CA2888203A1 - A device for decolmatation of the bottom-hole area of production and injection wells - Google Patents
A device for decolmatation of the bottom-hole area of production and injection wells Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2888203A1 CA2888203A1 CA2888203A CA2888203A CA2888203A1 CA 2888203 A1 CA2888203 A1 CA 2888203A1 CA 2888203 A CA2888203 A CA 2888203A CA 2888203 A CA2888203 A CA 2888203A CA 2888203 A1 CA2888203 A1 CA 2888203A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- generator
- converters
- hole
- resonant frequency
- hole area
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 6
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 16
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 28
- 238000002604 ultrasonography Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000003129 oil well Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000010355 oscillation Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- SYHGEUNFJIGTRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylenedioxypyrovalerone Chemical compound C=1C=C2OCOC2=CC=1C(=O)C(CCC)N1CCCC1 SYHGEUNFJIGTRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000009210 therapy by ultrasound Methods 0.000 description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004321 preservation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011277 treatment modality Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B37/00—Methods or apparatus for cleaning boreholes or wells
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B28/00—Vibration generating arrangements for boreholes or wells, e.g. for stimulating production
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
- Geophysics And Detection Of Objects (AREA)
- Surgical Instruments (AREA)
Abstract
The device for the decolmatation of the critical area of exploitation and injection wells comprises a generator of electromagnetic pulses of resonant frequency (10), which is equipped with a controller (not depicted), and a coaxial cable (8) which connects the generator (10) to a downhole instrument (4), in which at least two converters for converting electromagnetic energy into mechanical energy (1) are arranged, said converters operating at different frequencies. Furthermore, the converters for converting electromagnetic energy into mechanical energy (1) are arranged in the downhole instrument (4) in series in order of decreasing resonant frequency, and the dimensions of each of said converters are determined by the magnitude of the resonant frequency, each of which differs from the previous one by an integer of octaves. Furthermore, the cable (8) which connects the generator of electromagnetic pulses (10) to the downhole instrument (4) is coaxial with a wave impedance which is equal to the output impedance of the generator (10) and the input impedance of the downhole instrument (4).
Description
A device for decolmatation of the bottom-hole area of production and injection wells The invention is in the field of oil production, specifically cleaning of the bottom-hole area using ultrasound energy.
To ensure efficacious utilization of wells, it is necessary to remove paraffin and asphaltene deposits on the collectors' pore walls, because their accumulation leads to a decrease in the bottom-hole area's permeability which in turn causes a decrease in the yield of the well and, on some occasions, completely precludes utilization of the well.
Prior art knows theoretical rationalization of a method of acoustic treatment of the bottom-hole area for the purpose of its decolmatation (0. L. Kuznetsov, E. M. Simkin, G. Chilingar, "Physical foundations of vibration and acoustic treatment of oil-and-gas reservoirs" M. Mir, 2001, pp 106-116); however, said rationalization does not contain a detailed description of a device for decolmatation of the bottom-hole area.
Prior art knows a method and a device for removal of paraffin plugs from produced oil using ultrasonic waves (US Letters Patent No. 7,264,056) comprising placement of at least one
To ensure efficacious utilization of wells, it is necessary to remove paraffin and asphaltene deposits on the collectors' pore walls, because their accumulation leads to a decrease in the bottom-hole area's permeability which in turn causes a decrease in the yield of the well and, on some occasions, completely precludes utilization of the well.
Prior art knows theoretical rationalization of a method of acoustic treatment of the bottom-hole area for the purpose of its decolmatation (0. L. Kuznetsov, E. M. Simkin, G. Chilingar, "Physical foundations of vibration and acoustic treatment of oil-and-gas reservoirs" M. Mir, 2001, pp 106-116); however, said rationalization does not contain a detailed description of a device for decolmatation of the bottom-hole area.
Prior art knows a method and a device for removal of paraffin plugs from produced oil using ultrasonic waves (US Letters Patent No. 7,264,056) comprising placement of at least one
-2-device generating ultrasonic oscillations near oil-well tubing, and a device generating variable frequency oscillations outside the oil well. The device emits (preferably in a concomitant manner) ultrasonic oscillations in three fixed frequencies in the range of 10 kHz - 2000 kHz. Moreover, the first frequency oscillation causes production tubing to vibrate and, as a result of that, paraffin plugs are dislodged from the tubing's walls.
Second frequency oscillations disrupt the connections that hold together paraffin molecules, thus splitting them into smaller particles, and third frequency oscillations split long alkanes into shorter molecules.
Prior art knows a method to clean oil-wells and water wells (patent RU No. 215 1273) that is based on removal of colmatants by periodically applying elastic vibration to the space near the well, comprising preparatory evaluation of geological, geophysical, and hydrodynamic information about the production well and the data on the major-parameter dynamics during utilization of the production wells in a given deposit;
determination of the mode of treatment; treatment of the selected production intervals of the bottom-hole area with an elastic vibration field with pre-set parameters; correction of treatment modalities based on monitoring the speed of colmatants' removal from the bottom-hole area; and determination
Second frequency oscillations disrupt the connections that hold together paraffin molecules, thus splitting them into smaller particles, and third frequency oscillations split long alkanes into shorter molecules.
Prior art knows a method to clean oil-wells and water wells (patent RU No. 215 1273) that is based on removal of colmatants by periodically applying elastic vibration to the space near the well, comprising preparatory evaluation of geological, geophysical, and hydrodynamic information about the production well and the data on the major-parameter dynamics during utilization of the production wells in a given deposit;
determination of the mode of treatment; treatment of the selected production intervals of the bottom-hole area with an elastic vibration field with pre-set parameters; correction of treatment modalities based on monitoring the speed of colmatants' removal from the bottom-hole area; and determination
-3-of efficacy of the applied treatment as judged by an increase in the production yield, changes in the fluid movement profile, and other parameters of the production well, characterized in that during the preparatory evaluation of the major-parameter dynamics while using the well in a given deposit, productivity, water-cut, oil-gas ratio, bottom-hole pressure, and deposit pressure are measured and analyzed during the well's use; based on said analyses, wells are selected for which a decrease in the yield is due to colmatation of the bottom-hole area in the production deposits with preservation of high deposit pressure;
and for each deposit in these wells, the following parameters are determined: the mode of treatment comprising treatment intervals, the pace of treatment, the frequency and the intensiveness of elastic vibrations, and the order of continuous or pulse-type treatment over various intervals; moreover, using the curves reflecting a decrease in the yield, the sequence of the treatments is determined for various wells with a consideration of the extent to which the yield is decreased, and the data obtained in the course of assessing the efficacy of the performed treatment is used to adjust the mode of the well's utilization.
Prior art knows a method of acoustical treatment of a bottom-hole area of a production deposit (patent RU No. 2026969)
and for each deposit in these wells, the following parameters are determined: the mode of treatment comprising treatment intervals, the pace of treatment, the frequency and the intensiveness of elastic vibrations, and the order of continuous or pulse-type treatment over various intervals; moreover, using the curves reflecting a decrease in the yield, the sequence of the treatments is determined for various wells with a consideration of the extent to which the yield is decreased, and the data obtained in the course of assessing the efficacy of the performed treatment is used to adjust the mode of the well's utilization.
Prior art knows a method of acoustical treatment of a bottom-hole area of a production deposit (patent RU No. 2026969)
-4-comprising applying an acoustic field onto the zone near the well, characterized in that, in order to increase productivity of the deposit by means of restoring filtration properties of its bottom-hole area, the filtration properties of the bottom-hole area are measured prior to the deposit's treatment; areas with low filtration properties are identified; and the deposit's treatment is carried out in a consistent, point-by-point manner in the up-down direction by multiple rounds of subjecting the bottom-hole area sites with low filtration properties to an acoustic field whose intensity is at least 0.2 W/cm2; moreover, following each treatment round, filtration properties are measured, the dynamics of their restoration are determined and, based on the results of said determinations, intensity and duration of the acoustic treatment are increased until the filtration properties are stabilized.
Prior art knows a method (patent RU No. 2296215) of treating the bottom-hole well area - employed in the capacity of a prototype - comprising lowering into the well's perforation interval, on a column of oil-well tubing, a setup consisting of a packer, a paired sucker-rod pump with a body comprising an upper and a lower body connected by a perforated duct, a column of spears with a plunger, and an ultrasound generator; separating inter-tubing space above the perforation interval by the packer;
Prior art knows a method (patent RU No. 2296215) of treating the bottom-hole well area - employed in the capacity of a prototype - comprising lowering into the well's perforation interval, on a column of oil-well tubing, a setup consisting of a packer, a paired sucker-rod pump with a body comprising an upper and a lower body connected by a perforated duct, a column of spears with a plunger, and an ultrasound generator; separating inter-tubing space above the perforation interval by the packer;
-5-applying ultrasonic-frequency elastic vibrations to the bottom-hole area of the well in the medium of active technological fluid and acid solution; suctioning off reaction products with simultaneous washout of treatment products; treating the deposit with ultrasound; and creating alternating motion of the fluid in the perforation interval and weak depression pulses, characterized in that a mechanical ultrasound generator is used as an ultrasound generator that works when a stream of liquid passes through it in one direction while the ultrasonic treatment is carried out when the liquid is supplied into oil-well tubing by the pump during the fourth part of the pump's cycle.
The known methods and devices feature low efficacy of decolmatation of the bottom-hole area of production wells, and their manufacture and utilization are complex.
The goal to be achieved with the invention being claimed is to create a device that is able to increase the efficacy of treatment of the bottom-hole area using the minimally possible dimensions of the down-hole apparatus.
The invention being claimed achieves said goal by placement, in the down-hole instrument, of no less than two converters of
The known methods and devices feature low efficacy of decolmatation of the bottom-hole area of production wells, and their manufacture and utilization are complex.
The goal to be achieved with the invention being claimed is to create a device that is able to increase the efficacy of treatment of the bottom-hole area using the minimally possible dimensions of the down-hole apparatus.
The invention being claimed achieves said goal by placement, in the down-hole instrument, of no less than two converters of
-6-electromagnetic energy into mechanical energy that work at different frequencies. Moreover, the converters of electromagnetic energy into mechanical energy are positioned in a down-hole instrument sequentially in the order of decreasing resonant frequency, while the size of each converter is defined by the resonant frequency magnitude, and each subsequent frequency differs from the previous one by the whole integer of octaves.
Further, the cable connecting the generator of electromagnetic pulses and the down-hole instrument is coaxial with wave impedance equal to the output impedance of the generator and the input impedance of the down-hole instrument.
A suggested schematic of the invention "A device for decolmatation of the bottom-hole area of production and injection wells" is shown in Fig. 1, where 1 - ultrasound converters of electromagnetic energy into mechanical energy; 2 -bottom-hole area; 3 - perforation zone; 4 - down-hole instrument; 5 - oil-well tubing; 6 - casing pipe; 7 - well; 8 -coaxial cable; 9 - winch; 10 - generator of resonant frequency electromagnetic pulses with a controller (not shown for clarity); 11 - geophysical lifter.
The device operates as follows (see Fig. 1).
Further, the cable connecting the generator of electromagnetic pulses and the down-hole instrument is coaxial with wave impedance equal to the output impedance of the generator and the input impedance of the down-hole instrument.
A suggested schematic of the invention "A device for decolmatation of the bottom-hole area of production and injection wells" is shown in Fig. 1, where 1 - ultrasound converters of electromagnetic energy into mechanical energy; 2 -bottom-hole area; 3 - perforation zone; 4 - down-hole instrument; 5 - oil-well tubing; 6 - casing pipe; 7 - well; 8 -coaxial cable; 9 - winch; 10 - generator of resonant frequency electromagnetic pulses with a controller (not shown for clarity); 11 - geophysical lifter.
The device operates as follows (see Fig. 1).
-7-A signal of the corresponding frequency from generator 10 equipped with a controller (not shown for clarity) passes via coaxial cable 8 to converters of electromagnetic energy into mechanical energy 1.
Using ultrasound with a higher frequency ensures maximally intensive treatment under conditions with small radii, whereas ultrasound with a lower frequency allows for coverage of a broader volume of the bottom-hole zone.
Moreover, the generator's controller (not shown for clarity) forms a signal of the required shape, which is harmonic with stepwise enveloping. In this case, each of converters 1 is tuned to the specific harmony of the overall signal. Converters of electromagnetic energy into mechanical energy 1 are positioned in down-hole instrument 4 sequentially in the order of decreasing resonant frequency, while the size of each converter is defined by the resonant frequency magnitude. Each subsequent frequency differs from the previous one by the whole integer of octaves.
Coaxial cable 8 features wave impedance equal to the output impedance of generator 10 and the input impedance of down-hole instrument 4, thus ensuring that the target shape of the signal is maintained.
It has been demonstrated experimentally that multi-frequency treatment afforded by the invention being claimed, significantly
Using ultrasound with a higher frequency ensures maximally intensive treatment under conditions with small radii, whereas ultrasound with a lower frequency allows for coverage of a broader volume of the bottom-hole zone.
Moreover, the generator's controller (not shown for clarity) forms a signal of the required shape, which is harmonic with stepwise enveloping. In this case, each of converters 1 is tuned to the specific harmony of the overall signal. Converters of electromagnetic energy into mechanical energy 1 are positioned in down-hole instrument 4 sequentially in the order of decreasing resonant frequency, while the size of each converter is defined by the resonant frequency magnitude. Each subsequent frequency differs from the previous one by the whole integer of octaves.
Coaxial cable 8 features wave impedance equal to the output impedance of generator 10 and the input impedance of down-hole instrument 4, thus ensuring that the target shape of the signal is maintained.
It has been demonstrated experimentally that multi-frequency treatment afforded by the invention being claimed, significantly
-8-increases the yield of wells when compared to mono-frequency treatment (see Table 1).
Table 1; Average increase in the yield following multi-frequency and mono-frequency ultrasonic treatment of the well's bottom-hole area Average Average Average yield, yield, yield, 1-10 tons / 10-30 tons / >30 tons / 24 24 hours 24 hours hours Terrigenous deposits Mono-frequency 50 - 70% 10 - 25% 5 - 10%
treatment (frequency: 25 kHz) Multi-frequency 70 - 110% 25 - 45% 8 - 15%
treatment Carbonate deposits Mono-frequency 30 - 50% 15 - 25% 3 - 8%
treatment (frequency: 25 kHz) Multi-frequency 40 - 70% 35 - 50% 5 - 10%
treatment Thus, the invention being claimed allows one to significantly increase the depth of the efficacious treatment of the bottom-. .
Table 1; Average increase in the yield following multi-frequency and mono-frequency ultrasonic treatment of the well's bottom-hole area Average Average Average yield, yield, yield, 1-10 tons / 10-30 tons / >30 tons / 24 24 hours 24 hours hours Terrigenous deposits Mono-frequency 50 - 70% 10 - 25% 5 - 10%
treatment (frequency: 25 kHz) Multi-frequency 70 - 110% 25 - 45% 8 - 15%
treatment Carbonate deposits Mono-frequency 30 - 50% 15 - 25% 3 - 8%
treatment (frequency: 25 kHz) Multi-frequency 40 - 70% 35 - 50% 5 - 10%
treatment Thus, the invention being claimed allows one to significantly increase the depth of the efficacious treatment of the bottom-. .
-9-hole area with the minimally possible dimensions of the down-hole instrument.
. .
. .
-10-Summary of the Invention 1. A device for decolmatation of the bottom-hole area of production and injection wells, comprising a generator of electromagnetic pulses of resonant frequency and a coaxial cable connecting the generator to a down-hole instrument, characterized in that, in order to increase the depth of the efficacious treatment of the bottom-hole area, the down-hole instrument contains no less than two converters of electromagnetic energy into mechanical energy; moreover, the signal sent from the down-hole instrument's generators to the converter of electromagnetic energy into mechanical energy is harmonic with stepwise enveloping, and each of the converters is tuned to the specific harmony of the overall signal.
2. Device of claim 1, characterized in that the converters of electromagnetic energy into magnetic energy are positioned in the down-hole instrument sequentially in the order of decreasing resonant frequency, while the size of each converter is defined by the resonant frequency magnitude, and each subsequent frequency differs from the previous one by a whole integer of octaves.
2. Device of claim 1, characterized in that the converters of electromagnetic energy into magnetic energy are positioned in the down-hole instrument sequentially in the order of decreasing resonant frequency, while the size of each converter is defined by the resonant frequency magnitude, and each subsequent frequency differs from the previous one by a whole integer of octaves.
Claims (4)
1. A device for decolmatation of the bottom-hole area of production and injection wells, comprising a generator of electromagnetic pulses of resonant frequency and a coaxial cable connecting the generator to a down-hole instrument, characterized in that, in order to increase the depth of the efficacious treatment of the bottom-hole area, the down-hole instrument contains no less than two converters of electromagnetic energy into mechanical energy; moreover, the signal sent from the down-hole instrument's generators to the converter of electromagnetic energy into mechanical energy is harmonic with stepwise enveloping, and each of the converters is tuned to the specific harmony of the overall signal.
2. Device of claim 1, characterized in that the converters of electromagnetic energy into magnetic energy are positioned in the down-hole instrument sequentially in the order of decreasing resonant frequency, while the size of each converter is defined by the resonant frequency magnitude, and each subsequent frequency differs from the previous one by a whole integer of octaves.
3. Device of claim 1, characterized in that the generator of electromagnetic pulses is equipped with a controller that enables one to form a signal with the required shape.
4. Device of claim 1, characterized in that the cable is coaxial with wave impedance equal to the output impedance of the generator and the input impedance of the down-hole instrument.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/RU2012/000768 WO2014046560A1 (en) | 2012-09-18 | 2012-09-18 | Device for decolmatation of the critical area of exploitation and injection wells |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2888203A1 true CA2888203A1 (en) | 2014-03-27 |
Family
ID=50341744
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA2888203A Abandoned CA2888203A1 (en) | 2012-09-18 | 2012-09-18 | A device for decolmatation of the bottom-hole area of production and injection wells |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20150218911A1 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2888203A1 (en) |
| EA (1) | EA201400646A1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2014046560A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US9962047B2 (en) | 2016-01-08 | 2018-05-08 | Omachron Intellectual Property Inc. | Hand carryable surface cleaning apparatus |
| WO2015190944A1 (en) | 2014-06-10 | 2015-12-17 | Общество С Ограниченной Ответственностью "Илмасоник-Наука" | Downhole acoustic apparatus for treating the bottomhole regions of oil and gas reservoirs |
| US20180252629A1 (en) * | 2015-10-19 | 2018-09-06 | Hz-Dr. Hans Jürgen Hahn Und Dr. Thomas Zumbroich Gbr | Substrate permeability measuring device |
| MX2019001409A (en) * | 2016-08-02 | 2019-06-20 | Nat Oilwell Dht Lp | Drilling tool with non-synchronous oscillators and method of using same. |
| EP3510425B1 (en) * | 2016-09-12 | 2022-06-22 | Services Pétroliers Schlumberger | Well infiltration area calculation using logging while drilling data |
Family Cites Families (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1882394A (en) * | 1928-03-23 | 1932-10-11 | Pierce George Washington | Magnetostrictive vibrator |
| SU936404A2 (en) * | 1980-10-31 | 1982-06-15 | Всесоюзный Научно-Исследовательский Институт Нормализации В Машиностроении (Горьковский Филиал) | Staircase voltage generator |
| US6619394B2 (en) * | 2000-12-07 | 2003-09-16 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Method and apparatus for treating a wellbore with vibratory waves to remove particles therefrom |
| US6973972B2 (en) * | 2002-04-23 | 2005-12-13 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Method for reduction of scale during oil and gas production and apparatus for practicing same |
| RU2215126C2 (en) * | 2002-05-27 | 2003-10-27 | Закрытое акционерное общество "ИНЕФ" | Method of recovery and maintenance of well productivity |
| US7145473B2 (en) * | 2003-08-27 | 2006-12-05 | Precision Drilling Technology Services Group Inc. | Electromagnetic borehole telemetry system incorporating a conductive borehole tubular |
| RU54973U1 (en) * | 2006-02-27 | 2006-07-27 | Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "Виатех" | DEVICE FOR ULTRASONIC INFLUENCE ON THE WALLS OF THE ARTESIAN WELL |
| RU2392422C1 (en) * | 2009-04-28 | 2010-06-20 | Общество С Ограниченной Ответственностью "Соновита" | Method for production of oil with help of elastic vibration energy and facility for its implementation |
-
2012
- 2012-09-18 EA EA201400646A patent/EA201400646A1/en unknown
- 2012-09-18 US US14/431,909 patent/US20150218911A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2012-09-18 CA CA2888203A patent/CA2888203A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2012-09-18 WO PCT/RU2012/000768 patent/WO2014046560A1/en active Application Filing
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2014046560A1 (en) | 2014-03-27 |
| EA201400646A1 (en) | 2014-09-30 |
| US20150218911A1 (en) | 2015-08-06 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| FZDE | Discontinued |
Effective date: 20170919 |
|
| FZDE | Discontinued |
Effective date: 20170919 |