CA3129953A1 - Method of manufacturing a moulded pulp product and pulp moulding apparatus - Google Patents
Method of manufacturing a moulded pulp product and pulp moulding apparatus Download PDFInfo
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- CA3129953A1 CA3129953A1 CA3129953A CA3129953A CA3129953A1 CA 3129953 A1 CA3129953 A1 CA 3129953A1 CA 3129953 A CA3129953 A CA 3129953A CA 3129953 A CA3129953 A CA 3129953A CA 3129953 A1 CA3129953 A1 CA 3129953A1
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- mould
- pulp
- dewatering
- opening
- internal
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- 239000011105 molded pulp Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 39
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 title claims description 25
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 75
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 60
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 208000036366 Sensation of pressure Diseases 0.000 claims 1
- 108091006146 Channels Proteins 0.000 description 21
- 239000000123 paper Substances 0.000 description 20
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 19
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 19
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000013055 pulp slurry Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010146 3D printing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000037361 pathway Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 206010016825 Flushing Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229920001131 Pulp (paper) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002522 Wood fibre Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000010210 aluminium Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000013361 beverage Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052729 chemical element Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000013480 data collection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002657 fibrous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011010 flushing procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000010076 replication Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009987 spinning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009827 uniform distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21J—FIBREBOARD; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM CELLULOSIC FIBROUS SUSPENSIONS OR FROM PAPIER-MACHE
- D21J7/00—Manufacture of hollow articles from fibre suspensions or papier-mâché by deposition of fibres in or on a wire-net mould
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21J—FIBREBOARD; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM CELLULOSIC FIBROUS SUSPENSIONS OR FROM PAPIER-MACHE
- D21J3/00—Manufacture of articles by pressing wet fibre pulp, or papier-mâché, between moulds
- D21J3/10—Manufacture of articles by pressing wet fibre pulp, or papier-mâché, between moulds of hollow bodies
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21J—FIBREBOARD; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM CELLULOSIC FIBROUS SUSPENSIONS OR FROM PAPIER-MACHE
- D21J1/00—Fibreboard
- D21J1/06—Drying
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Paper (AREA)
Abstract
The method includes the following steps: activating the vacuum source (10), injecting an amount of pulp into the internal mould chamber (3) through the mould opening (7), thereby forming a pulp preform on the internal mould surface (8), injecting a dewatering and heating fluid through the mould opening at gradually increasing pressure until a maximum pressure, thereby performing a dewatering and drying step whereby the pulp preform on the internal mould surface is dewatered and dried, deactivating the injection of dewatering and heating fluid, deactivating the vacuum source, and extracting the moulded pulp product. Further included is a step of initiating rotation of the mould (2) about the central axis (4) of the mould and increasing rotational speed gradually, main-taining a maximum rotational speed of the mould at least during a substantial part of the dewatering and drying step, decreasing rotational speed gradually until standstill of the mould.
Description
METHOD OF MANUFACTURING A MOULDED PULP PRODUCT AND PULP MOULDING
APPARATUS
The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a moulded pulp product by means of a pulp moulding apparatus including a mould with an internal mould chamber generally having rotational symmetry about a central axis of the mould and having a closed end and an open end forming a mould opening, the internal mould chamber hav-ing an internal mould surface generally provided with a number of evacuation openings connected to a vacuum source, the method including the following steps:
= activating the vacuum source, = injecting an amount of pulp into the internal mould chamber through the mould opening, thereby forming a pulp preform on the internal mould surface, = injecting a dewatering and heating fluid through the mould opening at gradually increasing pressure until a maximum pressure, thereby performing a dewatering and drying step whereby the pulp preform on the internal mould surface is de-watered and dried, = deactivating the injection of dewatering and heating fluid, = deactivating the vacuum source, = extracting the moulded pulp product.
EP 1 104 822 A2 discloses a method of producing a pulp moulded article comprising a papermaking step in which a pulp slurry is fed to the papermaking net surface of a pa-permaking mould having suction paths, and water contained in the pulp slurry is sucked through the suction paths whereby the pulp is deposited on the surface to form a wet preform, and a dewatering step in which the wet preform is dewatered, wherein the temperature of the fed pulp slurry is raised while the pulp is being deposited on the surface. The dewatering step may be performed by injection of a dewatering fluid into the cavity of the papermaking mould, and an inflatable hollow pressing member may optionally be inserted into and inflated inside the cavity while evacuating the cavity by suction.
APPARATUS
The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a moulded pulp product by means of a pulp moulding apparatus including a mould with an internal mould chamber generally having rotational symmetry about a central axis of the mould and having a closed end and an open end forming a mould opening, the internal mould chamber hav-ing an internal mould surface generally provided with a number of evacuation openings connected to a vacuum source, the method including the following steps:
= activating the vacuum source, = injecting an amount of pulp into the internal mould chamber through the mould opening, thereby forming a pulp preform on the internal mould surface, = injecting a dewatering and heating fluid through the mould opening at gradually increasing pressure until a maximum pressure, thereby performing a dewatering and drying step whereby the pulp preform on the internal mould surface is de-watered and dried, = deactivating the injection of dewatering and heating fluid, = deactivating the vacuum source, = extracting the moulded pulp product.
EP 1 104 822 A2 discloses a method of producing a pulp moulded article comprising a papermaking step in which a pulp slurry is fed to the papermaking net surface of a pa-permaking mould having suction paths, and water contained in the pulp slurry is sucked through the suction paths whereby the pulp is deposited on the surface to form a wet preform, and a dewatering step in which the wet preform is dewatered, wherein the temperature of the fed pulp slurry is raised while the pulp is being deposited on the surface. The dewatering step may be performed by injection of a dewatering fluid into the cavity of the papermaking mould, and an inflatable hollow pressing member may optionally be inserted into and inflated inside the cavity while evacuating the cavity by suction.
2 EP 1 288 369 Al discloses a similar method of producing a pulp moulded article wherein said undried moulded article formed on the inner side of said papermaking screen is dewatered by feeding pressurizing air into the cavity.
3 Al discloses a system for producing a moulded article, in particular a bottle-shaped article, from pulp, said system comprising a pressure device for applying a pressure to the pulp, a first compressor, and a split mould having a central first cavity, said first cavity having an opening for supplying said pulp to said first cavity, one or more further cavities together surrounding said first cavity, and a wall separating said first cavity from said one or more further cavities, said wall having a structure allowing for fluid to flow between said first cavity and said one or more further cavities, said wall having a first surface facing the interior of said first cavity and being for a layer of said pulp deposited thereon. An expandable pressing tool in the form of a balloon having a hollow inside may be inserted into the first cavity and a heating device may be config-ured for heating said expandable pressing tool. In an alternative embodiment, there is no balloon, but instead the layer of deposited pulp is pressed against the interior surface of the mould by use of superheated steam.
G13191418339 discloses an apparatus for making bottles and other receptacles from paper pulp of the type having a mould and a distributing tube for the pulp inserted therein. The distributing tube has openings varying in size proportionally to the size of that portion of the mould opposite thereto. Centrifugal packing-means are provided for packing the pulp in the mould in that, when ejecting the fluid pulp through slots of the distributing tube against the interior face of the rapidly rotating mould, the pressure from a piston will force the pulp against said mould and the centrifugal force due to rotation of said mould will further tend to pack the pulp against the walls of the mould while said rotation will also tend to distribute the pulp equally circumferentially. Said mould being of net or otherwise perforated the fluid in which the pulp is suspended will be forced outwardly there through. However, this known apparatus is mostly suitable as a manual method of making paper bottles having a rough uneven surface and is not in any way suitable to meet today's demand for packaging.
WO 2018/033209 Al discloses a method for manufacturing a moulded article from pulp in the form of a detergent packaging which is not rotation symmetric. Pulp is distributed in the mould by rotation about one or more axes and the pulp may be kept in place on the mould by means of vacuum. The mould may be heated by means of a heating ele-ment which can comprise at least one duct through which a heating medium such as a heating fluid, in particular a heating liquid can flow so that the mould and, thus, the pulp contained in the mould can be heated by said heating medium. However, the method of distributing the pulp material by rotation of a mould about several axes seems not fast enough and not suitable for mass production of paper bottles of the like.
WO 2016/132328 Al_ discloses a moulding process and a moulding apparatus for the moulding of articles by using paper and/or wood and, more precisely, pulp of paper and/or wood, recycled and milled paper and/or paper powder. The moulding process comprises the phases of loading milled paper or pulp of paper and/or wood into the mould, adding water or water vapour by means of an injection device to the milled pa-per or to the pulp of paper and/or wood into the mould, rotating the mould on itself with respect to at least two axes so as to have the milled paper or the pulp of paper and/or wood arranged on the mould walls. Due to the centrifugal force, the mixture of paper and/or wood is arranged on the walls of the mould ontaking the same shape of the mould. A lattice is arranged around an injection device to act as a drainage filter so as to drain the excess water in the shell and ensure the release of the water vapour from the shell itself when the milled paper or the pulp of paper and/or wood is heated for its solidification. However, the method of distributing the pulp material by rotation of a mould about several axes seems not fast enough and not suitable for mass production of paper bottles of the like.
DE 102004059268 Al describes the production of rotationally symmetric seamless hol-low bodies of paper or fibrous material, comprising introduction of a fiber suspension into a porous mold in a centrifuge drum and spinning the drum.
In the known methods of manufacturing moulded pulp products, however, production speed and accuracy of the final pulp products may be a challenge. In order to obtain
G13191418339 discloses an apparatus for making bottles and other receptacles from paper pulp of the type having a mould and a distributing tube for the pulp inserted therein. The distributing tube has openings varying in size proportionally to the size of that portion of the mould opposite thereto. Centrifugal packing-means are provided for packing the pulp in the mould in that, when ejecting the fluid pulp through slots of the distributing tube against the interior face of the rapidly rotating mould, the pressure from a piston will force the pulp against said mould and the centrifugal force due to rotation of said mould will further tend to pack the pulp against the walls of the mould while said rotation will also tend to distribute the pulp equally circumferentially. Said mould being of net or otherwise perforated the fluid in which the pulp is suspended will be forced outwardly there through. However, this known apparatus is mostly suitable as a manual method of making paper bottles having a rough uneven surface and is not in any way suitable to meet today's demand for packaging.
WO 2018/033209 Al discloses a method for manufacturing a moulded article from pulp in the form of a detergent packaging which is not rotation symmetric. Pulp is distributed in the mould by rotation about one or more axes and the pulp may be kept in place on the mould by means of vacuum. The mould may be heated by means of a heating ele-ment which can comprise at least one duct through which a heating medium such as a heating fluid, in particular a heating liquid can flow so that the mould and, thus, the pulp contained in the mould can be heated by said heating medium. However, the method of distributing the pulp material by rotation of a mould about several axes seems not fast enough and not suitable for mass production of paper bottles of the like.
WO 2016/132328 Al_ discloses a moulding process and a moulding apparatus for the moulding of articles by using paper and/or wood and, more precisely, pulp of paper and/or wood, recycled and milled paper and/or paper powder. The moulding process comprises the phases of loading milled paper or pulp of paper and/or wood into the mould, adding water or water vapour by means of an injection device to the milled pa-per or to the pulp of paper and/or wood into the mould, rotating the mould on itself with respect to at least two axes so as to have the milled paper or the pulp of paper and/or wood arranged on the mould walls. Due to the centrifugal force, the mixture of paper and/or wood is arranged on the walls of the mould ontaking the same shape of the mould. A lattice is arranged around an injection device to act as a drainage filter so as to drain the excess water in the shell and ensure the release of the water vapour from the shell itself when the milled paper or the pulp of paper and/or wood is heated for its solidification. However, the method of distributing the pulp material by rotation of a mould about several axes seems not fast enough and not suitable for mass production of paper bottles of the like.
DE 102004059268 Al describes the production of rotationally symmetric seamless hol-low bodies of paper or fibrous material, comprising introduction of a fiber suspension into a porous mold in a centrifuge drum and spinning the drum.
In the known methods of manufacturing moulded pulp products, however, production speed and accuracy of the final pulp products may be a challenge. In order to obtain
4 efficient drying of the pulp preform and to still obtain a final product having a smooth surface, most known methods in reality make use of a first dewatering mould having an internal mould surface formed by a net allowing water to drain and a second drying mould made of porous material allowing vapour to escape and incorporating heating channels.
The reason for the above known setup is as follows. The first dewatering mould having an internal mould surface formed by a net allows substantially draining of the wet pre-form which would not be possible using a porous mould. However, this first dewatering mould does not allow for a substantial internal pressure to be applied on the wet pre-form, because the net would deform, and this first dewatering mould cannot be heated itself by heating channels or the like. Furthermore, the net of the first dewatering mould tends to leave a visible pattern on the moulded product if excess pressure is applied to the preform. On the other hand, the second drying mould made of porous material al-lows incorporation of heating channels and allows for a substantial internal pressure to be applied on the wet preform. The second drying mould even leaves the final moulded product with a surface of desired texture, such as a smooth surface. As a further known measure, an inflatable balloon may be used in the first or both moulds in order to apply a pressure on the wet preform. As it will be understood, the use of a first dewatering mould and a second drying mould involves moving the wet preform from the first mould to the second mould, thereby increasing production time considerably.
Additionally inflating and deflating a balloon in one or both moulds adds even further to production time.
According to the known solutions, as mentioned above, the second drying mould is typi-cally made of porous material which allows vapour to escape through the wall of the mould. The micro-structure of the porous material gives rise to inter-connected chan-nels inside the mould. These channels can be utilized as evacuation pathways for flush-ing out water-steam during the pulp moulding process. However, the pulp fibres may be very small and tend to enter the tool material. This results in clogging of the tool. With a limited fraction of area available for water-steam transport, a water evacuation capabil-ity from the tool is hard to achieve. Cleaning of the tool is in reality not possible due to the labyrinth of closed pathways in the porous material. Clogging over long durations of time reduce the fatigue life of tool, due to development of internal cracks in the tool.
None of the known methods has succeeded in both obtaining a commercially profitable
The reason for the above known setup is as follows. The first dewatering mould having an internal mould surface formed by a net allows substantially draining of the wet pre-form which would not be possible using a porous mould. However, this first dewatering mould does not allow for a substantial internal pressure to be applied on the wet pre-form, because the net would deform, and this first dewatering mould cannot be heated itself by heating channels or the like. Furthermore, the net of the first dewatering mould tends to leave a visible pattern on the moulded product if excess pressure is applied to the preform. On the other hand, the second drying mould made of porous material al-lows incorporation of heating channels and allows for a substantial internal pressure to be applied on the wet preform. The second drying mould even leaves the final moulded product with a surface of desired texture, such as a smooth surface. As a further known measure, an inflatable balloon may be used in the first or both moulds in order to apply a pressure on the wet preform. As it will be understood, the use of a first dewatering mould and a second drying mould involves moving the wet preform from the first mould to the second mould, thereby increasing production time considerably.
Additionally inflating and deflating a balloon in one or both moulds adds even further to production time.
According to the known solutions, as mentioned above, the second drying mould is typi-cally made of porous material which allows vapour to escape through the wall of the mould. The micro-structure of the porous material gives rise to inter-connected chan-nels inside the mould. These channels can be utilized as evacuation pathways for flush-ing out water-steam during the pulp moulding process. However, the pulp fibres may be very small and tend to enter the tool material. This results in clogging of the tool. With a limited fraction of area available for water-steam transport, a water evacuation capabil-ity from the tool is hard to achieve. Cleaning of the tool is in reality not possible due to the labyrinth of closed pathways in the porous material. Clogging over long durations of time reduce the fatigue life of tool, due to development of internal cracks in the tool.
None of the known methods has succeeded in both obtaining a commercially profitable
5 production rate and a suitable final product having a desired smooth surface quality.
There is therefore a need for an improved method of manufacturing a moulded pulp product.
The object of the present invention is to provide a simplified method of manufacturing a moulded pulp product whereby production speed may be increased.
In view of this object, the method is characterised by = initiating rotation of the mould about the central axis of the mould and increas-ing rotational speed gradually, = maintaining a maximum rotational speed of the mould at least during a substan-tial part of the dewatering and drying step, = decreasing rotational speed gradually until standstill of the mould.
Thereby, by gradually initiating rotation of the mould and maintaining a maximum rota-tional speed of the mould at least during a substantial part of the dewatering and drying step, a synergistic effect between rotation of the mould and gradual injection of de-watering and heating fluid into the mould is obtained in the following way.
The synergis-tic effect facilitates the evacuation of the water absorbed by the pulp fibres which is defined as bound water. When heating the bound water by means of the dewatering and heating fluid, the water is desorbed and acts as free water which is defined as the water that is not absorbed by the pulp fibres. When the free water is subjected to the centrifugal force, the evacuation of the water from the mould is accelerated, because the free water is now free to move away from the pulp. This synergism between rota-tion and heating, when subjected to vacuum, results in much faster drying of the pulp than according to the prior art methods and will also mean a reduction in energy costs.
There is therefore a need for an improved method of manufacturing a moulded pulp product.
The object of the present invention is to provide a simplified method of manufacturing a moulded pulp product whereby production speed may be increased.
In view of this object, the method is characterised by = initiating rotation of the mould about the central axis of the mould and increas-ing rotational speed gradually, = maintaining a maximum rotational speed of the mould at least during a substan-tial part of the dewatering and drying step, = decreasing rotational speed gradually until standstill of the mould.
Thereby, by gradually initiating rotation of the mould and maintaining a maximum rota-tional speed of the mould at least during a substantial part of the dewatering and drying step, a synergistic effect between rotation of the mould and gradual injection of de-watering and heating fluid into the mould is obtained in the following way.
The synergis-tic effect facilitates the evacuation of the water absorbed by the pulp fibres which is defined as bound water. When heating the bound water by means of the dewatering and heating fluid, the water is desorbed and acts as free water which is defined as the water that is not absorbed by the pulp fibres. When the free water is subjected to the centrifugal force, the evacuation of the water from the mould is accelerated, because the free water is now free to move away from the pulp. This synergism between rota-tion and heating, when subjected to vacuum, results in much faster drying of the pulp than according to the prior art methods and will also mean a reduction in energy costs.
6 In a structurally particularly advantageous embodiment, the apparatus includes a rotary union having a rotatable fluid port connected to the mould opening, a stationary pulp port and a stationary dewatering and heating fluid port, pulp is injected into the internal mould chamber through the stationary pulp port, and the dewatering and heating fluid is injected into the internal mould chamber through the stationary dewatering and heat-ing fluid port.
In an embodiment, the mould is arranged inside a vacuum chamber connected to the vacuum source, and the rotatable fluid port of the rotary union is connected to the mould opening through a tube extending through a wall of the vacuum chamber by means of a rotary shaft seal.
In an embodiment, the relative injection pressure of the dewatering and heating fluid through the mould opening is increased gradually from approximately 0 to minimum 500 kPa, preferably from approximately 0 to minimum 700 kPa and most preferred from approximately 0 to minimum 1 IV1Pa. By increasing the relative injection pressure of the dewatering and heating fluid gradually, it is avoided that the wet pulp preform is nega-tively affected by the injection. Otherwise, the already formed pulp preform could de-form during the injection.
In an embodiment, the relative injection pressure (p) of the dewatering and heating fluid through the mould opening is increased gradually with a pressure rate of dp/dt = 1 to 20 kPa/s in the range p = 0 to 200 kPa and with a pressure rate of dp/dt = 1 to 50 kPa/s in the range p = 200 to 400 kPa. By increasing the relative injection pressure of the de-watering and heating fluid gradually, it is avoided that the wet pulp preform is negative-ly affected by the injection.
In an embodiment, the rotational speed of the mould is increased gradually from 0 rpm to at least 5.000 rpm, preferably from 0 rpm to at least 7.000 rpm, and most preferred from 0 rpm to about 10.000 rpm. By increasing the rotational speed of the mould gradu-ally, it is avoided that the wet pulp preform is negatively affected by the rotation. Oth-erwise, the already formed pulp preform could deform during the rotation.
In an embodiment, the mould is arranged inside a vacuum chamber connected to the vacuum source, and the rotatable fluid port of the rotary union is connected to the mould opening through a tube extending through a wall of the vacuum chamber by means of a rotary shaft seal.
In an embodiment, the relative injection pressure of the dewatering and heating fluid through the mould opening is increased gradually from approximately 0 to minimum 500 kPa, preferably from approximately 0 to minimum 700 kPa and most preferred from approximately 0 to minimum 1 IV1Pa. By increasing the relative injection pressure of the dewatering and heating fluid gradually, it is avoided that the wet pulp preform is nega-tively affected by the injection. Otherwise, the already formed pulp preform could de-form during the injection.
In an embodiment, the relative injection pressure (p) of the dewatering and heating fluid through the mould opening is increased gradually with a pressure rate of dp/dt = 1 to 20 kPa/s in the range p = 0 to 200 kPa and with a pressure rate of dp/dt = 1 to 50 kPa/s in the range p = 200 to 400 kPa. By increasing the relative injection pressure of the de-watering and heating fluid gradually, it is avoided that the wet pulp preform is negative-ly affected by the injection.
In an embodiment, the rotational speed of the mould is increased gradually from 0 rpm to at least 5.000 rpm, preferably from 0 rpm to at least 7.000 rpm, and most preferred from 0 rpm to about 10.000 rpm. By increasing the rotational speed of the mould gradu-ally, it is avoided that the wet pulp preform is negatively affected by the rotation. Oth-erwise, the already formed pulp preform could deform during the rotation.
7 In an embodiment, the rotational speed (r) of the mould is increased gradually with a rotation rate of dr/dt = 10 to 1000 rpm/s until a maximum rotational speed. By increas-ing the rotational speed of the mould gradually, it is avoided that the wet pulp preform is negatively affected by the rotation.
In an embodiment, simultaneous injection of dewatering and heating fluid and mould rotation is maintained for at least 10 seconds, preferably at least 20 seconds, more pre-ferred at least 40 seconds and most preferred for about 1 minute.
In an embodiment, fluid is evacuated to an outer surface of the mould through inner evacuation openings on the internal mould surface, and each inner evacuation opening is connected to an outer evacuation opening on the outer surface of the mould by means of an evacuation channel having a gradually increasing cross-sectional area in the direction from the internal mould surface to the outer surface of the mould.
Thereby, a mould with a considerable wall thickness and resulting strength may be obtained with-out increasing the risk that an evacuation opening gets clogged. In fact, the risk of clog-ging is reduced considerably, because a pulp particle being able to enter the inner evac-uation opening may also pass through the evacuation channel which has a gradually increasing cross-sectional area. Moreover, if any pulp would nevertheless be trapped in an evacuation channel, it may quite simply be blown out by means of compressed air from the inside of the mould chamber. Therefore, the mould is more or less self-cleaning and in any event much easier to clean than known solutions. Because of the strength of such a mould, it is possible to both form and dry the produced pulp product in one single mould as opposed to known methods as described above. Thereby, a sub-stantial increase in production speed may be possible.
The present invention further relates to a moulding apparatus for manufacturing of moulded pulp products including a mould with an internal mould chamber generally having rotational symmetry about a central axis of the mould and having a closed end and an open end forming a mould opening, the internal mould chamber having an inter-nal mould surface generally provided with a number of evacuation openings, a vacuum
In an embodiment, simultaneous injection of dewatering and heating fluid and mould rotation is maintained for at least 10 seconds, preferably at least 20 seconds, more pre-ferred at least 40 seconds and most preferred for about 1 minute.
In an embodiment, fluid is evacuated to an outer surface of the mould through inner evacuation openings on the internal mould surface, and each inner evacuation opening is connected to an outer evacuation opening on the outer surface of the mould by means of an evacuation channel having a gradually increasing cross-sectional area in the direction from the internal mould surface to the outer surface of the mould.
Thereby, a mould with a considerable wall thickness and resulting strength may be obtained with-out increasing the risk that an evacuation opening gets clogged. In fact, the risk of clog-ging is reduced considerably, because a pulp particle being able to enter the inner evac-uation opening may also pass through the evacuation channel which has a gradually increasing cross-sectional area. Moreover, if any pulp would nevertheless be trapped in an evacuation channel, it may quite simply be blown out by means of compressed air from the inside of the mould chamber. Therefore, the mould is more or less self-cleaning and in any event much easier to clean than known solutions. Because of the strength of such a mould, it is possible to both form and dry the produced pulp product in one single mould as opposed to known methods as described above. Thereby, a sub-stantial increase in production speed may be possible.
The present invention further relates to a moulding apparatus for manufacturing of moulded pulp products including a mould with an internal mould chamber generally having rotational symmetry about a central axis of the mould and having a closed end and an open end forming a mould opening, the internal mould chamber having an inter-nal mould surface generally provided with a number of evacuation openings, a vacuum
8 source connected to said evacuation openings, a pressurised pulp source arranged to inject pressurised pulp into the internal mould chamber through the mould opening, a dewatering and heating fluid source arranged to inject dewatering and heating fluid through the mould opening at gradually increasing pressure in order to perform de-watering and drying of a pulp preform on the internal mould surface.
The moulding apparatus is characterised in that the apparatus includes a rotary union having a rotatable fluid port connected to the mould opening, a stationary pulp port and a stationary dewatering and heating fluid port, in that the pressurised pulp source is connected to the stationary pulp port, in that the dewatering and heating fluid source is connected to the stationary dewatering and heating fluid port, and in that a motor is arranged to rotate the mould about the central axis of the mould. Thereby, the above mentioned features may be obtained.
In an embodiment, the mould is arranged inside a vacuum chamber connected to the vacuum source, and the rotatable fluid port of the rotary union is connected to the mould opening through a tube extending through a wall of the vacuum chamber by means of a rotary shaft seal. Thereby, the above mentioned features may be obtained.
In an embodiment, the pulp moulding apparatus is adapted to initiate rotation of the mould about the central axis of the mould and increase rotational speed gradually, maintain a maximum rotational speed of the mould at least during a substantial part of the dewatering and drying step, and decrease rotational speed gradually until standstill of the mould. Thereby, the above mentioned features may be obtained.
In an embodiment, the mould has inner evacuation openings through which fluid may be evacuated to an outer surface of a mould wall, and each inner evacuation opening is connected to an outer evacuation opening on the outer surface of the mould by means of an evacuation channel having a gradually increasing cross-sectional area in the direc-tion from the internal mould surface to the outer surface of the mould.
Thereby, the above mentioned features may be obtained.
The moulding apparatus is characterised in that the apparatus includes a rotary union having a rotatable fluid port connected to the mould opening, a stationary pulp port and a stationary dewatering and heating fluid port, in that the pressurised pulp source is connected to the stationary pulp port, in that the dewatering and heating fluid source is connected to the stationary dewatering and heating fluid port, and in that a motor is arranged to rotate the mould about the central axis of the mould. Thereby, the above mentioned features may be obtained.
In an embodiment, the mould is arranged inside a vacuum chamber connected to the vacuum source, and the rotatable fluid port of the rotary union is connected to the mould opening through a tube extending through a wall of the vacuum chamber by means of a rotary shaft seal. Thereby, the above mentioned features may be obtained.
In an embodiment, the pulp moulding apparatus is adapted to initiate rotation of the mould about the central axis of the mould and increase rotational speed gradually, maintain a maximum rotational speed of the mould at least during a substantial part of the dewatering and drying step, and decrease rotational speed gradually until standstill of the mould. Thereby, the above mentioned features may be obtained.
In an embodiment, the mould has inner evacuation openings through which fluid may be evacuated to an outer surface of a mould wall, and each inner evacuation opening is connected to an outer evacuation opening on the outer surface of the mould by means of an evacuation channel having a gradually increasing cross-sectional area in the direc-tion from the internal mould surface to the outer surface of the mould.
Thereby, the above mentioned features may be obtained.
9 The invention will now be explained in more detail below by means of examples of em-bodiments with reference to the very schematic drawing, in which Fig. 1 is a diagram of a pulp moulding apparatus according to the present invention;
Fig. 2 is a perspective view of a mould half of the moulding apparatus of Fig.
1;
Fig. 3 is a perspective view of a complete mould formed by two mould halves of which one is shown in Fig. 2;
Fig. 4 is a bottom view of the mould illustrated in Fig. 3;
Fig. 5 is a perspective view of a section illustrating, on a larger scale, the bottom of the mould half shown in Fig. 2;
Fig. 6 is a side view of the section of Fig. 5;
Fig. 7 is a perspective view of a section illustrating, on a larger scale, a middle part of the mould half shown in Fig. 2;
Fig. 8 is a side view of the section of Fig. 7, seen from outside the mould;
Fig. 9 is a cross-section taken along the line IX ¨ IX of Fig. 8; and Fig. 10 is a perspective view of a rotary mould clamp including a mould half as shown in Fig. 2.
Fig. 1 shows a pulp moulding apparatus 1 for manufacturing of moulded pulp products in the form of a bottle-shaped article suitable for beverage or the like.
However, the moulded pulp products may have different shape and purpose and does not necessary have a bottleneck as the illustrated product. For instance, the method is also suitable for manufacturing of beakers.
The pulp moulding apparatus 1 includes a mould 2 with an internal mould chamber 3 generally having rotational symmetry about a central axis 4 of the mould 2 and having a closed end 5 and an open end 6 forming a mould opening 7 as seen in Figs. 2 and 3. The 5 internal mould chamber 3 has an internal mould surface 8 generally provided with a number of evacuation openings 9 through which fluid may be evacuated to an outer surface 19 of a mould wall 25 as described in further detail below. A vacuum source 10 is connected to said evacuation openings 9 in that the mould 2 is arranged in a vacuum chamber 15 and , a pressurised pulp source 22 is arranged to inject pressurised pulp into
Fig. 2 is a perspective view of a mould half of the moulding apparatus of Fig.
1;
Fig. 3 is a perspective view of a complete mould formed by two mould halves of which one is shown in Fig. 2;
Fig. 4 is a bottom view of the mould illustrated in Fig. 3;
Fig. 5 is a perspective view of a section illustrating, on a larger scale, the bottom of the mould half shown in Fig. 2;
Fig. 6 is a side view of the section of Fig. 5;
Fig. 7 is a perspective view of a section illustrating, on a larger scale, a middle part of the mould half shown in Fig. 2;
Fig. 8 is a side view of the section of Fig. 7, seen from outside the mould;
Fig. 9 is a cross-section taken along the line IX ¨ IX of Fig. 8; and Fig. 10 is a perspective view of a rotary mould clamp including a mould half as shown in Fig. 2.
Fig. 1 shows a pulp moulding apparatus 1 for manufacturing of moulded pulp products in the form of a bottle-shaped article suitable for beverage or the like.
However, the moulded pulp products may have different shape and purpose and does not necessary have a bottleneck as the illustrated product. For instance, the method is also suitable for manufacturing of beakers.
The pulp moulding apparatus 1 includes a mould 2 with an internal mould chamber 3 generally having rotational symmetry about a central axis 4 of the mould 2 and having a closed end 5 and an open end 6 forming a mould opening 7 as seen in Figs. 2 and 3. The 5 internal mould chamber 3 has an internal mould surface 8 generally provided with a number of evacuation openings 9 through which fluid may be evacuated to an outer surface 19 of a mould wall 25 as described in further detail below. A vacuum source 10 is connected to said evacuation openings 9 in that the mould 2 is arranged in a vacuum chamber 15 and , a pressurised pulp source 22 is arranged to inject pressurised pulp into
10 the internal mould chamber 3 through the mould opening 7, and a dewatering and heat-ing fluid source 23 is arranged to inject dewatering and heating fluid in the form of hot air through the mould opening 7 at gradually increasing pressure in order to perform dewatering and drying of a pulp preform on the internal mould surface 8.
Furthermore, the apparatus 1 includes a rotary union 11 having a rotatable fluid port 12 connected to the mould opening 7, a stationary pulp port 13 and a stationary dewater-ing and heating fluid port 14. The pressurised pulp source 22 is connected to the sta-tionary pulp port 13, the dewatering and heating fluid source 23 is connected to the stationary dewatering and heating fluid port 14, and a motor 24 is arranged to rotate the mould 2 about the central axis 4 of the mould 2. The vacuum chamber 15 is con-nected to the vacuum source 10, and the rotatable fluid port 12 of the rotary union 11 is connected to the mould opening 7 through a tube 16 extending through a wall 17 of the vacuum chamber 15 by means of a rotary shaft seal 18. The pulp moulding apparatus 1 is adapted to initiate rotation of the mould 2 about the central axis 4 of the mould 2 and increase rotational speed gradually, maintain a maximum rotational speed of the mould 2 at least during a substantial part of the dewatering and drying step, and decrease rota-tional speed gradually until standstill of the mould 2. In order to rotate the mould 2, the motor 24 is via a belt 27 rotatably coupled to a main rotating shaft 47 including the tube 16.
As further seen in Fig. 1, the apparatus 1 includes a control panel 33 adapted to control by means of a first frequency drive 31 the speed of a pump forming the pressurised pulp
Furthermore, the apparatus 1 includes a rotary union 11 having a rotatable fluid port 12 connected to the mould opening 7, a stationary pulp port 13 and a stationary dewater-ing and heating fluid port 14. The pressurised pulp source 22 is connected to the sta-tionary pulp port 13, the dewatering and heating fluid source 23 is connected to the stationary dewatering and heating fluid port 14, and a motor 24 is arranged to rotate the mould 2 about the central axis 4 of the mould 2. The vacuum chamber 15 is con-nected to the vacuum source 10, and the rotatable fluid port 12 of the rotary union 11 is connected to the mould opening 7 through a tube 16 extending through a wall 17 of the vacuum chamber 15 by means of a rotary shaft seal 18. The pulp moulding apparatus 1 is adapted to initiate rotation of the mould 2 about the central axis 4 of the mould 2 and increase rotational speed gradually, maintain a maximum rotational speed of the mould 2 at least during a substantial part of the dewatering and drying step, and decrease rota-tional speed gradually until standstill of the mould 2. In order to rotate the mould 2, the motor 24 is via a belt 27 rotatably coupled to a main rotating shaft 47 including the tube 16.
As further seen in Fig. 1, the apparatus 1 includes a control panel 33 adapted to control by means of a first frequency drive 31 the speed of a pump forming the pressurised pulp
11 source 22. The pump receives pulp from a pulp tank 29 provided with a stirrer and the pulp is pumped to the mould 2 via a pressure vessel 30 or expansion vessel in order to maintain a suitable pressure during pumping. The raw materials in this case are wood fibres. With an existing manufacturing process, wood obtained from trees is chipped and converted to paper fibres. They can easily be obtained from any commercial pulp sup-plier. Once the fibres are obtained, the next step is to make a slurry. The paper fibres, which are primarily made-up of cellulose, are mixed with water to form a viscous and thick slurry. The water content in the slurry is important, because it is the water mole-cule which facilitates the binding of cellulosic material with the help of hydrogen bond-ing. The pulp suspension is stirred continuously in the tank 29 to avoid settling down of fibres and to have a uniform distribution of the fibres inside the suspension.
The control panel 33 is further adapted to control by means of a second frequency drive 32 the speed of the motor 24 for rotation of the mould. Furthermore, the control panel 33 is adapted to control the dewatering and heating fluid source 23 which has the form of an air compressor, a heater 26 for the dewatering and heating fluid, the vacuum source 10 in the form of a vacuum pump connected to the vacuum chamber 15 via a waste tank 28, and flow controllers 35, 36, 37. A data logger 34 is provided for data collection and is connected to pressure sensors 38-42. As the skilled person will understand, the flow controllers 35, 36, 37 in cooperation with the pressure sensors 38-42 form respective pressure regulators adapted to regulate the pressure of the dewatering and drying fluid, the vacuum provided and the pressure of the pulp supplied.
As seen in Figs. 2 and 3, the mould 2 has a wall 25 forming the internal mould chamber 3 with the mould opening 7 through which pulp may be injected. The internal mould sur-face 8 of the internal mould chamber 3 is generally provided with a number of inner evacuation openings 9 through which fluid may be evacuated to the outer surface 19 of the mould wall 25. As illustrated in Fig. 9, each inner evacuation opening 9 is connected to an outer evacuation opening 20 on the outer surface 19 of the mould 2 by means of an evacuation channel 21 having a gradually increasing cross-sectional area in the direc-tion from the internal mould surface 8 to the outer surface 19 of the mould 2.
The control panel 33 is further adapted to control by means of a second frequency drive 32 the speed of the motor 24 for rotation of the mould. Furthermore, the control panel 33 is adapted to control the dewatering and heating fluid source 23 which has the form of an air compressor, a heater 26 for the dewatering and heating fluid, the vacuum source 10 in the form of a vacuum pump connected to the vacuum chamber 15 via a waste tank 28, and flow controllers 35, 36, 37. A data logger 34 is provided for data collection and is connected to pressure sensors 38-42. As the skilled person will understand, the flow controllers 35, 36, 37 in cooperation with the pressure sensors 38-42 form respective pressure regulators adapted to regulate the pressure of the dewatering and drying fluid, the vacuum provided and the pressure of the pulp supplied.
As seen in Figs. 2 and 3, the mould 2 has a wall 25 forming the internal mould chamber 3 with the mould opening 7 through which pulp may be injected. The internal mould sur-face 8 of the internal mould chamber 3 is generally provided with a number of inner evacuation openings 9 through which fluid may be evacuated to the outer surface 19 of the mould wall 25. As illustrated in Fig. 9, each inner evacuation opening 9 is connected to an outer evacuation opening 20 on the outer surface 19 of the mould 2 by means of an evacuation channel 21 having a gradually increasing cross-sectional area in the direc-tion from the internal mould surface 8 to the outer surface 19 of the mould 2.
12 The mould wall 25 has a considerable wall thickness of at least 2 millimetres, preferably at least 4 millimetres, more preferred at least 5 millimetres, and most preferred at least 6 millimetres. Thereby, a strong mould 2 may be obtained without increasing the risk that an evacuation opening gets clogged. In fact, the risk of clogging is reduced consid-erably, because a pulp particle being able to enter an inner evacuation opening 9 may also pass through the corresponding evacuation channel 21 which has a gradually in-creasing cross-sectional area and out through the corresponding outer evacuation open-ing 20. Moreover, if any pulp would nevertheless be trapped in an evacuation channel 21, it is easy to blow it out by means of compressed air from the inside of the mould chamber I Therefore, the mould 2 is more or less self-cleaning and in any event much easier to clean than known solutions. Because of the strength of such a mould 2, it is possible to both form and dry the produced pulp product in one single mould as op-posed to known methods as described above. Thereby, a substantial increase in produc-tion speed may be possible.
As seen in Fig. 2, over at least the main part of the internal mould surface 8, the inner evacuation openings 9 are distributed, preferably substantially evenly, with at least 500.000 holes pr. square metre, preferably at least 800.000 holes pr. square metre, and most preferred at least 900.000 holes pr. square metre.
The inner evacuation openings 9 have a smallest cross-sectional dimension of less than 600 micrometres, preferably less than 400 micrometres, more preferred less than 300 micrometres and most preferred less than 250 micrometres. Thereby, depending of the general size of the pulp fibres used for the moulding process, it may be avoided that the evacuation openings of the internal mould surface 8 replicate on the surface of the moulded pulp product. Thereby a smooth finish of the surface of the final product may be ensured. The pulp may be formed by fibres generally having a length of approximate-ly 1 to 2 millimetres and generally having a cross-sectional dimension of approximately 20 to 40 micrometres. For instance, if the pulp fibres generally have a length of approx-imately 1.2 to 1.9 millimetres and generally have a cross-sectional dimension of approx-imately 25 to 35 micrometres, and the inner evacuation openings 9 have a circular cross-section with a diameter of less than 250 micrometres, and preferably about 200 micro-
As seen in Fig. 2, over at least the main part of the internal mould surface 8, the inner evacuation openings 9 are distributed, preferably substantially evenly, with at least 500.000 holes pr. square metre, preferably at least 800.000 holes pr. square metre, and most preferred at least 900.000 holes pr. square metre.
The inner evacuation openings 9 have a smallest cross-sectional dimension of less than 600 micrometres, preferably less than 400 micrometres, more preferred less than 300 micrometres and most preferred less than 250 micrometres. Thereby, depending of the general size of the pulp fibres used for the moulding process, it may be avoided that the evacuation openings of the internal mould surface 8 replicate on the surface of the moulded pulp product. Thereby a smooth finish of the surface of the final product may be ensured. The pulp may be formed by fibres generally having a length of approximate-ly 1 to 2 millimetres and generally having a cross-sectional dimension of approximately 20 to 40 micrometres. For instance, if the pulp fibres generally have a length of approx-imately 1.2 to 1.9 millimetres and generally have a cross-sectional dimension of approx-imately 25 to 35 micrometres, and the inner evacuation openings 9 have a circular cross-section with a diameter of less than 250 micrometres, and preferably about 200 micro-
13 metres, then a very smooth finish of the moulded product without any visible replica-tions of the evacuation openings may be obtained.
The inner evacuation openings 9 have a smallest cross-sectional dimension of more than 50 micrometres, preferably more than 70 micrometres, more preferred more than micrometres and most preferred more than 90 micrometres. In this way, an efficient draining of the wet pulp preform may be ensured.
Each evacuation channel 21 is conical with a draft angle D of at least 1 degree, prefera-bly at least 1,5 degrees and most preferred about 2 degrees. Thereby, the risk of clog-ging is even better reduced.
The total volume of all evacuation channels 21 is at least 40 per cent, preferably at least 45 per cent, more preferred at least 50 per cent and most preferred at least 55 per cent of the total volume of the material of the mould 2. In this way, an efficient draining of the wet pulp preform may be ensured.
Referring in particular to Figs. 3 and 9, it is seen that each evacuation channel 21 has a circular cross-section from the internal mould surface 8 to the outer surface 19 of the mould 2, and all evacuation channels 21 are arranged so that the respective outer evac-uation openings 20 are separated from each other by having a minimum material thick-ness between each other at the outer surface 19 of the mould 2. Thereby, a strong mould may be obtained which is useful for forming as well as drying of a pulp preform.
In the illustrated embodiment, the mould 2 is a split-mould composed of two moulds halves 43, 44, as illustrated in Figs. 2, 3 and 10. The illustrated mould 2 which is intended for production of paper bottles is further designed in a CAD system in sections which are, however, integrated in the final mould 2. The sections of each mould half 43, 44 are as follows: neck section 51, shoulder section 52, middle section 53, and bottom section 54. The illustrated mould halves 43, 44 each has four middle sections 53.
The inner evacuation openings 9 have a smallest cross-sectional dimension of more than 50 micrometres, preferably more than 70 micrometres, more preferred more than micrometres and most preferred more than 90 micrometres. In this way, an efficient draining of the wet pulp preform may be ensured.
Each evacuation channel 21 is conical with a draft angle D of at least 1 degree, prefera-bly at least 1,5 degrees and most preferred about 2 degrees. Thereby, the risk of clog-ging is even better reduced.
The total volume of all evacuation channels 21 is at least 40 per cent, preferably at least 45 per cent, more preferred at least 50 per cent and most preferred at least 55 per cent of the total volume of the material of the mould 2. In this way, an efficient draining of the wet pulp preform may be ensured.
Referring in particular to Figs. 3 and 9, it is seen that each evacuation channel 21 has a circular cross-section from the internal mould surface 8 to the outer surface 19 of the mould 2, and all evacuation channels 21 are arranged so that the respective outer evac-uation openings 20 are separated from each other by having a minimum material thick-ness between each other at the outer surface 19 of the mould 2. Thereby, a strong mould may be obtained which is useful for forming as well as drying of a pulp preform.
In the illustrated embodiment, the mould 2 is a split-mould composed of two moulds halves 43, 44, as illustrated in Figs. 2, 3 and 10. The illustrated mould 2 which is intended for production of paper bottles is further designed in a CAD system in sections which are, however, integrated in the final mould 2. The sections of each mould half 43, 44 are as follows: neck section 51, shoulder section 52, middle section 53, and bottom section 54. The illustrated mould halves 43, 44 each has four middle sections 53.
14 Comparing Figs. 7 and 8, illustrating a middle section 53 seen in perspective from the inside and from the outside, respectively, it is seen in Fig. 8 that the outer evacuation openings 20 are arranged closely packed in a so-called round straight configuration.
However, in Fig. 7, it is seen that the inner evacuation openings 9 of the internal mould surface 8 are arranged closer to each other in the peripheral direction of the internal mould surface 8 than in the longitudinal direction of the internal mould surface 8. This is an advantageous arrangement of the evacuation channels 21, because the internal mould surface 8 forms a circle about the central axis 4 of mould 2. In this way, the taper-ing channels may be arranged very close to each other. The same principle has been applied when designing the bottom section 54 as illustrated in Figs. 5 and 6.
Here, the outer evacuation openings 20, in the upper part of the bottom section 54, are arranged closely packed in a so-called round straight configuration. In this upper part of the bot-tom section 54, the inner evacuation openings 9 of the internal mould surface 8 are arranged closer to each other in the longitudinal direction of the internal mould surface 8 than in the peripheral direction of the internal mould surface 8. This is advantageous, because in this case, the internal mould surface 8 has a smaller radius of curvature about a horizontal axis than about a vertical axis. As seen in Fig. 4, in the centre of the bottom section 54, the outer evacuation openings 20 are arranged closely packed in straight configuration, whereas the inner evacuation openings 9 are arranged directly over outer evacuation openings 20 so that a central axis of the evacuation channels are arranged at right angles to the mould wall 25. This arrangement is advantageous, be-cause the centre of the bottom section 54 has a flat configuration. However, according to the present invention, the illustrated configuration of the inner and outer evacuation openings 9, 20 and the evacuation channels 21 may be varied in many different ways.
The mould 2 is produced by designing a 3D model of the mould 2 in a CAD
system, and the mould 2 is produced by means of a metal 3D printing technique, such as additive manufacturing (AM), preferably Powder bed fusion (PBF). However, the mould could also be produced in plastic material using a 3D printing technique. The CAD
model of the part in the form of the mould is given as an input to the manufacturing system. A base on which the intended part is to be produced, is kept inside the machine. The metal powder is then added. With a piston system, the base is slowly lowered down, layer by layer in the vertical direction. Each time when the base is lowered, a scraper distributes a fresh layer of powder. The laser beam scans the layer, following a path determined by the intended geometry of the part. The path on which laser moves is consolidated due to power melting and the rest of the powder is left loose. The loose powder is known as 5 powder cake and can be reused again in the next production cycle. Once the process is finished, the part with support structure is taken out and the structure is dismantled.
The parts and tools produced by this method are very fast compared to the conventional manufacturing methods. The method is capable of producing micro-features even below 300 microns, which is very challenging to produce by any other means in shorter time 10 durations. The method is very economical to be commercialized for production of moulds for paper bottles and the like. The mould 2 is preferably fabricated using alumin-ium powder.
As seen in Figs. 2 and 3, each mould half 43, 44 is provided with mounting flanges 50 for
However, in Fig. 7, it is seen that the inner evacuation openings 9 of the internal mould surface 8 are arranged closer to each other in the peripheral direction of the internal mould surface 8 than in the longitudinal direction of the internal mould surface 8. This is an advantageous arrangement of the evacuation channels 21, because the internal mould surface 8 forms a circle about the central axis 4 of mould 2. In this way, the taper-ing channels may be arranged very close to each other. The same principle has been applied when designing the bottom section 54 as illustrated in Figs. 5 and 6.
Here, the outer evacuation openings 20, in the upper part of the bottom section 54, are arranged closely packed in a so-called round straight configuration. In this upper part of the bot-tom section 54, the inner evacuation openings 9 of the internal mould surface 8 are arranged closer to each other in the longitudinal direction of the internal mould surface 8 than in the peripheral direction of the internal mould surface 8. This is advantageous, because in this case, the internal mould surface 8 has a smaller radius of curvature about a horizontal axis than about a vertical axis. As seen in Fig. 4, in the centre of the bottom section 54, the outer evacuation openings 20 are arranged closely packed in straight configuration, whereas the inner evacuation openings 9 are arranged directly over outer evacuation openings 20 so that a central axis of the evacuation channels are arranged at right angles to the mould wall 25. This arrangement is advantageous, be-cause the centre of the bottom section 54 has a flat configuration. However, according to the present invention, the illustrated configuration of the inner and outer evacuation openings 9, 20 and the evacuation channels 21 may be varied in many different ways.
The mould 2 is produced by designing a 3D model of the mould 2 in a CAD
system, and the mould 2 is produced by means of a metal 3D printing technique, such as additive manufacturing (AM), preferably Powder bed fusion (PBF). However, the mould could also be produced in plastic material using a 3D printing technique. The CAD
model of the part in the form of the mould is given as an input to the manufacturing system. A base on which the intended part is to be produced, is kept inside the machine. The metal powder is then added. With a piston system, the base is slowly lowered down, layer by layer in the vertical direction. Each time when the base is lowered, a scraper distributes a fresh layer of powder. The laser beam scans the layer, following a path determined by the intended geometry of the part. The path on which laser moves is consolidated due to power melting and the rest of the powder is left loose. The loose powder is known as 5 powder cake and can be reused again in the next production cycle. Once the process is finished, the part with support structure is taken out and the structure is dismantled.
The parts and tools produced by this method are very fast compared to the conventional manufacturing methods. The method is capable of producing micro-features even below 300 microns, which is very challenging to produce by any other means in shorter time 10 durations. The method is very economical to be commercialized for production of moulds for paper bottles and the like. The mould 2 is preferably fabricated using alumin-ium powder.
As seen in Figs. 2 and 3, each mould half 43, 44 is provided with mounting flanges 50 for
15 mounting the mould in the mould setup 49. The mould setup 49 is illustrated in Fig. 10.
The mounting flanges 50 of the mould halves 43, 44 are mounted between two rotating frame parts 45, 46 so that the mould halves 43, 44 are pressed against each other and form the complete mould 2. The two rotating frame parts 45, 46 are arranged on a piv-oting shaft 48 so that they may be pivoted between a closed position in which the mould halves 43, 44 are fixed in place and an open position in which the mould halves 43, 44 may be mounted or exchanged. The two rotating frame parts 45, 46 are further arranged on the vertical, main rotating shaft 47 for rotation of the mould 2 during the dewatering and drying step.
The method according to the invention of manufacturing a moulded pulp product by means of the pulp moulding apparatus 1 includes the following steps:
activating the vacuum source 10, injecting an amount of pulp into the internal mould chamber through the mould opening 7, thereby forming a pulp preform on the internal mould surface 8, injecting a dewatering and heating fluid through the mould opening 7 at grad-ually increasing pressure until a maximum pressure, thereby performing a dewatering and drying step whereby the pulp preform on the internal mould surface 8 is dewatered
The mounting flanges 50 of the mould halves 43, 44 are mounted between two rotating frame parts 45, 46 so that the mould halves 43, 44 are pressed against each other and form the complete mould 2. The two rotating frame parts 45, 46 are arranged on a piv-oting shaft 48 so that they may be pivoted between a closed position in which the mould halves 43, 44 are fixed in place and an open position in which the mould halves 43, 44 may be mounted or exchanged. The two rotating frame parts 45, 46 are further arranged on the vertical, main rotating shaft 47 for rotation of the mould 2 during the dewatering and drying step.
The method according to the invention of manufacturing a moulded pulp product by means of the pulp moulding apparatus 1 includes the following steps:
activating the vacuum source 10, injecting an amount of pulp into the internal mould chamber through the mould opening 7, thereby forming a pulp preform on the internal mould surface 8, injecting a dewatering and heating fluid through the mould opening 7 at grad-ually increasing pressure until a maximum pressure, thereby performing a dewatering and drying step whereby the pulp preform on the internal mould surface 8 is dewatered
16 and dried, deactivating the injection of dewatering and heating fluid, deactivating the vacuum source 10, extracting the moulded pulp product. These steps are not necessarily performed exactly in the mentioned sequence and additional steps may be performed.
When the injection of pulp into the internal mould chamber 3 is finished, excess pulp may optionally be pumped out of the mould 2 by means of the pump of the pressurised pulp source 22. However, in the illustrated setup, the mould opening 7 points down-wards, and excess pulp may therefore simply leave back to the pressure vessel 30 as a result of gravity. In order to efficiently dewater and dry the pulp preform during the dewatering and drying step, rotation of the mould 2 about the central axis 4 of the mould is initiated and rotational speed is increased gradually, a maximum rotational speed of the mould 2 is maintained at least during a substantial part of the dewatering and drying step, and the rotational speed is decreased gradually until standstill of the mould 2. Rotation of the mould 2 may possibly be initiated before the dewatering and drying step. The pulp is injected into the internal mould chamber 3 through the station-ary pulp port 13, and the dewatering and heating fluid is injected into the internal mould chamber 3 through the stationary dewatering and heating fluid port 14.
Preferably, the relative injection pressure of the dewatering and heating fluid through the mould opening 7 is increased gradually from approximately 0 to minimum 500 kPa, preferably from approximately 0 to minimum 700 kPa and most preferred from approx-imately 0 to minimum 1 MPa. Preferably, the relative injection pressure p of the de-watering and heating fluid through the mould opening 7 is increased gradually with a pressure rate of dp/dt = 1 to 20 kPa/s in the range p = 0 to 200 kPa and with a pressure rate of dp/dt = 1 to 50 kPa/s in the range p = 200 to 400 kPa.
Preferably, the rotational speed r of the mould 2 is increased gradually from 0 rpm to at least 5.000 rpm, preferably from 0 rpm to at least 7.000 rpm, and most preferred from 0 rpm to about 10.000 rpm. Preferably, the rotational speed r of the mould 2 is increased gradually with a rotation rate of dr/dt = 10 to 1000 rpm/s until a maximum rotational speed.
When the injection of pulp into the internal mould chamber 3 is finished, excess pulp may optionally be pumped out of the mould 2 by means of the pump of the pressurised pulp source 22. However, in the illustrated setup, the mould opening 7 points down-wards, and excess pulp may therefore simply leave back to the pressure vessel 30 as a result of gravity. In order to efficiently dewater and dry the pulp preform during the dewatering and drying step, rotation of the mould 2 about the central axis 4 of the mould is initiated and rotational speed is increased gradually, a maximum rotational speed of the mould 2 is maintained at least during a substantial part of the dewatering and drying step, and the rotational speed is decreased gradually until standstill of the mould 2. Rotation of the mould 2 may possibly be initiated before the dewatering and drying step. The pulp is injected into the internal mould chamber 3 through the station-ary pulp port 13, and the dewatering and heating fluid is injected into the internal mould chamber 3 through the stationary dewatering and heating fluid port 14.
Preferably, the relative injection pressure of the dewatering and heating fluid through the mould opening 7 is increased gradually from approximately 0 to minimum 500 kPa, preferably from approximately 0 to minimum 700 kPa and most preferred from approx-imately 0 to minimum 1 MPa. Preferably, the relative injection pressure p of the de-watering and heating fluid through the mould opening 7 is increased gradually with a pressure rate of dp/dt = 1 to 20 kPa/s in the range p = 0 to 200 kPa and with a pressure rate of dp/dt = 1 to 50 kPa/s in the range p = 200 to 400 kPa.
Preferably, the rotational speed r of the mould 2 is increased gradually from 0 rpm to at least 5.000 rpm, preferably from 0 rpm to at least 7.000 rpm, and most preferred from 0 rpm to about 10.000 rpm. Preferably, the rotational speed r of the mould 2 is increased gradually with a rotation rate of dr/dt = 10 to 1000 rpm/s until a maximum rotational speed.
17 Preferably, simultaneous injection of dewatering and heating fluid and mould rotation is maintained for at least 10 second, preferably at least 20 seconds, even more preferred at least 40 seconds and most preferred for about 1 minute.
Purely as an example, suitable process parameters may be as follows:
= Pulp is preheated to about 70 C in the heater 26.
= Before first moulding operation, mould may be preheated to about 150 C, for instance by means of blowing preheated dewatering and drying fluid in the form of hot air through the mould.
= Suction pressure is about - 30 kPa (relative pressure).
= Pulp is pumped to the mould 2 at a pressure of about 200 to 300 kPa (relative pressure).
= Pulp injection time about 10 seconds.
= Temperature of dewatering and drying fluid in the form of hot air is about 150-250 C.
= Pressure of dewatering and drying fluid in the form of hot air: from about 0 kPa and gradually increased to about 1 MPa (relative pressure).
= Pressure rate of dewatering and drying fluid in the form of hot air:
dp/dt = 1 to kPa/s in the range p = 0 to 200 kPa and with a pressure rate of dp/dt = 1 to 20 50 kPa/s in the range p = 200 to 400 kPa.
= Rotational speed range of mould 2: about 0-10.000 rpm starting from 0 rpm.
= Time of dewatering and drying step with rotation of mould 2: about 0-60 sec-onds.
Purely as an example, suitable process parameters may be as follows:
= Pulp is preheated to about 70 C in the heater 26.
= Before first moulding operation, mould may be preheated to about 150 C, for instance by means of blowing preheated dewatering and drying fluid in the form of hot air through the mould.
= Suction pressure is about - 30 kPa (relative pressure).
= Pulp is pumped to the mould 2 at a pressure of about 200 to 300 kPa (relative pressure).
= Pulp injection time about 10 seconds.
= Temperature of dewatering and drying fluid in the form of hot air is about 150-250 C.
= Pressure of dewatering and drying fluid in the form of hot air: from about 0 kPa and gradually increased to about 1 MPa (relative pressure).
= Pressure rate of dewatering and drying fluid in the form of hot air:
dp/dt = 1 to kPa/s in the range p = 0 to 200 kPa and with a pressure rate of dp/dt = 1 to 20 50 kPa/s in the range p = 200 to 400 kPa.
= Rotational speed range of mould 2: about 0-10.000 rpm starting from 0 rpm.
= Time of dewatering and drying step with rotation of mould 2: about 0-60 sec-onds.
18 List of reference numbers D draft angle 1 pulp moulding apparatus 2 mould 3 internal mould chamber 4 central axis of mould 5 closed end of mould 6 open end of mould 7 mould opening 8 internal mould surface 9 inner evacuation openings of internal mould surface 10 vacuum source 11 rotary union 12 rotatable fluid port of rotary union 13 stationary pulp port of rotary union 14 stationary dewatering and heating fluid port of rotary union 15 vacuum chamber 16 tube 17 wall of vacuum chamber 18 rotary shaft seal
19 outer surface of mould
20 outer evacuation opening
21 evacuation channel
22 pressurised pulp source
23 dewatering and heating fluid source
24 motor
25 mould wall
26 heater
27 belt
28 waste tank
29 pulp tank and stirrer
30 pressure vessel
31 frequency drive for pulp source
32 frequency drive for motor
33 control panel
34 data logger
35, 36, 37 flow controllers 38-42 pressure sensors 43, 44 moulds halves 45, 46 rotating frame parts 47 main rotating shaft 48 pivoting shaft 49 mould setup 50 mould flanges 51 neck section of mould half 52 shoulder section of mould half 53 middle section of mould half 54 bottom section of mould half
Claims (12)
1. A method of manufacturing a moulded pulp product by means of a pulp moulding apparatus (1) including a mould (2) with an internal mould chamber (3) generally having 5 rotational symmetry about a central axis (4) of the mould (2) and having a closed end (5) and an open end (6) forming a mould opening (7), the internal mould chamber (3) hav-ing an internal mould surface (8) generally provided with a number of evacuation open-ings (9) connected to a vacuum source (10), the method including the following steps:
= activating the vacuum source (10), 10 = injecting an amount of pulp into the internal mould chamber (3) through the mould opening (7), thereby forming a pulp preform on the internal mould sur-face (8), = injecting a dewatering and heating fluid through the mould opening (7) at grad-ually increasing pressure until a maximum pressure, thereby performing a de-15 watering and drying step whereby the pulp preform on the internal mould sur-face (8) is dewatered and dried, = deactivating the injection of dewatering and heating fluid, = deactivating the vacuum source (10), = extracting the moulded pulp product, 20 characterised by = initiating rotation of the mould (2) about the central axis (4) of the mould and increasing rotational speed gradually, = maintaining a maximum rotational speed of the mould (2) at least during a sub-stantial part of the dewatering and drying step, = decreasing rotational speed gradually until standstill of the mould (2).
= activating the vacuum source (10), 10 = injecting an amount of pulp into the internal mould chamber (3) through the mould opening (7), thereby forming a pulp preform on the internal mould sur-face (8), = injecting a dewatering and heating fluid through the mould opening (7) at grad-ually increasing pressure until a maximum pressure, thereby performing a de-15 watering and drying step whereby the pulp preform on the internal mould sur-face (8) is dewatered and dried, = deactivating the injection of dewatering and heating fluid, = deactivating the vacuum source (10), = extracting the moulded pulp product, 20 characterised by = initiating rotation of the mould (2) about the central axis (4) of the mould and increasing rotational speed gradually, = maintaining a maximum rotational speed of the mould (2) at least during a sub-stantial part of the dewatering and drying step, = decreasing rotational speed gradually until standstill of the mould (2).
2. A method of manufacturing a moulded pulp product according to claim 1, wherein the apparatus (1) includes a rotary union (11) having a rotatable fluid port (12) connected to the mould opening, a stationary pulp port (13) and a stationary dewatering and heating fluid port (14), wherein pulp is injected into the internal mould chamber (3) through the stationary pulp port (13), and wherein the dewatering and heating fluid is injected into the internal mould chamber (3) through the stationary dewatering and heating fluid port (14).
I A method of manufacturing a moulded pulp product according to claim 1, wherein the mould (2) is arranged inside a vacuum chamber (15) connected to the vacuum source (10), and wherein the rotatable fluid port (12) of the rotary union (11) is connected to the mould opening (7) through a tube (16) extending through a wall (17) of the vacuum chamber (15) by means of a rotary shaft seal (18).
4. A method of manufacturing a moulded pulp product according to any one of the pre-ceding claims, wherein the relative injection pressure of the dewatering and heating fluid through the mould opening (7) is increased gradually from approximately 0 to min-imum 500 kPa, preferably from approximately 0 to minimum 700 kPa and most pre-ferred from approximately 0 to minimum 1 MPa.
5. A method of manufacturing a moulded pulp product according to any one of the pre-ceding claims, wherein the relative injection pressure (p) of the dewatering and heating fluid through the mould opening (7) is increased gradually with a pressure rate of dp/dt = 1 to 20 kPa/s in the range p = 0 to 200 kPa and with a pressure rate of dp/dt = 1 to 50 kPa/s in the range p = 200 to 400 kPa.
6. A method of manufacturing a moulded pulp product according to any one of the pre-ceding claims, wherein the rotational speed (r) of the mould (2) is increased gradually from 0 rpm to at least 5.000 rpm, preferably from 0 rpm to at least 7.000 rpm, and most preferred from 0 rpm to about 10.000 rpm.
7. A method of manufacturing a moulded pulp product according to any one of the pre-ceding claims, wherein the rotational speed (r) of the mould (2) is increased gradually with a rotation rate of dr/dt = 10 to 1000 rpm/s until a maximum rotational speed.
S. A method of manufacturing a moulded pulp product according to any one of the pre-ceding claims, wherein simultaneous injection of dewatering and heating fluid and mould rotation is maintained for at least 10 seconds, preferably at least 20 seconds, even more preferred at least 40 seconds and most preferred for about 1 minute.
9. A method of manufacturing a moulded pulp product according to any one of the pre-ceding claims, wherein fluid is evacuated to an outer surface (19) of the mould (2) through inner evacuation openings (9) on the internal mould surface (8), and wherein each inner evacuation opening (9) is connected to an outer evacuation opening (20) on the outer surface (19) of the mould (2) by means of an evacuation channel (21) having a gradually increasing cross-sectional area in the direction frorn the internal mould surface (8) to the outer surface (19) of the mould (2).
10. A pulp moulding apparatus (1) for manufacturing of moulded pulp products includ-ing a mould (2) with an internal mould chamber (3) generally having rotational sym-metry about a central axis (4) of the mould (2) and having a closed end (5) and an open end (6) forming a rnould opening (7), the internal mould chamber (3) having an internal mould surface (8) generally provided with a number of evacuation openings (9), a vacu-um source (10) connected to said evacuation openings (9), a pressurised pulp source (22) arranged to inject pressurised pulp into the internal mould chamber (3) through the mould opening (7), a dewatering and heating fluid source (23) arranged to inject de-watering and heating fluid through the mould opening (7) at gradually increasing pres-sure in order to perform dewatering and drying of a pulp preform on the internal mould surface (8), characterised in that the apparatus (1) includes a rotary union (11) having a rotatable fluid port (12) connected to the mould opening (7), a stationary pulp port (13) and a stationary dewatering and heating fluid port (14), in that the pressurised pulp source (22) is connected to the stationary pulp port (13), in that the dewatering and heating fluid source (23) is connected to the stationary dewatering and heating fluid port (14), in that a motor (24) is arranged to rotate the mould (2) about the central axis (4) of the mould (2), and in that the pulp moulding apparatus (1) is adapted to initiate rotation of the mould (2) about the central axis (4) of the mould (2) and increase rota-tional speed gradually, maintain a maximum rotational speed of the mould (2) at least during a substantial part of the dewatering and drying step, and decrease rotational speed gradually until standstill of the mould (2).
11. A pulp moulding apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the mould (2) is arranged inside a vacuum chamber (15) connected to the vacuum source (10), and wherein the rotatable fluid port (12) of the rotary union (11) is connected to the mould opening (7) through a tube (16) extending through a wall (17) of the vacuum chamber (15) by means of a rotary shaft seal (18).
12. A pulp moulding apparatus according to claim 10 or 11, wherein the rnould (2) has inner evacuation openings (9) through which fluid may be evacuated to an outer surface (19) of a mould wall (25), and wherein each inner evacuation opening (9) is connected to an outer evacuation opening (20) on the outer surface (19) of the mould (2) by means of an evacuation channel (21) having a gradually increasing cross-sectional area in the di-rection from the internal mould surface (8) to the outer surface (19) of the mould (2).
Applications Claiming Priority (5)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| IN201911010049 | 2019-03-14 | ||
| IN201911010049 | 2019-03-14 | ||
| EP19173703.0 | 2019-05-10 | ||
| EP19173703.0A EP3708709A1 (en) | 2019-03-14 | 2019-05-10 | Method of manufacturing a moulded pulp product and pulp moulding apparatus |
| PCT/EP2020/056715 WO2020182961A1 (en) | 2019-03-14 | 2020-03-12 | Method of manufacturing a moulded pulp product and pulp moulding apparatus |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA3129953A1 true CA3129953A1 (en) | 2020-09-17 |
Family
ID=66483866
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA3129953A Pending CA3129953A1 (en) | 2019-03-14 | 2020-03-12 | Method of manufacturing a moulded pulp product and pulp moulding apparatus |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20220170211A1 (en) |
| EP (2) | EP3708709A1 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA3129953A1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2020182961A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2600700B (en) * | 2020-11-04 | 2023-07-12 | Diageo Great Britain Ltd | A system and method for forming a moulded article |
| GB2616479A (en) * | 2022-03-11 | 2023-09-13 | Pulpex Ltd | Method of and system for forming a receptacle |
Family Cites Families (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB191418339A (en) | 1914-08-07 | 1915-02-04 | Norman Stanley Barlow | Improved Means for Molding Hollow Pulp Articles. |
| US6576089B1 (en) * | 1999-03-26 | 2003-06-10 | Kao Corporation | Paper making mold for pulp mold molding production and method and device for producing pulp mold molding |
| US6605187B1 (en) | 1999-11-17 | 2003-08-12 | Kao Corporation | Method for producing pulp molded article |
| CN1177974C (en) | 2000-04-18 | 2004-12-01 | 花王株式会社 | Method of producing pulp moldings |
| CN1227415C (en) * | 2001-07-31 | 2005-11-16 | 花王株式会社 | Method of manufacturing hollow fiber formed body, hollow fiber formed body, and device for manufacturing the hollow fiber formed body |
| DE102004059268A1 (en) * | 2004-12-08 | 2006-06-29 | Frormann, Lars, Prof. Dr.-Ing. | Producing rotationally symmetric seamless hollow bodies of paper or fibrous material comprises introducing a fiber suspension into a porous mold in a centrifuge drum and spinning the drum |
| EP3204556B1 (en) | 2014-10-08 | 2018-12-12 | Ecoxpac A/S | A system and a method for producing a molded article, such as a bottle |
| EP3259105B1 (en) | 2015-02-20 | 2020-12-23 | Alessandro Fongaro | Molding process and associated molding apparatus |
| WO2018033209A1 (en) | 2016-08-18 | 2018-02-22 | Mayr-Melnhof Karton Ag | Method for manufacturing a molded article from pulp, molded article made of pulp, and apparatus for manufacturing such a molded article |
-
2019
- 2019-05-10 EP EP19173703.0A patent/EP3708709A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
2020
- 2020-03-12 EP EP20709229.7A patent/EP3938576A1/en active Pending
- 2020-03-12 US US17/437,222 patent/US20220170211A1/en active Pending
- 2020-03-12 WO PCT/EP2020/056715 patent/WO2020182961A1/en active Application Filing
- 2020-03-12 CA CA3129953A patent/CA3129953A1/en active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP3708709A1 (en) | 2020-09-16 |
| EP3938576A1 (en) | 2022-01-19 |
| WO2020182961A1 (en) | 2020-09-17 |
| US20220170211A1 (en) | 2022-06-02 |
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