the lo-enerator; Fig. r) shows a section taken along 5-5 (la. fig. 4 and showing details of the conttruetion of the <B> explosion door </B> exhaust device; Fig. 6 shows a section along Fig. 6-6 of Fig. 4; Fig. 7 shows a following section.

    <B> 7-7 </B> of fig. 4; The fi-. 8 shows a section on 8-8 of the, fi-. 4; T @ i fig. q shows a plan of a detail of the valve fitted between the superheater Pt and the generator replacement chamber,

          ladile figl're also representing the meanisine clP clP control the valve in question: fig. 10 shows, in side elevation, a detail of the same valve and its operating mechanism; Fig. 11 shows, on a larger scale, a section on 11-11 of FIG. 2;

    Fig. 12 shows a side view r-n elevation of the main elements of the water circulation system arranged inside the generator, the casing being removed; The-fig. 13 is a sectional detail showing the perforated disks used to reduce the diameter in the flow tubes respectively associated with the pump and the water distributor which feeds the upper ends of the heating tubes; Fig. 14 shows a section taken along 14-14 of FIG. 12;

    Fig. 15 shows in elevation the steam reader neck; The- fig. 16 is a plan of the same vapor collector; Fig. 17 shows in elevation a steam generator tube, said view making it possible to see the curvature of this tube at its upper part and at its lower part and the way in which it is connected to the water distribution device and to the collector;

    Fig. 18 shows in elevation a detail of the upper end of a bed of generator tubes, as well as one of the distribution boilers, the removable multiple injector and the orifices which make it possible to clean the generator tubes; Fig. 19 shows a side view of the assembly of members shown in Fig. 18, said side view being taken from the right; Fig. 20 shows a section along 20-20 of FIG. 18; Fig. 21 shows a section on 21-21 of FIG. 18;

    Fig. 22 shows in plan a detail (the boiler shown in Fig. 18; Fig. 23 shows a detail section of the lower end of a bed of generator tubes, as well as the construction of the boiler which serves as a. collector; Fig. 24 shows a side elevational view of the device shown in Fig. 28, said view being taken from the left; Fig. 25 shows a section on 25-25 of Fig. 23;

    Fig. 26 represents a detailed section showing the members which make it possible to adjust the positions with respect to each other of the different tubes of the same bed, said figure constituting a section taken along 26-26 of FIG. 27; Fig. 27 shows a section on 27-27 of FIG. 26;

    Fig. 28 shows another spacing device combined with a device for removing soot; Fig. 29 shows, on a larger scale, a section made in the vicinity of the upper end of the generator and allows both to see the arrangement and the mode of construction of a removable multiple injector and filters which are added thereto; , said figure also making it possible to see how the different beds of tubes are arranged and supported; Fig. 30 shows a section along 30-30 of FIG. 29;

    Fig. 31 shows, on a larger scale, a detail section taken near the upper end of the generator and allowing the soot removal device to be seen; Fig. 32 shows another detail view of the soot removal device shown in FIG. 31; Fig. 33 shows a section taken along 33-33 of FIG. 32 ;.



  Fig. 34 shows an alternative embodiment of the distribution boiler, said boiler having a rectangular section; Fig. 35 shows a side view of the device shown in FIG. 34, this one being supposed to be seen from the right; Fig. 36 shows a plan view of the left end of the same device; Fig. Fig. 37 (shows a section on <B> 3 7-37 of </B> of Fig. 34; Fig. 38 shows a section on 38-38 of Fig. 31; Wire 39 shows a variant construction of the collector;

    Fig. 40 shows a side view of the device shown in, FIG. 39, this one being supposed to be seen from the right; The fia. 41 shows a section on 11-41 of FIG. 39; Fig. 42 shows a section on 42-42 of the. fi-. 39; The fi-. 43 shows a section showing an alternative embodiment of the removable key cover used to close the cleaning openings;

    The, fig. 44 is a detail section showing the devices used to ensure the tangential flow in the collecting pots of the water coming from. collectors; Fig. 45 is a front elevation view and the. fig. 46 a side view of a mode of suspension of the tube beds; Fig. 47 is a front elevation and. fig. 48 in profile elevation another mode of suspension of said tube beds;

    Fig. 49 shows a front view <B> î </B> with partial cutaway of a circulation slowing device combined with a chemical purification and filtration device; Fig. 50 shows a detailed section of the lower end of one of the collecting pots, said section showing the mode of assembly of these pots with the above-mentioned chemical treatment apparatus; Fig. 51 schematically shows a device comprising the installation inside the heating chamber of the generator of oil burners or other similar heating devices;

    Fig. 52 is a detail section showing. the nozzle of the jet distributor used to direct the jet against the internal surfaces of the generator tubes of fear. As we said above, the generator (the vapor represented in.

   as an example is arranged (the way to use the heat lost from a generating device (the g <iz, but it goes without saying due to the domain of the invF.n- lion is in no way restricted for this particular use, not more, than for any other case of use of heat for the tram formation of water into vapor.



  In accordance with what is shown in the. fig. 1, the casing 2 of the steam generator is supported by a 4 fW # frame on one of the so-called superheater 6 sides of a gas generator apparatus.



  One could, moreover, also, if desired, directly mount the casing 2 on the top cltt superheater 6, the whole of the steam generator being: sufficiently light for this.



  The pipes @i through which the hot gases from the superheater 6 go to the heating chamber of the steam generator carry a tube 8 leaving from the superheater and descending to: a dust collector 10, which retains the dust entrained by the front throttle. that these do not enter the heating chamber of the generator is afraid.

   L esdit, gas then rise through an opening 12 (see fis. 2) closed by a valve 1.1 and enters the heating chamber <B> 16 </B> of the steam generator.



  As well as he has. mentioned above, the steam generator in question is arranged so as to. be able to be heated not only by means of hot gas produced outside of it, but also in such a way that it can be heated by means of a device which is specific to it, or, for example, by means of the burners 17 arranged in the lower part of the heating chamber 16 according to what is shown in fig. 51, or by any other suitable heating means, the I-, steam enerator itself being constructed el,

       arranged so as to be able to use all the heat produced by combustion, both radiant heat and contact heat. As will be seen later, the path of the gases through the generator is relatively long, organized so as to achieve a complete absorption of heat so that the gas which leaves said generator is so at the temperature of the vapor <inside the latter.



       The casing 2 of the generator comprises an outer jacket 18 made of steel covered on its inner face with a coating of refractory substance, preferably heat insulating.



  The lower part of this envelope has a relatively large section in comparison to the section of the. upper part to which it is connected by a curved intermediate part, the curvature of which corresponds substantially to that of the vaporization tubes which will be described later. The intermediate part in question can be constructed by means of refractory bricks 22 held by T-irons 24.



  The generator shown comprises a large number of relatively long and substantially vertical tubes of small diameter at the upper end of which the water is projected in the form of jets directed in such a way against the wall of said tubes that it forms against the internal wall. of these a film of water which remains continuously over a substantial part of the length of the tube.



  The arrangement in question leaves the center of the tube free and clear in such a way that the vapor produced by the heat transmitted to the water film through the walls of the tube can easily overcome the surface tension of the water film. water, escape through the free space in question and descend along the tubes to their lower end together with the water which has not been vaporized.



  The steam generating tubes 26 have a relatively long vertical top 26a and a short, curved bottom 126b. The latter is located in the. lower part 16b of the heating chamber 16, that is to say in the widest part of this chamber, while the part of these tubes which is vertical is located in the narrowed part, that is to say say in part 16a of the. heating chamber 16.



  The tubes 26 are relatively long; they have, for example, 7.50 m in the case of the generator shown. Their diameter is small. The outside diameter is, for example, -15 mm, the inside diameter being 12 mm and the wall thickness being 1.5 mm.



  They can be made of any suitable substance, such as, for example, seamless drawn steel.



  Each of the tubes 26 is connected at one of its ends to a distribution tube 28 and, at its other end, to a reader neck tube 30.



  To ensure satisfactory assembly and solid construction; the tubes in question are preferably flared at their end at the point where they enter the distribution tubes and the reader neck tubes, in accordance with what is shown in FIGS. 18 and 23.



  As can be seen from the detail shown in FIG. 18, orifices 32 are made in the distribution tubes 28 in order to receive the upper end of the tubes 26. As seen in FIGS. 18 and 21, the orifices in question are countersunk so as to allow the expansion and, consequently, the blocking of the vaporization tubes.



       The development in question can be obtained using a tool which is introduced through the openings 34 made in the opposite wall of the distribution tube, or openings 34 which are located opposite the openings 32.



  The openings 34 serve, moreover, in accordance with what: was indicated above, not only to achieve the assembly of the tubes 26 with the tubes 28, but also to allow the introduction of a tool capable of ensure the cleaning of the vaporization tubes and remove therefrom any deposits or sediments of all kinds which could accumulate on the inner walls of the tubes in question. The aforementioned cleaning may indeed be necessary though. most of the tubes clean themselves.



  As it has been said. above, the water distributed to the various tubes 26 by the tubes 28 is projected into the tubes 26 in the form of jets directed against the. internal wall of said tubes, a single jet being provided for each of the latter.



  The jets in question are produced by means of openings 36 in a dispenser 38 removably mounted to. the interior of the tube 28 and fitted inside the latter so that the orifices 36 are directed slightly against the internal walls of the vaporization tubes.



  This result is easily obtained when, in accordance with. what is shown in the drawing, the openings 36 are arranged in a straight line along the distributor 38. It is then sufficient, in fact, to direct all the jets towards the corresponding sides of the internal walls of the tubes 26, to move suitably the distributor along the axis of the tube 28.



  In order to obtain the maximum efficiency in watering the. internal surface of the vaporization tubes and to obtain the. formation and maintenance of a liquid film over the entire surface of the tube, the jets must be directed so as to come, in accordance with what is shown in fig. 52, frap per la, upper face of the, curved part of the tube which constitutes the upper end thereof.



  In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 18 and 21, the distributor 38 is formed by a tube of semi-circular section which is applied against the internal wall of the tube 28. The distributor 38 is held inside: the inside of the tube 28. It is possible, for example Ple, use for this purpose a tubular assembly forming a connection between the distributor 38 and one of the tubes 40 of the water distributor 42. Preferably, the part of the tube 28 is slightly concave so that ' she can receive the. boïnlr-ï- corresponding part of the edge of the distributor: 38.



  The element .11 of the assembly device, .st threaded so as to be able to be fixed on the threaded end of the tube 40.



  The rotating sleeve -16 of the ace device is arranged so that it can be screwed onto a threaded part -18 of the tube 28.



  In order to close them. orifices 34 made in the tube # - 28 and to hold the dispenser 38 in place. a locking tite has been provided at0 before. for straight section two scbmenïs of attached circle: (wire, -.? 1).

    such as. surface of the bar in question applies closely. against the surface of the tube 28. In the rod 5 (1 are made cavities intended to receive screws 5; 2 making it possible to hold and -s 1> the applied against the internal wall of the tubes 28 and thus ensure the closure of the orifies, ls 34.

   Screwed nuts 54. Siir the screws 52 old rest on the flat parts 5 () of the tubes 8 'and make perfect the application of the rods 50 against the. inner wall of tubes 28.



  The exact position said dispenser and of the openings 36, once determined, the placement in the correct conditions of the dispenser, after it has been removed either for its netto @ -abe, or for any other reason, little to be assured ± you by means of a positive saying of spotting, such. for example, that a tip 58 attached to. the end of the rod 50 and intended to penetrate into the edge .12 of the distributor.



  Each of the tubes 28 serves as a support for the bed of vaporization tubes including. it is one of the elements. It is used to put them as close as possible to each other in order to absorb the greatest possible amount of the heat contained in the heating gases.



  The tube beds are. suspended in accordance with. what is represented on the sins, in such a way duke. the tube of distribution (the each bed is a little higher and a little more outside than the tube (the distribution of the neighboring bed located of the cît (, of the center of the apparatus.



  In order to facilitate their installation, the tubes have their upper end slightly curved towards the center of the apparatus.



  The distribution tubes 28 can be suitable supports anyway, the main thing being to use the fixing means allowing easy removal of one or more beds of tubes.



  In fig. 45 and 46, there is shown a method of construction in which two or more of the screws 52 are replaced by eyebolts 60 through the openings from which passes a bar 62 passing on the other hand through the openings of screw eyebolts 64 fixed. by means of nuts 66 at the wing- of one of the angle irons 70 which constitute one of the elements of the frame of the apparatus.



  In fig. 48. the eyebolts 64 are replaced by gussets 72 riveted or bolts born on the elements 70.



  In the method of attachment shown in FIGS. 45 and 46, it goes without saying that, in order to remove one of the tube beds from the casing, bar 62 is removed from the screw eyebolts through which it passes and that it is put back in place when the bed of tubes has itself has been reinstalled.



  In the device shown in FIGS. 47 and 48, on the contrary, the gussets 72 are arranged in such a way that the rods 78 do not rest on any support outside the eyebolts of the tubes 28 and that it suffices, in order to remove the latter, to remove them by sliding them along said rods 78.



  In fig. 29, yet another suspension device has been shown which facilitates the removal of the beds. of tubes.



  The device in question comprises a series of notches 75 formed in a V-shaped support 77 fixed, on the one hand at 79, to the casing of the apparatus and of which. the point is held by a plate 81.



  The notches or seats 75 of the support 77 are arranged in such a way that after having removed the pipe 40 at one of the ends of the bed of tubes, the latter can be lifted from its support by the side.



  As indicated above, each of the distribution tubes 28 is connected by a tube 40 to a vertical distributor 42 which ensures "the water supply.



  The uppermost distributors 28 are connected to the outlet ports of the distributor 42 which are placed the highest, so that the tubes 28 arranged at the bottom are connected to the lower ports of the distributor 42. The purpose of this arrangement is to modify the water supply and the quantity of water supplied to the different tube beds, this quantity being proportional to the needs of these different beds as a result of variations in the intensity of the heat in the different parts of the device.



  It will be seen, in fact, that the beds of vaporization tubes suspended from the distribution tubes 28 which are placed lowest have themselves, in accordance with what is shown in FIG. 2, their curved lower end located lower in the heating chamber 16 and are, therefore, the first to be influenced by hot gases.



  Moreover, these tube beds are those which are arranged closest to the central part of the path followed by the hot gases through the apparatus, and therefore they are subjected to. the most intense heat and the production of steam in these tubes is greater- than in the outer tubes which are higher.



  To maintain a continuous film inside these tubes, it is therefore necessary to provide them with a more abundant water supply. This result is obtained by means of the collected arrangement indicated above, arrangement by which the distributor 42 supplies a greater quantity of water to the lower tubes located in the center and less water to the outer upper tubes.



  The distributor 42 is continuously supplied with water, water. that it delivers once the apparatus is in operation, in part constituted by the water which has already passed through these vaporization tubes, but has not. not been transformed into steam and partly by water taken from the outside and introduced into the circulation of the generator in order to replace the water which has been transformed into steam.



  It goes without saying that the additional water thus iniroclnile can be water resulting from the condensation of the. going scared formed.



       Ileaii from the vaporization tubes is collected in the manifolds. secon- clears 30 (fig, 1 and?) from which it is directed. by the tubes \ i0 (1 and 207 in the main collectors 78. Dan. the latter takes place a first separation of water and vapor.



  Main collectors' 78 leave. pipes 80 (Figs. 1 and 1.9) connected to a common pipe 82 arranged on the four sides of the generator and which goes through a pipe 8 3 to ail. 8-t quiescent tank (fig. 12).



  This reservoir is itself connected by a pipe 86 to the pump 88 which sucks the water and delivers it through <B> the-, </B> pipes 90 and 92 worm; the distributor 42.



  Preferably, the flow port of the tube 92 is. pressed, in accordance with what is shown in. fig. 29, to. inside the dispenser 42 and to the bottom thereof.



  In order to prevent foreign substances from entering the interior of the tubes 40 and the distributors 38, with which they might block the orifices 36, a cylindrical filter 94 is interposed between the tube 92 and the wall of the distributor 42. extending over the entire] on, ueur of the distributor 42.



  In order to avoid the. formation of deposits liable to adversely affect the operation of the jet distributor, the distributor 42, the tilbes, 40, the jet distributor 38, as well as all the connections existing between these members and, in general,

   all the pipes through which the water flows from the moment it has passed through the filter 94 jiisnu'aii the moment it escapes through the jets 36, are preferably efia-
EMI0010.0089
  
    blies <SEP> eli <SEP> <B> 1111 </B> <SEP> nit # 1 <<1 <SEP> i1i:

  tf-tachable <SEP> and <SEP> stainless.
<tb> From <SEP> this <SEP> way, <SEP> the water <SEP> that <SEP> has <SEP> been <SEP> cleared
<tb> by <SEP> the <SEP> filter <SEP> 9-1 <SEP> of foreign <SEP> <SEP> substances
<tb> of which <SEP> it <SEP> could <SEP> be <SEP> loaded, <SEP> does <SEP> risk
<tb> not <SEP> from <SEP> resume <SEP> from new <SEP>. <SEP> of <SEP> makes <SEP> of
<tb> actio: i <SEP> that it <SEP> could <SEP> have <SEP> on <SEP> the <SEP> leads .. <SEP> that it <SEP> crosses <SEP> for <SEP> to <SEP> go <SEP> to
<tb> ports <SEP> 36.
<tb>



  In <SEP> view <SEP> key <SEP> facilitate <SEP> the <SEP> setting, <SEP> in <SEP> place <SEP> and
<tb> the <SEP> removal of the <SEP> oiyanes <SEP> for <SEP> their <SEP> cleaning.
<tb> 1c, <SEP> filter <SEP> 94 <SEP> is <SEP> mounted <SEP> (the <SEP> way <SEP> removable <SEP> to
<tb> inside <SEP> of <SEP> distributor <SEP> 42 <SEP> and <SEP> la. <SEP> part
<tb> of <SEP> tube <SEP> 9 <B> '</B> <SEP> ((mi <SEP> penetrates <SEP> to. <SEP> inside <SEP> of <SEP> distributor <SEP> 4? <SEP> is <SEP> also <SEP> removable.
<tb>



  Elf # iuf <SEP> ilt <SEP> (.il <SEP> question <SEP> is <SEP> linked <SEP> to <SEP> remains
<tb> from <SEP> the <SEP> pipe, <SEP> that is to say <SEP> to the <SEP> pipe <SEP> 92
<tb> by <SEP> a <SEP>, attached: <SEP> 96 <SEP> (see <SEP> fig. <SEP> 3) <SEP> rtlii <SEP> makes <SEP> very
<tb> easy <SEP> the <SEP> sc@pa.ration <SEP> of the <SEP> elements.
<tb>



  The <SEP> cover <SEP> 98 <SEP> of the <SEP> distributor <SEP> 42 <SEP> <I> is </I>
<tb> bolted <SEP> on <SEP> a <SEP> ring <SEP> 100 <SEP> disposed <SEP> to. <SEP> the
<tb> part <SEP> sup @ iieure <SEP> says <SEP> distributes @ # ur <SEP> and <SEP> is <SEP> provided
<tb> of a <SEP> cone <SEP> of <SEP> ceiltrao-r <SEP> 102 <SEP> contiguous <SEP> to the <SEP> tube
<tb> 92 <SEP> el: <SEP> which <SEP> s @, i1 <SEP> to <SEP> enter <SEP> the <SEP> filter <SEP> 94 <SEP> to <SEP> in térielir <SEP> of the <SEP> distribnteili- <SEP> 4 ?.
<tb>



  Like <SEP> on <SEP> the <SEP> sees <SEP> on <SEP> <B> the </B> <SEP> fi, -. <SEP> 14. <SEP> the
<tb> pump <SEP> rotary <SEP> 88 <SEP> is <SEP> put <SEP> in <SEP> movement
<tb> by <SEP> a <SEP> engine <SEP> <B> 101 </B> <SEP> to which <SEP> it <SEP> is <SEP> connected <SEP> by
<tb> a <SEP> axis <SEP> <B> l <SEP> or). </B>
<tb>



  The <SEP> engine <SEP> in <SEP> question <SEP> can: <SEP> be <SEP> (the <SEP> type
<tb> any, <SEP> provided <SEP> that <SEP> pilisse <SEP> re; Ier <SEP> easily <SEP> its <SEP> speed <SEP> <B> (If - </ B > <SEP> rotation <SEP> in accordance
<tb> to the <SEP> need. <SEP> (the <SEP> the <SEP> rireulation.
<tb>



  In <SEP> the <SEP> ea.s <SEP> prt @ sc # nt, <SEP> this <SEP> engine <SEP> is <SEP> made up <SEP> by <SEP> a <SEP> turbine < SEP> has <SEP> steam <SEP> in <SEP> which
<tb> on <SEP> can <SEP> make <SEP> vary, <SEP> next-. <SEP> the <SEP> needs.
<tb> the <SEP> inlet (the <SEP> the. <SEP> steam.
<tb>



  Dan: <SEP> said <SEP> inoclp <SEP> cl ## <SEP> realization. <SEP> the <SEP> steam
<tb> used <SEP> for <SEP> the <SEP> operation <SEP> of <SEP> this <SEP> engine
<tb> is, <SEP> of <SEP> preferred. <SEP> provided <SEP> by <SEP> a source <SEP>
<tb> independent <SEP> dli <SEP> g @ llc "ratell <SEP> r <SEP> itself.
<tb>



  The <SEP> regulates <SEP> rte <SEP> the power supply <SEP> (the <SEP> this <SEP> motor
<tb> in <SEP> steam <SEP> is, <SEP> rlr # <SEP> preference, <SEP> carried out <SEP> at
<tb> moVell <SEP> from lin <SEP> regulator <SEP> to <SEP> pressure <SEP> of which <SEP> <B> on </B>
<tb> function <SEP> result # <SEP> of a <SEP> difference <SEP> of
<tb> M # ession <SEP> determined <SEP> between <SEP> the <SEP> steam <SEP> and <SEP> water.
<tb>



  In <SEP> the <SEP> present <SEP> mode <SEP> of <SEP> realization. <SEP> on
<tb> 1 <SEP> emllLir # llr <SEP> 108, <SEP> which <SEP> serves <SEP> to <SEP> rc =. # 1st <SEP> admission
<tb> rte <SEP> hl. <SEP> steam <SEP> am @ # n @@ e <SEP> of a <SEP> soll.rce <SEP> est (#rieure; m inoti # ur 104 by a pipe 110, is connected by a tube 112 to the outlet of the pump 88 or to the pipe 90 and, on the other hand., connected, by a tube 114, to one of the manifolds 78.



  The difference between the pressure of the vapor in the manifolds 78 and the pressure of the water in the supply line 90 provides, through the regulator 108, the desired control (the speed of the motor. 104 and, consequently, of the pump 88.



       The regulator 108 can be of a commercial type.



  A shutoff valve 364 prevents return currents from originating within line 90 when pump 88 is turned off.



  In anticipation of the case where the pump which provides the main circulation is damaged. or unusable and also as a reserve in case of need of an extraor dinary power supply of the -enerator, is added, preferably, a reserve auxiliary pump 116 whose inlet pipe 118 is connected to the tube 86 which -part of the reservoir 84 and the outlet pipe 120 of which (FIG. 2) is connected at 122 to the. pipeline 90.



  In the embodiment shown, the pump 116 is operated by. a steam turbine 124 powered by the same steam source as the turbine 104.



  . Preferably, the pump 11.6 intervenes only when the difference between the pressures of the steam and of the water reaches a determined value.



  The regulator 126 which regulates the speed of the. turbine 124 is connected by a tube 128 (see fiv. 14) to the outlet pipe 120 and is connected, by a tube 130, to one of the neck readers 78 in accordance with what is indicated above. This regulator is itself adjusted in such a way that, for a pressure difference between the water and the steam greater than that which corresponds to the maximum operation of the.

       pump 88 (but of course low enough nonetheless for the protection of the device to be ensured in the event of deterioration (the main pump), it causes the turbine 124 and the corresponding pump to come into action.



  In other words, the pump 116 acts primarily as an auxiliary or standby pump and operates only when the main pump is damaged or when the generator needs more power than what needs to be supplied. by pump 88.



  The tubing 120 is preferably provided with a shut-off valve (not shown) similar to the valve 364 interposed on the tube 90.



  . The water supply devices associated with the generator and which supply the water intended to replace that which has been transformed into steam are arranged so as to introduce the water in question at a point in the circulation circuit such as that the cold water coming from outside be mixed with the hot water coming from the vaporization tubes. the precipitation of minerals or other foreign substances which might be contained in the feed water @ occurring before the mixture is returned to the spray tubes.



  In order to ensure, under particularly favorable conditions, the precipitation in question, as well as the separation of the -Précipi tés formed, the water introduced is preferably brought into the. part of the circulation circuit between the. part where the water coming from the vaporization tubes and the low point of the circuit formed by the reservoir 84 is collected.



  As shown in the sins, the make-up water is introduced into the generator circulation circuit at one end of the common manifold 82 which collects the water separated from the steam in the manifolds 78.



  As well as he has. , said-above, the common collector is arranged substantially on the four sides of the generator before abou firing at-point low 84.



  As seen in the drawing and, in particular on the fia. 1, said common collector is placed outside the combustion chamber and is not subjected to the action of heat. On the contrary, the collectors 78: have, preferably, arranged in the chamber 16, a collector located at each of the angles <B> 0- </B> es <B> 1 </B> of the lower part 16b of said chamber.



  Replacement water which can come from any suitable source and under suitable pressure is introduced through a tubing 13? (see fig. 14) and passes through a pressure regulator controlled by the pressure of the steam in one of the neck readers 78, the connection between these members being made by means of a tubing 1.86.



  This arrangement makes it possible to vary the. pressure of the complementary water according to the pressure variations of the vapor in the generator.



  Preferably, the. control of the introduction of water into the generator is ensured by means of a valve 188 regulated by a regulator 139 (see fig. 14) controlled by the level of the water in one of the manifolds 78, thanks to to line 140.



  The pressure regulator in question is of a known commercial type, conforming to those which are used on ordinary boilers to maintain the water at a determined level.



  The regulator operates on the basis of the water level and is activated with any suitable fluid, for example water.



  In this way, the complementary water intended to replace the water of the generator which has been transformed into steam is introduced in a suitable quantity inside the apparatus and the level of the water in the collectors 78 is maintained at determined point wanted.



  As indicated above, one of the advantages of introducing complementary water to.

   one (the ends of the common manifold 8? before the arrival at the manifolds 78 is that the mixture of the cold water introduced and (the very hot water which comes from the vaporization tubes causes the separation (the salts contained in said complementary water, <I> these </I> salts having the possibility of separating and key to be deposited in the rc @ tank 84 before the water is taken up by the pump to be r <# nvov4e i3 the end upper tube: vaporizers.



  Another very important advantage of the introduction device in question consists in the fact that the complementary water introduced has point. indicated is reheated before being introduced into the vaporizer tubes and thus avoids the need to use the heaters usually required in ordinary boilers.



  By introducing complementary water at the end of vollectcur 8 \? which receives the water from the tulic # s vaporizers, this additional water is obtained through said collector over its entire. length along with hot water.

   The mixing is carried out satisfactorily with the water coming from the first two collectors, the contents of which flow into the common collector and the mixture receives additional heat from the water coming from the other collector skies :; it not.z: e then in the discharge pipe <B> 80 </B> and. it is just before going to the reservoir 81 through the intermediary of the anization 83 that its temperature is high, up to the point at which the precipitation of the mineral substances takes place.



  By varying the level of the water in the manifolds 78, which can be done in a moderately known manner by means of the regulator 139, the temperature of the water supplied to the tubes can be varied. Z6 The variations in the water level result in a corresponding variation in the quantity of heat supplied by the water supplied by the collectors to.

   line 8 \? and, as a result, we can increase or decrease the. quantity of heat transmitted to the complementary water introduced.



       To rid the water supplied to the vaporizer tubes (mineral or substanate substances, 4 etran-erf '@ contained in the water.



  we can, moreover, associate with the circuit (the circulaJion of the water an apparatus ensuring a chemical treatment of the hot water before this one passes through the reservoir 84.



  In the anode of embodiment described and shown, a certain part of the water collected binds in the collectors 78 is withdrawn from these collectors by the bottom and is subjected, in the apparatus indicated above, to a uhimic treatment, the precipitates. formed being removed by means of a filter or any other way before the water is sent to the low point 84.



  The device used for the chemical treatment in question is shown in FIGS. 12 and 50 of the drawing. It has collecting pipes 142 including branches; 144 penetrate inside the collectors. 78 from the bottom thereof and preferably above the normal level of water in said pots, the suction ends 144 having a-shaped side opening 146, part 1a. wider of this opening at the top in order to suck the larger quantity of water in the vicinity of the surface of the water in the collectors 78.

   It is, in fact, at this point that the water is hottest and it is also at this point that the precipitation action is the most active. By sucking the greatest quantity of water near the level in the pots, the water which is most in need of chemical treatment is withdrawn and sent into the pipe 142, water which is also that which is most likely to undergo this treatment.



  The water which flows through the collector tubes 142 is received by a common pipe 148 which leads it to the chemical treatment apparatus 150. In this apparatus, the water is treated by means of ash containing carbonate. sodium hydroxide or. by means of any other reagent capable of causing the precipitation of foreign substances.



  It then passes through a filter which retains the precipitates formed and it is directed by a pipe 152 towards the reservoir 84 into which it enters. at a level slightly above the level of the flow opening of the tube 83 which connects the common pipe 82 to the reservoir 84. Lyeau which a. passed through the chemical treatment apparatus and through the filter still contains in solution some reagent amount which caused the above precipitation.

   Consequently, when it arrives at the reservoir 84, it is still liable to facilitate the precipitation and the separation of the mineral substances or foreign substances which are still in the water contained in the receptacle 84..



  In the embodiment shown in FIG. 49, the water which arrives in the receptacle 84a through the pipe 83 enters through the lower end of said receptacle.

   This water can receive a certain quantity of chemical substances before entering the container in question, -in such a way that at the moment when- its movement is delayed, that is to say during the passage through to the container. 84a in question, the part of this water which is laden with chemicals causes the precipitation of any foreign substances which might be in the appaxeil.



  The chemical substance used can be introduced by means of a charging device 154 (fig. 49) comprising two taps, 156 and 158, the combination of these two taps making it possible to charge the device 154 when the upper tap 156 is open, the tap 158 being closed and conversely allowing the introduction of the load into the water when the upper tap is closed, the lower tap being open.



  The container 84a shown in FIG. 49 is provided with filtration members 160 interposed between the point of arrival of the water, that is to say between the opening of the pipe 83 and the point of exit of the water, that is, that is to say the entry of the pipe 86.- The filter in question serves to separate from the water the precipitates which, could have been produced while the water passes through the apparatus.



  The whole of the device has been established and arranged in such a way as to be able to be optionally cleaned by means of a stream of steam or of any other fluid entering through the bulb 162 (fig. 49). Taps 164 and 166 respectively arranged. in tubes 86 and 83 allow these tubes to be closed during cleaning of the apparatus, that is to say when the valve 168 is open.



  The chemical agent used for the treatment of water could, moreover, also be introduced, in accordance with what is shown in FIG. 12, in one of the collectors 78 and, preferably, in the last of the collectors inside which the common collector 83 terminates. The charging device 169 shown in FIG. 12 is connected to collectors 78 by a -T tubing 181, to.

   which is, on the other hand, connected to the air line 173 which leaves from the upper end of the water distributor .1? and the pipes 175 and 183 are also connected to it by a common pipe 185. The. <B> T </B> pipe 171 is connected to the manifolds by a short tubing 181.



  In fig. 15, there is shown in elevation a side view and in FIG. <B> 16 </B> -a plan view of the generator collector device.



  As we have it. briefly mentioned above, the. steam and water collected in collectors 30 are directed into collectors 78 in a direction substantially tangent to. the internal surface of the walls of these pots.



  The steam and water in question, coming from the collectors 30, pass through conduits 206 combined with conduits 207 laid tangentially with respect to the walls of the collectors 78 (see Fig. 14).



  In this way, the mixture of water and steam is projected against the inner wall in question and tends to rotate along the inner surface of the manifold, which surface is cylindrical. Since water is heavier than steam, this rotation has the effect of causing, as a result of the cl effect, the centrifugal force, the separation of water and steam; the latter moves towards the center of the collector, while the water descends along the walls of the latter.

   The will be moved to the center is free to exit at the top right, collectors whose upper end is connected to a steam pipe 170 rf_ # linked (- itself to a pipe 172 which is common to both col readers located on the same side of the negator.



  The steam coming from. of the four eollFe- tors is directed through the tubes <B> 172 </B> to a vapor separator 17d, in which any water which may eventually have been entrained is withdrawn from the vapor before the latter dregs through it. the main line 176 through which it is (bound to its point of use.



  The connection between the tubes 17 t) and the common steam line 172 is preferably <B> of </B> made by means of T-fittings 177 in accordance with what is shown in, fig. 15. On each of the T <B> 177 </B> is: a safety valve 179.



  In accordance with. what is represented on the. fig. 11, the manifolds <B> 30 </B> are arranged such that the vaporizer tubes of one row are opposite the spaces between the vaporizer tubes of the adjacent rows.

   To ensure folds arrangement and a substantially uniform spacing of the tubes clans all par.rtie.supéricure of the generator, the collectors in question are preferably placed in accordance with what is shown in said FIG. 11, so that the ends of the two collectors of each group are. alternately.

   applied one against the other or spaced apart: enough to o;) keep the respective arrangement of the vaporizer tubes which has been indicated above.



       In accordance with what is shown in FIG. 30, a corresponding arrangement is made of the upper distributors.



  Preferably, the interval formed between the different successive rows (the vaporizer tubes is such that each of these latter tubes is located at substantially the same distance (the each of the tubes which surround it.



  In order to facilitate the arrangement of the vaporizer tubes. the neighboring ends of the collectors and. distributors are arranged (-, in accordance with what .is shown in Figs. 18, 23, 34 and 39, so that the vaporizer tubes can be mounted: very close to said ends.



  <I> In </I> fig. 23, the end of the collvetor 30, which is intended to be applied against the end of the collector of the same pair or <i to be placed in the immediate vicinity of this end, is closed by a cap 178 constructed so as to be able to be. screwed on a shoulder of said manifold 30. In this cap is formed an opening 180 which, when the cap is. placed on the collector, is placed in front of a corresponding opening of said collector and allows the mounting of the tube 26 placed in the vicinity of the end in question.

   The expansion of the vaporizer tube in question secures the latter and at the same time locks the cap. Preferably, there is also provided opposite the opening 180 an opening 182 intended to come into correspondence with an opening 184 of the manifold, so as to allow the insertion of the tool by means of which it is caused. expansion of the tube 26.



  Said openings 182 and 184 also serve, after removal of the bar 186, to allow the introduction of the tool used for cleaning the tube 26. The bar 786 plays the same role as the bar 50 indicated above and which serves. to close the openings of the distributors.



  Like the. bar 50, bar 186 is secured by means of screws 188 and nuts 190. Preferably, cap 178 is also brazed or welded to the manifold so as to. ensure the sealing and solidity of the device.



  In -la fia. 39, the cap 178 is replaced by a disc 192 established so as to be able to rest against a circular shoulder 194 of the manifold. This disc 192 is fixed by folding the edge 196 of a circular channel formed in the end of the manifold.



  In fig. 23 and 39, the other end of the manifold is closed by a threaded ring 198 provided with a flange which maintains and blocks in the closed position a plate 200 disposed against a conical shoulder 204 of the manifold; the plate 200 itself has a countersunk edge 202 which rests like a valve on the conical surface 204.



  Grooves 205 intended to allow the introduction of a screwdriver blade give the possibility of imparting the desired oscillations to the plate in order to apply it to its seat and lapping the bearing surfaces, which ensures a tight seal.



  The closure device 200 is established so as to be easily removable to allow the rapid removal of the fixing bar 186 and the access to the tubes 26 through the openings 184.



  As seen in fig. 25, the end of bar 186 which is located in the vicinity of the tubing. outlet 206 (tubing which is screwed into the manifold) has a reduced section so as not to hinder the wise passage of water and. steam. According to what: is shown in the figure, this section 208 is circular.



  In the, fig. 42, the reduced section in question is rectangular, as indicated at 210, the tubing <B> 206 </B> being connected to the manifold by means. of studs 212.



  In fig. 43, instead of using a bar 186 having for cross section the set of two contiguous segments., A flat bar 214 is used which is applied on a flat bearing surface prepared in the internal surface of the collector.



  Although the manifolds and distributors which have just been described are indicated as having a cylindrical shape, it goes without saying that the invention is in no way restricted to this particular shape and, despite the advantages that this has, one could use other sections, for example rectangular sections, in accordance with what is shown in Figs. 34 to 38 inclusive.



       In these drawings, there is shown a variant embodiment of the dispenser, a variant in which the dispenser 16 is rectangular and is combined with a re-partition tube generating jets 218 which is also rectangular.



  This mode of construction makes it possible to use, for the closing of the openings intended to ensure the cleaning of the tubes 26 and the expansion of their edges, an equally rectangular bar 220.



  In order to conveniently connect one of the tubes 40 with the aforementioned rectangular distributor, the end of the latter is provided with an intermediate element 224. The heel 226 which serves to fix the position of the tube 218 is in position. taken with a flat surface of the end of the intermediate member 224 and it is held pressed against this on flat surface by a corresponding flat surface of the element 228 of the joint, that is to say of the element in which the tube 40 is screwed.



  The rotating sleeve. 230 of the connection device in question corresponds substantially to the rotary sleeve 46 of the connection device already described.



       Given the relatively large length of the tubes 26 with respect to their straight section (these tubes have, in fact, in the practical embodiment which is indicated by way of example, a length of 7.50 m. A diameter outside of 15 mm and an inside diameter of 12 mm, the spacing between the tubes being about 6 mm), it is usually preferable to provide means making it possible to ensure a regular spacing of these tubes. This gives only the entire external surface of said. tubes is suitably exposed to the action of hot gases and an obtains a satisfactory heat transfer.



  Different means have been provided in order to obtain the result in question.



  On the fis. 26, a positive dis is shown comprising a rod 232 placed on one of the sides of the row of tubes to which it is assigned. This rod is connected by a series (the welding points to. One of the two bands 2 36 which embrace the various tubes and which are. Connected to one another by means of clamps or crampons:. ''. -; E which set the two bars ablaze and consequently give rise to regularly spaced loops preventing the tubes which they enclose from moving laterally in the plane of the row to which these tubes belong.



  The rod 32 has the effect of preventing these same tubes from leaving the plane in question. In the embodiment shown in the fis. 28, the. rod <B> 237 </B> is directly welded to the tubes 26.



  The devices provided for cleaning the inside of the vaporizer tubes have already been described above.



  Devices have also been provided for expelling by means of a current of air or in any other way soot or other deposits which could accumulate on the outer surface of the tubes, for example the spindle rod. cement 237 may, in accordance with what is shown on the fis. 28, be hollow and be provided with openings 239 capable of providing passage for cleaning jets, said rod being, on the other hand, connected to a steam or air supply pipe.



  In another embodiment represented on the seams. 31, '' and 33, the device for cleaning and removing the. soot consists of a series of tubes 240 arranged vertically and having openings 242 capable of providing passage to a jet of fluid and directed in accordance with what is shown in the, fis.

   33, so that the steam or air or any other cleaning fluid used is sent in jets through the tubes 26, sweeping their outer surface and removing deposits of soot or other foreign matter which may have formed on the tubes. the outer surface of. these tubes.



  In accordance with what is shown on the fis. 33, we have. a row of said jetting tubes is provided in the transverse median plane of the generator, the tubes which constitute the row in question being arranged at such intervals that each of the sides of the tubes 6 is subjected to. the action of a, jet. and so, therefore, that the. the entire surface of these tubes is effectively cleaned. On the fi--. 31 and 32 is shown the positive device used to supply steam or air <B> the, </B> tubes 240.

   At the top of the generator, there is provided, for this purpose, a main air or steam line 24-t comprising branching 246 descending and concurrently directed. towards the center of the generator and coming together appreciably at their lower end, the end through which they end in a. common box 248 in the form of a loop or Ï -shaped from which a number of pipes 250 lead to tubes 240 which are closest to the center of the generator.



  Other pipes 250. also connect the branches 246 to the jet tubes placed farther from the center than the previous ones.



  The jetting tubes which are arranged in the very center of the generator are not directly connected to the. source of steam or air by pipes 250, but communicate, by pipes 252, with. ' the adjacent jet tubes, said. tubes not only serving to supply the central jet tubes, but also serving to support these tubes.



       It should be noted due, in this position, the rows of central tubes 26, instead of being like those which are further from the center, either suspended from supports, in accordance with what is shown in FIGS. 45 to. 48, or placed on supports or gussets, in accordance with what is represented on the fies. 29, are provided with other means of fixing made necessary by the @ size of the site. in which they are to be installed.



  On the fia. 29, we have. shown is a method of attachment consisting of flexible wires 254 attached, on the other hand, to the plates 81 which are located at the lower end of the supports 77.



  As has been indicated above, -we have provided stirring hubs capable of protecting the apparatus when the latter is implemented so as to use the heat lost from a gas generator ,

   other means are also provided to protect the apparatus against the damage which could produce accidental explosions of the still combustible part contained in the waste gases used or even against the explosions due to leaks existing in the generator. gas and by which a certain quantity of gas would pass, during the operation of the gas generator, into the heating chamber of the steam generator.



  As described above., The valve 14 (see fig. 2) which controls the inlet, inside the. hot chamber of the steam generator, either of the combustion products intended to heat the vapor tubes, or of the gas produced during the operation of the gas generator, is placed between the heating chamber 16 of the steam generator @ and the superheater 6 of the gas generator or, more precisely, between the heating chamber 16 and the dust collector 10 interposed between the superheater of the gas generator and the steam generator.

   In general, the. valve 14 in question, consisting of a valve, in accordance with what is shown in FIGS. 2, 9 and 10, is fixed to the end of an arm 256 mounted on a shaft 258 supported by the bearings 260.



  The shaft 258 extends outside the casing 2 of the generator. A: one of its external ends is fixed an arm of my level 262 itself connected to the rod 264 of the piston of a pneumatic or hydraulic motor 266 intended to cause the opening and closing of the aforementioned valve.



  Tubes 268 and 270 (fig. 10) communicating respectively with each of the two chambers of the cylinder of the apparatus 266 which are located on either side of the piston, allow the arrival of the fluid which controls the movements of the piston. in one or the other of two directions.



  The piston in question can be set in motion by means of any fluid: air, oil, water, etc.



       Until now it was customary to place the valve of the waste heat utilization device (it was used in combination with the gas generator, in the chimney of the latter device - and, during the operation of the gas appliance, to fill the heating chamber of the generator with an inert non-combustible fluid intended to avoid the danger of explosions.



  This procedure has the drawback that it results in cooling of the surfaces intended to absorb the lost heat and, consequently, a large quantity of this heat remains unused.



  In order to avoid this loss, the valve 14 is placed between the heat utilization apparatus and the generator superheater (the gas. To prevent the explosion of gases which may have filtered through the valve during operation. of the gas generator and also to avoid the explosion of the combustible gases which could have passed into the heating chamber of the steam generator during the blowing carried out in the gas appliance, it was organized, in the immediate vicinity of the orifice through which the hot gases enter the.

   chamber 14 of the steam generator, an ignition device which instantly causes combustion of the abovementioned residues.



  In the embodiment shown, next to the opening 12 inside the heating chamber, a pilot burner <B> 271 </B> has been fitted, consisting of a Bunsen burner supplied by means of gas entering the apparatus through a pipe 272 and supplied with air through a pipe 274. The quantity of air introduced is greater than that necessary to ensure the. combustion of the gas supplied directly to the burner 271. The excess air introduced is used for. burn any combustible gases which may have entered through the opening 12.



  The ignition -and combustion of combustible gases occurs when they enter the interior of the. chamber 16 prevent these from accumulating in the heating chamber in sufficient quantity to cause explosion liable to cause damage. TTn (# fciiéi-ri # @ -itrée <B> -275 </B> pcritiet to monitor the night light <B> 271. </B>



  In order to increase the. sfir (# of the device in the event that an accumulation of explosive mixture should nevertheless occur below (the heating chamber 16, the device is, (the pref @ r. @ ncc #. of so-course valves and explosion doors that allow the exaggerated pressures due to.

   possible explosions will be harmless to important parts of the appliance.



  In fig #. 1 to 8, we have. represented a particular method of construction - emergency valves and explosion doors in question.



  The emergency doors which preferably constitute a removable wall part of the casing 2 and which are capable of: being opened in order to allow the removal of the rows of snorkels either for their monitoring or for their repair, either for their replacement are arranged and arranged on the two sides: opposite :. of the. heating chamber.



       The doors which are located on the lower part 16b of the heating chamber have been described in more detail below.



  As year sees it more - spéeialenwnt on the fi .--. 4, the explosion door <B> 276 </B> consists of a steel frame formed by transverse braces made of angle irons 278 and cross members formed by U irons 286.



  The transverse spacers 278 are arranged to receive bolts; (the closure 280 attached to said sides and fitted with nuts 28? and washers 284 which press against the end protrusion of the angle irons 278, the shanks of the bolts: 280 passing through the slot reserved between the wings (both neighboring angle irons.



  The vertical U irons 286 are aMéDa- bés so as to receive between them the blocks or elements of refractory substances 288 or. at least, from the block, established in a substance which does not conduct much heat and exhibits a -ra.ndF # resistance to high temperatures.



       T, es l @ l r: nu elemenis 2, n, 8 are established in a relrüiv substance (#mnt friable having a resistance of about 15.0 gr per hundred square meter.



  They are mounted between the irons at <B> U </B> 286 so that they can be easily replaced in the event that they should be broken.



  In accordance with. what is more specially represented in FIG. 5, the elements 288 are maintained in the frames which constitute the panels of the general frame of the door 276, the fixing being carried out by means of screws 290 screwed on one of the wings of the <B> U </B> irons 286 and provided with one key their ends of movable locking plates 292. Locking nuts 294 ensure the immobilization of the screws 290.



  As seen in fig. 5, the blocks or elements 288 are slightly narrower than the space between the U-bars between which their edges slide ,. They can, therefore, be easily placed between these irons when it is necessary to re-renew an element or to replace an element which has been removed.



  However, as the fraction of their edge which rests on the elements of the frame is relatively narrow, the blocks in question can easily give way to the forces resulting from the explosion; consequently, their breakage will prevent damage to other parts of the device.



  The purpose of the fragility of said blocks or elements 288 is to avoid the drawbacks of serious explosions, the danger from minor explosions being eliminated by means of the relief valves indicated above. In the embodiment shown, by way of example, the emergency valves in question (fig. 8) comprise blocks 296 made of a heat-resistant refractory substance and supported by U-irons 298 mounted themselves. same so as to allow easy opening of the device.

     The U irons 298 are guided on rods 300 fixed to the angles 278, said rods 300 being provided with heads 302 on which are supported by springs 304 interposed between said heads and the <B> U </B> irons 298. The springs in question have the effect of applying the blocks 296 against a seat formed by the key edges of the opening 306 made in the explosion door. The blocks 296 constitute, as we have said, the blowpipes which close the openings 306.



  To prevent deformation of the frame of the explosion doors 276 under the action of heat, these doors are preferably fitted with tension bars 308 (fig. 4) wedged with double-threaded turnbuckles 310 and which are applied against plates 312, arranged outside the door 276 and bolted between the wings of the coniers 278. The aforementioned tension bars are, on the other hand; fixed at their ends between angles 31-4 fixed themselves on the door frame.



  The whole door is suspended from supports 316 arranged so as to be able to move along raceways 318 so that the door can be moved either to bring it closer or to move away from the casing 2, the movements in question intended to allow access to. inside the aforementioned envelope, when it is desired, in particular, to remove and replace the rows of tubes 26.



       In fig. 6 of the drawing, it has been indicated how the closing bolts 280 act in order to block the part of the door frame to which the hangers: 316 are connected by means of the movable hooks 320.



  In fig. 7 shows another closing device used at the lower part of the door, the action of the locking bolt 280 being completed by the additional action of a bolt 322 engaged. in a fixing bracket 324 which rests at one end against the spacer plate 326 on which the bolt 322 is mounted and which, at its other end, rests on the spacer plate 328 with which the door 276 is fitted and on which the washer 284 of the bolt 280 takes support.



  At its extreme upper part, the door 276 is provided with two closing bolts 280 which engage in an angle bracket 330 mounted at the lower end of a second. door 332 which covers a fraction of the narrow part 16a of the chamber 16.

   This last gate is established in a manner similar to the. how gate 276 is constructed; it is suspended from running tracks 334 (see fil-. 1) along which it can move when it is desired to access the interior of the casing \ ?. A third door 336, similarly constructed, can move over raceways 338, so that an entire side of the apparatus can be opened. The aforementioned doors have not been shown in detail in the drawings, but they are similar to door 276.



  In order to avoid due, following an accidental operation, the breaking of the 28R components of the explosion doors does not risk injuring the workers and the personnel responsible for supervising the operation of the device, the frame 4 of the generator is preferably provided, opposite each of the explosion doors, with a screen or shield 340 (fig. 1 <B>) </B> against which shards of elements which could have broken .



       It should be noted that the mode <B> (the </B> construction of the casing 2 in which the casing has a narrowed top part, inside which the vaporizer tubes 26 are arranged very closely. from each other, ensures an almost complete absorption of the heat of the: <I> Cr </I> which pass through the said chamber, which the ,, a <B> <I> 7, </I> </ B> gas in question are in the combustion period or are simply in the candescent state.

   On the other hand, the broad section of the casing not only facilitates the satisfactory arrangement of the various elements, necessary to collect the steam and water which leave the vaporizer tubes and to separate them from one of them. the other, but also allows to have the necessary space to set up the heating devices when the heating chamber is used as combustion chamber.



       In addition, the. The space available to separate the tubes 6 from each other in the vicinity of their lower end facilitates a better distribution of the cliiiuds gases as these gases pass from the lower part to the upper part of the chamber.

   Thanks to the length given to them, the tubes not only absorb all the radiant heat of the gases. especially when the combustion a. held in the heating chamber itself, but still absorb, before the. gas outlet, all the heat contained in them.



  In order to improve the. distribution of heat to said tubes, and with a view to protecting them against erosions which could be caused by the particles: entrained, by the gases. in the lower part (the heating chamber 16b, baffles 312 (fib. 11) have been provided.



  To ensure the safe operation of the device during operation, alarm signals are provided for.

       operate when the water level is too high or too low in the collectors or when there is insufficient water in the distributor 4 \ ?. The alarm signal 344. rcprés! Entered in fig. 12 is intended to operate when the water level is too high and, preferably, is connected to the first manifold 78 connected to the common pipe 8 ?. This is.

    indeed, this collector that is. closest to the point at which the feed water is supplied by the. tubing 13? enters the common pipe 82. The alarm signal 346, which should operate when the water level is too low is preferably. as a collector 78 last year in connection with the arrival of the. common pipeline 82.



  * The alarm signals 344 and 3-t6 can be arranged either only to give indications to the link where they are placed, or to. transmit the alarm. by means of any commnnieation, to the central operations office.



       1: # 3-1Q. the alarm signal was inrliqiré, the operation of which corresponds to an insufficient supply of water to the distributor device -t2.

   This alarm signal can be of any known type; it may, for example, function as a result of a difference between the pressure of the water, this pressure being transmitted through a channel 350 and the pressure of the vapor, this the latter being transmitted through a tube 352.

   In this case, said alarm signal can at the same time be used to evacuate the air from the distributor 42 when the air accumulates therein, the alarm signal then establishing communication between. the water line 350 and the steam line 352.



  To avoid back currents in line 173 and in common steam line 183, shutoff valves 354 and 356 are provided.



  In addition, in these pipes are provided perforated washers or diaphragms 358 (fig. 13) which, owing to the narrowness of their orifices 360, ensure a progressive displacement and a kind of filtration of the air, of the air. steam or water is avoided, therefore, a sudden pressure change.



  From the steam separator or drying pipe 174 (Fig. 15) leaves a return pipe 187, returning to the collectors 78, return pipe which is intended to bring to these pots the water which could be separated from the steam. The return line in question is fitted with a shut-off valve 189 and a perforated disc 358 comprising an orifice 360 (see fig. 13).



  In addition to the purge device 168, provided for the reservoir 84, with a view to cleaning the water circulation circuit, purge devices 362 are also provided at the lower end of each of the manifolds 78.



  As has been said above, the lower end 26b of the vaporizer tubes 26 is curved towards the side so as to join the manifolds 30. This curvature allows the use of manifolds 30 having a relatively wide section and sufficient to collect, under satisfactory conditions, the steam and water which flow at the lower end of said vaporizer tubes. It allows a suitable arrangement of the collectors, in accordance with what is shown in FIG. 2.



  <B> In addition </B>, the distribution of hot gases around the various tubes is carried out under very advantageous conditions.



  The distribution in question is further made phis easy because of the bringing together of the various tubes and because of their mounting in a vertical position, the assembly ensuring almost complete absorption of the heat supplied by the gases and susceptible of be recovered before they escape into the atmosphere.



  The tubes are 15 mm in diameter and are at a distance of 6 mm from each other. This arrangement ensures direct contact of all parts of the heating gases with one or more tubes.



  It should be noted that, in the case of the device shown, in addition to a significant saving in terms of size and weight, said saving is obtained due to the shape of the device, a saving also very appreciable from the point of view of operation, the latter saving resulting from the preliminary heating of the water.



  Not only is the additional water introduced is reheated by virtue of its mixing with the water which has already passed through the vaporizer tubes and which has not been transformed into steam, but also the passage of water through said tubes. vaporizers preheat which ensures the same advantages as those provided by so-called "economizer" devices. The water which has passed through the vaporizer tubes for the first time without being transformed into vapor is reheated under conditions which facilitate its vaporization when it returns again to the tubes in question.



  Although said saving is expected to be achieved in all vaporizers, it goes without saying that this condition is not essential and that differences could be established between the operation of the various tubes of the apparatus, without departing from the scope of the invention.

 

Claims (1)

CLAIM T Method for generating water vapor, characterized in that water is circulated continuously and forced through a closed circuit comprising steam generator elements inside which water is introduced in a quantity less than that necessary to fill them, will go; greater than their generating capacity, a predetermined minimum quantity of water in the liquid state being constantly maintained (Jans said circuit. SUB-CLAIMS. 1 method of generating steam according to claim I, characterized in that the water, which has. not vaporized during its passage through said elements before being again introduced into the aforementioned steam-generating elements, is freed of foreign substances which it may contain. 3 Steam generation method according to sub-claim 1, characterized. by the fact that the water, introduced into the closed circuit and which is intended to replace the water which has. been vaporized in the blessing vapor elements. is mixed with. 1 excess of water that has. passed through said elements, the mixture being. carried out before the treatment intended for. to retain foreign substances contained in the water, so that the entire mixture is subjected to the purification treatment. 3 A method according to sub-claim ?, ca ractérisé in that the water intended to replace that which has. been vaporized is introduced into a common return pipe through which all the water which has passed through the aforementioned steam-generating elements is obliged to pass before being again introduced into said elements, all of the water passing through the return pipe being treated with reagents and filtered in order to get rid of it, before its introduction into; the steam-generating elements, sul @ aani # @ - s ètr; m-èru # which could contain. -1 Process according to claim I, ca.ractéisé by the fact due all the water which has passed through the aforementioned fear generating elements is obliged to pass through a common pipe: before being again introduced into said elements, the return movement of the water in question being carried out at a chosen point of said return pipe in order to allow, before the reintroduction of water into the elements of generation, the precipitation of foreign substances contained in this water. 5 The method of claim I, characterized by the fact: that the water is introduced into the steam generator elémc # iits through openings rie smaller diameter than the elements themselves, the latter being arranged so that the Water flows therein by its own weight and a predetermined minimum quantity of water being constantly supplied to the supply ports in question. 6 Method according to, claim I, charac terized by h # L; it is forced by a ,, pump, cirt-til @ ition through the return elements of the circuit, said return elements comprising a section interposed between the steam generating elements and the pump and to. the interior of which is maintained, in order to obtain good operation of said pump, a substantially constant volume of water. 7 A method according to sub-claim 5, ea.- raeterized in that the water is introduced into the tubes constituting the generating elements in the form of jets, of smaller section due to the internal cross section ries tubes, and dirihes against the internal surface of the latter, in order to ensure the. formation on this pa king of a continuous film of water. 8 A method according to claim I, characterized in that one operates at. using a circuit comprising a large number of steam generator tubes. J Prucéd ("@> clone subclaim 5, charac- terized by the fact that it operates with the aid of steam generator tubes having at the cnoiiileur most substantially Yertical ment. 10 The method of sub-claim 9, wherein collecting the water and the steam which leaves the lower end of the aforementioned tubes, which is directed against. internal wall of a substantially vertical tube of larger dimensions, in order to ensure separation by centrifugation, the mixture of water and steam collected, finally that the steam is extracted from the upper part of the tubes mentioned last and that the water is collected at the. lower part of said tubes. 11 The method of sub-claim 10, wherein the tube used to ensure the separation by centrifugation of water and steam is exposed to heat. CLAIM II A steam generator for carrying out the process according to claim I, in which the water is circulated constantly through a closed circulation circuit, comprising vapor generating elements, closed means being provided. to introduce into these elements water in an insufficient quantity to fill them, but greater than their evaporation capacity, as well as (the means to automatically ensure the maintenance in the circuit of a determined minimum quantity of water in advance. SUB-CLAIMS 12 Generator according to claim II, comprising closed means for maintaining a determined level of water in a part of the external circuit .aux generator elements. 13. Generator according to sub-claim <B> 19, </B> in which said means are established so as to operate in dependence on said water level. 14 Generator according to sub-claim 13, in which a collector for collecting the water which has passed through the generating elements and for separating it from the vapor is associated with said means, which are controlled by the level in said collector, and ensure the introduction into the circuit of water to replace that which has been vaporized. 15 Generator according to claim II, comprising a pump for circulating in said circuit and means for maintaining a substantially constant water level on the suction side of the pump. 16 Generator according to claim II, comprising means for ensuring a minimum supply of water at the supply end of the generator tubes. 17 Generator according to sub-claim 16, in which the operation of said means is governed by the difference in pressures between different points of the circuit. 18 Generator according to claim II, comprising generator tubes arranged in a heating chamber such that some of them receive more heat than the others, the generator being established such that water is supplied. to these tubes in greater quantity than to others. 19 Generator according to claim II, in which the replacement water is introduced into the circuit at a point close to that of discharge of the generator tubes. Generator according to claim II, comprising a bypass between the highest point of the water circuit and the vapor space in order to prevent accumulations of air or gas obstructing the supply. in water from the generating elements. A generator according to claim II, comprising a regulator actuated at predetermined deviations from a desired condition at a given point in the circuit to regulate the supply of water to the inlet ends of the generator tubes. - ?? Generator according to sub-claim 21, wherein said regulator controls the work of a water circulation pump in the circuit. 23 Generator according to claim II, characterized by the fact that it comprises means making it possible to prevent the stopping of the pump due to the formation of a vapor plug, said means comprising in particular an inter-bypass. placed between the circulation pump and the cavity in which the produced fear is collected. 2 t Generator according to sub-claim 23, characterized in that the bypass provided between the pump and the. cavity in which the. Produced steam has a shut-off valve to prevent back flow from occurring. 25 Generator according to claim II, characterized in that it comprises an auxiliary pump which is normally inactive, but capable of coming into action as soon as the pressure in the common return pipe drops below a value. determined. 26 Generator according to. Claim II, characterized in that it comprises a device interposed in the water circulation circuit at a point between the flow end of the tubes and the loading opening of the latter and intended to ensure the precipitation and elimination of foreign substances contained in the water. 7. Generator according to claim 26, comprising means for introducing the replacement water into the circuit at a point such that it mixes with the water coming from the generating elements, before the latter is treated to make it. separate foreign substances. 28 Generator according to sub-claim 26, wherein the circuit has, at a point in the circulation of the water, an enlarged portion so that the movement of the latter is slowed down, to allow the deposit of solid substances therein. contained. 29 Generator according to lit. Sub-claim 28, wherein said enlarged portion is so terminated between the point of discharge of the generator cubes and the member producing the circulation of water. <B> 30 </B> Clén.erator according to claim II, characterized in that the closed water circulation circuit comprises a filter arranged between the outlet orifices and the inlet orifices of the generator tubes: . 31 Generator according to. sub-claim <B> 30, </B> in which the part of the circuit between the filter and the point of supply of the generating elements is made of a material not attacked by water. 32 Generator according to. claim II, characterized by the fact that it comprises a large number of steam generator tubes, long and of small section, arranged longitudinally in a substantially vertical heating chamber and assembled in a group, all the elements of a same group being joined together on the one hand by a distributor which supplies them with water, and, on the other hand, by a collector, the distributors and collectors being of a section appreciably larger than the tubes, the distributors of the neighboring groups being placed at different levels to allow a collected arrangement of the tubes of said groups. 33 Generator according to. sous -revendieafion <B> 32, </B> characterized in that the distributors are supported by suspension bars disposed obliquely with respect to the length of the heating chamber. 34 Generator according to. Sub-claim 33, wherein the various groups of tubes are suspended and arranged in such a manner relative to each other that each of them with its distributor and collector can be removed without disturbing the other groups. 35 Generator according to. Sub-claim 32, wherein the bridge tubes are evenly distributed throughout the cross section of the. heating chamber, at least clans the upper part thereof. 36 Generator according to sub-claim 32, in which the neighboring distributors are arranged parallel to each other and in stages at a short distance. :; 7 Generator according to sub-claim 36, wherein the tubes are bent at the location where they are attached to the distributors so as to allow key to dispose the tubes of a group in close proximity to those of neighboring groups. 38 Generator according to. sbus-claim 32, wherein the common distributor for the various groups is set up such that the tubes most exposed to heat receive the greatest amount of water. 3q Generator according to sub-claim 32, in which the collectors of the groups of tubes are connected to collectors receiving the water and the steam produced, and this in such a way that the water penetrates tangentially against the inner face of said collectors. 40. Generator according to sub-claim 32, in which each distributor of a group of tubes comprises a tube pierced with numerous holes and which is rotated. so that the water is projected against the internal wall of the tubes connected to the reading neck. 41 Generator according to sub-claim 40, in which the distributors have openings arranged opposite the tubes, said perforated tube being able to be lifted, which allows access to the tubes through said openings. 42 Generator according to sub-claim 41, established as described with reference to FIG. 18 of the accompanying drawing. 43 Generator according to claim II, characterized by the fact that it comprises a regulator controlled by the variations of the difference existing between the pressure of the steam and the pressure of the water measured at the common distributor, the said regulator having for object to vary the speed at which a circulation pump operates. 44 Apparatus according to claim II, characterized by the combination of the following members: a relatively high heating chamber arranged in the vertical direction, steam generating elements mounted inside said heating chamber and extending over most of the latter, water distributors arranged at the upper part of the aforementioned steam-generating elements, collectors placed at the lower end of said elements, a pipe (the return leading from the lower collectors to a distributor common upper, distributor, most of which is inside the heating chamber, and a member intended to ensure the continuous circulation of water. 45 Steam generator according to subclaim 44, comprising a steam separator device inside which the mixture of steam and water coming from the generator tubes enters, an introduction device for water supplement intended to replace the one which has been vaporized and a deposit chamber placed between the distributors and the aforementioned separator unit *. 46 Generator according to sub-claim 32, in which the greater part of each of the vaporization tubes is located in the upper region of the heating chamber, of reduced section, their lower part being, on the contrary, in the. lower region of said chamber which has a larger section. 47 Generator according to sub-claim 32, characterized in that the steam generating elements are supplied with water by means of a supply pipe, the opening of which is in turn by a filter concentric with said pipe placed. inside an envelope from which a certain num ber of tubes start. connecting groups of steam generator elements to each of the distributors. A generator according to sub-claim 3, wherein the heating chamber is provided with removable walls. ? -9 Generator according to sub-claim -18, characterized in that the heating chamber is provided with a frame or frame provided with raceways -and organs allowing the movement of the side walls with a view to them bring to the open position or to the position of: closing. .-f) Generator according to. sub-claim -18, characterized by the fact that one of the side walls comprises a safety valve making it possible to avoid an excessive increase in pressure inside the heating chamber. : 1 Generator according to sub-claim 18, of which at least one of the removable walls comprises movable elements and moz-ens allowing said elements to be trusted in their closed position. Steam generator according to sub-claim 51, characterized in that each of the movable wall elements has a metal frame and refractory material elements removably mounted to. inside said frame. Generator according to claim II, characterized by the fact that: the heating chamber is; arranged so as to. be able to be put in communication with the superheater of an --az generator apparatus, said communication being carried out with the interposition of a valve. .i-1 Generator according to sub-rev endicatioii 5 characterized in that an ignition pilot supplied rn air and intended- to a-4surer the. combustion of combustible gases: which could penetrate inside the heating chamber is arranged inside said chamber in the vicinity of the aforementioned valve. 55 Generator according to claim <B> 53, </B> characterized in that a series of chisels are: interposed between the place through which the products of combustion <B> p </B> é <B> ne- </B> trent ii inside the. chamber and tubes @ - (steam generators. :; I; Cr, '@ nératenr according to <B> la, </B> sub-claim <I> 46, </I> characterized in that the. lower part of the tubes: vaporizers. that is to say the part which is in the lower part of the. heating chamber is curved outwards so as to allow their extension.