CA3044769A1 - Compositions comprising fluoroolefins and uses thereof - Google Patents

Compositions comprising fluoroolefins and uses thereof

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Publication number
CA3044769A1
CA3044769A1 CA3044769A CA3044769A CA3044769A1 CA 3044769 A1 CA3044769 A1 CA 3044769A1 CA 3044769 A CA3044769 A CA 3044769A CA 3044769 A CA3044769 A CA 3044769A CA 3044769 A1 CA3044769 A1 CA 3044769A1
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Prior art keywords
hfc
butene
refrigerant
pentene
trifluoromethyl
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CA3044769A
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French (fr)
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CA3044769C (en
Inventor
Thomas J. Leck
Barbara Haviland Minor
Nandini Mouli
Mario Joseph Nappa
Deepak Perti
Velliyur Nott Mallikarjuna Rao
Allen Capron Sievert
Ekaterina N. Swearingen
Corneille Schmitz
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Chemours Co FC LLC
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Chemours Co FC LLC
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Priority claimed from US11/486,791 external-priority patent/US7569170B2/en
Priority claimed from US11/589,588 external-priority patent/US7708903B2/en
Application filed by Chemours Co FC LLC filed Critical Chemours Co FC LLC
Priority to CA3148429A priority Critical patent/CA3148429A1/en
Publication of CA3044769A1 publication Critical patent/CA3044769A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of CA3044769C publication Critical patent/CA3044769C/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
    • C09K5/02—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used
    • C09K5/04—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa
    • C09K5/041—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems
    • C09K5/044—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems comprising halogenated compounds
    • C09K5/045—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems comprising halogenated compounds containing only fluorine as halogen
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
    • B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
    • B60H1/32—Cooling devices
    • B60H1/3204—Cooling devices using compression
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M171/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by purely physical criteria, e.g. containing as base-material, thickener or additive, ingredients which are characterised exclusively by their numerically specified physical properties, i.e. containing ingredients which are physically well-defined but for which the chemical nature is either unspecified or only very vaguely indicated
    • C10M171/008—Lubricant compositions compatible with refrigerants
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    • C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
    • C09K2205/10—Components
    • C09K2205/11—Ethers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
    • C09K2205/10—Components
    • C09K2205/11—Ethers
    • C09K2205/112—Halogenated ethers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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    • C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
    • C09K2205/10—Components
    • C09K2205/12—Hydrocarbons
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
    • C09K2205/10—Components
    • C09K2205/12—Hydrocarbons
    • C09K2205/122—Halogenated hydrocarbons
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
    • C09K2205/10—Components
    • C09K2205/12—Hydrocarbons
    • C09K2205/126—Unsaturated fluorinated hydrocarbons
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
    • C09K2205/10—Components
    • C09K2205/132—Components containing nitrogen
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    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
    • C09K2205/22—All components of a mixture being fluoro compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2203/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds and hydrocarbon fractions as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2203/02—Well-defined aliphatic compounds
    • C10M2203/0206—Well-defined aliphatic compounds used as base material
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    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2203/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds and hydrocarbon fractions as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2203/10—Petroleum or coal fractions, e.g. tars, solvents, bitumen
    • C10M2203/1006—Petroleum or coal fractions, e.g. tars, solvents, bitumen used as base material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2209/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2209/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M2209/04—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to an alcohol or ester thereof; bound to an aldehyde, ketonic, ether, ketal or acetal radical
    • C10M2209/043—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to an alcohol or ester thereof; bound to an aldehyde, ketonic, ether, ketal or acetal radical used as base material

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
  • Lubricants (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
  • Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
  • Paints Or Removers (AREA)

Abstract

The present invention relates to methods for producing heating or cooling in a refrigeration, air-conditioning, or heat pump apparatus by introducing refrigerant or heat transfer fluoroolefin compositions into the apparatus. The fluoroolefin compositions of the present invention are useful as refrigerants or heat transfer fluids and in processes for producing cooling or heat. Additionally, the fluoroolefin compositions of the present invention may be used to replace currently used refrigerant or heat transfer fluid compositions that have higher global warming potential.

Description

TITLE OF INVENTION
COMPOSITIONS COMPRISING FLUOROOLEFINS AND USES
THEREOF
_ .
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to compositions for use in refrigeration, air-conditioning or heat pump systems wherein the composition comprises at least one fluoroolefln. The compositions of the .
present invention are useful in processes for producing refrigeration or heat, as heat transfer fluids and many other uses.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The refrigeration industry has been working for the past few decades to find replacement refrigerants for the ozone depleting chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) being phased out as a result of the Montreal Protocol. The solution for most refrigerant producers has been the commercialization of hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants. The new HFC refrigerants, HFC-134a being the most widely used at this time, have zero ozone depletion potential and thus are not affected by the current regulatory phase out as .
.
a result of the Montreal Protocol.
Further environmental regulations may ultimately cause global phase out of certain HFC refrigerants. Currently, the automobile industry is facing regulations relating to global warming potential for refrigerants used in mobile air-conclitioning. Therefore, there is a great current need to identify new refrigerants with reduced global warming potential for the mobile air-conditioning market. Should the regulations be more broadly applied in the future, an even greater need will be felt for refrigerants that can be used in all areas of the refrigeration and air-conditioning industry.
Currently proposed replacement refrigerants for HFC-134a include HFC-152a, pure hydrocarbons such as butane or propane, or =
. . 1 "natural" refrigerants such as CO2. Many of these suggested replacements are toxic, flammable, and/or have low energy efficiency.
Therefore, new alternative refrigerants are being sought.
The object of the present invention is to provide novel refrigerant compositions and heat transfer fluid compositions that provide unique characteristics to meet the demands of low or zero ozone depletion potential and lower global warming potential as compared to current refrigerants.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of:
(i) fluoroolefins of the formula E- or Z-R1CH=CHR2, wherein R1 and R2 are, independently, C1 to 06 perfluoroalkyl groups, and wherein the total number of carbons in the compound is at least 5;
(ii) cyclic fluoroolefins of the formula cyclo-[CX=CY(CZW)n-], wherein X, Y, Z, and W, independently, are H or F, and n is an integer from 2 to 5; and (iii) fluoroolefins selected from the group consisting of:
2,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene (CHF2CF=CH2); 1,1,2-trifluoro-' 1-propene (CH3CF=CF2); 1,2,3-trifluoro-1-propene (CH2FCF=CF2); 1,1,3-trifluoro-1-propene (CH2FCH=CF2);
1,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene (CHF2CH=CHF); 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,4-octafluoro-2-butene (CF3CF=CFCF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,4-octafluoro-1-butene (CF3CF2CF=CF2); 1,1,1,2,4,4,4-heptafluoro-2-butene (CF3CF=CHCF3); 1,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CFCF2CF3); 1,1,1,2,3,4,4-heptafluoro-2-butene (CHF2CF=CFCF3); 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-propene ((CF3)2C=CHF); 1,1,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene (CF2=CHCF2CF3); 1,1,2,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene (CF2=CFCHFCF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene (CF2=CFCF2CHF2); 2,3,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene (CF3CF2CF=CH2); 1,3,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CHCF2CF3); 1,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CFCHFCF3); 1,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CFCF2CHF2); 1,1,2,3,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (CHF2CF=CFCHF2); 1,1,1,2,3,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (CH2FCF=CFCF3); 1,1,1,2,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (CHF2CH=CFCF3); 1,1,1,3,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (CF3CH=CFCHF2); 1,1,2,3,3,4-hexafluoro-1-butene (CF2=CFCF2CH2F); 1,1,2,3,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene (CF2=CFCHFCHF2); 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-propene (CH2=C(CF3)2); 1,1,1,2,4-pentafluoro-2-butene (CH2FCH=CFCF3); 1,1,1,3,4-pentafluoro-2-butene (CF3CH=CFCH2F); 3,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene (CF3CF2CH=CH2); 1,1,1,4,4-pentafluoro-2-butene (CHF2CH=CHCF3); 1,1,1,2,3-pentafluoro-2-butene (CH3CF=CFCF3); 2,3,3,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene (CH2=CFCF2CHF2); 1,1,2,4,4-pentafluoro-2-butene (CHF2CF=CHCHF2); 1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoro-1-butene (CH3CF2CF=CF2); 1,1,2,3,4-pentafluoro-2-butene (CH2FCF=CFCHF2); 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-2-methy1-1-propene (CF2=C(CF3)(CH3)); 2-(difluoromethyl)-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene (CH2=C(CHF2)(CF3)); 2,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene (CH2=CFCHFCF3); 1,2,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CFCH2CF3); 1,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CHCHFCF3); 1,3,3,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CHCF2CHF2); 1,2,3,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CFCHFCHF2); 3,3,4,4-tetrafluoro-1-butene (CH2=CHCF2CHF2); 1,1-difluoro-2-(difluoromethyl)-1-propene (CF2=C(CHF2)(CH3)); 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-methy1-1-propene (CHF=C(CF3)(CH3)); 3,3-difluoro-2-(difluoromethyl)-1-propene (CH2=C(CHF2)2); 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro-2-butene (CF3CF=CHCH3); 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-butene (CH3CF=CHCF3); 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CF=CFCF2CF3); 1,1,2,3,34,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-1-pentene (CF2=CFCF2CF2CF3); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyI)-2-butene ((CF3)2C=CHCF3);
1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CF=CHCF2CF3);
3 1,1,1,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CH=CFCF2CF3);
1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-1-pentene (CHF=CFCF2CF2CF3); 1,1,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-1-pentene (CF2=CHCF2CF2CF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-nonafluoro-1-pentene (CF2=CFCF2CF2CHF2); 1,1,2,3,4,475,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene (CHF2CF=CFCF2CF3);
1,111,2,3,4,4,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CF=CFCF2CHF2); 1,1,1,2,3,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-= pentene (CF3CF=CFCHFCF3); 1,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CHF=CFCF(CF3)2); 1,1,2,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-(trii9uoromethyl)-1-butene (CF2=CFCH(CF3) 2);
1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-(trifluoromethy1)-2-butene (CF3CH=C(CF3)2); 1,1,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-(trifluoromethy1)-1-butene (CF2=CHCF(CF3)2); 2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-1-pentene (CH2=CFCF2CF2CF3); 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoro-1-pentene (CHF=CFCF2CF2CHF2); 3,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CH2=C(CF3)CF2CF3); 1,1,4,4,4-pentafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CF2=CHCH(CF3)2);
1,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CHF=CHCF(CF3)2); 1,1,4,4,4-pentafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CF2=C(CF3)CH2CF3); 3,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene ((CF3)2CFCH=CH2);
3,3,4,4,5,5,5-heptafluoro-1-pentene (CF3CF2CF2CH=CH2);
2,3,3,4,4,5,5-heptafluoro-1-pentene (CH2=CFCF2CF2CHF2);
1,1,3,3,5,5,5-heptafluoro-1-butene (CF2=CHCF2CH2CF3);
1,1,1,2,4,4,4-heptafluoro-3-methy1-2-butene (CF3CF=C(CF3)(CH3)); 2,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CH2=CFCH(CF3)2); 1,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CHF=CHCH(CF3)2); 1,1,1,4-tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene (CH2FCH=C(CF3)z);
1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene (CH3CF=C(CF3)2); 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene ((CF3)2C=CHCH3); 3,4,4,5,5,5-hexafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CF2CF=CHCH3); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-methy1-2-butene (CF3C(CH3)=CHCF3); 3,3,4,5,5,5-hexafluoro-1-pentene (CH2=CHCF2CHFCF3); 4,4,4-trifluoro-3-.
4 (trifiuoromethy1)-1-butene (CH2=C(CF3)CH2CF3);
1,1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-dodecafluoro-1-hexene (CF3(CF2)3CF=CF2); 1,111,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,6-dodecafluor0-3-hexene (CF3CF2CF=CFCF2CF3); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexaf1uoro-2,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene ((CF3)2C=C(CF3)2);
1,1,1,2,3,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene ((CF3)2CFCF=CFCF3); 1,1,1,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene ((CF3)2C=CHC2F5), 1,1,1,3,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene ((CF3)2CFCF=CHCF3); 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-nonafluoro-1-hexene (CF3CF2CF2CF2CH=CH2); 4,4,4-trifluoro-3,3-bis(trifluoromethy1)-1-butene (CH2=CHC(CF3)3); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-3-methy1-2-butene ((CF3)2C=C(CH3)(CF3)); 2,3,3,5,515-hexafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-1-pentene (CH2=CFCF2CH(CF3)2);
1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,5-nonafiuoro-3-methy1-2-pentene (CF3CF=C(CH3)CF2CF3); 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene (CF3CH=CHCH(0F3)2);
3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-octafluoro-2-hexene (CF3CF2CF2CF=CHCH3); 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-octafluoro1-hexene (CH2=CHCF2CF2CF2CHF2); 1,1,1,4,4-pentafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene ((CF3)2C=CHCF2CH3); 4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-pentene (CH2=C(CF3)CH2C2F5); 3,3,4,4,5,5,5-heptafluoro-2-methy1-1-pentene (CF3CF2CF2C(CH3)=CH2); 4,4,5,5,6,6,6-heptafluoro-2-hexene (CF3CF2CF2CH=CHCH3); 4,4,5,5,6,6,6-heptafluoro-1-hexene (CH2=CHCH2CF2C2F5); 1,1,1,2,2,3,4-heptafluoro-3-hexene (CF3CF2CF=CFC2H5); 4,5,5,5-tetrafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-1-pentene (CH2=CHCH2CF(CF3)2); 1,1,1,2,5,5,5-heptafluoro-4-methy1-2-pentene (CF3CF=CHCH(CF3)(CH3)); 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene ((CF3)2C=CFC2H5);
1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tetradecafluoro-2-heptene (CF3CF=CFCF2CF2C2F5); 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tetradecafluoro-3-heptene (CF3CF2CF=CFCF2C2F5);
1,1,1,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-2-heptene
5 (CF3CH=CFCF2CF2C2F5); 1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-2-heptene (CF3CF=CHCF2CF2C2F5);
1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-3-heptene (CF3CF2CH=CFCF2C2F5); 1,1,1,2,2,3,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-3-heptene (CF3CF2CF=CHCF2C2F5);
CF2=CFOCF2CF3(PEVE) and CF2=CFOCF3 (PMVE), The present invention further relates to a composition comprising: (i) at least one fluoroolefin compound; and (ii) at least one flammable refrigerant; wherein said fluoroolefin is selected from the group consisting of:
(a) fluoroolefins of the formula E- or Z-R1CH=CHR2, wherein R1 and R2 are, independently, Cl to C6 perfluoroalkyl groups;
(b) cyclic fluoroolefins of the formula cyclo-[CX=CY(CZW)nl, wherein X, Y, Z, and W, independently, are H or F, and n is an integer from 2 to 5; and (c) fluoroolefins selected from the group consisting of:
1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene (CF3CF=CHF); 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene (CF3CH=CF2); 1 ,1,2,3,3-pentafluoro-1-, propene (CHF2CF=CF2); 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,4-octafluoro-2-butene (CF3CF=CFCF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,4-octafluoro-1-butene (CF3CF2CF=CF2); 1,1,1,2,4,4,4-heptafluoro-2-butene (CF3CF=CHCF3); 112,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CFCF2CF3); 1,1,1,2,3,4,4-heptafluoro-2-butene (CHF2CF=CFCF3); 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-propene ((CF3)20=CHF); 1,1,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene (CF2=CHCF2CF3); 1,1,2,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene (CF2=CFCHFCF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene (CF2=CFCF2CHF2); 2,3,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene (CF3CF2CF=CH2); 1,3,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CHCF2CF3); 1,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CFCHFCF3); 1,2,3,3,4,4-hexafiuoro-1-butene (CHF=CFCF2CHF2); 1,1,2,3,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (CHF2CF=CFCHF2); 1,1,1,2,3,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (CH2FCF=CFCF3); 1,1,1,2,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene . (CHF2CH=CFCF3); 1,1,1,3,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (CF3CH=CFCHF2); 1,1,2,3,3,4-hexafluoro-1-butene
6 (CF2=CFCF2CH2F); 1,1,2,3,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene (CF2=CFCHFCHF2); 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-propene (CH2=C(CF3)2); 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CF=CFCF2CF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-1-pentene (CF2=CFCF2CF2CF3); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-(trif(uoromethyl)-2-butene ((CF3)2C=CHCF3); 1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CF=CHCF2CF3); 1,1,1,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CH=CFCF2CF3); 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-1-pentene (CHF=CFCF2CF2CF3); 1,1 ,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-1-pentene (CF2=CHCF2CF2CF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-nonafluoro-1-pentene (CF2=CFCF2CF2CHF2); 1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene (CHF2CF=CFCF2CF3); 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CF=CFCF2CHF2); 1,1,1,2,3,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CF=CFCHFCF3); 1,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CHF=CFCF(CF3)2); 1,1,2,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-(tiff uoromethyl)-1-butene (CF2=CFCH(CF3)2); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene (CF3CH=C(CF3)2);
1,1,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-(trffluoromethyl)-1-butene (CF2=CHCF(CF3)2); 2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-1-pentene (CH2=CFCF2CF2CF3); 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoro-1-pentene (CHF=CFCF2CF2CHF2); 3,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CH2=C(CF3)CF2CF3); 1,1,4,4,4-pentafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CF2=CHCH(CF3)2); 1,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CHF=CHCF(CF3)2);
1,1,4,4,4-pentafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CF2=C(CF3)CH2CF3); 3,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene ((CF3)2CFCH=CH2); 3,3,4,4,5,5,5-heptafluoro-1-pentene (CF3CF2CF2CH=CH2); 2,3,3,4,4,5,5-heptafluoro-1-pentene (CH2=CFCF2CF2CHF2); 1,1,3,3,5,5,5-heptafluoro-1-butene (CF2=CHCF2CH2CF3); 1,1,1,2,4,4,4-heptafluoro-3-methyl-2-butene (CF3CF=C(CF3)(CH3)); 2,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CH2=CFCH(0F3)2); 1,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CHF=CHCH(CF3)2); 1,1,1,4-tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene (CH2FCH=C(CF3)2); 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene (CH3CF=C(CF3)2); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-dodecafluoro-1-hexene (CF3(CF2)3CF=CF2); 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,6-dodecafluoro-3-
7 hexene (CF3CF2CF=CFCF2CF3); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene ((CF3)2C=C(CF3)2); 1,1,1,2,3,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene ((CF3)2CFCF=CFCF3);
1,1,1,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene ((CF3)2C=CHC2F5); 1,1,1,3,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene ((CF3)2CFCF=CHCF3); 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-nonafluoro-1-hexene (CF3CF2CF2CF2CH=CH2); 4,4,4-trifluoro-3,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CH2=CHC(CF3)3); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-3-methyl-2-butene ((CF3)2C=C(CH3)(CF3)); 2,3,3,5,5,5-hexafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-1-pentene (CH2=CFCF2CH(CF3)2); 1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-3-methyl-2-pentene (CF3CF=C(CH3)CF2CF3); 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene (CF3CH=CHCH(CF3)2);
1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tetradecafluoro-2-heptene (CF3CF=CFCF2CF2C2F5); 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tetradecafluoro-3-heptene (CF3CF2CF=CFCF2C2F5);
1,1,1,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-2-heptene = (CF3CH=CFCF2CF2C2F5); 1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-2-heptene (CF3CF=CHCF2CF2C2F5); 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-= 20 tridecafluoro-3-heptene (CF3CF2CH=CFCF2C2F5); and 1,1,1,2,2,3,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-3-heptene = (CF3CF2CF=CHCF2C2F5).
The present invention further relates to a method of using a refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition in refrigeration, air-conditioning, or heat pump apparatus, said method comprising introducing said composition into said apparatus having (a) centrifugal compressor;
(b) multi-stage centrifugal compressor, or (c) single slab/single pass heat exchanger; wherein said refrigerant or heat transfer composition is employed in said apparatus to result in heating or cooling; and wherein said refrigerant or heat transfer composition comprises at least one fluoroolefin selected from the group consisting of:
= (i) fluoroolefins of the formula E- or Z-R1CH=CHR2, wherein R1 and R2 are, independently, Ci to C6 perfluoroalkyl groups,;
(ii) cyclic fluoroolefins of the formula cyclo-[CX=CY(CZW),-1, wherein X, Y, Z, and W, independently, are H OF, and n is an integer from 2 to 5; or
8 =

(iii) fluoroolefins selected from the group consisting of:
1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene (CF3CF=CHF); 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene (CF3CH=CF2); 1,112,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene (CHF2CF=CF2);
1,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (CHF2CF=CHF); 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (CF3CF=CH2); 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (CF3CH=CHF);
1,1,2,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (CH2FCF=CF2); 1,1,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (CHF2CH=CF2); 2,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene (CHF2CF=CH2); 3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene (CF3CH=CH2); 1,1,2-trifluoro-1-propene (CH3CF=CF2);
1,1,3-trifluoro-1-propene (CH2FCH=CF2); 1,2,3-trifluoro-1-propene (CH2FCF=CHF); 1,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene (CHF2CH=CHF);
1,1,1,2,3,4,4,4-octafluoro-2-butene(CF3CF=CFCF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,4-octafluoro-1-butene (CF3CF2CF=CF2); 1,1,1,2,4,4,4-heptafluoro-2-butene (CF3CF=CHCF3); 1,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CFCF2CF3);
1,1,1,2,3,4,4-heptafluoro-2-butene (CHF2CF=CFCF3); 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-propene ((CF3)2C=CHF); 1,1,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene (CF2=CHCF2CF3); 1,1,2,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene (CF2=CFCHFCF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene (CF2=CFCF2CHF2);
2,3,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene (CF3CF2CF=CH2); 1,3,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CHCF2CF3); 1,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CFCHFCF3); 1,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CFCF2CHF2);
1,1,2,3,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (CHF2CF=CFCHF2); 1,1,1,2,3,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (CH2FCF=CFCF3); 1,1,1,2,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (CHF2CH=CFCF3); 1,1,1,3,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (CF3CH=CFCHF2);
1,1,2,3,3,4-hexafluoro-1-butene (CF2=CFCF2CH2F); 1,1,2,3,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene (CF2=CFCHFCHF2); 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-propene (CH2=C(CF3)2); 1,1,1,2,4-pentafluoro-2-butene (CH2FCH=CFCF3); 1,1,1,3,4-pentafluoro-2-butene (CF3CH=CFCH2F);
3,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene (CF3CF2CH=CH2); 1,1,1,4,4-pentafluoro-2-butene (CHF2CH=CHCF3); 1,1,1,2,3-pentafluoro-2-butene (CH3CF=CFCF3); 2,3,3,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene (CH2=CFCF2CHF2);
1,1,2,4,4-pentafluoro-2-butene (CHF2CF=CHCHF2); 1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoro-1-butene (CH3CF2CF=CF2); 1,1,2,3,4-pentafluoro-2-butene (CH2FCF=CFCHF2); 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-2-methyl-1-propene (CF2=C(CF3)(CH3)); 2-(difluoromethyl)-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene (CH2=C(CHF2)(CF3)); 2,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene (CH2=CFCHFCF3);
1,2,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CFCH2CF3); 1,3,414,4-pentafluoro-1-.
9 butene (CHF=CHCHFCF3);1,3,3,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CHCF2CHF2); 1,2,3,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CFCHFCHF2);
3,3,4,4-tetrafluoro-1-butene (CH2=CHCF2CHF2); 1,1-difluoro-2-(difluoromethyl)-1-propene (CF2=C(CHF2)(CH3)); 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-methyl-1-propene (CHF=C(CF3)(CH3)); 2-difluoromethy1-3,3-difluoro-1-propene (CH2=C(CHF2)2); 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro-2-butene (CF3CF=CHCH3);
1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-butene (CH3CF=CHCF3); 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CF=CFCF2CF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-1-pentene (CF2=CFCF2CF2CF3); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene ((CF3)2C=CHCF3); 1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CF=CHCF2CF3); 1,1,1,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene (CF3C(-I=CFCF2CF3); 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-1-pentene (CHF=CFCF2CF2CF3); 1,1,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-1-pentene (CF2=CHCF2CF2CF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-nonafluoro-1-pentene (CF2=CFCF2CF2CHF2); 1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene (CHF2CF=CFCF2CF3); 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CF=CFCF2CHF2); 1,1,1,2,3,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CF=CFCHFCF3); 12,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CHF=CFCF(CF3)2); 1,1,2,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CF2=CFCH(CF3)2); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene (CF3CH=C(CF3)2); 1,1,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CF2=CHCF(CF3)2); 2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-1-pentene (CH2=CFCF2CF2CF3); 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoro-1-pentene (CHF=CFCF2CF2CHF2); 3,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CH2=C(CF3)CF2CF3); 1,1,4,4,4-pentafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CF2=CHCH(CF3)2); 1,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CHF=CHCF(CF3)2); 1,1,4,4,4-pentafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CF2=C(CF3)CH2CF3); 3,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene ((CF3)2CFCH=CH2); 3,3,4,4,5,5,5-heptafluoro-1-pentene (CF3CF2CF2CH=CH2); 2,3,3,4,4,5,5-heptafluoro-1-pentene (CH2=CFCF2CF2CHF2); 1,1,3,3,5,5,5-heptafluoro-1-butene (CF2=CHCF2CH2CF3); 1,1,1,2,4,4,4-heptafluoro-3-methyl-2-butene (CF3CF=C(CF3)(CH3)); 2,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CH2=CFCH(CF3)2); 1,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CHF=CHCH(CF3)2); 1,1,1,4-tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene (CH2FCH=C(CF3)2); 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene (CH3CF=C(CF3)2); 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene ((CF3)2C=CHCH3); 3,4,4,5,5,5-hexafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CF2CF=CHCH3);
. 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-methy1-2-butene (CF3C(CH3)=CHCF3);
3,3,4,5,5,5-hexafluoro-1-pentene (CH2=CHCF2CHFCF3); 3-(trifluoromethyl)-4,4,4-trifluoro-1-butene (CH2=C(CF3)CH2CF3);
1,1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-dodecafluoro-1-hexene (CF3(CF2)3CF=CF2);
1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,6-dodecafluoro-3-hexene (CF3CF2CF=CFCF2CF3);
1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2,3-bis(trffluoromethyl)-2-butene ((CF3)2C=C(CF3)2);
1,1,1,2,3,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene ((CF3)2CFCF=CFCF3); 1,1,1,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyt)-2-pentene ((CF3)2C=CHC2F5); 1,1,1,3,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-4-(trffluoromethyl)-2-pentene ((CF3)2CFCF=CHCF3); 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-nonafluoro-1-hexene (CF3CF2CF2CF2CH=CH2); 4,4,4-trifluoro-3,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene = (CH2=CHC(CF3)3); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-methy1-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene ((CF3)2C=C(CH3)(CF3)); 2,3,3,5,5,5-hexafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-1-pentene (CH2=CFCF2CH(CF3)2); 111 ,1,2,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-3-methy1-2-pentene (CF3CF=C(CH3)CF2CF3); 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-4-= (trffluoromethyl)-2-pentene (CF3CH=CHCH(CF3)2); 3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-octafluoro-2-hexene (CF3CF2CF2CF=CHCH3); 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-octafluoro-1-hexene (CH2=CHCF2CF2CF2CHF2); 1,1,1,4,4-pentafluoro-2-(trif(uoromethyl)-2-pentene ((CF3)2C=CHCF2CH3); 4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-pentene (CH2=C(CF3)CH2C2F5); 3,3,4,4,5,5,5-heptafluoro-2-methy1-1'-pentene (CF3CF2CF2C(CH3)=CH2); 4,4,5,5,6,6,6-heptafluoro-2-hexene (CF3CF2CF2CH=CHCH3); 4,4,5,5,6,6,6-heptafluoro-1-hexene (CH2=CHCH2CF2C2F5); 1,1,1,2,2,3,4-heptafluoro-3-hexene (CF3CF2CF=CFC2H5); 4,5,5,5-tetrafluoro-4-trifluoromethy1-1-pentene (CH2=CHCH2CF(CF3)2); 1,1,1,2,5,5,5-heptafluoro-4-methy1-2-pentene (CF3CF=CHCH(0F3)(CH3)); 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-trffluoromethyl-2-pentene ((CF3)2C=CFC2H5); 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tetradecafluoro-2-heptene (CF3CF=CFCF2CF2C2F5); 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tetradecafluoro-3-heptene (CF3CF2CF=CFCF2C2F5); 1,1,1,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-2-heptene (CF3CH=CFCF2CF2C2F5); 1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-2-heptene (CF3CF=CHCF2CF2C2F5);
1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-3-heptene (CF3CF2CH;7CFCF2C2F5);
1,1,1,2,2,3,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-3-heptene (CF3CF2CF=CHCF2C2F5);
= 11 CF2=CFOCF2CF3(PEVE); CF2=CFOCF3 (PMVE) and combinations thereof.
= DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to compositions comprising at least one fluoroolefin. By fluoroolefin is meant any compound containing carbon, fluorine and optionally, hydrogen or oxygen that also contains at least one double bond. These fluoroolefins may be linear, branched or cyclic.
These compositions have a variety of utilities in working fluids, which include use as foaming agents, blowing agents, fire extinguishing agents, heat transfer mediums (such as heat transfer fluids and refrigerants for use in refrigeration systems, refrigerators, air-conditioning systems, heat pumps, chillers, and the like), to name a few. =
, 15 A heat transfer fluid (also referred to herein as a heat transfer composition or heat transfer fluid composition) is a working fluid used to carry heat from a heat source to a heat sink.
= A refrigerant is a compound or mixture of compounds that function as a heat transfer fluid in a cycle wherein the fluid undergoes a = 20 phase change from a liquid to a gas and back.
The present invention provides fluoroolefins having the formula E- or Z-R1CH=CHR2 (Formula l), wherein R1 and R2 are, independently, Ci to Ce perfluoroalkyl groups. Examples of R1 and R2 groups include, but are not limited to, CF3, C2F5, CF2CF2CF3, CF(CF3)2, CF2CF2CF2CF3, 25 CF(CF3)CF2CF3, CF2CF(CF3)2, C(CF3)3, CF2CF2CF2CF2CF3, CF2CF2CF(CF3)2, C(CF3)2C2F5, CF2CF2CF2CF2CF2CF3, CF(CF3) CF2CF2C2F5, and C(CF3)2CF2C2F5.
In another embodiment, the fluoroolefins of Formula I have at least 4 30 carbon atoms in the molecule. In yet another embodiment, the fluoroolefins of Formula I have at least 5 carbon atoms in the molecule. Exemplary, non-limiting Formula I compounds are presented in Table 1.

=

Code ¨ Structure Chemical Name F11 E CF3CH=CHCF3 1,1,1,4,4 ,4-hexafluoro-2-butene F12E CF3CH=CHC2F5 1,1,1,4,4,5,515-octafluoro-2-pentene F 1 3E CF3CH=CHCF2C2F5 1,1,1,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-decafluoro-2-hexene Fl 31E CF3CH=CHCF(CF3)2 1,1,1,4,55,5-heptafluoro-4-(trifluorometh yI)-2-penten e F22E C2F5CH=CHC2F5 1,1,1,2,2,5,5,6,6,6-decafluoro-3-hexene F 1 4E CF3CR=CH(CF2)3CF3 1,1 ,1,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-dodecaffuoro-2-heptene 1,1,1,4,4,5,6,6,6-nonafluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-F14iE CF3CH=CHCF2CF(CF3)2 hexene Fl 4sE CF3CH=CHCF(CF3)C2F5 1,1,1,4,5,5,6,6,6-nonfluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-hexene 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-4,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)-2-F14tE CF3CH=CHC(CF3)3 pentene F23E C2F5CH=CHCF2C2F5 1,1,1,2,2,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-dodecafluoro-3-heptene 1,1,1,2,2,5,6,6,6-nonafluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-3-F23iE C2F5CH=CHCF(CF3)2 hexene Fl 5E CF3CH=CH(CF2)40F3 1,1,1 ,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tetradecafluoro-2-octene 51E CF3CH=CH-CF2CF2CF(CF3)2 h1,1,t1,4,4,5,5,6,7,7,7-undecafluoro-6-(trifluoromethyl)-2-ene 1,1,1,5,5,6,6,6-octafluoro-4,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)-2-F15tE CF3CH=CH-C(CF3)2C2F6 hexene F24E C2F5CH=CH(0F2)3CF3 1,1,1,2,2,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tetradecafluoro-3-octene 1,1,1,22,5567,7,7-u ndecafluoro-6-(trifluoromethyl)-3-F24IE C2F5CH=CHCF2CF(CF3)2 heptene = 1,1,1,2,2,5,6,6,7,7,7-undecafluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-3-F24sE C2F5CH=CHCF(CF3)C2F5 heptene 1,1 ,1,2,2,6,6,6-octafluoro-5,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)-3-. F24tE C2F5CH=CHC(CF3)3 hexene F33E I C2F5CF2CH=CHCF2C2F5 1,1,1,2,2,3,3,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tetradecafluoro-4-octene 1,1,1,2,5,6,6,6-octafluoro-2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)-3-F313iE (CF3)2CFCH=CHCF(CF3)2 hexene 1,1,1,2,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-undecafluoro-2-(trifluoromethy1)-3-C2F5CF2CH=CHCF(CF3)2 heptene 1,1,1,4,4,5,516,6,7,7,8,8õ9,9,9-hexadecafluoro-2-F16E CF3CH=CH(CF2)5CF3 nonene 1,1,1,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluoro-4-F16sE CF3CH=CHCF(CF3)(CF2)2C2F5 (trifluoromethyl)-2-heptene F16tE CF3CH=CHC(CF3)2CF2C2F5 1,1,1,6,6,6-octafluoro-4,4-bis(trifluoromethy1)-2-heptene 1,1,1,2,2,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,9-hexadecafluoro-3-F25E C2F5CH=CH(CF2)4C F3 nonene F25iE C2F5CH=CH-CF2CF2CF(6F3)2 1,1,1,2,2,5,5,6,6,7,8,8,8-tridecafluoro-7-(tnfluorometh yI)-3-octene = 13 F25tE C2F5CH=CH-C(CF3)202F5 1,1,1,2,2,6,6,7,7,7-decafluoro-5,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)-3-heptene F34E C2F5CF2CHCH-(CF2)3CF3 1,1,1,2,2,3,3,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,9-hexadecafluoro-4-=
nonene F34IE C2F3CF2CH=CH- CF2CF(CF3)2 (trifluoromethyI)-4-octene.
1 1,1,2,2,3,3,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluoro-6-F34sE C2F5CF2CH=CHC, F(CF3)C2F3 (iritluoromethy()-4-octene 1,1,1,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-decafluoro-2,2-bis(trifluoromethyl)-3-F34tE C2F5CF2CH=CHC(CF3)3 heptene 1,1,1,2,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluoro-2(hifluoromethyl)-'F3I4E (CF3)2CFCH=CH(CF2)3CF3 3-octene F3i4IE (CF3)2CFCH=CHCF2CF(CF3)2 1,1,1,2,5,5,6,7,7,7-decafluoro-2,6-bis(trifluoromethyl)-3-heptene F314sE (CF3)2CFCH=CHCF(CF3)C2F5 1,1,1,2,5,6,6,7,7,7-decafluoro-2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)-3-heptene F3i4tE (CF3)2CFCHCHC(CF3)3 1 1 1 2 6 6 6-heptafluoro-2,5,5-tris(trifluoromethyl)-3-=
hexene 1,1,1,2,2,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-octadecafluoro-3-F26E C2F5CH=CH(CF2)5CF3 decene 1,1,1,2,2,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,9-pentadecafluoro-5-F26sE C2F5CH=CHCF(CF3)(CF2)2C2F3 (Mk oromethyl)-3-nonene F26tE C2F3CH=CHC(6F3)2- CF2C2F5 1,1,1,2,2,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-dodecafluoro-5,5-bis(trifluoromethy1)-3-octene 1,1,1,2,2,3,3,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-octadecafluoro-4-F35E C2F3CF2CH=CH-(CF2)4CF3 decene F35iE
C2F3CF2CH=CHCF2CF2- 1,1,1,2,23,3,6,6,7,7,8,9,9,9-pentadecafluoro-ur-(,-,r- 3)2 (trifluoromethy1)-4-nonene 1,1,1,2,2,3,3,7,7,8,8,8-dodecafluoro-6,6-F35tE C2F3CF2CH=CH-C(CF3)2C2F5 bis(trifluoromethyl)-4-octene F315E (CF3)2CFCH=CH-(CF2)4CF3 1,1,1,2,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,9-pentadecafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-3-nonene (CF3)2CFCH=CHCF2CF2- 1,1,1,2,5,5,6,6,7,8,8,8-dodecafluoro-2,7-F3i5iE CF(CF3)2 bis(trifluoromethyl -3-octene 1,1,1,2,6,6,7,7,7-nonafluoro-2,5,5-tris(trifluoromethy1)-F3i5tE (CF3)2CFCHr-CHC(CF3)2C2F3 3-heptene 1,1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-octadecafluoro-5-F44E CF3(CF2)3CH=CH(CF2)3CF3 decene F44iE CF3(CF2)3CH=CH-CF2CF(CF3)2 1,1,1,2,3,3,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,9-pentadecafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-4-nonene F44sE CF3(CF2)3CH=CHCF(CF3)C2F5 1,1,1,2,2,3,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,9-pentadecafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyt)-4-nonene 1,1,1,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-dodecafluoro-2,2,-F44tE CF3(CF2)3CH=CHC(CF3)3 his(trifluoromethyl)-3-octene F4i4iE (CF3)2CFCF2CH=CHCF2CF- 1 ,1,1,2,3,3,6,6,7,8,8,8-dodecafluoro-2,7-(CF3)2 bis(trifluoromethyl)-4-octene (CF3)2CFCF2CH=CHCF(CF3)- 1,1,1,2,3,3,6,7,7,8,8,8-dodecafluoro-2,6-F4i4sE r.
bis(trifluoromethyl)-4-octene 1,1,1,5,5,6,7,7,7-nonafluoro-2,2,6-tris(trifluoromethyl)-F4i4tE (CF3)2CFCF2CH=CHC(CF3)3 3-heptene C2F5CF(CF3)CH=CH- 1,1,1,2,2,3,6,7,7,8,8,8-dodecafluoro-3,6-F4s4sE CF(CF3)02F5 bis(trifluoromethyI)-4-octene F4s4tE C2F5CF(CF3)CHCH- C(CF3)3 1,1,1,5,6,6,7,7,7-nonafluora-2,2,5-tris(trifluoromethy1)-F4t4tE (CF3)3CCH =CH- C(CF 3-heptene 1,1,1,6,6,6-nexaffuora-2,2,5,5-tetrakis(trifluorometh y1)-=3)3 3-hexene Compounds of Formula I may be prepared by contacting a perfluoroalkyl iodide of the formula R11 with a perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin of the formula R2CH=CH2 to form a trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane of the formula R1CH2CHIR2. This trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane can then be dehydroiodinated to form R1CH=CHR2. Alternatively, the olefin R1CH=CHR2 may be prepared by dehydroiodination of a trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane of the formula R1CHICH2R2 formed in turn by reacting a perfluoroalkyl iodide of the formula R21 with a perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin of the formula R1CH=CH2.
Said contacting of a perfluoroalkyl iodide with a perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin may take place in batch mode by combining the reactants in a suitable reaction vessel capable of operating under the autogenous pressure of the reactants and products at reaction temperature. Suitable reaction vessels include fabricated from stainless steels, in particular of the austenitic type, and the well-known high nickel alloys such as Monet nickel-copper alloys, Hastelloy nickel based alloys and Inconel0 nickel-chromium alloys.
Alternatively, the reaction may take be conducted in semi-batch mode in which the perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin reactant is added to the perfluoroalkyl iodide reactant by means of a suitable addition apparatus such as a pump at the reaction temperature.
The ratio of perfluoroalkyl iodide to perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin should be between about 1:1 to about 4:1, preferably from about 1.5:1 to 2.5:1. Ratios less than 1.5:1 tend to result in large amounts of the 2:1 adduct as reported by Jeanneaux, et. at. in Journal of Fluorine Chemistry, Vol. 4, pages 261-270(1974).

Preferred temperatures for contacting of said perfluoroalkyl iodide with said perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin are preferably within the range of about 150 C to 300 C, preferably from about 170 C to about 250 C, and most preferably from about 180 C to about 230 C.
Suitable contact times for the reaction of the perfluoroalkyl iodide with the perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin are from about 0.5 hour to 18 hours, preferably from about 4 to about 12 hours.
The trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane prepared by reaction of the perfluoroalkyl iodide with the perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin may be used directly in the dehydroiodination step or may preferably be recovered and purified by distillation prior to the dehydroiodination step.
The dehydroiodination step is carried out by contacting the trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane with a basic substance. Suitable basic substances include alkali metal hydroxides (e.g., sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide), alkali metal oxide (for example, sodium oxide), alkaline earth metal hydroxides (e.g., calcium hydroxide), alkaline earth metal oxides (e.g., calcium oxide), alkali metal alkoxides (e.g., sodium methoxide or sodium ethoxide), aqueous ammonia, sodium amide, or mixtures of basic substances such as soda lime. Preferred basic substances are sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide.
Said contacting of the trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane with a basic substance may take place in the liquid phase preferably in the presence of a solvent capable of dissolving at least a portion of both reactants. Solvents suitable for the dehydroiodination step include one or more polar organic solvents such as alcohols (e.g., methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, isobutanol, and tertiary butanol), nitriles (e.g., acetonitrile, propionitrile, butyronitrile, benzonitrile, or adiponitrile), dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, or sulfolane. The choice of solvent may depend on the boiling point product and the ease of separation of traces of the solvent from the product during purification. Typically, ethanol or isopropanol are good solvents for the reaction.
Typically, the dehydroiodination reaction may be carried out by addition of one of the reactants (either the basic substance or the trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane) to the other reactant in a suitable reaction vessel. Said reaction may be fabricated from glass, ceramic, or metal and is preferably agitated with an impeller or stirring mechanism.
Temperatures suitable for the dehydroiodination reaction are from about 10 C to about 100 C, preferably from about 20 C to about 70 C. The dehydroiodination reaction may be carried out at ambient pressure or at reduced or elevated pressure. Of note are dehydroiodination reactions in which the compound of Formula I is distilled out of the reaction vessel as it is formed.
Alternatively, the dehydroiodination reaction may be conducted by contacting an aqueous solution of said basic substance with a solution of the trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane in one or more organic solvents of lower polarity such as an alkane (e.g., hexane, heptane, or octane), aromatic hydrocarbon (e.g., toluene), halogenated hydrocarbon (e.g., methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, or perchloroethylene), or ether (e.g., diethyl ether, methyl tert-butyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, dimethoxyethane, diglyme, or tetraglyme) in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst. Suitable phase transfer catalysts include quaternary ammonium halides (e.g., tetrabutylammonium bromide, tetrabutylammonium hydrosulfate, triethylbenzylammonium chloride, dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride, and tricaprylylmethylammonium chloride), quaternary phosphonium halides (e.g., triphenylmethylphosphonium bromide and tetraphenylphosphonium chloride), or cyclic polyether compounds known in the art as crown ethers (e.g., 18-crown-6 and 15-crown-5).
Alternatively, the dehydroiodination reaction may be conducted in the absence of solvent by adding the trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane to a solid or liquid basic substance.
Suitable reaction times for the dehydroiodination reactions are from about 15 minutes to about six hours or more depending on the solubility of the reactants. Typically the dehydroiodination reaction is rapid and requires about 30 minutes to about three hours for completion.
The compound of formula I may be recovered from the dehydroiodination reaction mixture by phase separation after addition of water, by distillation, or by a combination thereof.
In another embodiment of the present invention, fluoroolefins comprise cyclic fluoroolefins (cyclo-[CX=CY(CZW)-] (Formula II), wherein =
X, Y, Z, and W are independently selected from H and F, and n is an integer from 2 to 5). Representative cyclic fluoroolefins of Formula ll are listed in Table 2.

Cyclic Structure Chemical name fluoroolefins FC-CI316cc cyclo-CF2CF2CF=CF- 1,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluorocyclobutene HFC-C1334cc cydo-CF2CF2CH=CH- 3,3,4,4-tetrafluorocyclobutene HFC-C1436 cyClo-CF2CF2CF2CH=CH- 3,3,4,4,5,5,-hexafluorocyclopentene FC-C1418y cyclo-CF2CF=CFCF2CF2- 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octaff uorocyclopentene FC-C151-10y cyclo-CF2CF=CFCF2CF2CF2- 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-decafluorocyclohexene In another embodiment, fluoroolefins may comprise those compounds listed in Table 3.

Name Structure Chemical name HFC-1225ye CF3CF=CHF 1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene HFC-1225= CF3CH=CF2 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene HFC-12251c CHF2CF=CF2 1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene HFC-1234ye CHF2CF=CHF 1,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene HFC-1234yf CF3CF=CH2 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene HFC-1234ze CF3CH=CHF 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene HFC-1234yc CH2FCF=CF2 1,1,2,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene HFC-1234zc CHF2CH=CF2 1,1,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene HFC-1243yf CHF2CF=CH2 2,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene HFC-1243zf CF3CH=CH2 3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene HFC-1243yc CH3CF=CF2 1,1,2-trifluoro-1-propene HFC-1243zc CH2FCH=CF2 1,1,3-trifluoro-1-propene HFC-1243ye CH2FCF=CHF 12,3-trifluoro-1-propene HFC-1243e CHF2CH=CHF 1,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene FC-1318my_ CF3CF=CFCF3 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,4-octafluoro-2-butene FC-1318cy CF3CF2CF=CF2 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,4-octafluoro-1-butene HFC-1327my CF3CF=CHCF3 1,1,1,2,4,4,4-heptafluoro-2-butene HFC-1327ye CHF=CFCF2CF3 1,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene HFC-1327py CHF2CF=CFCF3 1,1,1,2,3,4,4-heptafluoro-2-butene HFC-1327et (CF3)2C=CHF 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethy1)-1-propene HFC-1327cz CF2=CHCF2CF3 1,1,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene HFC-1327cye CF2=CFCHFCF3 1,1,2,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene HFC-1327cyc CF2=CFCF2CHF2 1,1,2,3,3,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene HFC-1336yf CF3CF2CF=CH2 _2,3,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene HFC-1336ze CHF=CHCF2CF3 1,3,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene HFC-1336eye CHF=CFCHFCF3 1,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene HFC-1336eyc CHF=CFCF2CHF2 1,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene HFC-1336pyy CHF2CF=CFCHF2 1,1,2,3,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene = =

HC-1336qy CH2FCF=CFCF3 1,1,1,2,3,4-hexaftuoro-2-butene HFC-1336pz CHF2CH=CFC F3 1,1 ,1,2,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene HFC-1336mzy CF3CH=CFCHF2 1,1,1,3,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene HFC-1336qc = CF2=CFCF2CH2F 1,1,2,3, 3,4-hexafluoro-1-butene HFC-1336pe CF2=CFCHFCHF2 1,1 ,2,3,4,4-hexattuoro-1-butene HFC-1336ft CH2=C(CF3)2 3,3,3-trifluo ro-2-(tr(fluoromethyl)-1-propene HFC-1345qz CH2FCH=CFCF3 1,1, 1,2,4-pentafluoro-2-butene HFC-1345mzy CF3CH=CFCH2F 1,1,1,3,4-pentafluoro-2-butene HFC-13451z CF3CF2CH=CH2 3,3,4,4 4-pentafluoro-1-butene HFC-1345mzz CHF2CH=CHCF3 1,1, 1,4,4-pentafluoro-2-butene HFC-1345sy CH3CF=CFCF3 1, 1, 1,2, 3-pentafluoro-2-butene HFC-1345fryc CH2=CFCF2CHF2 2,3,3,4,4-pentaftuoro-1-butene HFC-1345pyz CHF2CF=CHCHF2 1,1,2,4,4-pentaftuoro-2-butene HFC-1345cyc CH3CF2CF=CF2 1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoro-1-butene HFC-1345pyy CH2FCF=CFCHF2 1,1,2,3,4-pentaflUoro-2-butene HFC-1345eyc CH2FCF2CFCF i ,2,3,3,4-pentafluoro-1-butene HFC-1345ctm CF2=C(CF3)(C1-13) 1,1,3,3,3-pentattuoro-2-methyl-1-propene HFC-1345ftp CH2=C(CHF2)(CF3) 2-(difluoromethyl)-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene HFC1345fye CH2=CFCHFCF3 _ 2,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1 -butene _ H FC-1345eyf CHF=CFCH2CF3 1,2,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene HFC-1345eze CHF=CHCHFCF3 1,3,4 ,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene HFC-1345ezc CHF=CHCF2CH F2 1,3,3,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene HFC-1345eye CHF=CFCHFCHF2 1,2,3,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene HFC-1354fzc CH2=CHCF2CHF2 3,3,4,4-tetrafluoro-1-butene HFC-1354ctp CF2=C(CHF2)(CH3) 1,1,3,3-tetrafluo ro-2-methyt-1-propene HFC-1354etm CHF=C(CF3)(CH3) 1,3,3,3-tetraftuoro-2-methyl-1 propene HFC-1354ffp CI-12=C(CHF2)2 2-(difluorometh yl)-3,3-d ifluo ro-1-_propene HFC-1354my CF3CF=CHCH3 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro-2-butene =
HFC-1354miy C= 1-13CF=CHCF3 1,1 ,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-butene FC-141 -10myy . C= F3CF=CFCF2CF3 1,1,1,2,3 ,4 ,4 ,5,5 ,5-decaftuoro-2-pentene FC-141-10cy CF2=CFCF2CF2CF3 1 ,1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-l-pentene HFC-1429mzt (CF3)2C=CHCF3 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-(trffluoromethyl)-2-butene HFC-1429myz CF3CF=CHCF2C F3 1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene HFC-1429mzy CF3CH=CFCF2CF3 1 ,1,1,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene HFC-1429eyc C= HF=CFCF2CF2CF3 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-1-pentene HFC-1429czc CF2=CHCF2CF2CF3 1,1, 3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-1-pentene HFC-1429cycc CF2=CFCF2CF2CHF2 1,1,2,3,3,4,4 ,5,5-nonafluoro-1-_pentene HFC-1429pyy CH F2CF=CFCF2CF3 1, 1,2,3,4 ,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene HFC-1429myyc CF3CF=CFCF2CHF2 1,1,1,2,3,4,4, 5,5-nonaffuoro-2-_ pentene HFC-1429myye CF3CF=CFCHFC Fs , 1, 1,1,2,3,4,5,5,5-non afl uoro-2-=

pentene HFC-1429eyym CHF=CFCF(CF3)2 1,2,3,4,4,4-h exaflu oro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene HFC-1429cyzm C F2=CFCH(C F3)2 1,1,2,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene HFC-1429mzt CF3CH= C(CF3)2 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene HFC-1429czym CF2=CHCF(CF3)2 1j,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene HFC-1438fy CH2=CFCF2CF2CF3 3,3,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-1-pentene HFC-1438eycc CHF=CFCF2CF2CHF2 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoro-1-pentene H FC-1438ftmc CH2=C(C F3)CF2C F3 3,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene HFC-1438czzm CF2=CHCH(CF3)2 1,1,4,4,4-pentafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene HFC-1438ezym CHF=CHCF(CF3)2 1,314,4,4-pentafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene =
HFC-1438ctmf CF2=C(CF3)CH2C F3 1,1,4 4,4-pentafluoro-2-= (trifluoromethyl)-1-butene HFC-1447fzy (CF3)2CFCH=C112 3,4,4,4-tetraftuoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene HFC-1447fz CF3CF2CF2CH=C H2 3,3,4,4,5,5,5-heptafluoro-1-pentene HFC-14471ycc CH2=CFCF2CF2CH F2 2,3,3,4,4,5,5-heptafluoro-1-pentene HFC-1447czcf CF2=CHCF2CH2CF3 I,1,3,3,5,5,5-heptafluoro-1-pentene HFC-1447mytm CF3CF=C(CF3)(CH3) eptafl uoro-3-methyl-2-butene HFC-1447fyz CH2=CFCH(CF3)2 2,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene HFC-1447ezz CHF=CHCH(CF3)2 1,4,414-tetrafluoro-3-(trifluoromethy1)-1-butene HFC-1447qzt CH2FCH=C(CF3)2 1,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene HFC-1447syt , CH3CF=C(CF3)2 2,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-2-(trif1uoromethyl)-2-butene HFC-1456szt (CF3)2C=CHCH3 3-(trifluoromethy()-4,414-trifluoro-butene HFC-1456szy CF3CF2CF=CHCHs 3,4,4,5,5,5-hexafluoro-2-pentene HFC-1456mstz CF3C(CH3)=CHCF3 1, 1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-m ethy1-2-butene HFC-1456fzce CH2=CHCF2CHFCF3 3, 3,4,5,5,5-hexafluoro-1-pentene HFC-1456ftmf CH2=C(CF3)CH2CF3 4,4,4-trifluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-butene FC-151-12c CF3(CF2)3CF=CF2 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-dodecafl uoro-1-hexe n e (or perfluoro-1-hexene) FC-151-12mcy CF3CF2CF=CFCF2CF3 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,6-dodecafluoro-3-hexene (or perfluoro-3-hexene) FC-151-12mmtt (CF3)2C=C(CF3)2 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene FC-151-12m mzz (CF3)2CFCF=CFC F3 1,1,1,2,3,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene HFC-152-11mmtz (CF3)2C=CHC2F3 1,1,1,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene HFC-152-11mmyyz (CF3)2CFCF=CHCF3 1,1,1 ,3,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-4-(trifluorometh y1)-2-pentene PFBE CF3CF2CF2CF2CH=CH2 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-nonafluoro-1 -(or HFC-1549fz) hexene (or perfluorobutylethy)ene) HFC-1549fztmm CH2=CHC(CF3)3 4,4,4-trittoro-3,3-bls(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene HFC-1549mmtts (CF3)2C=C(CH3)(CF3) 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-methy1-(trifluoromethy1)-2-butene HFC-1549fycz CH2=CFCF2CH(CN2 2,3,3,5,5,5-heXafluoro-4-(trifluorometh y1)-1-pentene HFC-1549myts CF3CF=C(CH3)CF2CF3 1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-3-methy1-2-pentene HFC-1549mzzz CF3CH=CHCH(CF3)2 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexatluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene HFC-1558szy CF3CF2CF2CF=CHCH3 3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-octaflucio-2-hexene HFC-1558fzccc CH2=CHCF2CF2CF2CHF2 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-octafluoro-2-hexene HFC-1558mmtzc (CF3)2C=CHCF2C H3 1,1,1,4,4-pentafluoro-2-.
(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene HFC-1558ftmf CH2=C(CF3)CH2C2F5 4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoro-2-(trifluorometh y1)-1-pentene HFC-1567fts CF3CF2CF2C(CH3)=C H2 3,3,4,4,5,5,5-heptafluoro-2-methy1-1-pentene HFC-1567szz CF3CF2CF2CH=CHCH3 4,4,5,5,6,6,6-heptafluoro-2-hexene HFC-1567fzfc CH2,-;CHCH2CF2C2F5 4,4,5,5,6,6,6-heptafluoro-1-hexene HFC-1567sfyy CF3CF2CF=CFC2H5 1 ,1,1,2,2,3,4-heptafluoro-3-hexene HFC-1567fzfy CH2=CHCH2CF(CF3)2 4,5,5,5-tetrafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-1-pentene HFC-1567myzzm CF3CF=CHCH(CF3)(CH3) 1,1,1,2,5,5,5-heptafluoro-4-methy1-2-pentene =
HFC-1567mmtyf (CF3)2C=CFC2H5 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene FC-161-14myy CF3CF=CFC F2CF2C2 F5 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tetradecafluoro-2-heptene FC-161-14mcyy CF3CF2CF=CFCF2C2F5 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tetradecafluoro-2-heptene HFC-162-13mzy CF3CH=CFCF2CF2C2F5 1,1,1,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-2-heptene HFC162-13myz CF3CF=CHCF2CF2C2F5 tridecafluoro-2-heptene HFC-162-13mczy CF3CF2CH=CFCF2C2F5 1,1,1 ,2,2,4,5,5,6,6,7,77-tridecafluoro-3-heptene HFC-162-13mcyz CF3CF2CF=CHCF2C2F5 1,1,1,2,2,3,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-3-heptene PEVE CF2=CF0CF2CF3 pentafluoroethyl trifluorovinyl ether PMVE CF2=CFOCF3 trifluoromethyl trifluorovinyl ether The compounds listed in Table 2 and Table 3 are available commercially or may be prepared by processes known in the art or as described herein.
= 1,1,1,4,4-pentafluoro-2-butene may be prepared from 1,1,1,2,4,4-hexafluorobutane (CHF2CH2CHFCF3) by dehydrofluorination over solid KOH in the vapor phase at room temperature. The synthesis of =

1,1,1,2,4,4-hexafluorobutane is described in US 6,066,768.
1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene may be prepared from 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-iodobutane (CF3CHICH2CF3) by reaction with KOH using a phase transfer catalyst at about 60 C. The synthesis of 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-iodobutane may be carried out by reaction of perfluoromethyl iodide (CF3I) and 3,3,3-trifluoropropene (CF3CH=CH2) at about 200 C under autogenous pressure for about 8 hours.
3,4,4,5,5,5-hexafluoro-2-pentene may be prepared by = 10 dehydrofluorination of 1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptafluoropentane (CF3CF2CF2CH2CH3) using solid KOH or over a carbon catalyst at 200-300 C. 1,1 ,1,2,2,3,3-heptafluoropentane may be prepared by hydrogenation of 3,3,4,4,5,5,5-heptafluoro-1-pentene =
(CF3CF2CF2CH=CH2).
1,1,1,2,3,4-hexafluoro-2-butene may be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 1,1,1,2,3,3,4-heptafluorobutane (CH2FCF2CHFCF3) using solid KOH.
1,1,1,2,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene may be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 1,1,1,2,2,4,4-heptafluorobutane (CHF2CH2CF2CF3) using solid KOH.
1,1,1,3,4,4-hexafluoro2-butene may be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 1,1,1,3,3,4,4-heptafluorobutane (CF3CH2CF2CHF2) using solid KOH.
1,1,1,2,4-pentafluoro-2-butene may be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 1,1,1,2,2,3-hexafluorobutane (CH2FCH2CF2CN
using solid KOH.
= 1,1,1,3,4-pentafluoro-2-butene may be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 1,1,1,3,3,4-hexafluorobutane (CF3CH2CF2C1-I2F) using solid KOH.
1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-butene may be prepared by reacting 1,1,1 ,3,3-pentafluorobutane ( CF3CH2CF2CH3) with aqueous KOH at 120 C. , = 1,1,1,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-2-pentene may be prepared from (CF3CHICH2CF2CF3) by reaction with KOH using a phase transfer catalyst at about 60 C. The synthesis of 4-iodo-1,1,1,2,2,5,5,5-octafluoropentane may be carried out by reaction of perfluoroethyliodide (CF3CF2I) and 3,3,3--, .
=

trifluoropropene at about 200 C under autogenous pressure for about 8 hours.
1,1,1,2,2,5,5,6,6,6-decafluoro-3-hexene may be prepared from 1,1,1,2,2,5,5,6,6,6-decafluoro-3-iodohexane (CF3CF2CHICH2CF2CF3) by reaction with KOH using a phase transfer catalyst at about 60 C. The synthesis of 1,1,1,2,2,5,5,6,6,6-decafluoro-3-iodohexane may be carried out by reaction of perfluoroethyliodide (CF3CF2I) and 3,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene (CF3CF2CH=CH2) at about 200 C under autogenous pressure for about 8 hours.
1,1,1,4,5,5,5-heptafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene may be prepared by the dehydrofluorination of 1,1,1,2,5,5,5-heptafluoro-4-iodo-2-(trifluoromethyl)-pentane (CF3CHICH2CF(CF3)2) with KOH in isopropanol.
CF3CHICH2CF(CF3)2 is made from reaction of (CF3)2CFI with CF3CH=CH2 at high temperature, such as about 200 C.
1,1,1,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-decafluoro-2-hexene may be prepared by the reaction of 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (CF3CH=CHCF3) with tetrafluoroethylene (CF2=CF2) and antimony pentafluoride (SbF5).
2,3,3,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene may be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 1,1,2,2,3,3-hexafluorobutane over fluorided alumina at elevated temperature.
2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-ocatafluoro-1-pentene may be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoropentane over solid KOH.
1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoro-1-pentene may be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoropentane over fluorided alumina at elevated temperature.
The compositions of the present invention may comprise a single compound of Formula I, Formula II, or Table 3 or may comprise a combination of said compounds. Additionally, many of the compounds of Formula I, Formula II, and Table 3 may exist as different configurational isomers or stereoisomers. The present invention is intended to include all single configurational isomers, single stereoisomers or any combination thereof. For instance, 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFC-1234ze) is meant to represent the E-isomer, Z-isomer, or any combination or mixture of both isomers in any ratio. Another example is Fl2E, by which is represented the E-isomer, Z-isomer, or any combination or mixture of both isomers in any ratio.
Compositions of the present invention have zero or low ozone depletion potential and low global warming potential (GWP). The 6 fluoroolefins of the present invention or mixtures of fluoroolefins of this invention with other refrigerants will have global warming potentials that are less than many hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants currently in use. One aspect of the present invention is to provide a refrigerant with a global warming potential of less than 1000, less than 500, less than 150, less than 100, or less than 50. Another aspect of the present invention is to reduce the net GWP of refrigerant mixtures by adding fluoroolefins to said mixtures.
The compositions of the present invention that are combinations or mixtures may be prepared by any convenient method to combine the desired amounts of the individual components. A preferred method is to weigh the desired component amounts and thereafter combine the components in an appropriate vessel. Agitation may be used, if desired.
An alternative means for making compositions of the present invention comprises (i) reclaiming a volume of one or more components of a refrigerant composition from at least one refrigerant container, (ii) removing impurities sufficiently to enable reuse of said one or more of the reclaimed components, (iii) and optionally, combining all or part of said reclaimed volume of components with at least one additional refrigerant composition or component.
A refrigerant container may be any container in which is stored a refrigerant blend composition that has been used in a refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning apparatus or heat pump apparatus. Said refrigerant container may be the refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning apparatus or heat pump apparatus in which the refrigerant blend was used. Additionally, the refrigerant container may be a storage container for collecting reclaimed refrigerant blend components, including but not limited to pressurized gas cylinders.
Residual refrigerant means any amount of refrigerant blend or . 35 refrigerant blend component that may be moved out of the refrigerant container by any method known for transferring refrigerant blends or refrigerant blend components.
Impurities may be any component that is in the refrigerant blend or refrigerant blend component due to its use in a refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning apparatus or heat pump apparatus. Such impurities include but are not limited to refrigeration lubricants, being those .described earlier herein, particulates such as metal or elastomer that may have come out of the refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning apparatus or heat pump apparatus, and any other contaminants that may adversely effect the performance of the refrigerant blend composition.
Such impurities may be removed sufficiently to allow reuse of the refrigerant blend or refrigerant blend component without adversely effecting the performance or equipment within which the refrigerant blend or refrigerant blend component will be used.
It may be necessary to provide additional refrigerant blend or refrigerant blend component to the residual refrigerant blend or refrigerant blend component in order to produce a composition that meets the specifications required for a given product. For instance, if a refrigerant blend has 3 components in a particular weight percentage range, it may be necessary to add one or more of the components in a given amount in order to restore the composition to within the specification limits.
The compositions of the present invention that are useful as refrigerants or heat transfer fluids comprise at least one fluoroolefin selected from the group consisting of:
(i) fluoroolefins of the formula E- or Z-R1CH=CHR2, wherein Wand R2 are, independently, C1 to C6 perfluoroalkyl groups, and wherein the total number of carbons in the compound is at least 5;
(ii) cyclic fluoroolefins of the formula cyclo-ECX=CY(CZW),;], wherein X, Y, Z, and W, independently, are H or F, and n is an integer from 2 to 5; and (iii) fluoroolefins selected from the group consisting of:
1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene (CF3CF=CHF);1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene (CF3CH1=CF2); 1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene (CHF2CF=CF2); 1,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (CHF2CF=CHF); 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (CF3CF=CH2);

1,1,2,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (CH2FCF=CF2); 1,1,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (CHF2CH=CF2); 2,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene (CHF2CF=CF12);
3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene (CF3CH=CH2); 1,1,2-trifluoro-1-propene (CH3CF=CF2); 1,2,3-trifluoro-1-propene (CH2FCF=CF2); 1,1,3-trifluoro-1-propene (CH2FCH=CF2); 1,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene (CHF2CH=CHF); 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,4-octafluoro-2-butene (CF3CF=CFCF3); 1,1,2,373,4,4,4-octafluoro-1-butene (CF3CF2CF=CF2); 1,1,1,2,4,4,4-heptafluoro-2-butene (CF3CF=CHCF3); 1,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CFCF2CF3); 1,1,1,2,3,4,4-heptafluoro-2-butene (CHF2CF=CFCF3); 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-propene ((CF3)2C=CHF); 1,1,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene (CF2=CHCF2CF3); 1,1,2,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene (CF2=CFCHFCF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene (CF2=CFCF2CHF2); 2,3,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene (CF3CF2CF=CH2); 1,3,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CHCF2CF3); 1,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CFCHFCF3); 1,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CFCF2CHF2); 1,1,2,3,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (CHF2CF=CFCHF2); 1,1,1,2,3,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (CH2FCF=CFCF3); 1,1,1,2,4,4-hexaffuoro-2-butene (CHF2CH=CFCF3); 1,1,1,3,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (CF3CH=CFCHF2); 1,1,2,3,3,4-hexafluoro-1-butene (CF2=CFCF2CH2F); 1,1,2,3,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene (CF2=CFCHFCHF2); 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-(trif(uoromethyl)-1-propene (CH2=C(CF3)2); 1,1,1,2,4-pentafluoro-2-butene (CH2FCH=CFCF3);
1,1,1,3,4-pentafluoro-2-butene (CF3CH=CFCH2F); 3,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene (CF3CF2CH=CH2); 1,1,1,4,4-pentafluoro-2-butene (CHF2CH=CHCF3); 1,1,1,2,3-pentafluoro-2-butene (CH3CF=CFCF3); 2,3,3,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene (PH2=CFCF2CHF2); 1,1,2,4,4-pentafluoro-2-butene (CHF2CF=CHCHF2); 1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoro-1-butene (CH3CF2CF=CF2); 1,1,2,3,4-pentafluoro-2-butene (CH2FCF=CFCHF2); 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-2-methy1-1-propene (CF2=C(CF3)(CH3)); 2-(difluoromethyl)-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene (CF12=C(CHF2)(CF3)); 2,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene (CH2=CFCHFCF3); 1,2,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CFCH2CF3); 1,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CHCHFCF3); 1,3,3,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CHCF2CHF2); 1,2,3,4,4-pentaffuoro-1-butene (CHF=CFCHFCHF2); 3,3,4,4-tetrafluoro-1-butene (CH2=CHCF2CHF2); 1,1-difluoro-2-(dif(uoromethyl)-1-propene (CF2=C(CHF2)(CH3)); 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-methy1-1-propene (CHF=C(CF3)(CH3)); 3,3-difluoro-2-(difluoromethyl)-1-propene (CH2=C(CHF2)2); 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro-2-butene (CF3CF=CHCH3);
1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-butene (CH3CF=CHCF3); 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CF=CFCF2CF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-1-pentene (CF2=CFCF2CF2CF3); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene ((CF3)2C=CHCF3); 1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CF=CHCF2CF3); 1,1,1,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CH=CFCF2CF3); 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-1-pentene (CHF=CFCF2CF2CF3); 1,1,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-1-pentene (CF2=CHCF2CF2CF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-nonafluoro-1-pentene (CF2=CFCF2CF2CHF2); 1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene (CHF2CF=CFCF2CF3); 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CF=CFCF2CHF2); 1,1,1,2,3,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CF=CFCHFCF3); 1,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CHF=CFCF(CF3)2); 1,1,2,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CF2=CFCH(CF3) 2);
1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene (CF3CH=C(CF3)2); 1, 1,3,4,4,4-hexa uoro-3-(triffuoromethyl)-1-butene (CF2=CHCF(CF3)2); 2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-1-pentene (CH2=CFCF2CF2CF3); 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoro-1-pentene (CHF=CFC F2C F2CHF2); 3,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CH2=C(CF3)CF2CF3); 1,1,4,4,4-pentafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CF2=CHCH(CF3)2); 1,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CHF=CHCF(CF3)z);
1,1 ,4,4,4-pentafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CF2=C(CF3)CH2CF3); 3,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene ((CF3)2CFCH=CH2); 3,3,4,4,5,5,5-heptafluoro-1-pentene (CF3CF2CF2CH=CH2); 2,3,3,4,4,5,5-heptafluoro-1-pentene (CH2=CFCF2CF2CHF2); 1,1,3,3,5,5,5-heptafluoro-1-butene =

(CF2=CHCF2CH2CF3); 1,1,1,2,4,4,4-heptafluoro-3-methy1-2-butene (CF3CF=C(CF3)(CH3)); 2,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CH2=CFCH(CF3)2); 1,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CHF=CHCH(CF3)2); 1,1,1,4-tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene (CH2FCH=C(CF3)2); 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene (CH3CF=C(CF3)2); 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene ((CF3)2C=CHCH3); 3,4,4,5,5,5-hexafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CF2CF=CHCH3); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-methy1-2-butene (CF3C(CH3)=CHCF3); 3,3,4,5,5,5-hexafluoro-1-pentene (CH2=CHCF2CHFCF3); 4,4,4-trifluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CH2:=C(CF3)CH2CF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-dodecafluoro-1-hexene (CF3(CF2)3CF=CF2); 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,6-dodecafluoro-3-hexene (CF3CF2CF=CFCF2CF3); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2,3-bis(trifluoromethy1)-2-butene ((CF3)2C=C(CF3)2); 1,1,1,2,3,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene ((CF3)2CFCF=CFCF3);
1,1,1,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene ((CF3)2C=CHC2F5); 1,1,1,3,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene ((CF3)2CFCF=CHCF3); 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-nonafluoro-1-hexene (CF3CF2CF2CF2CH=CH2); 4,4,4-trifluoro-3,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CH2=CHC(CF3)3); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-3-methy1-2-butene ((CF3)2C=C(CH3)(CF3)); 2,3,3,5,5,5-hexafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-1-pentene (CH2=CFCF2CH(CF3)2); 1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-3-methy1-2-pentene (CF3CF=C(CH3)CF2CF3); 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene (CF3CH=CHCH(CF3)2);
3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-octafluoro-2-hexene (CF3CF2CF2CF=CHCH3);
3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-octafluorol-hexene (CH2=CHCF2CF2CF2CHF2);
1,1,1,4,4-pentafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene ((CF3)2C=CHCF2CH3); 4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-pentene (CH2=C(CF3)CH2C2F5); 3,3,4,4,5,5,5-heptafluoro-2-methyl-1-pentene (CF3CF2CF2C(C1-13)=CH2); 4,4,5,5,6,6,6-heptafluoro-2-hexene (CF3CF2CF2CH=CHCH3); 4,4,5,5,6,6,6-heptafluoro-1-hexene (CH2=CHCH2CF2C2F5); 1,1,1,2,2,3,4-heptafluoro-3-hexene (CF3CF2CF=CFC2H5); 4,5,5,5-tetrafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-1-pentene (CH2=CHCH2CF(0F3)2); 1.1,1,2,5,5,5-heptafluoro-4-methy1-2-pentene (CF3CF=CHCH(CF3)(CH3)); 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene ((CF3)2C=CFC2H5);
1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tetradecafluoro-2-heptene (CF3CF=CFCF2CF2C2F5); 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tetradecafluoro-3-heptene (CF3CF2CF=CFCF2C2F5);
1,1,1,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-2-heptene (CF3CH=CFCF2CF2C2F5); 1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-2-heptene (CF3CF=CHCF2CF2C2F5); 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-3-heptene (CF3CF2CH=CFCF2C2F5);
1,1,1,2,2,3,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-3-heptene (CF3CF2CF=CHCF2C2F5); CF2=CFOCF2CF3(PEVE) and CF2=CFOCF3 (PMVE).
The present invention further relates to compositions comprising at least one fluoroolefin and at least one flammable refrigerant or heat transfer fluid, wherein the fluoroolefin is selected from the group consisting of:
(i) fluoroolefins of the formula E- or Z-R1CH=CHR2, wherein R1 and R2 are, independently, Ci to C6 perfluoroalkyl groups, and wherein the total number of carbons in the compound is at least 5;
(ii) cyclic fluoroolefins of the formula cyclo-[CX=CY(CZW)n-], wherein X, Y, Z, and W, independently, are H or F, and n is an integer from 2 to 5; and (iii) fluoroolefins selected from the group consisting of:
1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene (CF3CF=CHF);1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene (CF3CH=CF2); 1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene (CHF2CF=CF2); 1,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (CHF2CF=CHF); 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (CF3CF=CH2); 1,1,2,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (CH2FCF=CF2); 1,1,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (CHF2CH=CF2); 2,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene (CHF2CF=CH2); 3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene (CF3CH=CH2); 1,1,2-trifluoro-1-propene (CH3CF=CF2); 1,2,3-trifluoro-1-prOpene (CH2FCF=CF2); 1,1,3-trifluoro-1-propene (CH2FCH=CF2); 1,3,3-. trifluoro-1-propene (CHF2CH=CHF); 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,4-octafluoro-2-butene (CF3CF CFCF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,4-octafluoro-1-butene (CF3CF2CF=CF2);
1,1,1,2,4,4,4-heptafluoro-2-butene (CF3CF=CHCF3); 1,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CFCF2CF3); 1,1,1,2,3,4,4-heptafluoro-2-butene (CHF2CF=CFCF3); 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-propene ((CF3)2C=CHF); 1,1,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene (CF2=CHCF2CF3);
1,1,2,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene (CF2=CFCHFCF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene (CF2=CFCF2CHF2); 2,3,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene (CF3CF2CF=CH2); 1,3,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CHCF2CF3);
1,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CFCHFCF3); 1,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CFCF2CHF2); 1,1,2,3,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (CHF2CF=CFCHF2); 1,1,1,2,3,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (CH2FCF=CFCF3);
1,1,1,2,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (CHF2CH=CFCF3); 1,1,1,3,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (CF3CH=CFCHF2); 1,1,2,3,3,4-hexafluoro-1-butene (CF2=CFCF2CH2F); 1,1,2,3,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene (CF2=CFCHFCHF2);
3,3,3-trifluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-propene (CH2=C(CF3)2); 1,1,1,2,4-pentafluoro-2-butene (CH2FCH=CFCF3); 1,1,1,3,4-pentafluoro-2-butene (CF3CH=CFCH2F); 3,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene (CF3CF2CH=CH2);
1,1,1,4,4-pentafluoro-2-butene (CHF2C1-I=CHCF3); 1,1,1,2,3-pentafluoro-2-butene (CH3CF=CFCF3); 2,3,3,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene (CH2=CFCF2CHF2); 1,1,2,4,4-pentafluoro-2-butene (CHF2CF=CHCHF2);
1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoro-1-butene (CH3CF2CF=CF2); 1,1,2,3,4-pentafluoro-2-butene (CH2FCF=CFCHF2); 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-2-methy1-1-propene (CF2=C(CF3)(CH3)); 2-(difluoromethyl)-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene (CH2=C(CHF2)(CF3)); 2,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene (CH2=CFCHFCF3);
1,2,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CFCH2CF3); 1,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CF1CHFCF3); 1,3,3,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CHCF2CHF2); 1,2,3,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CFCHFCHF2);
3,3,4,4-tetrafluoro-1-butene (CH2=CHCF2CHF2); 1,1-difluoro-2-(difluoromethyl)-1-propene (CF2=C(CHF2)(CH3)); 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-methy1-1-propene (CHF=C(CF3)(CH3)); 3,3-difluoro-2-(difluoromethyl)-1-propene (CH2=C(CHF2)2); 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro-2-butene (CF3CF=CHCH3);
1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-butene (CH3CF=CHCF3);
decafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CF=CFCF2CF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-1-pentene (CF2=CFCF2CF2CF3); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-, 2-butane ((CF3)2C=CHCF3); 1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CF=CHCF2CF3); 1,1,1,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CH=CFCF2CF3); 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-1-pentene (CHF=CFCF2CF2CF3); 1,1,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-1-pentene (CF2=CHCF2CF2CF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-nonafluoro-1-pentene (CF2=CFCF2CF2CHF2); 1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene (CHF2CF=CFCF2CF3); 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CF=CFCF2CHF2); 1,1,1,2,3,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CF=CFCHFCF3); 1,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CHF=CFCF(CF3)2); 1,1,2,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CF2=CFCH(CF3) 2); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-(trifluoromethy))-2-butene (CF3CH=C(CF3)2); 1,1,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CF2=CHCF(CF3)2); 2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-1-pentene (CH2=CFCF2CF2CF3); 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoro-1-pentene (CHF=CFCF2CF2CHF2); 3,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-2-(trifluoromethy1)-1-butene (CH2=C(CF3)CF2CF3); 1,1,4,4,4-pentafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CF2=CHCH(CF3)2); 1,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CHF=CHCF(CF3)2); 1,1,4,4,4-pentafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CF2=C(CF3)CH2CF3); 3,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene ((CF3)2CFCH=CH2); 3,3,4,4,5,5,5-heptafluoro-1-pentene (CF3CF2CF2CH=CH2); 2,3,3,4,4,5,5-heptafluoro-1-pentene (CH2=CFCF2CF2CHF2); 1,1,3,3,5,5,5-heptafluoro-1-butene (CF2=CHCF2CH2CF3); 1,1,1,2,4,4,4-heptafluoro-3-methy1-2-butene (CF3CF=C(CF3)(CH3)); 2,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CH2=CFCH(CF3)2); 1,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3-(trif(uoromethyl)-1-butene (CHF=CHCH(CF3)2); 1,1,1,4-tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene (CH2FCH=C(CF3)2); 1,111,3-tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene (CH3CF=C(CF3)2); 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-(trifluoromethy1)-2-butene ((CF3)2C=CHCH3); 3,4,4,5,5,5-hexafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CF2CF=CHCH3);
1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-methy1-2-butene (CF3C(CH3)=CHCF3);
3,3,4,5,5,5-hexafluoro-1-pentene (CH2=CHCF2CHFCF3); 4,4,4-trifluoro-3-(trifluoromethy))-1-butene (CH2=C(CF3)CH2CF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-dodecafluoro-1-hexene (CF3(CF2)3CF=CF2); 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,6-dodecafluoro-3-hexene (CF3CF2CF=CFCF2CF3); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene ((CF3)20=C(CF3)2); 1,1,1,2,3,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethy1)-2-pentene ((0F3)2CFCF=CFCF3);
1,1,1,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene ((CF3)2C=CHC2F5);
1,1,1,3,4,5,5,5-octalluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene ((CF3)2CFCF=CHCF3); 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-nonafluoro-1-hexene (CF3CF2CF2CF2CH=CH2); 4,4,4-trifluoro-3,3-bis(trifluoromethy1)-1-butene (CH2=CHC(CF3)3); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-3-methy1-2-butene ((CF3)2C=C(CH3)(C F3)); 2,3,3,5,5,5-hexafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-1-pentene (CH2=CFCF2CH(CF3)2); 1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-3-methyl-2-pentene (CF3CF=C(CH3)CF2CF3); 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene (CF3CH=CHCH(C F3)2) 3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-octafluoro-2-hexene (CF3CF2CF2CF=CHCH3); 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-octafluoro1-hexene (CH2=CHCF2CF2CF2CHF2); 1,1,1,4,4-pentafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene ((CF3)2C=CHCF2CH3); 4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-pentene (CH2=C(CF3)CH2C2F5); 3,3,4,4,5,5,5-heptafluoro-2-methyl-1-pentene (CF3CF2CF2C(CH3)=CH2); 4,4,5,5,6,6,6-heptafluoro-2-hexene (CF3CF2CF2CH=CHCH3); 4,4,5,5,6,6,6-heptafluoro-1-hexene (CH2=CHCH2CF2C2F5); 1,1,1,2,2,3,4-heptafluoro-3-hexene (CF3CF2CF=CFC2H5); 4,5,5,5-tetrafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-1-pentene (CH2=CHCH2CF(CF3)2); 1,1,1,2,5,5,5-heptafluoro-4-methyl-2-pentene (CF3CF=CHCH(CF3)(CH3)); 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene ((CF3)2C=CFC2H5); 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tetradecafluoro-2-heptene (CF3CF=CFCF2CF2C2F5); 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tetradecafluoro-3-heptene (CF3CF2CF=CFCF2C2F5);
1,1,1,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-2-heptene (CF3C1-l=CFCF2CF2C2F5);
1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-2-heptene (CF3CF=CHCF2CF2C2F5);
1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-3-heptene (CF3CF2CH=CFCF2C2F5);
1,1,1,2,2,3,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-3-heptene (CF3CF2CF=CHCF2C2F5);
CF2=CFOCF2CF3(PEVE) and CF2=CFOCF3 (PMVE).
Of particular utility in compositions comprising at least one flammable refrigerant and at least one fluoroolefin are those fluoroolefins that themselves are non-flammable. Flammability of a fluoroolefin appears to be related to the numbers of fluorine atoms and the numbers of hydrogen atoms in the molecule. The equation below provides a flammability factor that may be calculated as an indication of predicted flammability:
flammability factor = F
(F H) wherein:
F = the number of fluorine atoms; and H = the number of hydrogen atoms in a molecule.

As certain compounds have been experimentally determined to be flammable, the cut-off for non-flammable fluoroolefin flammability factors has been determined. Fluoroolefins may be determined to be flammable or non-flammable by testing under conditions specified by ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, inc.) Standard 34-2001, under ASTM (American Society of Testing and Materials) E681-01, with an electronic ignition source. Such tests of flammability are conducted with the compound of interest at 101 kPa (14.7 psia) and a specified temperature (often 100 C (212 F)) at various concentrations in air in order to determine the lower flammability limit (LFL) and/or upper flammability limit (UFL) of the test compound in air.
The flammability factors for several fluoroolefins are listed in Table 4 along with the experimental determination of flammable or non-16 flammable. Therefore, it can be predicted for the other fluoroolefins of the present disclosure, which will be most useful in combination with the flammable refrigerants of the present disclosure as being in fact non-flammable fluoroolefins.

Experimental Prediction from Flammability Compound Formula #F #H F/(F+H) flammability (LFL, vol% in factor air) HFC- C3H F5 5 1 0.83 non-flammable non-flammable 1225ye HFC- C3H2F4 4 2 0.67 6.0 flammable 1234yf E-HFC- C31-12F4 4 2 0,67 5.0 flammable 1234ze HFC- C5HF9 9 1 0.90 non-flammable non-flammable 1429myz/
mzy (mixture of isomers) F12E C6H2F8 8 2 0.75 non-flammable _ non-flammable Other fluoroolefins HFC-1243 C3H3F3 3 3 0.15 na Flammable FC-1318 C4F8 8 0 1.0 na non-flammable HFC-1327 C4F1F7 7 1 0.88 na non-flammable HFC-1336 C4H2F6 6 2 0.75 na non-flammable HFC-1345 C4H3F5 5 3 0.63 na flammable HFC-1354 C4H4F4 4 4 0.50 na flammable FC-141-10 05F10 10 0 1.0 na non-flammable HFC-1429 C5HF9 9 1 0.90 na non-flammable HFC-1438 C5H2F8 8 2 0.80 na non-flammable HFC-1447 C5H3F7 7 3 010 na non-flammable HFC-1456 C51-14F6 6 4 0.6 na flammable FC-151-12 C6F12 12 0 1.0 na non-flammable =
HFC-152- C6FIF11 11 = 1 0.92 na non-flammable HFC-153- C81-12F10 10 2 0.83 na non-flammable HFC-1549 C81-13F8 9 3 0.75 na non-flammable HFC-1558 05I-14F8 8 4 0.67 na flammable HFC-1567 C8115F7 7 5 0.58 na flammable FC-161-14 C7E14 14 0 1.0 na non-flammable HFC-162- C7FIF13 13 1 0.93 na non-flammable HFC-163- C7H2F12 12 2 0.86 na non-flammable HFC-164- C7H3F11 11 3 0.79 na non-flammable HFC-165- C7H4F10 10 4 0.71 na non-flammable HFC-1669 C7H5F9 9 5 0.64 na flammable HFC- C4F6 6 0 1.0 na non-flammable HFC- C5F8 8 0 1.0 na non-flammable HFC- C6F10 10 0 1.0 na non-flammable HFC- C4H2F4 4 2 0.67 na flammable HFC- C5H2F6 6 2 0.75 na non-flammable The fluoroolefins as listed in Table 4 may be determined to be flammable or non-flammable based upon the value of the flammability factor. If the flammability factor is found to be equal to or greater than 0.70, then the fluoroolefin may be expected to be non-flammable. If the flammability factor is less than 0.70, then the fluoroolefin may be expected to be flammable.
In another embodiment of the present invention, the fluoroolefins for use in compositions with flammable refrigerants are those fluoroolefins selected from the group consisting of:
(a) fluoroolefins of the formula E- or Z-R1CH=CHR2, wherein R1 and R2 are, independently, C1 to C6 perfluoroalkyl groups;
(b) cyclic fluoroolefins of the formula cyclo-[CX=CY(CZW)r], wherein X, Y, Z, and W, independently, are H or F, and n is an integer from 2 to 5, and wherein the flammability factor is greater than or equal to 0.70; and (c) fluoroolefins selected from the group consisting of:
1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene (CF3CF=CHF); 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene (CF3CH=CF2); 1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene (CHF2CF=CF2); 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,4-octafluoro-2-butene (CF3CF=CFCF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,4-octafluoro-1-butene (CF3CF2CFr-CF2); 1,1,1,2,4,4,4-heptafluoro-2-butene (CF3CF=CHCF3); 1,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CFCF2CF3); 1,1,1,2,3,4,4-heptafluoro-2-butene (CHF2CF=CFCF3); 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-propene ((CF3)2C=CHF); 1,1,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene (CF2=CHCF2CF3); 1,1,2,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene (CF2=CFCHFCF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene (CF2=CFCF2CHF2); 2,3,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene (CF3CF2CF=CH2); 1,3,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CHCF2CF3); 1,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CFCHFCF3); 1,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CFCF2CHF2); 1,1,2,3,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (CHF2CF=CFCHF2); 1,1,1,2,3,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (CH2FCF=CFCF3); 1,1,1,2,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (CHF2CH=CFCF3); 1,1,1,3,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (CF3CH=CFCHF2); 1,1,2,3,3,4-hexafluoro-1-butene (CF2=CFCF2CH2F); 1,1,2,3,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene (CF2=CFCHFCHF2); 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-propene (CH2=C(CF3)2); 1 ,1 ,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CF=CFCF2CF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-1-pentene (CF2=CFCF2CF2CF3); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene ((CF3)2C=CHCF3); 1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CF=CHCF2CF3); 1,1,1,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CH=CFCF2CF3); 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-1-pentene (CHF=CFCF2CF2CF3); 1,1,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-1-pentene (CF2=CHCF2CF2CF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-nonafluoro-1-pentene (CF2=CFCF2CF2CHF2); 1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene (CHF2CF=CFCF2CF3); 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CF=CFCF2CHF2); 1,1,1,2,3,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CF=CFCHFCF3); 1,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CHF=CFCF(CF3)2); 1,1,2,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-(trifluoromethy1)-1-butene (CF2=CFCH(CF3)2); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-(trifiuoromethyl)-2-butene (CF3CH=C(CF3)2);
1,1,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CF2=CHCF(CF3)2); 2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-1-pentene (CH2=CFCF2CF2CF3); 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoro-1-pentene (CHF=CFCF2CF2CHF2); 3,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-2-(trifluoromethy1)-1-butene (CF12=C(CF3)CF2CF3); 1,1,4,4,4-pentafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (0F2=CHCH(CF3)2); 1,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CHF=CHCF(CF3)2);
1,1,4,4,4-pentafluoro-2-(trffluoromethyl)-1-butene (CF2=C(CF3)CH2CF3); 3,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene ((CF3)2CFCH=CH2); 3,3,4,4,5,5,5-heptafluoro-1-pentene (CF3CF2CF2CH=CH2); 2,3,3,4,4,5,5-heptafluoro-1-pentene (CH2=CFCF2CF2CHF2); 1,1,3,3,5,5,5-heptafluoro-1-butene (CF2=CHCF2CH2CF3); 1,1,1,2,4,4,4-heptafluoro-3-methyl-2-butene (CF3CF=C(CF3)(CH3)); 2,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CH2=CFCH(CF3)2); 1,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CHF=CHCH(CF3)2); 1,1,1,4-tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene (CH2FCH=C(CF3)2); 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-. 5 2-butene (CH3CF=C(CF3)2); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-dodecafluoro-1-hexene (CF3(CF2)30F=CF2); 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,6-dodecafluoro-3-hexene (CF3CF2CF=CFCF2CF3); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene ((CF3)2C=C(CF3)2); 1,1,1,2,3,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene ((CF3)2CFCF=CFCF3);
1,1,1,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene ((CF3)2C=CHC2F5); 1,1,1,3,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-.
pentene ((CF3)2CFCF=CHCF3); 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-nonafluoro-1-hexene (CF3CF2CF2CF2CH=CH2); 4,4,4-trifluoro-3,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CH2=CHC(CF3)3); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-3-methyl-2-butene ((CF3)2C=C(CH3)(CF3)); 2,3,3,5,5,5-hexafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-1-pentene (CH2=CFCF2CH(CF3)2); 1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-3-methyl-2-pentene (CF3CF=C(CH3)CF2CF3); 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene (CF3CH=CHCH(CF3)2);
1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tetradecafluoro-2-heptene (CF3CF=CFCF2CF2C2F5); 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tetradecafluoro-3-heptene (CF3CF2CF=0FCF2C2F5);
1,1,1,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-2-heptene (CF3CH=CFCF2CF2C2F5); 1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-2-heptene (CF3CF=CHCF2CF2C2F5); 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-3-heptene (CF3CF2CH=CFCF2C2F5); and 1,1,1,2,2,3,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-3-heptene (CF3CF2CF=CHCF2C2F5).
In yet another embodiment, the fluoroolefins of the present disclosure that may be particularly useful in combination with flammable refrigerants, may be at least one fluoroolefln selected from the group consisting of:
(a) fluoroolefins of the formula E- or Z-R1CH=CHR2, wherein R1 and R2 are, independently, C1 to C6 perfluoroalkyl groups, and wherein the flammability factor is greater than or equal to 0.70;
and (b) cyclic fluorooleflns of the formula cyclo-[CX=CY(CZW),-], wherein X, Y, Z, and W, independently, are H or F, and n is an integer from 2 to 5, and wherein the flammability factor is greater than or equal to 0.70.
While the flammability factor provides a basis for predicting flammability of certain fluoroolefin compounds, there may be certain variables, such as position of the hydrogen atoms on the molecule that would account for certain isomers with a given molecular formula being flammable while other isomers are non-flammable. Therefore, the flammability factor may only be used as a tool for predicting flammability characteristics.
Flammable refrigerants of the present invention comprise any compound, which may be demonstrated to propagate a flame under specified conditions of temperature, pressure and composition when mixed with air. Flammable refrigerants may be identified by testing under conditions specified by ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.) Standard 34-2001, under ASTM (American Society of Testing and Materials) E681-01, with an electronic ignition source. Such tests of flammability are conducted with the refrigerant at 101 kPa (14.7 psia) and a specified temperature (typically 100 C (212 F), or room temperature, that being about 23 C (73 F) at various concentrations in air in order to determine the lower flammability limit (LFL) and upper flammability limit (UFL) of the test compound in air.
In practical terms, a refrigerant may be classified as flammable if upon leaking from a refrigeration apparatus or air-conditioning apparatus, and contacting an ignition source a fire may result. The compositions of the present invention, during such a leak, have a low probability of causing a fire.
Flammable refrigerants of the present invention include hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), fluoroolefins, fluoroethers, hydrocarbon ethers, hydrocarbons, ammonia (NH3), and combinations thereof.
Flammable HFC refrigerants include but are not limited to:
difluoromethane (HFC-32), fluoromethane (HFC-41), 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (HFC-143a), 1,1,2-trifluoroethane (HFC-143), 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a), fluoroethane (HFC-161), 1,1,1-trifluoropropane (HFC-263fb), 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane (HFC-365mfc), and combinations thereof.
These flammable HFC refrigerants are commercial products available from a number of sources such as chemical synthesis companies or may be prepared by synthetic processes disclosed in the art.
Flammable refrigerants of the present invention further comprise fluorooleflns including but not limited to: 1,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (HFC-1234ye); 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (HFC-1234ze);
2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (HFC-1234yf); 1,1,2,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (HFC-1234yc); 1,1,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (HFC-1234zc); 2,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene (HFC-1243yf); 3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene (HFC-1243zf); 1,1,2-trifluoro-1-propene (HFC-1243yc); 1,1,3-trifluoro-1-propene (HFC-1243zc);
1,2,3-trifluoro-1-propene (HFC-1243ye); and 1,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene (HFC-1243ze).
Flammable refrigerants of the present invention further comprise fluoroethers, compounds similar to hydrofluorocarbons, which also contain at least one ether group oxygen atom. Representative fluoroether refrigerants include but are not limited to C4F90C2H5, available commercially.
Flammable refrigerants of the present invention further comprise hydrocarbon refrigerants. Representative hydrocarbon refrigerants include but are not limited to propane, propylene, cyclopropane, n-butane, isobutane, n-pentane, 2-methylbutane (isopentane), cyclobutane, cyclopentane, 2,2-dimethylpropane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, 2,3-dimethylbutane, 2,3-dimethylpentane, 2-methylhexane, 3-methylhexane, 2-methylpentane, 3-ethylpentane, 3-methylpentane, cyclohexane, n-heptane, methylcyclopentane, and n-hexane. Flammable hydrocarbon refrigerants are readily available from multiple commercial sources.
Flammable refrigerants of the present invention further comprise hydrocarbon ethers, such as dimethyl ether (DME, CH3OCH3) and methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE, (CH3)3COCH3), both available from multiple commercial sources.
Flammable refrigerants of the present invention further comprise ammonia (NH3), a commercially available compound.

Flammable refrigerants of the present invention may further comprise mixtures of more than one refrigerant such as a mixture of two or more flammable refrigerants (eg. two HFCs or an HFC and a hydrocarbon) or a mixture comprising a flammable refrigerant and a non-flammable refrigerant, such that the overall mixture is still considered to be a flammable refrigerant, identified under the ASTM conditions described herein, or in practical terms.
Examples of non-flammable refrigerants that may be combined with other refrigerants of the present invention include R-134a, R-134, R-23, R125, R-236fa, R-245fa, and mixtures of HCFC-22/HFC-152a/HCFC-124 (known by the ASHRAE designations, R401 or R-401A, R-401B, and R-401C), HFC-125/HFC-143a/HFC-134a (known by the ASHRAE
designation, R-404 or R-404A), HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-134a (known by ASHRAE designations, R407 or R-407A, R-407B, and R-407C), HCFC-22/HFC-143a/HFC-125 (known by the ASHRAE designation, R408 or R-408A), HCFC-22/HCFC-124/HCFC-142b (known by the ASHRAE
. designation: R-409 or R-409A), HFC-32/HFC-125 (known by the ASHRAE
designation R-410A), and HFC-125/HFC-143a (known by the ASHRAE
= designation: R-507 or R507A) and carbon dioxide.
Examples of mixtures of more than one flammable refrigerant include propane/isobutane; HFC-152a/isobutane, R32/propane;
R32/isobutane; and HFC/carbon dioxide mixtures such as HFC-152a/CO2.
One aspect of the present invention is to provide a non-flammable refrigerant with a global warming potential of less than 150, preferably less than 50. Another aspect of the present invention is to reduce the flammability of flammable refrigeration mixtures by adding non-flammable fluoroolefins to said mixtures.
It may be demonstrated that while certain refrigerants are flammable, it is possible to produce a non-flammable refrigerant composition by adding to the flammable refrigerant another compound that is not flammable. Examples of such nonflammable refrigerant blends include R-410A (HFC-32 is a flammable refrigerant, while HFC-125 is non-flammable), and R-407C (HFC-32 is a flammable refrigerant, while HFC-125 and HFC-134a are not flammable).
The compositions of the present invention that are useful as refrigerants or heat transfer fluids comprising at least one fluoroolefin and at least one flammable refrigerant may contain an effective amount of fluoroolefin to produce a composition that is non-flammable based upon results of ASTM E681-01.
The present inventive compositions comprising at least one flammable refrigerant and at least one fluoroolefin may contain about 1 weight percent to about 99 weight percent fluoroolefin and about 99 weight percent to about 1 weight percent flammable refrigerant.
In another embodiment, the compositions of the present invention may contain about 10 weight percent to about 80 weight percent fluoroolefin and about 90 weight percent to about 20 weight percent flammable refrigerant. In yet another embodiment, the compositions of the present invention may contain about 20 weight percent to about 70 weight percent fluoroolefin and about 80 weight percent to about 30 weight percent flammable refrigerant.
Of particular interest is an embodiment of the present disclosure wherein the fluoroolefin comprises HFC-1225ye and the flammable refrigerant comprises HFC-32 (difluoromethane). It has been determined that compositions comprising up to 37 weight percent HFC-32 are non-flammable, while compositions comprising 38 weight percent HFC-32 or greater are flammable as determined by ASTM 681-01. The present disclosure provides non-flammable compositions comprising about 1.0 weight percent to about 37.0 weight percent HFC-32 and about 99.0 weight percent to about 63 weight percent HFC-1225ye.
Also, of particular interest is an embodiment of the present disclosure wherein the composition comprises HFC-1225ye, HFC-32 and HFC-125. This composition of the present invention comprises about 20 weight percent to about 95 weight percent HFC-1225ye, about 1.0 weight percent to about 65 weight percent HFC-32, and about 1.0 weight percent to about 40 weight percent HFC-125. In another embodiment, the composition comprises about 30 weight percent to about 90 weight percent HFC-1225ye, about 5.0 weight percent to about 55 weight percent HFC-32, and about 1.0 weight percent to about 35 weight percent HFC-125. In yet another embodiment, the composition comprises about 40 weight percent to about 85 weight percent HFC-1225ye, about 10 weight percent to about 45 weight percent HFC-32 and about 1.0 weight percent to about 28 weight percent HFC-125. Those compositions containing less than about 40 weight percent HFC-32 are expected to be non-flammable compositions. This flammability limit will vary from less than about 45 weight percent HFC-32 to less than about 37 weight percent HFC-32 depending on the relative ratios of HFC-1225ye and HFC-125 present in the composition.
In another embodiment of particular interest, the flammable refrigerant comprises HFC-1243zf and a non-flammable fluoroolefin intended to reduce the flammability of the overall composition. The composition may comprise about 1.0 weight percent to about 99 weight percent HFC-1243zf and about 99 weight percent to about 1.0 weight percent HFC-1225ye. Alternatively, the composition may comprise about 40 weight percent to about 70 weight percent HFC-1243zf and about 60 weight percent to about 30 weight percent HFC-1225ye.
In another embodiment of particular interest, the composition comprises about 1.0 weight percent to about 98 weight percent HFC-1243zf; about 1.0 weight percent to about 98 weight percent HFC-1225ye;
and about 1.0 weight percent to about 50 weight percent HFC-125.
Alternatively, the composition comprises about 40 weight percent to about 70 weight percent HFC-1243zf; about 20 weight percent to about 60 weight percent HFC-1225ye; and about 1,0 weight percent to about 10 weight percent HFC-125.
In another embodiment of particular interest the composition comprises about 1.0 weight percent to about 98 weight percent HFC-1243zf; about "1.0 weight percent to about 98 weight percent HFC-1225ye;
and about 1.0 weight percent to about 50 weight percent HFC-32.
Alternatively, the composition comprises about 40 weight percent to about 70 weight percent HFC-1243zf; about 20 weight percent to about 60 weight percent HFC-1225ye; and about to weight percent to about 10 weight percent HFC-32.
In yet another embodiment of particular interest, the composition comprises about 1.0 weight percent to about 97 weight percent HFC-1243zf; about 1.0 weight percent to about 97 weight percent HFC-1225ye; about 1.0 weight percent to about 50 weight percent HFC-125; and about 1.0 weight percent to about 50 weight percent HFC-32.
Alternatively, the composition comprises about 40 weight percent to about 70 weight percent HFC-1243zf; about 20 weight percent to about 60 =
weight percent HFC-1225ye; and about 1.0 weight percent to about 10 weight percent HFC-125; and about 1.0 weight percent to about 10 weight percent HFC-32.
_ The present invention further relates to a method for reducing the flammability of a flammable refrigerant said method comprising = combining the flammable refrigerant with at least one Nuoroolefin. The amount of fluoroolefin added must be an effective amount to produce a non-flammable compositions as determined by ASTM 681-01.
Compositions of the present invention may be used in = 10 combination with a desiccant in a refrigeration, air-conditioning, or heat pump system to aid in removal of moisture. Desiccants may be composed of acitivated alumina, silica gel, or zeolite based molecular sieves.
== Representative molecular sieves include MOLSINAH-7, XH-6, XH-9 and XH-11 (UOP LLC, Des Plaines, IL). For refrigerants with small molecular size such as HFC-32, XH-11 desiccant is preferred.
The compositions of the present invention may further comprise at least one lubricant. Lubricants of the present invention comprise those == suitable for use with refrigeration or air-conditioning apparatus. Among these lubricants are those conventionally used in compression refrigeration apparatus utilizing chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants. Such lubricants and their properties are discussed in the 1990 ASHRAE
Handbook, Refrigeration Systems and Applications, chapter 8, titled "Lubricants in Refrigeration Systems", pages 8.1 through 8.21.
Lubricants of the present invention may comprise those commonly known as "mineral oils" in the field of compression refrigeration lubrication. Mineral oils comprise paraffins (i.e.
straight-chain and branched-carbon-chain, saturated hydrocarbons), naphthenes (i.e. cyclic paraffins) and aromatics (i.e. unsaturated, cyclic = hydrocarbons containing one or more rings characterized by alternating double bonds). Lubricants of the present invention further comprise those commonly known as "synthetic oils" in the field of compression refrigeration lubrication. Synthetic oils comprise alkylaryls (i.e. linear and branched alkyl alkylbenzenes), synthetic paraffins and naphthenes, and poly(alphaoleflns). Representative conventional lubricants of the present invention are the commercially available BVM 100 N (paraffinic mineral oil sold by BVA Oils), Suniso 3GS and Suniso 5G8 (naphthenic mineral oil sold by Crompton Co.), Sontex 372LT (naphthenic mineral oil sold by Pennzoil), Calumet RO-30 (naphthenic mineral oil sold by Calumet Lubricants), Zerol 75, Zerol 150 and Zerol 500 (linear alkylbenzenes sold by Shrieve Chemicals) and HAB 22 (branched alkylbenzene sold by Nippon Oil).
Lubricants of the present invention further comprise those, which have been designed for use with hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants and are miscible with refrigerants of the present invention under compression refrigeration and air-conditioning apparatus' operating conditions. Such lubricants and their properties are discussed in "Synthetic Lubricants and High-Performance Fluids", R. L. Shubkin, editor, Marcel Dekker, 1993.
Such lubricants include, but are not limited to, polyol esters (POEs) such as Castrole 100 (Castro!, United Kingdom), polyalkylene glycols (PAGs) such as RL-488A from Dow (Dow Chemical, Midland, Michigan), and polyvinyl ethers (PVEs).
Lubricants of the present invention are selected by considering a given compressor's requirements and the environment to which the lubricant will be exposed.
Commonly used refrigeration system additives may optionally be added, as desired, to compositions of the present invention in order to enhance lubricity and system stability. These additives are generally known within the field of refrigeration compressor lubrication, and include anti wear agents, extreme pressure lubricants, corrosion and oxidation inhibitors, metal surface deactivators, foaming and antifoam control agents, leak detectants and the like. In general, these additives are present only in small amounts relative to the overall lubricant composition.
They are typically used at concentrations of from less than about 0.1 % to as much as about 3 % of each additive. These additives are selected on the basis of the individual system requirements. Some typical examples of such additives may include, but are not limited to, lubrication enhancing additives, such as alkyl or aryl esters of phosphoric acid and of thiophosphates. Additionally, the metal dialkyl dithiophosphates (e.g. zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate or ZDDP, Lubrizol 1375) and other members of this family of chemicals may be used in compositions of the present invention. Other antiwear additives include natural product oils and assymetrical polyhydroxyl lubrication additives such as Synergol TMS

(International Lubricants). Similarly, stabilizers such as antioxidants, free radical scavengers, and water scavengers (drying compounds) may be employed. Such additives include but are not limited to, nitromethane, hindered phenols (such as butylated hydroxy toluene, or BHT), hydroxylamines, thiols, phosphites, epoxides or lactones. Water scavengers include but are not limited to ortho esters such as trimethyl-, triethyl-, or tripropylortho formate. Single additives or combinations may be used.
In one embodiment, the present invention provides compositions comprising at least one fluoroolefin and at least one stabilizer selected from the group consisting of thiophosphates, butylated triphenylphosphorothionates, organo phosphates, dialkylthiophosphate esters, terpenes, terpenoids, fullerenes, functionalized perfluoropolyethers, polyoxyalkylated aromatics, epoxides, fluorinated epoxides, oxetanes, ascorbic acid, thiols, lactones, thioethers, nitromethanes, alkylsilanes, benzophenone derivatives, arylsulfide, divinyl terephthalate, diphenyl terephthalate, alkylamines, hindered amine antioxidants, and phenols, The alkylamines can include triethylamine, tributylamine, diisopropylamine, triisopropylamine, triisobutylamine, and other members of this family of alkylamine compounds.
In another embodiment, the stabilizers of the present invention may comprise specific combinations of stabilizers. One combination of stabilizers of particular interest comprises at least one terpene or terpenoid. These terpenes or terpenoids may be combined with at least one compound selected from epoxides, fluorinated epoxides, and oxetanes.
Terpenes are hydrocarbon compounds characterized by structures containing more than one repeating isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) unit. Terpenes may be acyclic or cyclic. Representative terpenes include but are not limited to myrcene (2-methyl-6-methyl-eneocta-1,7-diene), allo-cimene, beta-ocimene, terebene, limonene (or d-limonene), retinal, pinene (or alpha-pinene), menthol, geraniol, farnesol, phytol, Vitamin A, terpinene, delta-3-carene, terpinolene, phellandrene, fenchene and mixtures thereof. Terpene stabilizers are commercially available or may be prepared by methods known in the art or isolated from natural sources.

Terpenoids are natural products and related compounds characterized by structures containing more than one repeating isoprene unit and optionally contain oxygen. Representative terpenoids include carotenoids, such as lycopene (CAS reg. no. [502-65-8]), betacarotene (CAS reg. no. [7235-40-7]), and xanthophylls, i.e. zeaxanthin (CAS reg.
no. [144-68-31); retinoids, such as hepaxanthin (CAS reg. no. [512-39-0]), and isotretinoin (CAS reg. no. [4759-48-2]); abietane (CAS reg. no. [640-43-71); ambrosane (CAS reg. no. [24749-18-6]); aristolane (CAS reg. no.
[29788-49-6]); atisane (CAS reg, no, [24379-83-7]); beyerane (CAS reg.
no. [2359-83-3]), bisabolane (CAS reg. no. [29799-19-71); bornane (CAS
reg. no. [464-15-3]); caryophyllane (CAS reg. no. [20479-00-9]); cedrane = (CAS reg. no. [13567-54-9]); dammarane (CAS reg. no. [545-22-2]);
drimane (CAS reg. no. [5951-58-6]); eremophilane (CAS reg. no. [3242-05-5]); eudesmane (CAS reg. no. [473-11-0]); fenchane (CAS reg. no.
[6248-88-0]); gammacerane (CAS reg. no. [559-65-9]); germacrane (CAS
reg. no. [645-10-31); gibbane (CAS reg. no. [6902-95-0]); grayanotoxane (CAS reg. no. [39907-73-8]); guaiane (CAS reg. no. [489-80-5]);
himachalane (CAS reg. no. [20479-45-2]); hopane (CAS reg. no. [471-62-5]); humulane (CAS reg. no. 1430-19-3]); kaurane (CAS reg. no. [1573-40-6]); labdane (CAS reg. no. [561-90-0]); lanostane (CAS reg. no. [474-20-4]); lupane (CAS reg. no. [464-99-31); p-menthane (CAS reg. no. [99-82-1]); oleanane (CAS reg. no. [471-67-0]); ophiobolane (CAS reg. no.
[20098-65-1]); picrasane (CAS reg. no. [35732-97-9]); pimarane (CAS reg.
no. [30257-03-5]); pinane (CAS reg. no. [473-55-21); podocarpane (CAS, reg. no. [471-78-3]); protostane (CAS reg. no. [70050-78-1]); rosane (CAS
reg. no. [6812-82-4]); taxane (CAS reg. no. (1605-68-11); thujane (CAS
reg. no. [471-12-5]); trichothecane (CAS reg. no. [24706-08-9]); and ursane (CAS reg. no. [464-93-7]). The terpenoids of the present invention are commercially available or may be prepared by methods known in the =
art or may be isolated from the naturally occurring source.
In one embodiment, the terpene or terpenoid stabilizers may be combined with at least one epoxide. Representative epoxides include 1,2-propylene oxide (CAS reg. no. [75-56-9]); 1,2-butylene oxide (CAS reg.
no. [106-88-71); or mixtures thereof.
In another embodiment, the terpene or terpenoid stabilizers of the present invention may be combined with at least one fluorinated epoxide. The fluorinated epoxides of the present invention may be depicted by Formula 3, wherein each of R2 through R5 is H, alkyl of 1 - 6 carbon atoms or fluoroalkyl of 1-6 carbon atoms with the proviso that at least one of R2 through R5 is a fluoroalkyl group.

R2.,1 VR4 Formula 3 Representative fluorinated epoxide stabilizers include but are not limited to trifluoromethyloxirane and 1,1-bis(trifluoromethyl)oxirane. Such compounds may be prepared by methods known in the art, for instance by methods described in, Journal of Fluorine Chemistry, volume 24, pages 93-104 (1984), Journal of Organic Chemistry, volume 56, pages 3187 to 3189 (1991), and Journal of Fluorine Chemistry, volume 125, pages 99-= 105 (2004).
= In another embodiment, the terpene or terpenoid stabilizers of the present invention may be combined with at least one oxetane. The oxetane stabilizers of the present invention may be compounds with one or more oxetane groups and is represented by Formula 4, wherein R1-R6 are the same or different and can be selected from hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl, aryl or substituted aryl.

Ri 0 R6 Formula 4 Representative oxetane stabilizers include but are not limited to 3-ethyl-3-hydroxymethyl-oxetane, such as OXT-101 (Toagosei Co., Ltd); 3-ethyl-3-((phenoxy)methyl)-oxetane, such as OXT-211 (Toagosei Co., Ltd); and 3-ethyl-34(2-ethyl-hexyloxy)methyl)-oxetane, such as OXT-212 (Toagosei Co., Ltd).
47=

Another embodiment of particular interest is a combination of stabilizers comprising fullerenes. The fullerene stabilizers may be combined with at least one compound selected from the group consisting of epoxides, fluorinated epoxides, and oxetanes. The epoxides, fluorinated epoxides, and oxetanes for combination with fullerenes have been previously described herein as for combination with terpenes or terpenoids.
Another embodiment of particular interest is a combination of stabilizers comprising phenols. The fullerene stabilizers may be combined with at least one compound selected from the group consisting of epoxides, fluorinated epoxides, and oxetanes. The epoxides, fluorinated epoxides, and oxetanes for combination with phenols have been previously described herein as for combination with terpenes or ' terpenoids.
Phenol stabilizers comprise any substituted or unsubstituted phenol compound including phenols comprising one or more substituted or unsubstituted cyclic, straight chain, or branched aliphatic substituent group, such as, alkylated monophenols including 2,6-di-tert-buty1-4-methylphenol; 2,6-di-tert-buty1-4-ethylphenol; 2,4-dimethy1-6-tertbutylphenol; tocopherol; and the like, hydroquinone and alkylated hydroquinones including t-butyl hydroquinone, other derivatives of hydroquinone; and the like, hydroxylated thiodiphenyl ethers, including 4,4'-thio-bis(2-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 4,4'-thiobis(3-methy1-6-tertbutylphenol); 2,2'-thiobis(4methy1-6-tert-butylphenol); and the like, alkylidene-bisphenols including,: 4,4'-methylenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol); 4,4'-bis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol); derivatives of 2,2'- or 4,4-biphenoldiols; 2,2'-methylenebis(4-ethyl-6-tertbutylphenol); 2,2'-methylenebis(4-methy1-6-tertbutylphenol); 4,4-butylidenebis(3-methy1-6-tert-butylphenol); 4,4-isopropylidenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol); 2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-nonylphenol); 2,2'-isobutylidenebis(4,6-dimethylphenol; 2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-cyclohexylphenol, 2,2- or 4,4- biphenyldiols including 2,2'-methylenebis(4-ethy1-6-tert-butylphenol);
butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT), bisphenols comprising heteroatoms including 2,6-di-tert-alpha-dimethylamino-p-cresol, 4,4-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-m-cresol); and the like; acylaminophenols; 2,6-di-tert-buty1-4(N,N'-dimethylaminomethylphenol); sulfides including; bis(3-methy1-4-hydroxy-5-tert-butylbenzyl)sulfide; bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)sulfide; and the. like.
In one embodiment of the present invention, these combinations of stabilizers comprising terpenes or terpenoids, or fullerenes or phenols with at least one compound selected from the group consisting of epoxides, fluorinated epoxides, and oxetanes, may further comprise an additional stabilizer compound selected from the group consisting of:
areoxalylbis(benzylidene)hydrazide (CAS reg. no. 6629-10-3);
N,N1-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamoylhydrazine) (CAS
reg. no. 32687-78-8);
2,2'-oxamidobis-ethyl-(3,5-d-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydorcinnamate) (CAS
reg. no. 70331-94-1);
N,NI-(disalicyclidene)-1,2-propanediamine (CAS reg. no. 94-91-1); and ethyenediaminetetraacetic acid (CAS reg. no. 60-00-4) and salts thereof.
In another embodiment of the present invention, these combinations of stabilizers comprising terpenes or terpenoids, or fullerenes or phenols with at least one compound.selected from the group consisting of epoxides, fluorinated epoxides, and oxetanes, may further comprise at least one alkylamine selected from the.group consisting of triethylamine; tributylamine; triisopropylamine; diisobutylamine;
triisopropylamine; triisobutylamine; and hindered amine antioxidants.
The compositions of the present invention may further comprise a compound or composition that is a tracer and is selected from the group consisting of hydrofluorocarbon (HFCs), deuterated hydrocarbon, deuterated hydrofluorocarbon, perfluorocarbons, fluoroether, brominated compound, iodated compound, alcohol, aldehyde, ketones, nitrous oxide (N20) and combinations thereof. The tracer used in the present invention are different compositions from those used as refrigerant or heat transfer fluids, are added to the refrigerant and heat transfer compositions in previously determined quantities to allow detection of any dilution, contamination or other alteration of the composition, as described in U. S.
Publication No. 2005-0230657.
Typical tracer compounds for use in the present compositions are listed in Table 5.

Compound I Structure Deuterated hydrocarbons and hydrofluorocarbons Ethane-d6 CD3CD3 Propane-d8 CD3CD2CD3 HFC-32-d2 CD2F2 HFC-134a-d2 CD2FCF3 = HFC-143a-d3 CD3CF3 HFC-125-d CDF2CF3 HFC-227ea-d CF3CDFCF3 HFC-227ca-d CF3CF2CDF2 HFC-134-d2 CDF2CDF2 HFC-236fa-d2 CF3CD2CF3 = HFC-245cb-d3 = CF3CF2CD3 HFC-263fb-d2* CF3CD2CH3 HFC-2631b-d3 CF2CH2CD3 Fluoroethers HFOC-134aE CH2FOCF3 HFOC-143aE CH3OCF3 HFOC-227eaE CF3OCHF-F3 HFOC-236faE CF3OCH2CF3 HFOC-245faE13y or HFOC- CHF2OCH2CF3 245faEc43 (or CHF2CH2OCF3) HFOC-245cbEi37 or HFOC-245cbcti3 CH3OCF2CF3 (or CH3CF20CF3) HFE-42-l1mcc (or Freon El) CF3CF2CF2OCHFCF3 Freon E2 OF3CF2CF20CF(CF3)CF2OCHFCF3 Hydrofluorocarbons HFC-152a CH3CHF2 HFC-227ea CF3CHFCF3 HFC-227ca = CHF2CF2CF3 HFC-236cb CH2FCF2CF3 =

HFC-236ea CF3CHFCHF2 HFC-236fa CF3CH2CF3 HFC-245cb CF3CF2CH3 HFC-245fa CHF2CH2CF3 HFC-254cb CHF2CF2CH3 HFC-254eb CF3CHFCH3 HFC-263fb CF3CH2CH3 HFC-272ca CH3CF2CH3 HFC-281ea CH3CHFCH3 HFC-281fa CH2FCH2CH3 HFC-329p CH F2CF2CF2CF3 HFC-329mmz (CH3) 2CHCF3 HFC-338mf CF3CH2CF2CF3 HFC-338pcc CHF2CF2CF2CHF2 HFC-347s CH3CF2CF2CF3 HFC-43-10mee CF3CHFCHFCF2CF3 Perfluorocarbons PFC-C216 Cyclo(-CF2CF2CF2-) PFC-C318 Cyclo(-CF2CF2CF2CF2-) PFC-31-10mc CF3CF2CF2CF3 PFC-31-10my (CF3)2CFCF3 PFC-051-12mycm Cyclo(-CF(CF3)CF2CF(CF3)CF2-) PFC-051-12mym, trans Cyclo(-CF2CF(CF3)CF(CF3CF2-) PFC-051-12mym, cis Cyclo(-CF2CF(CF3)CF(CF3)C Fa-) Perfluoronnethylcyclo-pentane Cyclo(-CF2CF2(CF3)CF2CF2CF2-) Perfluoromethylcyclo-hexane Cyclo(-CF2CF2(CF3)CF2CF2CF2CF2-) Perfluorodimethylcyclo-hexane (ortho, Cyclo(-CF2CF2(CF3)CF2CF2(CF3)CF2-) meta, or para) Perfluoroethylcyclohexane Cyclo(-CF2CF2(CF2CF3)CF2CF2CF2C F2-Pertluoroindan C3F10 (see structure below) F F

Perfluorotrimethylcyclo-hexane (all Cyclo(-possible isomers) C F2 (C F3) C F2 (C F3)C F2 C FAC F3) CF2-) Perfluoroisopropylcyclo-hexane Cyclo(-CF2CF2(CF2(CF3)2)CF2CF2CF2CF2-) Perfluorodecalin (cis or trans, trans CioFis (see structure below) shown) F F
Perfluoromethyldecalin (cis or trans C11F20 (see structure below) and all additional possible isomers) F F
F F
Brominated compounds Bromomethane CH3Br Bromofluoromethane CH2FBr Bromodifluoromethane CHF2Br Dibromofluoromethane CHFBr2 Tribromomethane CHBr3 Bromoethane CH3CH2Br Bromoethene CH2=CHBr 1,2-dibromoethane CH2BrCH2Br 1-bromo-1,2-difluoroethene CFBr=CHF
iodated compounds lodotritTuoromethane CF3I
Difluoroiodomethane CHF2I
Fluoroiodomethane CH2F1 1,1,2-trifluoro-1-iodoethane CF2ICH2F
1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-1-iodoethane CF2ICHF2 1,1 ,2,2-tetrafluoro-1 ,2-dilodoethane CF2ICF21 lodopentafluorobenzene 06F51 Alcohols Ethanol CH3CH2OH

n-propanol CH3CH2CH2OH
lsopropanol CH3CH(OH)CH3 Aldehydes and Ketones Acetone (2-propanone) CH3C(0)CH3 n-propanal CH3CH2CHO
n-butanal CH3CH2CH2CHO
Methyl ethyl ketone (2-butanone) CH3C(0)CH2CH3 Other Nitrous oxide N20 The compounds listed in Table 5 are available commercially (from chemical supply houses) or may be prepared by processes known in the art Single tracer compounds may be used in combination with a refrigeration/heating fluid in the compositions of the present invention or multiple tracer compounds may be combined in any proportion to serve as a tracer blend. The tracer blend may contain multiple tracer compounds from the same class of compounds or multiple tracer compounds from different classes of compounds. For example, a tracer blend may contain 2 or more deuterated hydrofluorocarbons, or one deuterated hydrofluorocarbon in combination with one or more perfluorocarbons.
Additionally, some of the compounds in Table 4 exist as multiple isomers, structural or optical. Single isomers or multiple isomers of the same compound may be used in any proportion to prepare the tracer compound. Further, single or multiple isomers of a given compound may be combined in any proportion with any number of other compounds to serve as a tracer blend.
The tracer compound or tracer blend may be present in the compositions at a total concentration of about 50 parts per million by weight (ppm) to about 1000 ppm. Preferably, the tracer compound or tracer blend is present at a total concentration of about 50 ppm to about 500 ppm and most preferably, the tracer compound or tracer blend is present at a total concentration of about 100 ppm to about 300 ppm.
The compositions of the present invention may further comprise an ultra-violet (UV) dye and optionally a solubilizing agent. The UV dye is a useful component for detecting leaks of the refrigerant composition or heat transfer fluids by permitting one to observe the fluorescence of the dye in the refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition at or in the vicinity of a leak point in said apparatus in the refrigeration, air-conditioning, heat = pump apparatus. One may observe the fluorescence of the dye under an ultra-violet light. Solubilizing agents may be needed due to poor solubility of such UV dyes in some refrigerants and heat transfer fluids.
By "ultra-violet" dye is meant a UV fluorescent composition that absorbs light in the ultra-violet or "near" ultra-violet region of the = electromagnetic spectrum. The fluorescence produced by the UV
fluorescent dye under illumination by a UV light that emits radiation with wavelength anywhere from 10 nanometer to 750 nanometer may be detected. Therefore, if refrigerant or heat transfer fluid containing such a UV fluorescent dye is leaking from a given point in a refrigeration, air-conditioning, or heat pump apparatus, the fluorescence can be detected at . 15 the leak point, or in the vicinity of the leak point. Such UV fluorescent dyes include but are not limited to naphthalimides, perylenes, coumarins, anthracenes, phenanthracenes, xanthenes, thioxanthenes, naphthoxanthenes, fluoresceins, and derivatives of said dye or combinations thereof. Solubilizing agents of the present invention comprise at least one compound selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbons, hydrocarbon ethers, polyoxyalkylene glycol ethers, amides, nitriles, ketones, chlorocarbons, esters, lactones, aryl ethers, fluoroethers and 1,1,1-trifluoroalkanes.
Hydrocarbon solubilizing agents of the present invention comprise hydrocarbons including straight chained, branched chain or cyclic alkanes or alkenes containing 16 or fewer carbon atoms and only hydrogen with no other functional groups. Representative hydrocarbon solubilizing agents comprise propane, propylene; cyclopropane, n-butane, isobutane, n-pentane, octane, decane, and hexadecane. It should be noted that if the refrigerant is a hydrocarbon, then the solubilizing agent may not be the same hydrocarbon.
Hydrocarbon ether solubilizing agents of the present invention comprise ethers containing only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, such as dimethyl ether (DME).
Polyoxyalkylene glycol ether solubilizing agents of the present invention are represented by the formula R1R0R2)x0R3b,, wherein: x is an integer from 1-3; y is an integer from 1-4; R1 is selected from hydrogen and aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and y bonding sites; R2 is selected from aliphatic hydrocarbylene radicals having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms; R3 is selected from hydrogen and aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms; at least one of R1 and R3 is said hydrocarbon radical; and wherein said polyoxyalkylene glycol ethers have a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 300 atomic mass units. As used herein, bonding sites mean radical sites available to form covalent bonds with other, radicals.
Hydrocarbylene radicals mean divalent hydrocarbon radicals. In the present invention, preferred polyoxyalkylene glycol ether solubilizing agents are represented by R1R0R2)x0R3jy: x is preferably 1-2; y is preferably 1; R1 and R3 are preferably independently selected from hydrogen and aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 4 carbon atoms;
R2 is preferably selected from aliphatic hydrocarbylene radicals having from 2 or 3 carbon atoms, most preferably 3 carbon atoms; the polyoxyalkylene glycol ether molecular weight is preferably from about 100 to about 250 atomic mass units, most preferably from about 125 to about 250 atomic mass units. The R1 and R3 hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 6 carbon atoms may be linear, branched or cyclic. Representative R1 and R3 hydrocarbon radicals include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, fert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, terf-pentyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl. Where free hydroxyl radicals on the present polyoxyalkylene glycol ether solubilizing agents may be incompatible with certain compression refrigeration apparatus materials of construction (e.g.
My!are), R1 and R3 are preferably aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, most preferably 1 carbon atom. The R2 aliphatic hydrocarbylene radicals having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms form repeating oxyalkylene radicals - (OR2)x - that include oxyethylene radicals, oxypropylene radicals, and oxybutylene radicals. The oxyalkylene radical comprising R2 in one polyoxyalkylene glycol ether solubilizing agent molecule may be the same, or one molecule may contain different R2 oxyalkylene groups. The present polyoxyalkylene glycol ether solubilizing agents preferably comprise at least one oxypropylene radical. Where R1 is an aliphatic or alicyclic hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and y bonding sites, the radical may be linear, branched or cyclic.

Representative R1 aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals having two bonding sites include, for example, an ethylene radical, a propylene radical, a butylene radical, a pentylene radical, a hexylene radical, a cyclopentylene radical and a cyclohexylene radical Representative R1 aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals having three or four bonding sites include residues derived from polyalcohols, such as trimethylolpropane, glycerin, pentaerythritol, 1,2,3-trihydroxycyclohexane and 1,3,5-trihydroxycyclohexane, by removing their hydroxyl radicals.
. Representative polyoxyalkylene glycol ether solubilizing agents include but are not limited to: CH3OCH2CH(CH3)0(H or CH3) (propylene glycol methyl (or dimethyl) ether), CH30[CH2CH(CH3)0]2(H or CH3) (dipropylene glycol methyl (or dimethyl) ether), CH30[CH2CH(CH3)0]3(H
or CH3) (tripropylene glycol methyl (or dimethyl) ether), C2H5OCH2CH(CH3)0(H or C2H5) (Propylene glycol ethyl (or diethyl) ether), C2F150[CH2CH(CH3)0]2(H or C2H5) (dipropylene glycol ethyl (or diethyl) = ether), C2H50[CH2CH(CH3)0]3(H or C2H5) (tripropylene glycol ethyl (or diethyl) ether), C3H7OCH2CH(CH3)0(H or C3H7) (propylene glycol n-propyl (or di-n-propyl) ether), C3H70[CH2CH(CH3)0]2(H or C3I-17) (dipropylene glycol n-propyl (or di-n-propyl) ether) , C3H70[CH2CH(CH3)0]3(H or C3F17) (tripropylene glycol n-propyl (or di-n-propyl) ether), C4H9OCH2CH(CH3)0H
(propylene glycol n-butyl ether), C41-190[CH2CH(CH3)0]2(H or C4H9) (dipropylene glycol n-butyl (or di-n-butyl) ether), C4H90[CH2CH(CH3)0]3(H
or C4H3) (tripropylene glycol n-butyl (or di-n-butyl) ether), (CH3)3COCH2CH(CH3)0H (propylene glycol t-butyl ether), (CH3)3C0[CH2CH(CH3)0]2(H or (CH3)3) (dipropylene glycol t-butyl (or di-t-butyl) ether), (CH3)3CO[CH2CH(CH3)013(H or (CH3)3) (tripropylene glycol t-butyl (or di-t-butyl) ether), C5H11OCH2CH(CH3)0H (propylene glycol n-pentyl ether), C4H9OCH2CH(C2H5)0H (butylene glycol n-butyl ether), C4H90[CH2CH(C2H5)0]2H (dibutylene glycol n-butyl ether), trimethylolpropane tri-n-butyl ether (C2H5C(CH20(CH2)3CH3)3) and trimethylolpropane di-n-butyl ether (C2H5C(CH20C(CH2)3CH3)2CH2OH).
Amide solubilizing agents of the present invention comprise those represented by the formulae R1C(0)NR2R3 and cyclo-[R4C(0)N(R5)1, wherein R1, R2, R3 and R5 are independently selected from aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having from Ito 12 carbon atoms; R4 is selected from aliphatic hydrocarbylene radicals having from 3 = 56 to 12 carbon atoms; and wherein said amides have a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 300 atomic mass units. The molecular weight of said amides is preferably from about 160 to about 250 atomic mass units.
R1, R2, R3 and R6 may optionally include substituted hydrocarbon radicals, that is, radicals containing non-hydrocarbon substituents selected from halogens (e.g., fluorine, chlorine) and alkoxides (e.g. methoxy). R1, R2, R3 = and R5 may optionally include heteroatom-substituted hydrocarbon radicals, that is, radicals, which contain the atoms nitrogen (aza-), oxygen (oxa-) or sulfur (thia-) in a radical chain otherwise composed of carbon atoms. In general, no more than three non-hydrocarbon substituents and heteroatoms, and preferably no more than one, will be present for each 10 carbon atoms in R1-3, and the presence of any such non-hydrocarbon substituents and heteroatoms must be considered in applying the aforementioned molecular weight limitations. Preferred amide solubilizing agents consist of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen. Representative R1, K R3 and R6 aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, tert-pentyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl and their configurational isomers. A
preferred embodiment of amide solubilizing agents are those wherein R4 in the aforementioned formula cyclo-[R4C(0)N(R6)-] may be represented by the hydrocarbylene radical (CR6R7)n, in other words, the formula: cyclo-[(CR6R7)nC(0)N(R6)-jwherein: the previously-stated values for molecular weight apply; n is an integer from 3 to 5; R6 is a saturated hydrocarbon radical containing 1 to 12 carbon atoms; R6 and R7 are independently selected (for each n) by the rules previously offered defining R1-3. In the lactams represented by the formula: cyclo-[(CR6R7),C(0)N(R6)-1, all R6 and R7 are preferably hydrogen, or contain a single saturated hydrocarbon radical among the n methylene units, and R6 is a saturated hydrocarbon radical containing 3 to 12 carbon atoms. For example, 1-(saturated hydrocarbon radical)-5-methylpyrrolidin-2-ones.
Representative amide solubilizing agents include but are not limited to: 1-octylpyrrolidin-2-one, 1-decylpyrrolidin-2-one, 1-octy1-5-methylpyrrolidin-2-one, 1-butylcaprolactam, 1-cyclohexylpyrrolidin-2-one, 1-butyl-5-methylpiperid-2-one, 1-penty1-5-methylpiperid-2-one, 1-hexylcaprolactam, 1-hexy1-5-methylpyrrolidin-2-one, 5-methyl-1-pentylpiperid-2-one, 1,3-dimethylpiperid-2-one, 1-methylcaprolactam, 1-butyl-pyrrolidin-2-one, 1,5-dimethylpiperid-2-one, 1-decy1-5-methylpyrrolidin-2-one, 1-dodecylpyrrolid-2-one, N,N-clibutylformamide and N,N-diisopropylacetamide.
Ketone solubilizing agents of the present invention comprise ketones represented by the formula R1C(0)R2, wherein R1 and R2 are independently selected from aliphatic, alicyclic and aryl hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and wherein said ketones have a molecular weight of from about 70 to about 300 atomic mass units. R1 and R2 in said ketones are preferably independently selected from aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 9 carbon atoms.
The molecular weight of said ketones is preferably from about 100 to 200 atomic mass units. R1 and R2 may together form a hydrocarbylene radical connected and forming a five, six, or seven-membered ring cyclic ketone, for example, cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, and cycloheptanone. R1 and R2 may optionally include substituted hydrocarbon radicals, that is, radicals containing non-hydrocarbon substituents selected from halogens (e.g., fluorine, chlorine) and alkoxides (e.g. methoxy). R.1 and R2 may optionally include heteroatom-substituted hydrocarbon radicals, that is, radicals, which contain the atoms nitrogen (aza-), oxygen (keto-, oxa-) or sulfur (thia-) in a radical chain otherwise composed of carbon atoms. In general, no more than three non-hydrocarbon substituents and heteroatoms, and preferably no more than one, will be present for each 10 carbon atoms in R1 and R2, and the presence of any such non-hydrocarbon substituents and heteroatoms must be considered in applying the aforementioned molecular weight limitations. Representative R1 and R2 aliphatic, alicyclic and aryl hydrocarbon radicals in the general formula R1C(0)R2 include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, tert-pentyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl and their configurational isomers, as well as phenyl, benzyl, cumenyl, mesityl, tolyl, xyly1 and phenethyl.
Representative ketone solubilizing agents include but are not limited to: 2-butanone, 2-pentanone, acetophenone, butyrophenone, = 35 hexanophenone, cyclohexanone, cycloheptanone, 2-heptanone, 3-heptanone, 5-methyl-2-hexanone, 2-octanone, 3-octanone, diisobutyl ketone, 4-ethylcyclohexanone, 2-nonanone, 5-nonanone, 2-decanone, 4-decanone, 2-decalone, 2-tridecanone, dihexyl ketone and dicyclohexyl ketone.
Nitrile solubilizing agents of the present invention comprise nitriles represented by the formula R1CN, wherein R1 is selected from aliphatic, alicyclic or aryl hydrocarbon radicals having from 5 to 12 carbon atoms, and wherein said nitriles have a molecular weight of from about 90 to about 200 atomic mass units. R1 in said nitrile solubilizing agents is preferably selected from aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having 8 to 10 carbon atoms. The molecular weight of said nitrile solubilizing agents is preferably from about 120 to about 140 atomic mass units. R1 may optionally include substituted hydrocarbon radicals, that is, radicals containing non-hydrocarbon substituents selected from halogens (e.g., fluorine, chlorine) and alkoxides (e.g. methoxy). R1 may optionally include heteroatom-substituted hydrocarbon radicals, that is, radicals, which contain the atoms nitrogen (aza-), oxygen (keto-, oxa-) or sulfur (thia-) in a radical chain otherwise composed of carbon atoms. In general, no more than three non-hydrocarbon substituents and heteroatoms, and preferably no more than one, will be present for each 10 carbon atoms in R1, and the presence of any such non-hydrocarbon substituents and heteroatoms must be considered in applying the aforementioned molecular weight limitations. Representative R1 aliphatic, alicyclic and aryl hydrocarbon radicals in the general formula R1CN include pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, tert-pentyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl and their configurational isomers, as well as phenyl, benzyl, cumenyl, mesityl, tolyl, xylyl and phenethyl.
Representative nitrite solubilizing agents include but are not limited to: 1-cyanopentane, 2,2-dimethy1-4-cyanopentane, 1-cyanohexane, 1-cyanoheptane, 1-cyanooctane, 2-cyanooctane, 1-cyanononane, 1-cyanodecane, 2-cyanodecane, 1-cyanoundecane and 1-cyanododecane.
Chlorocarbon solubilizing agents of the present invention comprise chlorocarbons represented by the formula RCIX, wherein; x is selected from the integers 1 or 2; R is selected from aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having Ito 12 carbon atoms; and wherein said chlorocarbons have a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 200 atomic mass units. The molecular weight of said chlorocarbon solubilizing agents is preferably from about 120 to 150 atomic mass units.
Representative R aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals in the general formula RCIx include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, tert-pentyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl and their configurational isomers.
Representative chlorocarbon solubilizing agents include but are not limited to: 3-(chloromethyl)pentane, 3-chloro-3-methylpentane, 1-chlorohexane, 1,6-dichlorohexane, 1-chloroheptane, 1-chlorooctane, 1-chlorononane, 1-chlorodecane, and 1,1,1-trichlorodecane.
Ester solubilizing agents of the present invention comprise esters represented by the general formula RICO2R2, wherein R1 and R2 are independently selected from linear and cyclic, saturated and unsaturated, alkyl and aryl radicals. Preferred esters consist essentially of = 15 the elements C, H and 0, have a molecular weight of from about 80 to about 550 atomic mass units.
= Representative esters include but are not limited to:
(CH3)2CHC1-1200C(CH2)24000CH2CH(CH3)2 (diisobutyl dibasic ester), ethyl hexanoate, ethyl heptanoate, n-butyl propionate, n-propyl propionate, ethyl benzoate, di-n-propyl phthalate, benzoic acid ethoxyethyl ester, dipropyl carbonate, "Exxate 700" (a commercial C7 alkyl acetate), "Exxate 800" (a commercial Ca alkyl acetate), dibutyl phthalate, and tert-butyl acetate.
Lactone solubilizing agents of the present invention comprise lactanes represented by structures [A], [B], and [C]:

= R5K6 3 0 R24, '"1R8 R4 R6 rx4 = s6 [A] [B] [c]
These lactones contain the functional group -0O2- in a ring of six (A), or preferably five atoms (B), wherein for structures [A] and [B], Ri through R8 are independently selected from hydrogen or linear, branched, cyclic, bicyclic, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbyl radicals. Each R1 through R8 may be connected forming a ring with another R1 through R8. The lactone may have an exocyclic alkylidene group as in structure [C], wherein R1 through R6 are independently selected from hydrogen or linear, branched, cyclic, bicyclic, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbyl radicals.
Each R1 though R6 may be connected forming a ring with another R1 through R6. The lactone solubilizing agents have a molecular weight range of from about 80 to about 300 atomic mass units, preferred from about 80 to about 200 atomic mass units.
Representative lactone solubilizing agents include but are not , 10 limited to the compounds listed in Table 6.

Additive Molecular Structure Molecular Molecular Formula Weight (amu) (E,Z)-3-ethylidene-5-methyl-dihydro-furan-2- C7F11002 126 one (E,Z)-3-propylidene-5-methyl-dihydr0-fura1-2- C8E-11202 140 one (E,Z)-3-butylidene-5- 0 methyl-dihydro-furan-2- C91-41.402 154 one (E,Z)-3-pentylidene-5- 0 methyl-dihydro-furan-2- Ci0H-1602 168 one (E,Z)-3-Hexylidene-5- 0 methyl-dihydro-furan-2- C1iHia02 182 one (E,Z)-3-Heptylidene-5- 0 methyl-dihydro-furan-2- \ C12H2002 196 one (E,Z)-3-octylidene-5- 0 0 methyl-dihydro-furan-2- C13H2202 210 one (E,Z)-3-nonylidene-5- 0 0 methyl-dihydro-furan-2- C14H2402 224 one (E,Z)-3-decylidene-5- 0 0 methyl-dihydro-furan-2- C15H2602 238 one (E,Z)-3-(3,5,5- 0 0 trimethylhexylidene)-5- Ci4H2402 224 = 61 ________________________________________________________________ , methyl-dihydrofuran-2-one (E,Z)-3- ._zoo cyclohexylmethylidene- C12H1802 194 5-methyl-dihydrofuran-2-one gamma-octalactone gamma-nonalactone gamma-decalactone 0 0 ' gamma-undecalactone 0 0 Ci1H2002 184 gamma-dodecalactone 3-hexyldihydro-furan-2-one 0 C101-11802 170 , 3-heptyldihydro-furan-2-one -=...,-,...¨...----6, %-, CiiH202 t-1 184 cis-3-ethyl-5-methyl-dihydro-furan-2-one 0 C7I-11202 128 cis-(3-propy1-5-methyl)- 0 dihydro-furan-2-one ''''''''o C81-11402 142 cis-(3-buty1-5-methyl)- 0 dihydro-furan-2-one 0 C91-11602 156 =
cis-(3-penty1-5-methyl)- 0 dihydro-furan-2-one 0 C10F11802 ' 170 cis-3-hexy1-5-methyl-dihydro-furan-2-one -"--'40 C11H2002 184 cis-3-hepty1-5-methyl-dihydro-furan-2-one 0 012112202 198 cis-3-octy1-5-methyl-dihydro-furan-2-one 0 C13H2402 212 =
cis-3-(3,5,5-trimethylhexyl)-5- >U--".4) C14H2602 226 methyl-dihydro-furan-2-one cis-3-cyclohexylmethy1-5-methyl-dihydro-furan- o C12H2002 196 2-one 5-methy1-5-hexyl-= dihydro-furan-2-one C H20 0 2 184 5-methy1-5-octyl-dihydro-furan-2-one o C13H2402 212 Hexahydro- H
isobenzofuran-1-one C8H1202 140 delta-decalactone deka-undecalactone o 0 u 120.'1-N

delta-dodecalactone =0 o C12H2202 198 = mixture of 4-hexyl-dihydrofuran-2-one and --N--N-"Nb Ci0H1802 170= =
= 3-hexyl-dihydro-furan-2-one =
Lactone solubilizing agents generally have a kinematic viscosity of less than about 7 centistokes at 40 C. For instance, gamma-undecalactone has kinematic viscosity of 5.4 centistoKes and cis-(3-hexyI-5-methyl)dihydrofuran-2-one has viscosity of 4.6 centistokes both at 40 C.
Lactone solubilizing agents may be available commercially or prepared by methods as described in U. S. Publication No. 2006-0030719.
Aryl ether solubilizing agents of the present invention further comprise aryl ethers represented by the formula R10R2, wherein: R1 is selected from aryl hydrocarbon radicals having from 6 to 12 carbon atoms;
R2 is selected from aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; and wherein said aryl ethers have a molecular weight of =
63 =

from about 100 to about 150 atomic mass units. Representative R1 aryl radicals in the general formula R10R2 include phenyl, biphenyl, cumenyl, mesityl, tolyl, xylyl, naphthyl and pyridyl. Representative R2 aliphatic = hydrocarbon radicals in the general formula R10R2 include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl and tert-butyl. Representative aromatic ether solubilizing agents include but are not limited to: methyl phenyl ether (anisole), 1,3-dimethyoxybenzene, ethyl phenyl ether and = butyl phenyl ether.
Fluoroether solubilizing agents of the present invention comprise those represented by the general formula R1OCF2CF21-1, wherein R1 is selected from aliphatic, alicyclic, and aromatic hydrocarbon radicals having from about 5 to about 15 carbon atoms, preferably primary, linear, saturated, alkyl radicals. Representative fluoroether solubilizing agents include but are not limited to: C8H170CF2CF2H and C6F1130CF2CF2H. It should be noted that if the refrigerant is a fluoroether, then the solubilizing agent may not be the same fluoroether.
Fluoroether solubilizing agents may further comprise ethers derived from fluoroolefins and polyols. The fluoroolefins may be of the = type CF2=CXY, wherein X is hydrogen, chlorine or fluorine, and Y is chlorine, fluorine, CF3 or ORf, wherein Rf is CF3, C2F5, or C3F7.
Representative fluorooleflns are tetrafluoroethylene, chlorotrifluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, and perfluoromethylvinyl = ether. The polyols may be linear or branched. Linear polyols may be of the type HOCH2(CHOH),(CRR)yCH2OH, wherein R and R' are hydrogen, or CH3, or C2H5 and wherein x is an integer from 0-4, and y is an integer from 0-4. Branched polyols may be of the type C(OH)t(R),(CH2OH)v[(CH2)mCH2OH]w, wherein R may be hydrogen, CH3 or 02H5, m may be an integer from 0 to 3, t and u may be 0 or 1, v and w are integers from 0 to 4, and also wherein t+u+v+w= 4.
Representative polyols are trimethylol propane, pentaerythritol, butanediol, and ethylene glycol.
1,1,1-Trifluoroalkane solubilizing agents of the present invention comprise 1,1,1-trifluoroalkanes represented by the general = formula CF3R1, wherein R1 is selected from aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having from about 5 to about 15 carbon atoms, preferably primary, linear, saturated, alkyl radicals. Representative 1,1,1-= 64 trifluoroalkane solubilizing agents include but are not limited to: 1,1,1-trifluorohexane and 1,1,1-trifluorododecane.
Solubilizing agents of the present invention may be present as a single compound, or may be present as a mixture of more than one solubilizing agent. Mixtures of solubilizing agents may contain two solubilizing agents from the same class of compounds, say two lactones, or two solubilizing agents from two different classes, such as a lactone and a polyoxyalkylene glycol ether.
In the present compositions comprising refrigerant and UV
fluorescent dye, or comprising heat transfer fluid and UV fluorescent dye, from about 0,001 weight percent to about 1.0 weight percent of the composition is UV dye, preferably from about 0.005 weight percent to about 0.5 weight percent, and most preferably from 0.01 weight percent to about 0.25 weight percent.
Solubility of these UV fluorescent dyes in refrigerant and heat transfer compositions may be poor. Therefore, methods for introducing these dyes into the refrigeration, air-conditioning, or heat pump apparatus have been awkward, costly and time consuming. US patent no. USRE36,951, describes a method, which utilizes a dye powder, solid pellet or slurry of dye that may be inserted into a component of the refrigeration or air-conditioning apparatus. As refrigerant and lubricant are circulated through the apparatus, the dye is dissolved or dispersed and carried throughout the apparatus. Numerous other methods for introducing dye into a refrigeration or air-conditioning apparatus are described in the literature.
Ideally, the UV fluorescent dye could be dissolved in the refrigerant thereby not requiring any specialized method for introduction to the refrigeration, air-conditioning, or heat pump apparatus. The present invention relates to compositions including UV fluorescent dye, which may be introduced into the system dissolved in the refrigerant in combination with a solubilizing agent The inventive compositions will allow the storage and transport of dye-containing refrigerant and heat transfer fluid even at low temperatures while maintaining the dye in solution.
In the present compositions comprising refrigerant, UV
fluorescent dye and solubilizing agent, or comprising heat transfer fluid and UV fluorescent dye and solubilizing agent, from about 1 to about 50 weight percent, preferably from about 2 to about 25 weight percent, and most preferably from about 5 to about 15 weight percent of the combined composition is solubilizing agent in the refrigerant or heat transfer fluid.
In the compositions of the present invention the UV fluorescent dye is present in a concentration from about 0.001 weight percent to about 1.0 weight percent in the refrigerant or heat transfer fluid, preferably from 0.005 weight percent to about 0.5 weight percent, and most preferably from 0.01 weight percent to about 0.25 weight percent.
Solubilizing agents such as ketones may have an objectionable odor, which can be masked by addition of an odor masking agent or fragrance. Typical examples of odor masking agents or fragrances may include Evergreen, Fresh Lemon, Cherry, Cinnamon, Peppermint, Floral or Orange Peel, all of which are commercially available, as well as d-limonene and pinene. Such odor masking agents may be used at concentrations of from about 0.001% to as much as about 15% by weight based on the combined weight of odor masking agent and solubilizing agent.
The present invention further relates to a method of using the refrigerant or heat transfer fluid compositions comprising ultraviolet fluorescent dye to detect leaks in refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning apparatus, or heat pump apparatus. The presence of the dye in the -compositions allows for detection of leaking refrigerant in the refrigeration, air-conditioning, or heat pump apparatus. Leak detection helps to one to address, resolve and/or prevent inefficient operation of the apparatus or system or equipment failure. Leak detection also helps one contain chemicals used in the operation of the apparatus.
The method comprises providing the composition comprising refrigerant, ultra-violet fluorescent dye or comprising heat transfer fluid and UV fluorescent dye, as described herein, and optionally, a solubilizing agent as described herein, to refrigeration, air-conditioning, or heat pump apparatus and employing a suitable means for detecting the UV
fluorescent dye-containing refrigerant. Suitable means for detecting the dye include, but are not limited to, ultra-violet lamps, often referred to as a "black light" or "blue light". Such ultra-violet lamps are commercially available from numerous sources specifically designed for detecting UV
fluorescent dye. Once the ultra-violet fluorescent dye containing composition has been introduced to the refrigeration, air-conditioning, or heat pump apparatus and has been allowed to circulate throughout the system, a leak point or the vicinity of the leak point can be located by shining said ultra-violet lamp on the apparatus and observing the fluorescence of the dye in the vicinity of any leak point.
Mechanical refrigeration is primarily an application of thermodynamics wherein a cooling medium, such as a refrigerant, goes through a cycle so that it can be recovered for reuse. Commonly used cycles include vapor-compression, absorption, steam-jet or steam-ejector, and air.
Vapor-compression refrigeration systems include an evaporator, a compressor, a condenser, and an expansion device. A
vapor-compression cycle re-uses refrigerant in multiple steps producing a cooling effect in one step and a heating effect in a different step. The cycle can be described simply as follows. Liquid refrigerant enters an evaporator through an expansion device, and the liquid refrigerant boils in the evaporator at a low temperature to form a gas and produce cooling.
The low-pressure gas enters a compressor where the gas is compressed to raise its pressure and temperature. The higher-pressure (compressed) gaseous refrigerant then enters the condenser in which the refrigerant condenses and discharges its heat to the environment. The refrigerant returns to the expansion device through which the liquid expands from the higher-pressure level in the condenser to the low-pressure level in the evaporator, thus repeating the cycle.
There are various types of compressors that may be used in refrigeration applications. Compressors can be generally classified as reciprocating, rotary, jet, centrifugal, scroll, screw or axial-flow, depending on the mechanical means to compress the fluid, or as positive-displacement (e.g., reciprocating, scroll or screw) or dynamic (e.g., centrifugal or jet), depending on how the mechanical elements act on the fluid to be compressed.
The compositions of the present invention comprising fluoroolefins may be useful in any of the compressor types mentioned above, The choice of refrigerant for any given compressor will depend on many factors including for instance, boiling point and vapor pressure requirements.

Either positive displacement or dynamic compressors may be used in the present inventive processes. A centrifugal type compressor is one preferred type of equipment for certain of the refrigerant compositions comprising at least one fluoroolefin.
A centrifugal compressor uses rotating elements to accelerate the refrigerant radially, and typically includes an impeller and diffuser housed in a casing. Centrifugal compressors usually take fluid in at an impeller eye, or central inlet of a circulating impeller, and accelerate it radially outward. Some static pressure rise occurs in the impeller, but most of the pressure rise occurs in the diffuser section of the casing, where velocity is converted to static pressure. Each impeller-diffuser set is a stage of the compressor. Centrifugal compressors are built with from 1 to 12 or more stages, depending on the final pressure desired and the volume of refrigerant to be handled.
The pressure ratio, or compression ratio, of a compressor is the ratio of absolute discharge pressure to the absolute inlet pressure.
Pressure delivered by a centrifugal compressor is practically constant over a relatively wide range of capacities.
Positive displacement compressors draw vapor into a chamber, and the chamber decreases in volume to compress the vapor. After being compressed, the vapor is forced from the chamber by further decreasing the volume of the chamber to zero or nearly zero. A positive displacement compressor can build up a pressure, which is limited only by the volumetric efficiency and the strength of the parts to withstand the pressure.
Unlike a positive displacement compressor, a centrifugal compressor depends entirely on the centrifugal force of the high-speed impeller to compress the vapor passing through the impeller. There is no positive displacement, but rather what is called dynamic-compression.
The pressure a centrifugal compressor can develop depends on the tip speed of the impeller. Tip speed is the speed of the impeller measured at its tip and is related to the diameter of the impeller and its revolutions per minute. The capacity of the centrifugal compressor is determined by the size of the passages through the impeller. This makes the size of the compressor more dependent on the pressure required than the capacity.

Because of its high-speed operation, a centrifugal compressor is fundamentally a high volume, low-pressure machine. A centrifugal compressor works best with a low-pressure refrigerant, such as trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11) or 1,2,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane (CFC- =
. 5 113). Some of the low pressure refrigerant fluids of the present invention may be suitable as drop-in replacements for CFC-113 in existing centrifugal equipment Large centrifugal compressors typically operate at 3000 to 7000 revolutions per minute (rpm). Small turbine centrifugal compressors (mini-centrifugal compressors) are designed for high speeds, from about 40,000 to about 70,000 (rpm), and have small impeller sizes, typically less than 0.15 meters (about 6 inches).
A multi-stage impeller may be used in a centrifugal compressor to improve compressor efficiency thus requiring less power in use. For a 15. two-stage system, in operation, the discharge of the first stage impeller goes to the suction intake of a second impeller. Both impellers may operate by use of a single shaft (or axle). Each stage can build up a compression ratio of about 4 to 1; that is, the absolute discharge pressure can be four times the absolute suction pressure. Several examples of = 20 two-stage centrifugal compressor systems, particularly for automotive applications, are described in US 5,065,990 and US 5,363,674.
The present disclosure further relates to a method for producing heating or cooling in a refrigeration, air-conditioning, or heat pump 25 apparatus, said method comprising introducing a refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition into said apparatus having (a) a centrifugal compressor; (b) a multi-stage centrifugal compressor, or (c) a single slab/single pass heat exchanger; wherein said refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition comprises at least one fluoroolefin selected from the 30 group consisting of:
(I) fluoroolefins of the formula E- or Z-R1CH=CHR2, wherein R1 and R2 are, independently, Ci to Cej perfluoroalkyl groups,:
(ii) cyclic fluorooleflns of the formula cycloACX=CY(CZVV)n-1, wherein X, = Y, Z, and W, independently, are H or F, and n is an integer from 2 to 35 5; or (iii) fluorooleflns selected from the group consisting of:

1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene (CF3CF=CHF); 1,1;3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene (CF3CH=CF2); 1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene (CHF2CF=CF2);
1,2,3,34etrafluoro-1-propene (CHF2CF=CHF); 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (CF3CF=CH2); 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (CF3CH=CHF);
1,1,2,3-tetraflubro-1-propene (CH2FCF=CF2); 1,1,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (CHF2CH=CF2); 2,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene (CHF2CF=CH2); 3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene (CF3CH=CH2); 1,1,2-trifluoro-1-propene (CH3CF=CF2);
1,1,3-trifluoro-1-propene (CH2FoH=CF2); 1,2,3-trifluoro-1-propene (CH2FCF=CHF); 1,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene (CHF2CH=CHF);
1,1,1,2,3,4,4,4-octafluoro-2-butene(CF3CF=CFCF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,4-octafluoro-1 -butene (CF3CF2CF=CF2); 1,1,1,2,4,4,4-heptafluoro-2-butene (CF3CF=CHCF3); 1,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CFCF2CF3);
= 1,1,1,2,3,4,4-heptafluoro-2-butene (CHF2CF=CFCF3); 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-propene ((CF3)2C=CHF); 1,1,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene (CF2=CHCF2CF3); 1,1,2,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene = (CF2=CFCHFCF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene (CF2=CFCF2CHF2);
2,3,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene (CF3CF2CF=CH2); 1,3,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CHCF2CF3); 1,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CFCHFCF3); 1,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CFCF2CHF2);
= 20 1,1,2,3,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (CHF2CF=CFCHF2); 1,1,1,2,3,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (CH2FCF=CFCF3); 1,1,1,2,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (CHF2CH=CFCF3); 1,1,1,3,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (CF3CH=CFCHF2);
1,1,2,3,3,4-hexafluoro-1-butene (CF2=CFCF2CH2F); 1,1,2,3,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene (CF2=CFCHFCHF2); 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-_ 25 1-propene (CH2=C(CF3)2); 1,1,1,2,4-pentafluoro-2-butene (CH2FCH=CFCF3); 1,1,1,3,4-pentafluoro-2-butene (CF3CH=CFCH2F);
3,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene (CF3CF2CH=CH2); 1,1,1,4,4-pentafluoro-2-butene (CHF2CH=CHCF3); 1,1,1,2,3-pentafluoro-2-butene (CH3CF=CFCF3); 2,3,3,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene (C1-12=CFCF2CHF3);
30 1,1,2,4,4-pentafluoro-2-butene (CHF2CF=CHCHF2); 1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoro-1-butene (CH3CF2CF=CF2); 1,1,2,3,4-pentafluoro-2-butene = (CH2FCF=CFCHF2); 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-2-methy1-1-propene (CF2=C(CF3)(CH3)); 2-(difluoromethyl)-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene (CH2=C(CHF2)(CF3)); 2,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene (CH2=CFCHFCF3);
35 1,2,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CFCH2CF3); 1,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CHCHFCF3); 1,3,3,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CHCF2CHF2); 1,2,3,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene (CHF=CFCHFCHF2);
3,3,4,4-tetrafluoro-1-butene (CH2=CHCF2CHF2); 1,1-difluoro-2-(difluoromethyl)-1-propene (CF2=C(CHF2)(CI-13)); 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-methyl-1-propene (CHF=C(CF3)(CH3)); 2-difluoromethy1-3,3-difluoro-1-propene (CH2=C(CHF2)2); 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro-2-butene (CF3CF=CHCH3);
1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-butene (CH3CF=CHCF3); 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CF=CFCF2CF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-1-pentene (CF2=CFCF2CF2CF3); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene ((CF3)2C=CHCF3); 1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CF=CHCF2CF3); 1,1,1,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CH=CFCF2CF3); 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-1-pentene (CHF=CFCF2CF2CF3); 1,1,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-1-pentene (CF2=CHCF2CF2CF3); 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-nonafluoro-1-pentene (CF2=CFCF2CF2CHF2); 1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene (CHF2CF=CFCF2CF3); 1,1,1 ,2,3,4,4,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CF=CFCF2CHF2); 1,1,1,2,3,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CF=CFCHFCF3); 1,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CHF=CFCF(CF3)2); 1,1,2,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CF2=CFCH(CF3) 2); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene (CF3CH=C(CF3)2); 1,1,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CF2=CHCF(CF3)2); 2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-1-pentene (CH2=CFCF2CF2CF3); 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoro-1-pentene (CHF=CFCF2CF2CHF2); 3,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CH2=C(CF3)CF2CF3); 1,1,4,4,4-pentafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CF2=CHCH(CF3)2); 1,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CHF=CHCF(CF3)2); 1,1,4,4,4-pentafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CF2=C(CF3)CH2CF3); 3,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene ((CF3)2CFCH=CH2); 3,3,4,4,5,5,5-heptafluoro-1-pentene (CF3CF2CF2CH=CH2); 2,3,3,4,4,5,5-heptafluoro-1-pentene (CH2=CFCF2CF2CHF2); 1,1,3,3,5,5,5-heptafluoro-1-butene (CF2=CHCF2CH2CF3); 1,1,1,2,4,4,4-heptafluoro-3-methy1-2-butene (CF3CF=C(CF3)(CH3)); 2,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CH2=CFCH(CF3)2); 1,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (CHF=CHCH(CF3)2); 1,1,1,4-tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene ' 35 (CH2FCH=C(CF3)2); 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene (CH3CF=C(CF3)2); 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene ((CF3)2C=CHCH3); 3,4,4,5,5,5-hexafluoro-2-pentene (CF3CF2CF=CHCH3);
1,1 ,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-methy1-2-butene (CF3C(CH3)=CHCF3);
3,3,4,5,5,5-hexafluoro-1-pentene (CH2=CHCF2CHFCF3); 3-(trifluoromethyl)-4,4,4-trifluoro-1-butene (CH2=C(CF3)CH2CF3);
1,1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-dodecafluoro-1-hexene (CF3(CF2)3CF=CF2);
1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,6-dodecafluoro-3-hexene (CF3CF2CF=CFCF2CF3);
1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2,3-bis(trifluoromOhy1)-2-butene ((CF3)2C=C(CF3)2);
1,1,1,2,3,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene ((CF3)2CFCF=CFCF3); 1,1,1,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene ((CF3)2C=CFIC2F5); 1,1,1,3,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-. 2-pentene ((CF3)2CFCF=CHCF3); 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-nonafluoro-1-hexene (CF3CF2CF2CF2CH=CH2); 4,4,4-trifluoro-3,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1-butene (0H2=CHC(CF3)3); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-methy1-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene ((CF3)2C=C(CH3)(CF3)); 2,3,3,5,5,5-hexafluoro-4-(trif(uoromethyl)-1-pentene (CH2=CFCF2CH(CF3)2); 1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-3-methyl-.
2-pentene (CF3CF=C(CH3)CF2CF3); 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene (CF3CH=CHCH(CF3)2); 3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-octafluoro-2-hexene (CF3CF2CF2CF=CHCH3); 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-octafluoro-1-hexene (CH2=CHCF2CF2CF2CHF2); 1,1,1,4,4-pentafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene ((CF3)2C=CHCF2CH3); 4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-pentene (CH2=C(CF3)CH2C2F5); 3,3,4,4,5,5,5-heptafluoro-2-methy1-1-pentene (CF3CF2CF2C(CH3)=CH2); 4,4,5,5,6,6,6-heptafluoro-2-hexene (CF3CF2CF2CH=CHCH3); 4,4,5,5,6,6,6-heptafluoro-1-hexene (CH2=CHCH2CF2C2F5); 1,1,1,2,2,3,4-heptafluoro-3-hexene (0F3CF2CF=CFC2H5); 4,5,5,5-tetrafluoro-4-trifluoromethy1-1-pentene (CH2=CHCH2CF(CF3)2); 1,1,1,2,5,5,5-heptafluoro-4-methy1-2-pentene (CF3CF=CHCH(CF3)(CH3)); 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-trifluoromethy1-2-pentene ((CF3)2C=CFC2H5); 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tetradecafluoro-2-heptene (CF3CF=CFCF2CF2C2F5); 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tetradecafluoro-3-heptene (CF3CF2CF=CFCF2C2F5); 1,1,1,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-2-heptene (CF3CH=CFCF2CF2C2F5); 1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-2-heptene (CF3CF=CHCF2CF2C2F5);
1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-3-heptene (CF3CF2CH=CFCF2C2F5);
1,1,1,2,2,3,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-3-heptene (CF3CF2CF=CHCF2C2F5);
CF2=CFOCF2CF3(PEVE); CF2=CFOCF3 (PMVE) and combinations thereof.

The method for producing heating or cooling may be used in stationary air-conditioning, heat pumps or mobile air-conditioning and refrigeration systems. Stationary air-conditioning and heat pump applications include window, ductless, ducted, packaged terminal, chillers and commercial, including packaged rooftop. Refrigeration applications include domestic or home refrigerators and freezers, ice machines, self-contained coolers and freezers, walk-in coolers and freezers and transport refrigeration systems.
The compositions of the present invention may additionally be used in air-conditioning, heating and refrigeration systems that employ fin and tube heat exchangers, microchannel heat exchangers and vertical or horizontal single pass tube or plate type heat exchangers.
Conventional microchannel heat exchangers may not be ideal for the low pressure refrigerant compositions of the present invention. The low operating pressure and density result in high flow velocities and high frictional losses in all components. In these cases, the evaporator design may be modified. Rather than several microchannel slabs connected in series (with respect to the refrigerant path) a single slab/single pass heat exchanger arrangement may be used. Therefore, a preferred heat exchanger for the refrigerant or heat transfer fluid compositions of the present invention is a single slab/single pass heat exchanger.
The present invention further relates to a process for producing cooling comprising evaporating the fluoroolefin compositions of the present invention in the vicinity of a body to be cooled, and thereafter condensing said compositions.
The present invention further relates to a process for producing heat comprising condensing the fluoroolefin compositions of the present invention in the vicinity of a body to be heated, and thereafter evaporating said compositions.
The present invention further relates to a process to produce cooling comprising compressing a composition comprising at least one fluoroolefin in a centrifugal compressor, condensing said composition, and thereafter evaporating said composition in the vicinity of a body to be cooled. Additionally, the centrifugal compressor of the inventive method may be a multi-stage centrifugal compressor and preferably a 2-stage centrifugal compressor.

The present invention further relates to a process to produce cooling in a refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning apparatus, or heat pump apparatus, wherein said apparatus/comprises at least one single ' slab/single pass heat exchanger, said process comprising condensing a composition of the present invention, and thereafter evaporating said composition in the vicinity of a body to be cooled.
The compositions of the present invention are particularly useful in small turbine centrifugal compressors (mini-centrifugal compressors), which can be used in auto and window air-conditioning, = 10 heat pumps, or transport refrigeration, as well as other applications.

These high efficiency mini-centrifugal compressors may be driven by an = electric motor and can therefore be operated independently of the engine speed. A constant compressor speed allows the system to provide a relatively constant cooling capacity at all engine speeds. This provides an opportunity for efficiency improvements especially at higher engine speeds as compared to a conventional R-134a automobile air-conditioning system. When the cycling operation of conventional systems at high driving speeds is taken into account, the advantage of these low pressure systems becomes even greater.
Alternatively, rather than use electrical power, the mini-centrifugal compressor may be powered by an engine exhaust gas driven = turbine or a ratioed gear drive assembly with ratioed belt drive. The electrical power available in current automobile design is about 14 volts, but the new mini-centrifugal compressor requires electrical power of about 50 volts. Therefore, use of an alternative power source would be advantageous. A refrigeration apparatus or air-conditioning apparatus powered by an engine exhaust gas driven turbine is described in detail in U.S. Publication No. 2006-0242985. A
refrigeration apparatus or air-conditioning apparatus powered by a ratioed gear drive assembly is described in detail in U.S Publication No.
2006-0245944.
The present invention further relates to a process to produce cooling comprising compressing a composition of the present invention, in a mini-centrifugal compressor powered by an engine exhaust gas driven turbine; condensing said composition; and thereafter evaporating said composition in the vicinity of a body to be cooled.
= 74 The present invention further relates to a process to produce cooling comprising compressing a composition of the present invention, in a mini-centrifugal compressor powered by a ratioed gear drive assembly with a ratioed belt drive; condensing said composition; and thereafter evaporating said composition in the vicinity of a body to be cooled.
The present invention relates to a process to produce cooling in a refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning apparatus, or heat pump apparatus, wherein said apparatus comprises at least one single slab/single pass heat exchanger, said process comprising compressing a composition of the present invention, in a centrifugal compressor, condensing said composition, and thereafter evaporating said composition in the vicinity of a body to be cooled.
The 'present invention further relates to a method for replacing or substituting for a refrigerant composition having a GWP of about 150 or more, or a high GWP refrigerant, with a composition having a lower GWP.
One method comprises providing a composition comprising at least one fluoroolefin of the present invention as the replacement. In another embodiment of the present invention the refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition of the present invention, having a lower GWP than the composition being replaced or substituted is introduced into the refrigeration, air conditioning or heat pump apparatus. In some cases, the high GWP refrigerant present in the apparatus will need to be removed from the apparatus before introduction of the lower GWP compositions. In other cases, the fluoroolefin compositions of the present invention may be = 25 introduced into the apparatus while the high GWP refrigerant is present.
Global warming potentials (GWPs) are an index for estimating relative global warming contribution due to atmospheric emission of a kilogram of a particular greenhouse gas compared to emission of a kilogram of carbon dioxide. GWP can be calculated for different time horizons showing the effect of atmospheric lifetime for a given gas. The GWP for the 100 year time horizon is commonly the value referenced.
A high GWP refrigerant would be any compound capable of functioning as a refrigerant or heat transfer fluid having a GWP at the 100 year time horizon of about 1000 or greater, alternatively 500 or greater, 150 or greater, 100 or greater, or 50 or greater. Refrigerants and heat transfer fluids that are in need of replacement, based upon GWP

calculations published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), include but are not limited to HFC-134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane).
The present invention will provide compositions that have zero or low ozone depletion potential and low global warming potential (GWP).
The fluoroolefins of the present invention or mixtures of fluoroolefins of this invention with other refrigerants will have global warming potentials that are less than many hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants currently in use.
Typically, the fluoroolefins of the present invention are expected to have GWP of less than about 25. One aspect of the present invention is to provide a refrigerant with a global warming potential of less than 1000, less than 500, less than 160, less than 100, or less than 50. Another aspect of the present invention is to reduce the net GWP of refrigerant mixtures by adding fluoroolefins to said mixtures.
The present invention further relates to a method for lowering the GWP of a refrigerant or heat transfer fluid, said method comprising combining said refrigerant or heat transfer fluid with at least one fluoroolefin of the present invention. In another embodiment, the method for lowering the global warming potential comprises combining said first composition with a composition comprising at least one fluorolefin, to produce a second composition suitable for use as a refrigerant or heat transfer fluid, and wherein said second composition has a lower global warming potential than said first composition. It may be determined that the GWP of a mixture or combination of compounds may be calculated as a weighted average of the GWP for each of the pure compounds.
= The present invention further relates to a method of using the composition of the present invention comprising at least one fluoroolefin to lower global warming potential of an original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition, said method comprising combining said original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition with the composition of the present invention comprising at least one fluoroolefin, to produce a second refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition wherein said second refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition has a lower global warming potential than said original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition.
The present invention further relates to a method for reducing the GWP of an original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition in a refrigeration, air-conditioning or heat pump apparatus, wherein said original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid has a GWP of about 150 or higher;
said method comprising introducing a second, lower GWP refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition of the present invention into said refrigeration, air-conditioning or heat pump apparatus..
The present method for reducing the GWP of an original refrigerant may further comprise removing the original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition from said refrigeration, air-conditioning or heat pump apparatus before the second, lower GWP refrigerant or heat transfer fluid is introduced.
The present invention further relates to a method for replacing an original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition with a second = refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition comprising providing a composition of the present invention as the second refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition. An original refrigerant may be any refrigerant being used in a refrigeration, air-conditioning or heat pump apparatus in need of replacement The original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid needing replacement may be any of hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants, chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants, hydrochlorofluorocarbon, refrigerants, fluoroether refrigerants, or blends of refrigerant compounds.
The hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants of the present invention which may need replacing include but are not limited to: CHF3 (HFC-23), CH2F2 (HFC-32), CH3F (HFC-41), CHF2CF3 (HFC-125), CHF2CHF2 (HFC-134), CH2FCF3 (HFC-134a), CHF2CH2F (HFC143), CF3CH3 (HFC-143a), =
CHF2CH3 (HFC-152a), CH2FCH3 (HFC-161), CHF2CF2CF3 (HFC-227ca), CF3CFHCF3 (HFC-227ea), CHF2CF2CHF2 (HFC-236ca), CH2FCF2CF3 (HFC-236cb), CHF2CHFCF3 (HFC-236ea), CF3CH2CF3 (HFC-236fa), CH2FCF2CHF2 (HFC-245ca), CH3CF2CF3 (HFC-245cb), CHF2CHFCHF2 (HFC-245ea), CH2FCHFCF3 (HFC-245eb), CHF2CH2CF3 (HFC-245fa), CH2FCF2CH2F (HFC-254ca), CH3CF2CHF2 (HFC-254cb), CH2FCHFCHF2 (HFC-254ea), CH3CHFCF3 (HFC-254eb), CHF2CH2CHF2 (HFC-254fa), CH2FCH2CF3 (HFC-254fb), CF3CH2CH3 (HFC-263fb), CH3CF2CH2F (HFC-263ca), CH3CF2CH3 (HFC-272ca), CH3CHFCH2F (HFC-272ea), CH2FCH2CH2F (HFC-272fa), CH3CH2CF2H (HFC-272fb), CH3CHFCH3 (HFC-281 ea), CH3CH2CH2F (HFC-281fa), CHF2CF2CF2CF2H (HFC-338pcc), CF3CH2CF2CH3 (HFC-365mfc), CF3CHFCHFCF2CF3 (HFC-43-10mee). These hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants are available commercially or may be prepared by methods known in the art.
Hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants of the present invention may further comprise the azeotropic, azeotrope-like and non-azeotropic compositions, including HFC-125/HFC-143a/HFC-134a (known by the ASHRAE designation, R404 or R404A), HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-134a (known by ASHRAE designations, R407 or R407A, R407B, or R407C), HFC-32/HFC-125 (R410 or R410A), and HFC-125/HFC-143a (known by the ASHRAE designation: R507 or R507A), R413A (a blend of R134a/R218/isobutane), R423A (a blend of R134a/R227ea) , R507A (a blend of R125/R143a), and others.
Chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants of the present invention which = may need replacing include R22 (CHF2CI), R123 (CHCl2CF3), R124 (CHCIFCF3), R502 (being a blend of CFC-115 (CCIF2CF3) and R22), R503 (being a blend of R23/R13 (CCIF3)), and others.
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons of the present invention which may need replacing include R12 (CF2Cl2), R11 (CCI3F), R113 (CCI2FCCIF2), = R114 (CF2CICF2C1), R401A or R401B (being blends of R22/R152a/R124), R408A (a blend of R22/R125/R143a), and others, The fluoroether refrigerants of the present invention which may need replacing may comprise compounds similar to hydrofluorocarbons, which also contain at least one ether group oxygen atom. The fluoroether refrigerants include but are not limited to C4F9OCH3, and C4F90C2H5 (both available commercially).
The original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid compositions of the present invention which may need replacement may optionally further comprise combinations of refrigerants that contain up to 10 weight percent of dimethyl ether, or at least one C3 to Cs hydrocarbon, e.g., propane, propylene, cyclopropane, n-butane, isobutane, n-pentane, cyclopentane and neopentane (2,2-dimethylpropane). Examples of refrigerants containing such C3 to C5 hydrocarbons are azeotrope-like compositions of.
HCFC-22/HFC-125/propane (known by the ASHRAE designation, R402 or R402A and R402B), HCFC-22/octafluoropropane/propane (known by the ASHRAE designation, R403 or R403A and R403B), octafluoropropane/HFC-134afisobutane (known by the ASHRAE

designation, R413 or R413A), HCFC-22/HCFC-124/HCFC-142b/isobutane (known by the ASHRAE designation, R414 or R414A and R414B), HFC-134a/HCFC-124/n-butane (known by the ASHRAE designation, R416 or R416A), HFC-125/HFC-134a/n-butane (known by the ASHRAE
designation, R417 or R417A), HFC-125/HFC-134a/dimethyl ether (known by the ASHRAE designation, R419 or R419A), and HFC-125/HFC-134a/isobutane (known by ASHRAE designation, R422, R422A, R422B, R422C, R422D).
The present invention further relates to a method for replacing an original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition, said original = composition being R134a (HFC-134a, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, CF3CH2F) in refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning apparatus, or heat = pump apparatus, wherein said method comprises substituting RI 34a with a second refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of trifluoromethyl trifluorovinyl ether (PMVE).
The present invention further relates to a method for replacing an original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition, said original composition being R152a (HFC-152a, 1,1-difluoroethane, CHF2CH3) in refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning apparatus, or heat pump apparatus, wherein said method comprises substituting R152a with a second refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of E-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (E-HFC-1, 1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene (HFC-1225ye), 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFC-1234yf), 3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HFC-1243zf), and trifluoromethyl trifluorovinyl ether (PMVE).
The present invention further relates to a method for replacing R227ea (lFC-227ea, 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane, CF3CHFCF3) in refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning apparatus, or heat pump apparatus, wherein said method comprises providing as a substitute a composition comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of E-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (E-HFC-1234ze), 1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene (HFC-1225ye), 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFC-1234yf), 3,3,3-trifluoropropene (lFC-1243z0, and trifluoromethyl trifluorovinyl ether (PMVE).

The present invention further relates to a method for replacing an original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition, said original composition being R113 (CFC-113, 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane, CFCI2CF2C1) in refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning apparatus, or heat pump apparatus, wherein said method comprises substituting a second refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of 1,1,1,3,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene (HFC-152-11mmyyz); 1,1,1,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene (HFC-152-11mmtz);
1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,6-dodecafluoro-3-hexene (HFC-151-12mcy); 1,1,1,3-.
tetrafluoro-2-butene (HFC-1354mzy); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene (HFC-151-12mmtt); 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-decafluorocyclohexene (FC-C151-10y); 3,3,4,4,5,5,5-heptafluoro-2-methy1-1-pentene (HFC-1567fts); 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-nonafluoro-1-hexene 16 (PFBE); 4,4,5,5,6,6,6-heptafluoro-2-hexene (HFC-1567szz);
1,1,1,4,4,5,6,6,6,6-decafluoro-2-hexene (F13E); 1,1,1,2,3,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene (HFC-151-12mmzz); and 1,1,1,2,2,5,5,6,6,6-decafluoro-3-hexene (F22E).
The present invention further relates to a method for replacing an original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition, said original composition being R43-10mee (lFC-43-10mee), 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,5-decafluoropentane, CF3CHFCHFCF2CF3) in refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning apparatus, or heat pump apparatus, wherein said method comprises substituting a second refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of 1,1,1,3,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene (HFC-152-11mmyyz); ,1,1,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene (HFC-152-11mmtz); 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,6-dodecafluoro-3-hexene (HFC-151-12mcy); 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-butene (HFC-1354mzy); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene (HFC-151-12mmft);
1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-decafluorocyclohexene (FC-C151 -10y); 3,3,4,4,5,6,5-' heptafluoro-2-methy1-1-pentene (FIFC-1567fts); 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-nonafluoro-1-hexene (PFBE); 4,4,5,5,6,6,6-heptafluoro-2-hexene (HFC-1567szz); 1,1,1,4,4,5,6,6,6,6-decafluoro-2-hexene (Fl 3E);
1,1,1,2,3,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene (HFC-151-12mmzz); and 1,1,1,2,2,5,5,6,6,6-decafluoro-3-hexene (F22E).

The present invention further relates to a method for replacing an original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition, said original composition being C4F9OCH3 (perfluorobutyl methyl ether) in refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning apparatus, or heat pump apparatus, wherein said method comprises substituting a second refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of 1,1,1,3,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene (HFC-152-11mmyyz); 1,1,1,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene (HFC-152-11mmtz); 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,6-dodecafluoro-3-hexene (HFC-151-12mcy); 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-butene (HFC-1354mzy);
1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene (HFC-151-12mmtt); 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-decafluorocyclohexene (FC-C151-10y);
3,3,4,4,5,5,5-heptafluoro-2-methy1-1-pentene (HFC-1567fts);
3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-nonafluoro-1-hexene (PFBE); 4,4,5,5,6,6,6-heptafluoro-2-hexene (HFC-1567szz); 1,1,1,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-decafluoro-2-hexene (Fl 3E);
1,1,1,2,3,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene (lFC-l51-12mmzz);
and 1,1,1,2,2,5,5,6,6,6-decafluoro-3-hexene (F22E).
The present invention further relates to a method for replacing an original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition, said original composition being R365mfc (HFC-365mfc, 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane, CF3CH2CF2CH3) in refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning apparatus, or heat pump apparatus, wherein said method comprises substituting a second refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of 1,1,1,3,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene (HFC-152-11mmyyz);
1,1,1,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene (1-IFC-152-11mmtz); 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,6-dodecafluoro-3-hexene (HFC-151-12mcy); 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-butene (HFC-1354mzy); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene (HFC-151-12mmtt);
1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-decafluorocyclohexene (FC-C151-10y); 3,3,4,4,5,5,5-heptafluoro-2-methy1-1-pentene (HFC-1567fts); 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-nonafluoro-1-hexene (PFBE); 4,4,5,5,6,6,6-heptafluoro-2-hexene (HFC-1567szz); 1,1,1,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-decafluoro-2-hexene (Fl 3E);
1,1,1,2,3,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene (HFC-151-12mmzz); and 1,1,1,2,2,5,5,616,6-decafluoro-3-hexene (F22E).
=

The present invention further relates to a method for replacing an original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition, said original composition being R11 (CFC-11, trichlorofluoromethane, CFCI3) in refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning apparatus, or heat pump apparatus, wherein said method comprises substituting a second refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluorocyclopentene (FC-C1418y); 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-2-pentene (FC-141-10myy); 1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene (HFC-1429myz); .1,1,1,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene (HFC-1429mzy);
3,3,4,4,5,5,5-heptafluoro-1-pentene (HFC-1447fz),;1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (F11E); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene (HFC-1429mzt); and 1,1,1,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-2-pentene (F12E).
The present invention further relates to a method for replacing an original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition, said original composition being R123 (HCFC-123, 2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane, CF3CHCl2) in refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning apparatus, or heat pump apparatus, wherein said method comprises substituting a second refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluorocyclopentene (FC-C1418y); 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-2-pentene (FC-141-10myy); 1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene (HFC-1429myz); 1,1,1,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene (HFC-1429mzy);
3,3,4,4,5,5,5-heptafluoro-1-pentene (HFC-1447fz),;1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (F11E); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene (HFC-1429mzt); and 1,1,1,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-2-pentene (Fl 2E).
The present invention further relates to a method for replacing an original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition, said original composition being R245fa (HFC-245fa, 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane, CF3C1-12CHF2) in refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning apparatus, or heat pump apparatus, wherein said method comprises substituting a second refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of 2,3,3-trifluoropropene (HFC-1243yf); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (F11E);
1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFC-1234ze); 1,1,1,2,4,4,4-heptafluoro-2-butene (HFC-1327my); 1,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFC-1234ye); and pentafluoroethyl trifluorovinyl ether (PEVE).
The present invention further relates to a method for replacing an original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition, said original composition being R114 (CFC-114, 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane, CFCI2CF2C1) in refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning apparatus, or heat pump apparatus, wherein said method comprises substituting a second refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,4-octafluoro-2-butene (FC-1318my); 1,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluorocyclobutene (FC-C1316cc);
2,3,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene (IFC-1336yf); and 3,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene (HFC-1345fz).
The present invention further relates to a method for replacing an original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition, said original composition being R236fa (HFC-236fa, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane, CF3CH2CF3) in refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning apparatus, or heat pump apparatus, wherein said method comprises substituting a second refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,4-octafluoro-2-butene (FC-1318my); 1,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluorocyclobutene (FC-CI316cc);
2,3,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene (HFC-1336yf); and 3,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene (HFC-1345fz).
= The present invention relates to a method for replacing an original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition, said original composition being R401A in refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning . apparatus, or heat pump apparatus, wherein said method comprises substituting a second refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of E-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (E-HFC-I234ze); 1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene (HFC-1225ye); 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFC-1234yf); 3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HFC-1243zf); and trifluoromethyl trifluorovinyl ether (PMVE).. R401A is the ASHRAE designation for a refrigerant blend containing about 53 weight percent HCFC-22 (chlorodifluoromethane, CHF2CI), about 13 weight percent HFC-152a (1,1-difluoroethane, CHF2CH3), and about 34 weight percent HCFC-124 (2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, CF3CHCIF).
=

The present invention further relates to a method for replacing an original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition, said original composition being R401B in refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning apparatus, or heat pump apparatus, wherein said method comprises substituting a second refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of E-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (E-HFC-1234ze); 1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene (HFC-1225ye); 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFC-1234y1); 3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HFC-1243zf); and trifluoromethyl trifluorovinyl ether (PMVE).. R401B is the ASHRAE designation for a refrigerant blend containing about 61 weight percent HCFC-22 (chlorodifluoromethane, CHF2CI), about 11 weight percent HFC-152a (1,1-difluoroethane, CHF2CH3), and about 28 weight percent HCFC-124 (2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, CF3CHCIF).
The present invention further relates to a method for replacing an original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition, said original composition being R409A in refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning , apparatus, or heat pump apparatus, wherein said method comprises substituting a second refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of E-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (E-HFC-1234ze); 1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene (HFC-1225ye); 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFC-1234yf); 3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HFC-1243,zf); and trifluoromethyl trifluorovinyl ether (PMVE).. R409A is the ASHRAE designation for a = refrigerant blend containing about 60 weight percent HCFC-22 (chlorodifluoromethane, CHF2CI), about 25 weight percent HCFC-124 (2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, CF3CHCIF), and about 15 weight percent HCFC-142b (1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane, CF2CICH3).
The present invention further relates to a method for replacing an original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition, said original composition being R409B in refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning apparatus, or heat pump apparatus, wherein said method comprises substituting a second refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of E-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (E-HFC-1234ze); 1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene (HFC-1225ye); 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFC-.

1234yf); 3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HFC-1243zf); and trifluoromethyl trifluorovinyl ether (PMVE).. R409B is the ASHRAE designation for a refrigerant blend containing about 65 weight percent HCFC-22 (chlorodifluoromethane, CHF2CI), about 25 weight percent HCFC-124 (2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, CF3CHCIF), and about 10 weight percent HCFC-142b (1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane, CF2CICH3).
The present invention further relates to a method for replacing an original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition, said original composition being R414B in refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning apparatus, or heat pump apparatus, wherein said method comprises substituting a second refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of E-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (E-HFC-1234ze), 1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene (HFC-1225ye), 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFC-1234yf), 3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HFC-1243zf), and trifluoromethyl trifluorovinyl ether (PMVE).. R414B is the ASHRAE designation for a refrigerant blend containing about 50 weight percent HCFC-22 (chlorodifluoromethane, CHF2CI), about 39 weight percent HCFC-124 (2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, CF3CHCIF), about 1.5 weight percent isobutane (R600a, CH3CH(CH3)CH3) and about 9.5 weight percent HCFC-142b (1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane, CF2CICH3).
The present invention further relates to a method for replacing an original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition, said original composition being R416A in refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning apparatus, or heat pump apparatus, wherein said method comprises substituting a second refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of E-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (E-HFC-1234ze); 1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene (HFC-1225ye); 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFC-1234yf); 3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HFC-1243zf); and trifluoromethyl trifluorovinyl ether (PMVE).. R416A is the ASHRAE designation for a refrigerant blend containing about 59 weight percent HFC-134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, CF3CH2F)), about 39.5 weight percent HCFC-124 (2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, CF3CHCIF), and about 1.5 weight percent n-butane (CH3CH2CH2CH3).

The present invention further relates to a method for replacing an original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition, said original composition being R12 (CFC-12, dichlorodifluoromethane, CF2Cl2) in refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning apparatus, or heat pump apparatus, wherein said method comprises substituting a second = refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of 1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene (HFC-1225ye); 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFC-, 1234y0; 3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HFC-1243zf); and trifluorornethyl trifluorovinyl ether (PMVE)..
= The present invention further relates to a method for replacing an original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition, said original composition being R500 in refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning = apparatus, or heat pump apparatus, wherein said method comprises substituting a second refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of 1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene (HFC-1225ye); 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene = (HFC-1234yf); 3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HFC-1243zf); and trifluoromethyl trifluorovinyl ether (PMVE).. R500 is the ASHRAE designation for an azeotropic refrigerant blend containing about 73.8 weight percent R12 ((CFC-12, dichlorodifluoromethane, CF2Cl2) and about 26.2 weight percent RI 52a (HFC-152a, 1,1-difluoroethane, CHF2CH3).
The present invention relates to a method for replacing an original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition wherein the original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition is R134a or R12 and wherein said R134a or R12 is substituted by a second refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition comprising about 1.0 weight percent to about 37 weight percent HFC-32 and about 99 weight percent to about 63 weight percent HFC-1225ye. In another embodiment, the second refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition may comprise about 1.0 weight percent to about
10 weight percent HFC-32 and about 99 weight percent to about 90 weight percent HFC-1225ye.
The present invention relates to a method for replacing an original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition wherein the original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition R22, R404A, or R410A and wherein said R22, R404A or R410A is substituted by a second refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition comprising about 1.0 weight percent to about 37 weight percent HFC-32 and about 99 weight percent to about 63 weight percent HFC-1225ye. In another embodiment, the second refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition may comprise about 20 weight percent to about 37 weight percent HFC-32 and about 80 weight percent to about 63 weight percent HFC-1225ye.
The present inventioni further relates to a method for replacing = an original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition wherein the original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition is R22, R404A, or R410A and wherein said R22, R404A or R410A is substituted by a second refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition comprising about 20 weight percent to about 95 weight percent HFC-1225ye, about 1.0 weight percent to about 65 weight percent HFC-32, and about 1.0 weight percent to about 40 weight percent HFC-125. In another embodiment, the second refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition comprises about 30 weight percent to about 90 weight percent HFC-1225ye, about 5.0 weight percent to about 55 weight percent HFC-32, and about 1.0 weight percent to about 35 weight percent HFC-125. In yet another embodiment, the second refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition comprises about 40 weight percent to about 85 weight percent HFC-1225ye, about 10 weight percent to about 45 weight percent HFC-32 and about 1.0 weight percent to about 28 weight percent HFC-125.
The present invention relates to a method for replacing an original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition wherein the original refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition is R134a or R12 and wherein said R134a or R12 is substituted by a second refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition comprising:
HFC-1243zf and HFC-1225ye;
HFC-1243zf, HFC-1225ye, and HFC-125;
HFC-1243zf, HFC-1225ye, and HFC-32; or HFC-1243zf, HFC-1225ye, HFC-125, and HFC-32.
In all the previously described methods for replacing refrigerants, the fluoroolefins may be used to replace refrigerant in existing equipment. Additionally, the fluoroolefins may be used to replace refrigerant in existing equipment designed for use of said refrigerant.

Additionally, the fluoroolefins may be used to replace refrigerant in existing equipment without the need to change or replace the lubricant.
The present invention relates to a method for reducing the fire . hazard in refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning apparatus, or heat pump apparatus, said method comprising introducing a composition of the=
present invention into said refrigerant apparatus or air-conditioning apparatus.
Refrigerant that may leak from a refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning apparatus, or heat pump apparatus, is a major concern when considering flammability. Should a leak occur in a refrigeration apparatus or air-conditioning apparatus, refrigerant and potentially a small amount of lubricant may be released from the system. If this leaking material comes in contact with an ignition source, a fire may result. By fire hazard is meant the probability that a fire may occur either within or in the vicinity of a refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning apparatus, or heat pump apparatus. Reducing the fire hazard in a refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning apparatus, or heat pump apparatus may be accomplished by using a refrigerant or heat transfer fluid that is not considered flammable as determined and defined by the methods and standards described previously herein. Additionally, the non-flammable fluoroolefins of the present invention may be added to a flammable refrigerant or heat transfer fluid, either in the apparatus already or prior to adding to the apparatus.
The non-flammable fluoroolefins of the present invention reduce the probability of a fire in the event of a leak and/or reduce the degree of fire hazard by reducing the temperature or size of any flame produced.
The present invention further relates to a method for reducing fire hazard in or in the vicinity of a refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning apparatus, or heat pump apparatus, said method comprising combining at least one non-flammable fluoroolefin with a flammable refrigerant and introducing the combination into a refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning apparatus, or heat pump apparatus.
The present invention further relates to a method for reducing fire hazard in or in the vicinity of a refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning apparatus, or heat pump apparatus, said method comprising combining at least one non-flammable fluoroolefin with a lubricant and introducing the , combination into the refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning apparatus, or heat pump apparatus comprising flammable refrigerant The present invention further relates to a method for reducing fire hazard in or in the vicinity of a refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning apparatus, or heat pump apparatus, said method comprising introducing at least one fluoroolefin into said apparatus.
The present invention further relates to a method of using a flammable refrigerant in refrigeration apparatus, air-conditioning apparatus, or heat pump apparatus, said method comprising combining said flammable refrigerant with at least one fluoroolefin.
The present invention further relates to a method for reducing flammability of a flammable refrigerant or heat transfer fluid, said method comprising combining the flammable refrigerant with at least one fluoroolefin.
The present invention further relates to a process for transfer of heat from a heat source to a heat sink wherein the compositions of the present invention serve as heat transfer fluids. Said process for heat transfer comprises transporting the compositions of the present invention from a heat source to a heat sink.
Heat transfer fluids are utilized to transfer, move or remove heat from one space, location, object or body to a different space, location, object or body by radiation, conduction, or convection. A heat transfer fluid may function as a secondary coolant by providing means of transfer for cooling (or heating) from a remote refrigeration (or heating) system. In some systems, the heat transfer fluid may remain in a constant state throughout the transfer process (i.e., not evaporate or condense).
Alternatively, evaporative cooling processes may utilize heat transfer fluids as well.
A heat source may be defined as any space, location, object or body from which it is desirable to transfer, move or remove heat Examples of heat sources may be spaces (open or enclosed) requiring refrigeration or cooling, such as refrigerator or freezer cases in a supermarket, building spaces requiring air-conditioning, or the passenger compartment of an automobile requiring air-conditioning. A heat sink may be defined as any space, location, object or body capable of absorbing heat. A vapor compression refrigeration system is one example of such a heat sink.
EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE
Performance Data Table 7 shows refrigeration performance, as pressure in the , evaporator (Evap) and condenser (Cond), discharge temperature (Disch T), energy efficiency (COP), and capacity (Cap), for compounds of the present invention as compared to CFC-113, HFC-43-10mee, C4F9OCH3, and HFC-365mfc. The data are based on the following conditions.
Evaporator temperature 40.0 F (4.4 C) Condenser temperature 110.0 F (43.3 C) Subcool temperature 10.0 F (5.5 C) Return gas temperature 75.0 F (23.8 C) Compressor efficiency is 70%

Evap Evap Cond Cond Comp Comp Cap Cap Compound Pres Pros Pros Pres Disch Disch COP (Btu/min) IliUN
(Psia), (kPa) (Psia) kPa) T T
in 01 CFC-113 2.7 18.6 12.8 88.3 156.3 69.1 4.18 14.8 0.26 HFC-43-10mee 2.0 13.4 10.4 71.9 132.8 56.0 3.94 12.2 0.21 C4F90C H3 1.5 10.1 8.3 57.0 131.3 55.2 3.93 9.5 0.17 HFC-365mfc 3.6 25.1 16.3 112.1 146.3 63.5 4.11 21.4 0.38 =
1,1,1,3,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-4- 2.1 14.4 10.7 71,9 127.1 52.8 3.83 12.3 0.24 (tritluoromethyI)-2-butene ((-IFC-152-11mmyyz) 1,1,1,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-2- 2.0 13.4 10.4 71.9 127.3 52.9 3.83 11.8 0.23 (triflu orometh yI)-2-pentene (HFC-152-11mmq) 1 .1,1 ,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,6- 2.5 17.3 12.3 85.1 121.8 49.9 3.69 13.8 0.24 dodecafluoro-3-hexene (FC-151-12moy) 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-butene 2.5 17.4
11.6 80.1 162.0 72.2 4.25 15.9 0.28 (HFC-1364mzy) 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2,3- 2.0 13.5 10.0 69.2 122.7 50.4 3.73 11.2 0.20 bis(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene (FC-151-12mmtt) 2.1 14.4 10.6 72.9 126.7 52.6 3.84 12.3 0.22 dec,afluorocyclohexene (FC-C151-10y) 3,3,4,4,6,5,5-heptafluoro-2- 2.0 14.1 9,9 68.5 130.0 54.4 3.92 12.0 0.21 methyl-1-pentene (HFC-1567fts) = 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-nonafluoro-1- 1,6 11.0 8,6 59.4 130.7 54.8 3.92 10.0 0.18 hexene (PFBE) 4,4,5,5,6,6,6-heptafluoro-2- 1.3 9.2 7.4 51,3 137.8 58.8 4.04 8.9 0.16 hexene (HFC-1567szz) 1,1,1,4,4,5,5,6,6,8-decatiuoro- 2.0 13.7 10.7 73.8 131.1 55.1 3.90 12.4 0.22 2-hexene (Fl 3E) 1,1,1,2,3,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro- 2.5 17.3 12.3 85.1 121.8 49.9 3.69 13.8 0.24 4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene (FC-151-12mmzz) 1,1,1,2,2,5,5,6,6,6- 2.4 16.6 12.6 86.7 128.0 53.3 3.83 14.4 0.25 decafluoro-3-hexene (F22E) Performance Data Table 8 shows refrigeration performance., as pressure in the evaporator (Evap) and condenser (Cond), discharge temperature (Disch T), energy efficiency (COP), and capacity (Cap), for compounds of the present invention as compared to CFC-11 and HCFC-123. The data are based on the following conditions.
Evaporator temperature 40.0 F (4.4 C) Condenser temperature 110.0 F (43.3 C) Subcool temperature 10.0 F (5.5 C) Return gas temperature 75.0 F (23.8 C) Compressor efficiency is 70%

Evap Evap Cond Cond Comp Comp Cap Cap Compound . Pres Pres Pres Pres Disch Disch COP (Btu/min) (kW) fPsia) (kPa) (Psia) (kPa) T T

CFC-11 7.1 49.0 28.0 192.8 190.5 88.1 4.29 41.1 0.72 HCFC-123 5.8 40.3 25.0 172.4 174.2 79.0 4.25 35.2 0.62 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5- 6.0 41.6 25.3 174.6 131.7 55.4 3.87 31.6 0.65 octafluorocyclopentene (FC-C1418y) 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,5- 7.5 51.8 30.0 206.6 124.9 51.6 3.66 35.3 0.62 decafluoro-2-pentene (FC-141-10myy) 1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,5- 5.5 37.9 23.7 163.1-132.0 55.6 3.85 29.0 0.51 nonafluoro-2-pentene (HFC-1429myz) 1,1,1,3,4,4,5,5,5- 5.5 37.9 23.7 163.1 132.0 55.6 3.85 29.0 0.61 nonafluoro-2-pentene (HFC-1429mzy) 3,3,4,4,5,5,5- 5.4 37.0 23.1 159.3 135.3 57.4 3.92 29.0 0.51 heptafluoro-1 -pentene (HFC-1447fz) 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2- 4.7 32.3 20.8 143.4 150.1 65.6 4.11 27.5 0.48 butene (F11E) 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2- 4.8 33.0 21.0 144.9 132.6 - 55.9 3,88 25.9 0.45-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene (HFC-1429mzt) 1,1,1,4,4,5,5,5- 5.5 37.9 24.4 168.0 137.0 58.3 3.93 30.6 0.54-octafluoro-2-pentene (F12E) Performance Data Table 9 shows refrigeration performance, as pressure in the evaporator (Evap) and condenser (Cond), discharge temperature (Disch T), energy efficiency (COP), and capacity (Cap), for compounds of the present invention as compared to HFC-245fa. The data are based on the following conditions.
Evaporator temperature 40.0 F (4.4 C) = Condenser temperature 110.0 F
(43.3 C) Subcool temperature 10.0 F (5.5 C) Return gas temperature 75.0 F (23.8 C) =
Compressor efficiency is 70%

Evap Evap Cond Cond Comp Comp Cap Cap Compound Pres Pres Pres Pres Disch Disch COP (Btu/min) !kW) (Psia) (kPa) (Psia) (kPal T T

HFC- 245fa 10.0 88.8 38.9 -268.5 156.7 69.3 4.10 53.3 0.93 2,3,3-trifluoropropene 12.6 87.1 45.4 313.0 172.8 78.2 4.19 65.6 1.15 (HFC-1243yf) 1,1, 1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2- 12.5 85.9 47.5 327.4 148.8 64.9 3.99 62.8 1.10 butene (F11E) 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene 12.1 83.4 45.8 315.6 178.8 81.6 4.19 65.6 1.15 (HFC-1234ze) 1,1, 1,2,4,4,4-heptafluoro- 10.6 72,5 39.9 275.0 142.3 61.3 3.94 52.0 0.91 2-butene (HFC-1327my) 1,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropene 9.5 66.3 36.9 254.6 176.9 80.5 4.21 53.0 0.93 (HFC-1234ye) pentafluoroethyl 13.1 90.4 49.3 339.8 130.7 54.8 3.69 59.3 1.04 trifluorovinyl ether (PEVE) = 92 Performance Data Table 10 shows refrigeration performance, as pressure in the evaporator (Evap) and condenser (Cond), discharge temperature (Disch T), energy efficiency (COP), and capacity (Cap), for compounds of the present invention as compared to CFC-114 and HFC-236fa. The data are based on the following conditions.
Evaporator temperature 40.0 F (4.4 C) Condenser temperature 110.0 F (43.3 C) Subcool temperature 10.0 F (5.5 C) Return gas temperature 75.0 F (23.8 C) Compressor efficiency is 70%

Evap Evap Cond Cond Comp Comp Cap Cap Compound Pres Pres Pres Pres Mph Disch COP (Btu/mini LIM
(Pala) (WO 112 jal (kPal T T
CFC-114 15.4 106.5 54.3 374.2 147.2 64.0 3.97 72.9 1.28 = HFC-236fa 18.2 125.8 64.2 -442.6 142.8 61.6 3.86 82.9 1.45 = 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,4-octafiuoro-2- 17.2 118.8 59.1 407.4 131.8 55.4 3.68 72.1 1.26 butene (FC-1318my) 1,2,3,3,4,4- 16.5 113.5 58.8 405.4 141.1 60.6 3.90 76.6 1.34 hexafiuorocydobutene (FC-C1316cc) 2,3,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1- 14.2 98.2 50.2 346.3 139.4 59.7 3.88 65.3 1.14 butene (IFC-1336yf) 3,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1- 14.8 101.8 53.5 368.5 145.5 63.1 3.95 70.7 1.24 butene (HFC-13451z) Performance Data Table 11 shows refrigeration performance, as pressure in the evaporator (Evap) and condenser (Cond), discharge temperature (Disch T), energy efficiency (COP), and capacity (Cap), for compounds of the present invention as compared to HFC-134a, HFC-152a, and HFC-227ea.
The data are based on the following conditions.
Evaporator temperature 40.0 F (4.4 C) Condenser temperature 110.0 F (43.3 C) Subcool temperature 10.0 F (5.5 C) =
Return gas temperature 75.0 F (23.8 C) Compressor efficiency is 70%

Evap Evap Cond Cond Comp Comp Cap Cap Compound Pres Pres Pres Pres Disch Disch COP fEttulmin) 10.21). (Psia) ikPa) T T
LE
n HFC-134a 49.6 341.6 -161.2 1111.4 168.9 76.1 3.861 213,3 3,73 HFC-152a 46.2 318.8 146.5 1009.9 200.1 93.4 4.02 209.4 3.67 HFC-227ea 32.3 222.7 1U5.5727.4 142.9 61.6 3.67 129.3 2.26 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene 47.4 326.7 139.6 962.2 154.8 68.2 3.79 180.5 3.16 (HFC-1234yf) -3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HFC- 39.0 268.8 122,0 841.0 166.2 74.6 3.95- 166.3 2.91 1243e) . 1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene 36.1 248.9 112.9 778.4 157.8 69.9 3.86 148.9 2.61 (HFC-1225ye) E-1,3,3,3-tetraftuoropropene 35.5 245.0 115.1 793.9 162.4 72.4 -3.90 153.8 2.69 (E-HFC-1234ze) trifluoromethyl trifluorovinyt 39.3 271.1 124.0 855.2 140.9 -60.5 3.57 147.6 2.58 ether (PMVE) Flammability Flammable compounds may be identified by testing under ASTM
(American Society of Testing and Materials) E681-01, with an electronic ignition source. Such tests of flammability were conducted on compositions of the present disclosure at 101 kPa (14.7 psia), 50 percent relative humidity, and the temperature indicated, at various concentrations in air in order to determine if flammable and if so, find the lower flammability limit (LFL). The results are given in Table 12.

Temperature Composition LFL (vol % in air) ( C) HFC-1225ye 100 Non-flammable HFC-1234yf 100 5.0 E-HFC-1234ze 100 6.0 HFC-1429myz/mzy 23 Non-flammable Fl2E 23 Non-flammable HFC-1225ye/HFC-32 (65/35 %) 60 Non-flammable wt HFC-1225ye/HFC-= %) 32 (63/37 60 Non-flammable wt HFC-1225ye/HFC-60 13.0 32 (62/38wt%) HFC-1225ye/HFC-60 13.0 32 (60/40 wt%) The results indicate that HFC-1234yf and E-HFC-1234ze are flammable, while HFC-1225ye, HFC-1429myz/mzy, and F12E are non-'flammable. For mixtures of HFC-1225ye and HFC-32 (which is known to be flammable in the pure state) it has been determined that 37 weight percent HFC-32 is the highest amount that can be present to maintain the non-flammable characteristic. Those compositions comprising fluoroolefins that are non-flammable are more acceptable candidates as refrigerant or = heat transfer fluid compositions.

Tip Speed to Develop Pressure Tip speed can be estimated by making some fundamental relationships for refrigeration equipment that use centrifugal compressors.
The torque an impeller ideally imparts to a gas is defined as T = m*(v2*r2-vi*ri) Equation 1 where T = torque, Newton-meters m = mass rate of flow, kg/sec v2 = tangential velocity of refrigerant leaving impeller (tip speed), meters/sec r2 r= radius of exit impeller, meters = tangential velocity of refrigerant entering impeller, meters/sec r1= radius of inlet of impeller, meters Assuming the refrigerant enters the impeller in an essentially axial direction, the tangential component of the velocity vi = 0, therefore T = m*v2*r2 Equation 2 The power required at the shaft is the product of the torque and = the rotative speed P = T* w Equation 3 where =
P = power, W
w = angular velocity, radiansis = therefore, P = = m*v2*r2* w Equation 4 At low refrigerant flow rates, the tip speed of the impeller and the tangential velocity of the refrigerant are nearly identical; therefore r2*w 2% V2 Equation 5 and P m*v2*v2 Equation 6 Another expression for ideal power is the product of the mass rate of flow and the isentropic work of compression, P = m*Hi*(1000J/kJ) Equation 7 where = 5 Hi = Difference in enthalpy of the refrigerant from a saturated vapor at the evaporating conditions to saturated condensing conditions, = kJ/kg.
Combining the two expressions Equation 6 and 7 produces, v2*v2 = 1000*Hi Equation 8 =
Although Equation 8 is based on some fundamental assumptions, it provides a good estimate of the tip speed of the impeller and provides an important way to compare tip speeds of refrigerants.
Table 13 below shows theoretical tip speeds that are calculated .for 1,2,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane (CFC-113) and compositions of the present invention. The conditions assumed for this comparison are:
Evaporator temperature 40.0 F (4.4 C) Condenser temperature 110.0 F (43.3 C) Liquid subcool temperature 10.0 F (5.5 C) Return gas temperature 75.0 F (23.8 C) Compressor efficiency is 70%
These are typical conditions under which small turbine centrifugal compressors perform.

Hi Hi*0.7 HI*0.7 Tip speed Tip speed Compound Btu/lb Btu/lb KJ/Kg (V2) relative m/s to CFC-113 CFC-113 10.92 7.6 17.8 133.3 n/a HFC-152-11mmyyz 11.56 8.1 18.8 137,2 103%
FC-151-12mcy 11.86 8.3 19.3 139.0 104%
HFC-1354mzy 13.96 9.8 22.7 150.8 113%
FC-151-12mmtt 11.93 8.4 19.4 139.4 105%
FC-C151-10y 12.48 8.7 20.3 142.5 107%
HFC-1567fm 14.21 9.9 23.1 152.1 114%

PFBE 12.8 _ 9.0 20.8 - 144.4 108%
HFC-1567szz 13.42 9.4 21.9 - 147.8 111%
HFC-1438mzz 11.73 8.2 19.1 138.2 104%
FC-151-12mmzz 11.86 8.3 19.3 139.0 104%
HFC-153-10mczz 12.23 8.6 19.9 141.1 106%
The example shows that compounds of the present invention have tip speeds within about 15 percent of CFC-113 and would be effective replacements for CFC-113 with minimal compressor design changes. Most preferred compositions have tip speeds within about 10 percent of CFC-113.

Refrigeration Performance Data Table 14 shows the performance of various refrigerant compositions of the present invention as compared to HFC-134a. In Table 14, Evap Pres is evaporator pressure, Cond Pres is condenser pressure, Comp Disch T is compressor discharge temperature, COP is energy efficiency, and CAP is capacity. The data are based on the following conditions.
Evaporator temperature 40.0 F (4.4 C) Condenser temperature 130.0 F (54.4 C) Subcool amount 10.0 F (5.5 C) Return gas temperature 60.0 F (15.6 C) Compressor efficiency is 100%
Note that the superheat is included in cooling capacity.

Evap Evap Cond Cond Comp Comp Composition Pres Pres Pres Pres Disch Disch Cap Cap MP
(wt%) (Psia) (kPal (Psia) (kPa) T .. T (Btul (kW) fE) ig) min) HFC-134a 50.3 346 214 1476 156 68.9 213 3.73 4.41 HFC-1225ye 37.6 259 165 1138 146 63.3 162 2.84 4.41 HFC-1225ye/HFC-152a (85/15) 39.8 " 274 173 1193 - 151 66.1 173 3.03 4.45 HFC-1226ye/HFC-32 43.1 -297 184 1269 149 65.0 - 186 3.26 4.60 (97/3) HFC-1225ye/HFC-32 (96/4) 44.2 306 189 1303 150 65.6 191 3.35 4.51 HFC-1225ye/HFC-32 46.5 321 197 1358 161 66.1 200 3.50 4.53 (95/5) HFC-1225ye/HFC-32 (94/6) 47.3 326 200 1379 153 - 67.2 203 3.56 4.62 HFC-1225ye/HFC-32 (93/7) 48.8 -336 205 1413 154 67.8 210 3.68 4.53 HFC-1225ye/HFC-32 (90/10) 53.0 -365 222 1531 157 69.4 227 3.98 4.52 HFC-1243zf/HFC-1225ye 40.8 281 172 1186 148 64.4 170 2.97 4.39 (40/60) HFC-1243zf/HFC-1225ye 41.8 288 174 1200 149 65.0 172 3.02 4.37 (50/50) HFC-1243zf/HFC-1225ye 42.9 296 177 1220 149 65.0 175 3.07 4.36 (60/40) HFC-1243zf/HFC-1225ye 44.1 304 180 1241 150 65.6 178 3.12 4.35 (70/30) HFC-1243zf/HFC-1225ye/HFC- .
-42./ 294 179 1234 148 64.4 176 3.09 4.38 125 (40/56/4) HFC-1243zf/HFC-1225ye/HFC-43.7 301 181 1248 149 65.0 179 3.13 4,37 125 (50146/4) HFC-1243zf/HFC-1225ye/HFC-44.8 309 184 1269 149 65.0 182 3.18 4.36 125 (60/36/4) HFC-1243zf/HFC-1225ye/HFC-49.9 344 201 1386 153 67.2 202 3.54 4.40 125 (70/26/4) HFC-1243zf/HFC-1225ye/HFC-48.4 334 199 1372 153 67.2 202 3.54 4.47 32 (40/55/5) HFC-1243zf/HFC-1225ye/HFC-46.6 314 189 1303 151 66.1 190 3.33 4.44 32 (42/55/3) HFC-1243zf/HFC-1225ye/HFC-50.3 347 203 1400 154 67.8 206 3.60 4.43 32 (60135/5) HFC-1243zf/HFC-1225ye/HFC-47.7 329 194 1338 152 66.7 195 3.41 4.41 32 (62/35/3) HFC-1243zf/HFC-1225ye/HFC-44.2 305 184 1269 149 65,0 183 3.21 4.41 125/HFC-32 (40/5514/1) HFC-1243zf/HFC-1225ye/HFC-45.3 312 188 1296 150 65.6 188 3.29 4.42 125/1-IFC-32 (40/55(3/2) HFC-1243zf/HFC-1225ye/HFC-125/HFC-32 (60/35/4/1) 46.3 319 189 1303 150 65.6 188 3.29 4.37 HFC-1243zf/HFC-1225ye/HFC-125/HFC-32 (60/35/3/2) 47.3 326 193 1331 151 66.1 192. 3.37 4.39 Several compositions have even higher energy efficiency (COP) than HFC-134a while maintaining lower or equivalent discharge pressures and temperatures. Capacity for the compositions listed in Table 14 is also similar to R134a indicating these compositions could be replacement refrigerants for RI 34a in refrigeration and air-conditioning, and in mobile air-conditioning applications in particular. Results also show cooling capacity of HFC-1225ye can be improved with addition of other compounds such as HFC-32.

Refrigeration Performance Data Table 15 shows the performance of various refrigerant compositions of the present invention as compared to R404A and R422A.
In Table 15, Evap Pres is evaporator pressure, Cond Pres is condenser pressure, Comp Disch T is compressor discharge temperature, EER is energy efficiency, and CAP is capacity. The data are based on the following conditions.
= Evaporator temperature -17.8 C
Condenser temperature 46.1 C
Subcool amount 5.5 C
Return gas temperature 15.6 C
Compressor efficiency is 70%
Note that the superheat is included in cooling capacity.
= 100 Evap Cond P Compr Existing Refrigerant Press Press Disch T CAP
EER
Product (kPa)) (kPa) (kJ/m3) 1697 4.99 R404A 330 2103 101.1 1769 4.64 R507A 342 2151 100.3 1801 4.61 R422A 324 2124 95.0 1699 4.54 Candidate Replacement wt%
HFC-32/HFC-1225ye 20/80 200 1620 117 1331 4.91 HFC-32/HFC-1225ye 30/70 246 1879 126 1587 4.85 HFC-32/HFC-1225ye 40/60 284 2101 134 1788 4.74 HFC-32/HFC-1225ye 35/65 256 1948 130.5 1652 4.85 HFC-32/HFC-1225ye 37/63 264 1991 132.2 1694 4.81 10/10/180 173 1435 107.0 1159 4.97 1225ye 15/5.5/79.5 184 1509 111.9 1235 4.97 1225ye 24/13.7/62.3 242 1851 119.7 1544 4.85 1225ye 25/25/50 276 2041 120.0 1689 4.73 1225ye 25/40/35 314 2217 119.0 1840 4.66 1225ye 27.5/17.5/55 264 1980 122.8 1653 4.78 1225ye 30/10/60 265 1990 125.0 1664 4.78 1225ye 30/15/55 276 2046 125.0 1710 4.76 1225ye 30/19/51 278 2056 124.8 1724 4.75 1225ye 30/20/50 287 2102 124.0 1757 4.73 1225ye 30/30/40 311 2218 124.0 1855 4.68 ' 1225ye = 30/35/35 324 2271 123.0 1906 4.66 1225ye = HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-.
31/20/49 285 2090 125.5 1756 4.74 1225ye , = 33/22/45. 298 2157 127.0 1820 4.72 1225ye 35/15/50 296 2157 129.0 1820 4.72 1225ye 35/20145 308 2212 129.0 1868 4.70 =
1225ye 35/30/35 332 2321 127.0 =1968 4.66 1225ye 35/40/25 357 2424 126.0 2068 4.64 1225ye 50/30/20 390 2584 138.0 2277 4.54 1225ye 40/30/30 353 2418 131.0 2077 4.66 1225ye 40/35/25 364 2465 131.0 2124 4.64 1225ye 45/30/25 372 2505 135.0 2180 4.66 1225ye Several compositions have energy efficiency (EER) comparable top R404A and R422A. Discharge temperatures are also lower than R404A
and R507A. Capacity for the compositions listed in Table 15 is also similar to R404A, R507A, and R422A indicating these compositions could be replacement refrigerants for R404A, R507A, or R422A in refrigeration and air-conditioning. .

Refrioeration Performance Data Table 16 shows the performance of various refrigerant compositions of the present invention as compared to HCFC-22 and R41 OA. In Table 16, Evap Pres is evaporator pressure, Cond Pres is condenser pressure, Comp Disch T is compressor discharge temperature, EER is energy efficiency, and CAP is capacity. The data are based on the following conditions.
Evaporator temperature 4 C
Condenser temperature 43 C
Subcool amount 6 C
Return gas temperature 18 C
= Compressor efficiency is 70%
Note that the superheat is included in cooling capacity.

Evap Gond Compr Existing refrigerant product Press Press Disch CAP EER
(kPa) (kPa) Temp (kJ/m3) (C) R22 565 1648 90.9 3808 9.97 R410A 900 2571 88.1 ¨ 5488 9.27 Candidate replacement product (Composition wt%) HFC-32/HFC-1225ye (40/60) 630 1948 86.7 4242 9.56 HFC-32/HFC-1225ye (45/55) 666 2041 88.9 4445 9.49 HFC-32/HFC-1225ye (50/50) 701 2127 91.0 4640 9.45 HFC-32/HFC-1225ye (30/70) 536 1700 82.1 3729 9.73 HFC-32/HFC-1225ye (35/65) 575 1805 84.5 3956 9.66 = HFC-32/HFC-1225ye (37/63) 590 1845 85.5 4043 9.64 HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-1225ye (60/5/35) 784 2323 94.6 5087 9.42 HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-1225ye (60/10/30) 803 2365 94.2 5173 9.42 = HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-1225ye (60/15/25) 822 2407 93.9 5256 9.39 HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-1225ye (50/10/40) 742 2220 90.3 4820 9.42 = HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-1225ye (50/5/45) 721 2173 90.7 4730 9.45 HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-1225ye (50/15/35) 762 2266 90.0 4911 9.42 HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-1225ye (40/15/45) 692 2097 85.9 4518 9.45 HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-1225ye -(40/10/50) 671 2047 86.2 . 4425 9.49 HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-1225ye (35/15/50) 654 2001 83.8 4304 9.49 = HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-1225ye (37.5/11.5/51) 643 1976 85.2 4287 9.54 HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-1225ye = (34/6/60) 593 1848 83.8 4028 9.62 HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-1225ye (30/3/67) 548 1732 82.0 3788 9.70 HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-1225ye (30/12.7/57.3) 590 1837 81.7 3980 9.60 = HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-1225ye (24/13.7/62.3) 544 1715 78.7 3713 9.66 HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-1225ye (20/5175) 471 1522 76.9 3329 9.82 HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-1225ye (15/5.5/79.5) 427 1398 74.1 3061 9.89 Compositions have energy efficiency (EER) comparable to R22 and R410A while maintaining reasonable discharge temperatures. Capacity for certain compositions listed in Table 16 is also similar to R22 indicating these compositions could be replacement refrigerants for R22 in refrigeration and air-conditioning. Additionally, there are compositions listed in Table 16 with capacity approaching or equivalent to that for R410A indicating that those compositions could be replacement refrigerants for R410A in refrigeration and air-conditioning.
EXAMPLE Ii Refrigeration Performance Data Table 17 shows the performance of various refrigerant compositions of the present invention as compared to HCFC-22, R410A, R407C, and R417A. In Table 17, Evap Pres is evaporator pressure, Cond Pres is condenser pressure, Comp Disch T is compressor discharge temperature, EER is energy efficiency, and CAP is capacity. The data are based on the following conditions.
Evaporator temperature 4.4 C
Condenser temperature 54.4 C
Subcool amount 5.5 C
Return gas temperature 15.6 C
Compressor efficiency is 100%
Note that the superheat is included in cooling capacity.

Evap Cond Compr =
Existing Refrigerant Press Press Disch T CAP EER
Product (kPa) (kPa j cue) R22 573 2149 88.6 3494 14.73 R410A 911 3343 89.1 4787 13.07 R407C 567 2309 80.0 3397 14.06 R417A 494 1979 67.8 2768 13.78 Candidate Replacement wt%
HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC- 30/40/30- 732 2823 81.1 3937 13.20 1225ye HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC- 23/25/52 598 2429 78.0 3409 13.54 ,1225ye Compositions have energy efficiency (EER) comparable to R22, R407C, R417A, and R410A while maintaining low discharge temperatures. Capacity for the compositions listed in Table 17 is also similar to R22, R407C and R417A indicating these compositions could be replacement refrigerants for R22, R407C or R417A in refrigeration and air-conditioning.

Claims (28)

What is claimed is:
1. A method for producing heating or cooling in a refrigeration, air-conditioning, or heat pump apparatus, said method comprising introducing a refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition into said apparatus having (a) a centrifugal compressor; (b) a multi-stage centrifugal compressor, or (c) a single slab/single pass heat exchanger; wherein said refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition comprises at least one fluoroolefin selected from the group consisting of:
tetrafluoro-1-propene (CHF2CF=CHF); 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (CF3CF=CH2);
1,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (CF3CH=CHF);
1,1,2,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (CH2FCF=CF2);
1,1,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (CHF2CH=CF2);
and combinations thereof.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein said method comprises compressing said composition in a centrifugal compressor, condensing said composition, and thereafter evaporating said composition in the vicinity of a body to be heated or cooled.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein said centrifugal compressor is a multi-stage centrifugal compressor.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein said centrifugal compressor is a two-stage centrifugal compressor.
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein said centrifugal compressor is powered by (a) an engine exhaust gas driven turbine; or (b) a ratioed gear drive assembly with a ratioed belt drive.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein said refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition comprises 1,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (CHF2CF=CHF).
7. The method of claim 1 wherein said refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition comprises 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (CF3CF=CH2).
8. The method of claim 1 wherein said refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition comprises 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (CF3CH=CHF).
9. The method of claim 1 wherein said refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition comprises 1,1,2,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (CH2FCF=CF2).
10. The method of claim 1 wherein said refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition comprises 1,1,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (CHF2CH=CF2).
11. The method of claim 1 wherein said refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition further comprises a lubricant.
12. The method of claim 11 wherein said lubricant is selected from the group consisting of mineral oil and synthetic oil.
13. The method of claim 11 wherein said lubricant comprises a polyol ester, polyalkylene glycol, polyvinyl ether.
14. The method of claim 1 or 11 wherein said refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition further comprises one or more additives selected from the group consisting of anti wear agents, extreme pressure lubricants, corrosion and oxidation inhibitors, metal surface deactivators, foaming and antifoam control agents, and leak detectants.
15. The method of claim 1, 11, or 14 wherein said refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition further comprises at least one stabilizer wherein the stabilizer is selected from the group consisting of thiophosphates, butylated triphenylphosphorothionates, organo phosphates, dialkylthiophosphate esters, terpenes, terpenoids, fullerenes, functionalized perfluoropolyethers, polyoxyalkylated aromatics, epoxides, fluorinated epoxides, oxetanes, ascorbic acid, thiols, lactones, thioethers, nitromethanes, alkylsilanes, benzophenone derivatives, arylsulfide, divinyl terephthalate, diphenyl terephthalate, alkylamines, hindered amine antioxidants, and phenols.
16. The method of claim 1, 11, 14, or 15 wherein said refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition further comprises a tracer selected from the group consisting of hydrofluorocarbon (HFCs), deuterated hydrocarbon, deuterated hydrofluorocarbon, perfluorocarbons, fluoroether, brominated compound, iodated compound, alcohol, aldehyde, ketones, nitrous oxide (N20) and combinations thereof.
17. The method of claim 16 wherein said tracer comprises a hydrofluorocarbon.
18. The method of claim 17 wherein said tracer is selected from the group consisting of CHF3 (HFC-23), CH3CH2F, (HFC-161), CH3CHF2, (HFC-152a), CHF2CHF2, (HFC-134), CF3CHFCF3, (HFC-227ea), CHF2CF2CF3, (HFC-227ca), CH2FCF2CF3, (HFC-236cb), F3CHFCHF2, (HFC-236ea), CF3CH2CF3, (HFC-236fa), CF3CF2CH3, (HFC-245cb), CHF2CH2CF3, (HFC-245fa), CHF2CF2CH3, (HFC-254cb), CF3CHFCH3, (HFC-254eb), CF3CH2CH3, (HFC-263fb), CH3CF2CH3, (HFC-272ca), CH3CHFCH3, (HFC-281ea), CH2FCH2CH3, (HFC-281fa), CHF2CF2CF2CF3, (HFC-329p), (CH3)2CHCF3, (HFC-329mmz), CF3CH2CF2CF3, (HFC-338mf), CHF2CF2CF2CHF2, (HFC-338pcc), CH3CF2CF2CF3, (HFC-347s), CF3CHFCHFCF2CF3, (HFC-43-10mee) and combinations thereof.
19. The method of claim 1, 11, 14, 15, or 16 wherein said refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition further comprises an ultra-violet (UV) dye.
20. The method of claim 19 wherein said ultra-violet (UV) dye is selected from the group consisting of naphthalimides, perylenes, coumarins, anthracenes, phenanthracenes, xanthenes, thioxanthenes, naphthoxanthenes, fluoresceins, and derivatives of said dye or combinations thereof.
21. The method of claim 19 wherein said refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition further comprises a solubilizing agent.
22. The method of claim 21 wherein the solubilizing agent comprises at least one compound selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbons, hydrocarbon ethers, polyoxyalkylene glycol ethers, amides, nitriles, ketones, chlorocarbons, esters, lactones, aryl ethers, fluoroethers and 1,1,1-trifluoroalkanes.
23. The method of claim 22 further comprising an odor masking agent or fragrance.
24. The method of claim 1 wherein said method is used in a stationary air-conditioning or heat pump application.
25. The method of claim 24 wherein said stationary air-conditioning or heat pump application is chosen from window, ductless, ducted, packaged terminal, chillers and commercial, including packaged rooftop applications.
26. The method of claim 1 wherein said method is used in a refrigeration application.
27. The method of claim 26 wherein said refrigeration application is chosen from domestic or home refrigerators and freezers, ice machines, self-contained coolers and freezers, walk-in coolers and freezers and transport refrigeration systems.
28. The method of claim 1 wherein said method is used in air-conditioning, heating and refrigeration systems that employ fin and tube heat exchangers, microchannel heat exchangers and vertical or horizontal single pass tube or plate type heat exchangers.
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