CA2844556C

CA2844556C - Sugar products and fabrication method thereof

Info

Publication number: CA2844556C
Application number: CA2844556A
Authority: CA
Inventors: Ruey-Fu Shih; Jia-Yuan Chen; Hui-Tsung Lin; Hom-Ti Lee; Hou-Peng Wan; Wei-Chun Hung
Original assignee: Industrial Technology Research Institute ITRI
Current assignee: Industrial Technology Research Institute ITRI
Priority date: 2014-03-04
Filing date: 2014-03-04
Publication date: 2016-05-10
Anticipated expiration: 2034-03-04
Also published as: CA2844556A1

Abstract

In an embodiment of the present disclosure, a sugar product and method for fabricating the same is provided. The method includes mixing an acid compound and lithium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, zinc chloride or iron chloride or lithium bromide, magnesium bromide, calcium bromide, zinc bromide or iron bromide or heteropoly acid to form a mixing solution, adding a cellulosic biomass to the mixing solution for a dissolution reaction, and adding water to the mixing solution for a hydrolysis reaction to obtain a sugar product. The present disclosure also provides a sugar product fabricated from the method.

Description

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Client's Docket No.: P55010045CA ZEN
TT's Docket No.: 0956-A24169-CA/final/david TITLE
SUGAR PRODUCTS AND FABRICATION METHOD THEREOF
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0001]The technical field relates to a sugar product and fabricating method thereof.
BACKGROUND

[0002]The world is facing problems such as the gradual extraction and depletion of petroleum reserves, and changes to the earth's atmosphere due to the greenhouse effect. In order to ensure the sustainability of human life, it has become a world trend to gradually decrease the use of petrochemical energy and petroleum feedstock and to develop new sources of renewable energy and materials.

[0003]Lignocellulose is the main ingredient of biomass, which is the most abundant organic substance in the world. Lignocellulose mainly consists of 38-50%
cellulose, 23-32% hemicellulose and 15-25% lignin. Cellulose generates glucose through hydrolysis.
However, it is difficult for chemicals to enter the interior of cellulose molecules for depolymerization due to strong intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonding and Van de Waal forces and the complex aggregate structure of cellulose with high-degree crystallinity. The main methods of hydrolyzing cellulose are enzyme hydrolysis and acid hydrolysis. However, there is significant imperfection in these two technologies, therefore, it is difficult to apply widely.
[00041 Generally speaking, enzyme hydrolysis can be carried out at room temperature, which is an environmentally friendly method due to the rarity of byproducts, no production of anti-sugar fermentation substances, and integration with the fermentation process.
However, a complicated pretreatment process is required, hydrolytic activity is low, the reaction rate is slow, and cellulose hydrolysis enzyme is expensive.

. 77292-58 [00051Dilute acid hydrolysis generally uses comparatively cheap sulfuric acid as a catalyst, but it must operate in a corrosion-resistant pressure vessel at more than 200t, requiring high-level equipment; simultaneously, the temperature of the dilute acid hydrolysis is high, the byproduct thereof is plentiful, and the sugar yield is low.
Concentrated acid hydrolysis can operate at lower temperature and normal pressure.
However, there are problems of strong corrosivity of concentrated acid, complications in the post-treatment process of the hydrolyzed solution, large consumption of acid, and difficulties with recycling, among other drawbacks.
SUMMARY
[000610ne embodiment of the disclosure provides a sugar product, comprising: a sugar mixture comprising glucose, xylose, mannose, arabinose and oligosaccharides thereof with a weight ratio of 2-15wt%; an acid compound with a weight ratio of 48-97wt%; and a salt compound with a weight ratio of 1-50wt%.
[0007]One embodiment of the disclosure provides a method for fabricating a sugar product, comprising: mixing formic acid or acetic acid and lithium chloride, magnesium Chloride, calcium chloride, zinc chloride, iron chloride, lithium bromide, magnesium bromide, calcium bromide, zinc bromide, iron bromide, or heteropoly acid to form a mixing solution; adding a cellulosic biomass to the mixing solution for a dissolution reaction; and adding water to the mixing solution for a hydrolysis reaction to obtain a sugar product.

[0007a] Another embodiment relates to a sugar product, comprising: a sugar mixture comprising glucose, xylose, mannose, arabinose and oligosaccharides thereof with a weight ratio of 2-15wt%; an acid compound with a weight ratio of 48-97wt%, wherein the acid compound comprises formic acid, acetic acid or a mixture thereof; and a salt compound with a weight ratio of 1-50wt%, wherein the salt compound comprises lithium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, zinc chloride, iron chloride, lithium bromide, magnesium bromide, calcium bromide, zinc bromide or iron bromide.
[0007b] Another embodiment relates to a method for fabricating a sugar product, comprising: mixing an acid compound and lithium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, zinc chloride, iron chloride, lithium bromide, magnesium bromide, calcium bromide, zinc bromide, iron bromide or heteropoly acid to form a mixing solution, wherein the acid compound comprises formic acid, acetic acid or a mixture thereof, wherein the lithium chloride has a weight ratio of 5-20wt% and the zinc chloride has a weight ratio of 5-45wt% in the mixing solution; adding a cellulosic biomass to the mixing solution for a dissolution reaction; and adding water to the mixing solution for a hydrolysis reaction to obtain a sugar product.
[0008] A detailed description is given in the following embodiments.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0009] In the following detailed description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the disclosed embodiments. It will be apparent, however, that one or more embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and 2a Client's Docket No.: P55010045CA TOPTEAM
TT's Docket No.: 0956-A24169-CA/final/david devices are schematically shown in order to simplify the drawing.
[0010]In one embodiment of the disclosure, a sugar product is provided. The sugar product comprises a sugar mixture, an acid compound, and a salt compound. The sugar mixture comprises glucose, xylose, mannose, arabinose and oligosaccharides thereof with a weight ratio of about 2-15wt% in the sugar product. The acid compound may comprise formic acid or acetic acid with a weight ratio of about 48-97wt% in the sugar product. The salt compound may comprise lithium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, zinc chloride, iron chloride, lithium bromide, magnesium bromide, calcium bromide, zinc bromide, or iron bromide with a weight ratio of about 1-50wt% in the sugar product.
[0011]in one embodiment of the disclosure, a method for fabricating a sugar product is provided, comprising the following steps. First, formic acid or acetic acid and lithium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, zinc chloride, iron chloride, lithium bromide, magnesium bromide, calcium bromide, zinc bromide, iron bromide, or heteropoly acid are mixed to form a mixing solution. A cellulosic biomass is added to the mixing solution for a dissolution reaction. Water is added to the mixing solution for a hydrolysis reaction to obtain a sugar product.
[00121The formic acid has a weight ratio of about 50-97wt% in the mixing solution.
[0013]The lithium chloride or lithium bromide has a weight ratio of about 5-20wt% or 10-20wt% in the mixing solution.
[0014]The magnesium chloride or magnesium bromide has a weight ratio of about 30wt% or 15-20wt% in the mixing solution.
[0015]The calcium chloride or calcium bromide has a weight ratio of about 12-40wt%
or 12-30wt% in the mixing solution.
[0016]The zinc chloride or zinc bromide has a weight ratio of about 5-45wt% or 30wt% in the mixing solution.

Client's Docket No.: P55010045CA TOPTEAM
;,11 TT's Docket No.: 0956-A24169-CA/final/clavid [00171The iron chloride or iron bromide has a weight ratio of about 1-50wt% or lOwt% in the mixing solution.
[0018]The heteropoly acid may comprise H3PW12040, H4SiW12040, H3PMo12040 or H4SiMo12040 with a weight ratio of about 1-5wt% or 2-5wt% in the mixing solution.
[0019]The cellulosic biomass may be derived from wood, grass, leaves, algae, waste paper, corn stalks, corn cobs, rice straw, rice husk, wheat straw, bagasse, bamboo, or crop stems. The cellulosic biomass may comprise cellulose, hemicellulose, or lignin with a weight ratio of about 1-20wt% or 5-15wt% in the mixing solution.
[0020] The dissolution reaction has a reaction temperature of about 40-90 C or 70 C and a reaction time of about 20-360 minutes or 30-120 minutes.
[0021]In the hydrolysis reaction, the amount of water added is larger than the total molar equivalent of monosaccharides hydrolyzed from the cellulosic biomass.
[0022]The hydrolysis reaction has a reaction temperature of about 50-150 C or C and a reaction time of about 30-180 minutes or 30-120 minutes.
[0023]The sugar product fabricated by the method may comprise a sugar mixture, an acid compound, and a salt compound. The sugar mixture may comprise glucose, xylose, mannose, arabinose and oligosaccharides thereof with a weight ratio of about 2-15wt% in the sugar product. The acid compound may comprise formic acid or acetic acid with a weight ratio of about 48-97wt% in the sugar product. The salt compound may comprise lithium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, zinc chloride, iron chloride, lithium bromide, magnesium bromide, calcium bromide, zinc bromide, or iron bromide with a weight ratio of about 1-50wt% in the sugar product.
[0024]In one embodiment, the method further comprises adding inorganic acid to the mixing solution before, during or after the dissolution reaction. The inorganic acid may comprise sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid. The inorganic acid has a weight ratio of about

4 Client's Docket No.: P55010045CA fillIPTEAM
TT's Docket No.: 0956-A24169-CA/final/david 1-2wt% in the mixing solution. When the inorganic acid is added, the adding amount of the chloride salt or the bromide salt may be reduced, for example, the weight ratio of the magnesium chloride, the magnesium bromide, the calcium chloride or the calcium bromide in the mixing solution may be reduced to about 1-10wt%, and the weight ratio of the lithium chloride, the lithium bromide, the zinc chloride, the zinc bromide, the iron chloride or the iron bromide in the mixing solution may be reduced to about 1-5wt%.
[0025]In the disclosure, formic acid or acetic acid (weak acid) is mixed with lithium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, zinc chloride, iron chloride, lithium bromide, magnesium bromide, calcium bromide, zinc bromide, or iron bromide to be utilized as a solvent with the characteristic of dissolving cellulose under low temperature (<90 C) and rapid reaction time (<6 hours) to generate a homogeneous liquid.
In the disclosed method, cellulose is dissolved in the solvent formed by chloride salt or bromide salt and formic acid or acetic acid to generate a homogeneous liquid at 40-150 C, and a sugar product is further obtained through hydrolysis. This method achieves the technical goals of low temperature, normal pressure, rapid reaction time and high sugar yield and without use of a strong acid corrosion-resistant reactor.
[0026]Examples [0027]Example 1-1 [00281 Formic acid and zinc chloride (ZnC12) were mixed and heated to form a mixing solution (60wt% of formic acid, 40wt% of zinc chloride). Avicel cellulose (Sigma Corporation, Avicel-pH-105-27N1) was added to the mixing solution (15wt% of Avicel cellulose) for a dissolution reaction (50 C, 20 minutes) to form a yellow, homogeneous, and transparent liquid, as recorded in Table 1.
[0029]Example 1-2 [0030]Formic acid and zinc chloride (ZnC12) were mixed and heated to form a mixing Client's Docket No.: P55010045CA TOPTEAM
TT's Docket No.: 0956-A24169-CAJfinal/david solution (60wt% of formic acid, 40wt% of zinc chloride). a-cellulose (Sigma Corporation, C8002) was added to the mixing solution (15wt% of a-cellulose) for a dissolution reaction (50 C, 20 minutes) to form an amber, homogeneous, and transparent liquid, as recorded in Table 1.
[0031]Example 1-3 [0032]Formic acid and calcium chloride (CaC12) were mixed and heated to form a mixing solution (75wt% of formic acid, 25wt% of calcium chloride). Avicel cellulose (Sigma Corporation, Avicel-pH-105-27N1) was added to the mixing solution (6wt%
of Avicel cellulose) for a dissolution reaction (65 , 90 minutes) to form a yellow, homogeneous, and transparent liquid, as recorded in Table 1.
[0033]Example 1-4 [0034]Formic acid and calcium chloride (CaC12) were mixed and heated to form a mixing solution (75wt% of formic acid, 25wt% of calcium chloride). a-cellulose (Sigma Corporation, C8002) was added to the mixing solution (6wt% of a-cellulose) for a dissolution reaction (65 C, 90 minutes) to form an amber, homogeneous, and transparent liquid, as recorded in Table 1.
[0035]Example 1-5 [0036]Formic acid and magnesium chloride (MgCl2) were mixed and heated to form a mixing solution (80wt% of formic acid, 20wt% of magnesium chloride). Avicel cellulose (Sigma Corporation, Avicel-pH-105-27N1) was added to the mixing solution (5wt%
of Avicel cellulose) for a dissolution reaction (65 , 120 minutes) to form an amber, homogeneous, and transparent liquid, as recorded in Table 1.
[0037]Example 1-6 [0038]Formic acid and magnesium chloride (MgCl2) were mixed and heated to form a mixing solution (80wt% of formic acid, 20wt% of magnesium chloride). a-cellulose (Sigma Client's Docket No.: P55010045CA TOPTEAM
TT's Docket No.: 0956-A24169-CA/final/clavid Corporation, C8002) was added to the mixing solution (5wt% of a-cellulose) for a dissolution reaction (65 C, 120 minutes) to form an amber, homogeneous, and transparent liquid, as recorded in Table 1.
Table 1 Examples Salt Cellulose Dissolution Dissolution Solution (wt%) (wt%) temp. time appearance (t ) (min) 1-1 zinc Avicel cellulose 50 20 yellow, chloride (15) homogeneous (40) and transparent liquid 1-2 zinc a-cellulose 50 20 amber, chloride (15) homogeneous (40) and transparent liquid 1-3 calcium Avicel cellulose 65 90 yellow, chloride (6) homogeneous (25) and transparent liquid 1-4 calcium a-cellulose 65 90 amber, Client's Docket No.: P55010045CA (17:411PTEAM
TT's Docket No.: 0956-A24169-CA/final/david chloride (6) homogeneous (25) and transparent liquid 1-5 magnesium Avicel cellulose 65 120 amber, chloride (5) homogeneous (20) and transparent liquid 1-6 magnesium u.-cellulose 65 120 amber, chloride (5) homogeneous (20) and transparent liquid [0039]Example 2-1 [0040]Formic acid and lithium chloride (LiC1) were mixed and heated to form a mixing solution (90wt% of formic acid, lOwt% of lithium chloride). Avicel cellulose (Sigma Corporation, Avicel-pH-105-27N1) was added to the mixing solution (5wt%
of Avicel cellulose) for a dissolution reaction (70 C, 6 hours). The dissolution of cellulose was observed using a polarizing microscope, as recorded in Table 2.
[0041]Example 2-2 [0042]Formic acid and lithium chloride (LiC1) were mixed and heated to form a mixing solution (95wt% of formic acid, 5wt% of lithium chloride). Avicel cellulose (Sigma Corporation, Avicel-pH-105-27N1) was added to the mixing solution (5wt%
of Client's Docket No.: P55010045CA TOPTEAM
TT's Docket No.: 0956-A24169-CA/final/david Avicel cellulose) for a dissolution reaction (70 C, 12 hours). The dissolution of cellulose was observed using a polarizing microscope, as recorded in Table 2.
[00431 Example 2-3 [00441 Formic acid and sodium chloride (NaCl) were mixed and heated to form a mixing solution (90wt% of formic acid, lOwt% of sodium chloride (saturated solution)).
Avicel cellulose (Sigma Corporation, Avicel-pH-105-27N1) was added to the mixing solution (5wt% of Avicel cellulose) for a dissolution reaction (70 C , 19 hours). The dissolution of cellulose was observed using a polarizing microscope, as recorded in Table 2.
[0045]Example 2-4 [0046]Formic acid and lithium bromide (LiBr) were mixed and heated to form a mixing solution (90wt% of formic acid, 1 Owt% of lithium bromide). Avicel cellulose (Sigma Corporation, Avicel-pH-105-27N1) was added to the mixing solution (5wt%
of Avicel cellulose) for a dissolution reaction (70 C, 0.5 hour). The dissolution of cellulose was observed using a polarizing microscope, as recorded in Table 2.
[0047]Example 2-5 [0048]Formic acid and sodium bromide (NaBr) were mixed and heated to form a mixing solution (82wt% of formic acid, 18wt% of sodium bromide). Avicel cellulose (Sigma Corporation, Avicel-pH-105-27N1) was added to the mixing solution (5wt%
of Avicel cellulose) for a dissolution reaction (70 C, 9 hours). The dissolution of cellulose was observed using a polarizing microscope, as recorded in Table 2.
[00491 Example 2-6 [0050]Formic acid and calcium bromide (CaBr2) were mixed and heated to form a mixing solution (88wt% of formic acid, 12wt% of calcium bromide). Avicel cellulose (Sigma Corporation, Avicel-pH-105-27N1) was added to the mixing solution (5wt%
of Client's Docket No.: P55010045CA TOP TEAM
TT's Docket No.: 0956-A24169-CA/final/david Avicel cellulose) for a dissolution reaction (70 C, 6 hours). The dissolution of cellulose was observed using a polarizing microscope, as recorded in Table 2.
[0051]Example 2-7 [0052fformic acid and barium bromide (BaBr2) were mixed and heated to form a mixing solution (80wt% of formic acid, 20wt% of barium bromide). Avicel cellulose (Sigma Corporation, Avicel-pH-105-27N1) was added to the mixing solution (5wt%
of Avicel cellulose) for a dissolution reaction (70 C, 6 hours). The dissolution of cellulose was observed using a polarizing microscope, as recorded in Table 2.
[0053]Example 2-8 [0054]Formic acid and magnesium chloride (MgC12) were mixed and heated to form a mixing solution (80wt% of formic acid, 20wt% of magnesium chloride (saturated solution)).
Avicel cellulose (Sigma Corporation, Avicel-pH-105-27N1) was added to the mixing solution (5wt% of Avicel cellulose) for a dissolution reaction (65 , 2 hours).
The dissolution of cellulose was observed using a polarizing microscope, as recorded in Table 2.
[0055]Example 2-9 [0056]Formic acid and magnesium chloride (MgC12) were mixed and heated to form a mixing solution (90wt% of formic acid, 1 Owt% of magnesium chloride). Avicel cellulose (Sigma Corporation, Avicel-pH-105-27N1) was added to the mixing solution (5wt%
of Avicel cellulose) for a dissolution reaction (70 C, 12 hours). The dissolution of cellulose was observed using a polarizing microscope, as recorded in Table 2.
[0057] Example 2-10 [0058]Formic acid and calcium chloride (CaCl2) were mixed and heated to form a mixing solution (75wt% of formic acid, 25wt% of calcium chloride (saturated solution)).
Avicel cellulose (Sigma Corporation, Avicel-pH-105-27N1) was added to the mixing Client's Docket No.: P55010045CATOPTEAM
TT's Docket No.: 0956-A24169-CA/final/david solution (5wt% of Avicel cellulose) for a dissolution reaction (65 , 1.5 hours). The dissolution of cellulose was observed using a polarizing microscope, as recorded in Table 2.
[0059]Example 2-11 [0060]Formic acid and calcium chloride (CaC12) were mixed and heated to form a mixing solution (82.5wt% of formic acid, 17.5wt% of calcium chloride). Avicel cellulose (Sigma Corporation, Avicel-pH-105-27N1) was added to the mixing solution (5wt%
of Avicel cellulose) for a dissolution reaction (70 C, 2 hours). The dissolution of cellulose was observed using a polarizing microscope, as recorded in Table 2.
[0061]Example 2-12 [0062]Formic acid and calcium chloride (CaCl2) were mixed and heated to form a mixing solution (88wt% of formic acid, 12wt% of calcium chloride). Avicel cellulose (Sigma Corporation, Avicel-pH-105-27N1) was added to the mixing solution (5wt%
of Avicel cellulose) for a dissolution reaction (70 C, 6 hours). The dissolution of cellulose was observed using a polarizing microscope, as recorded in Table 2.
[0063] Example 2-13 [0064]Formic acid and calcium chloride (CaCl2) were mixed and heated to form a mixing solution (90wt% of formic acid, 1 Owt% of calcium chloride). Avicel cellulose (Sigma Corporation, Avicel-pH-105-27N1) was added to the mixing solution (5wt%
of Avicel cellulose) for a dissolution reaction (70 C, 12 hours). The dissolution of cellulose was observed using a polarizing microscope, as recorded in Table 2.
[0065]Example 2-14 [0066]Formic acid and barium chloride (BaC12) were mixed and heated to form a mixing solution (85wt% of formic acid, 15wt% of barium chloride (saturated solution)).
Avicel cellulose (Sigma Corporation, Avicel-pH-105-27N1) was added to the mixing Client's Docket No.: P55010045CA TOPTEAM
TT's Docket No.: 0956-A24169-CA/finalidavid solution (5wt% of Avicel cellulose) for a dissolution reaction (70 C , >6 hours). The dissolution of cellulose was observed using a polarizing microscope, as recorded in Table 2.
[0067]Example 2-15 [0068]Formic acid and zinc chloride (ZnC12) were mixed and heated to form a mixing solution (60wt% of formic acid, 40wt% of zinc chloride). Avicel cellulose (Sigma Corporation, Avicel-pH-105-27N1) was added to the mixing solution (5wt% of Avicel cellulose) for a dissolution reaction (50 C, 0.25 hour). The dissolution of cellulose was observed using a polarizing microscope, as recorded in Table 2.
[00691 Example 2-16 [0070]Formic acid and zinc chloride (ZnC12) were mixed and heated to form a mixing solution (80wt% of formic acid, 20wt% of zinc chloride). Avicel cellulose (Sigma Corporation, Avicel-pH-105-27N1) was added to the mixing solution (5wt% of Avicel cellulose) for a dissolution reaction (65 C, 0.25 hour). The dissolution of cellulose was observed using a polarizing microscope, as recorded in Table 2.
[0071]Example 2-17 [0072]Formic acid and zinc chloride (ZnC12) were mixed and heated to form a mixing solution (95wt% of formic acid, 5wt% of zinc chloride). Avicel cellulose (Sigma Corporation, Avicel-pH-105-27NI) was added to the mixing solution (5wt% of Avicel cellulose) for a dissolution reaction (70 C, 6 hours). The dissolution of cellulose was observed using a polarizing microscope, as recorded in Table 2.
[0073] Example 2-18 [0074]Formic acid and zinc chloride (ZnC12) were mixed and heated to form a mixing solution (98wt% of formic acid, 2wt% of zinc chloride). Avicel cellulose (Sigma Corporation, Avicel-pH-105-27N1) was added to the mixing solution (5wt% of Client's Docket No.: P55010045CA fr"'=-TT's Docket No.: 0956-A24169-CA/final/david Avicel cellulose) for a dissolution reaction (70 C, >6 hours). The dissolution of cellulose was observed using a polarizing microscope, as recorded in Table 2.
[0075] Example 2-19 [00761 Formic acid and iron chloride (FeC13) were mixed and heated to form a mixing solution (95wt% of formic acid, 5wt% of iron chloride). Avicel cellulose (Sigma Corporation, Avicel-pH-105-27N1) was added to the mixing solution (5wt% of Avicel cellulose) for a dissolution reaction (70 C, 1 hour). The dissolution of cellulose was observed using a polarizing microscope, as recorded in Table 2.
[0077]Example 2-20 [0078]Formic acid and iron chloride (FeC13) were mixed and heated to form a mixing solution (98wt% of formic acid, 2wt% of iron chloride). Avicel cellulose (Sigma Corporation, Avicel-pH-105-27N1) was added to the mixing solution (5wt% of Avicel cellulose) for a dissolution reaction (70 C, 3 hours). The dissolution of cellulose was observed using a polarizing microscope, as recorded in Table 2.
[0079]Example 2-21 [0080]Formic acid and iron chloride (FeC13) were mixed and heated to form a mixing solution (99wt% of formic acid, 1 wt% of iron chloride). Avicel cellulose (Sigma Corporation, Avicel-pH-105-27NI) was added to the mixing solution (5wt% of Avicel cellulose) for a dissolution reaction (70 C, 6 hours). The dissolution of cellulose was observed using a polarizing microscope, as recorded in Table 2.
[0081]Example 2-22 [0082]Formic acid and ammonium chloride (NR4C1) were mixed and heated to form a mixing solution (90wt% of formic acid, lOwt% of ammonium chloride (saturated solution)).
Avicel cellulose (Sigma Corporation, Avicel-pH-105-27NI) was added to the mixing Client's Docket No.: P55010045CA TOPTEAM
TT's Docket No.: 0956-A24169-CA/final/david solution (5wt% of Avicel cellulose) for a dissolution reaction (70 C, >12 hours). The dissolution of cellulose was observed using a polarizing microscope, as recorded in Table 2.
[0083]Example 2-23 [00841 Formic acid and aluminum chloride (A1C13) were mixed and heated to form a mixing solution (98wt% of formic acid, 2wt% of aluminum chloride (saturated solution)).
Avicel cellulose (Sigma Corporation, Avicel-pH-105-27NI) was added to the mixing solution (5wt% of Avicel cellulose) for a dissolution reaction (70 C , 6 hours). The dissolution of cellulose was observed using a polarizing microscope, as recorded in Table 2.
[0085]Example 2-24 [0086]Formic acid and tin chloride (SnC13) were mixed and heated to form a mixing solution (95wt% of formic acid, 5wt% of tin chloride (saturated solution)).
Avicel cellulose (Sigma Corporation, Avicel-pH-105-27N1) was added to the mixing solution (5wt% of Avicel cellulose) for a dissolution reaction (70 C , 6 hours). The dissolution of cellulose was observed using a polarizing microscope, as recorded in Table 2.
[00871Example 2-25 [0088]Formic acid and calcium sulfate (CaSO4) were mixed and heated to form a mixing solution (80wt% of formic acid, 20wt% of calcium sulfate). Avicel cellulose (Sigma Corporation, Avicel-pH-105-27N1) was added to the mixing solution (5wt%
of Avicel cellulose) for a dissolution reaction (70 C, 6 hours). The dissolution of cellulose was observed using a polarizing microscope, as recorded in Table 2.
[0089] Example 2-26 [0090]Formic acid and heteropoly acid (H3PW12040) were mixed and heated to form a mixing solution (99wt% of formic acid, 1 wt% of heteropoly acid). Avicel cellulose (Sigma Corporation, Avicel-pH-105-27N1) was added to the mixing solution (5wt% of , .
P .---Client's Docket No.: P55010045CA
T.PTEAM
TT's Docket No.: 0956-A24169-CA/final/david Avicef3cellulose) for a dissolution reaction (70 C, 6 hours). The dissolution of cellulose was observed using a polarizing microscope, as recorded in Table 2.
Table 2 Examples Salt wt% Dissolution Dissolution Dissolution temp. time of cellulose ( C) (hour) 2-1 lithium 10 70 6 complete chloride dissolution 2-2 5 70 12 no dissolution 2-3 sodium 10, saturated 70 19 no chloride dissolution 2-4 lithium 10 70 0.5 complete bromide dissolution 2-5 sodium 18 70 9 no bromide dissolution 2-6 calcium 12 70 6 complete bromide dissolution 2-7 barium 20 70 6 no bromide dissolution 2-8 magnesium 20, saturated 65 2 complete chloride dissolution 2-9 10 70 12 no . . .
PIP---Client's Docket No.: P55010045CA

TT's Docket No.: 0956-A24169-CA/final/david dissolution 2-10 calcium 25, saturated 65 1.5 complete chloride dissolution 2-11 17.5 70 2 complete dissolution 2-12 12 70 6 complete dissolution 2-13 10 70 12 no dissolution 2-14 barium 15, saturated 70 >6 no chloride dissolution 2-15 zinc 40 50 0.25 complete chloride dissolution 2-16 20 65 0.25 complete dissolution 2-17 5 70 6 complete dissolution 2-18 2 70 >6 no dissolution 2-19 iron chloride 5 70 1 complete dissolution 2-20 2 70 3 complete dissolution 2-21 1 70 6 complete dissolution Client's Docket No.: P55010045CA TIIIPTEAM
TT's Docket No.: 0956-A24169-CA/final/david 2-22 ammonium 10, saturated 70 >12 no chloride dissolution 2-23 aluminum 2, saturated 70 6 no chloride dissolution 2-24 tin 5, saturated 70 6 no chloride dissolution 2-25 calcium 20 70 6 no sulfate dissolution 2-26 heteropoly 1 70 6 complete acid dissolution (H3PW12040) [0091] Example 3-1 [0092]Formic acid and magnesium chloride (MgC12) were mixed by stirring and heated to 70 C under 1 atm to form a mixing solution (80wt% of formic acid, 20wt% of magnesium chloride). Avicelecellulose (Sigma Corporation, Avicel-pH-105-27N1) was added to the mixing solution (5wt% of Avicelc)cellulose) for a dissolution reaction (70 C, 2 hours). After the complete dissolution of the cellulose, water was added to the mixing solution (50wt% of water) and the mixing solution was heated to 100 C for a hydrolysis reaction (120 minutes). Next, saturated sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) aqueous solution was added to neutralize the mixing solution. Magnesium carbonate (MgCO3) precipitate was then removed from the mixing solution. Next, the total weight of the reducing sugar was measured using 3,5-dinitro-salicylic acid (DNS) method. The yield of the reducing sugar was then calculated. The reducing sugar comprised glucose, xylose, mannose, arabinose and oligosaccharides thereof. The yield of the reducing sugar is the ratio of the total weight Client's Docket No.: P55010045CA
TT's Docket No.: 0956-A24169-CA/finalidavid of the reducing sugar and the weight of the cellulose. The result is shown in Table 3.
[0093]Example 3-2 [00941 Formic acid and magnesium chloride (MgC12) were mixed by stirring and heated to 70 C under 1 atm to form a mixing solution (90wt% of formic acid, lOwt% of magnesium chloride). Avicelc)cellulose (Sigma Corporation, Avicel-pH-105-27N1) was added to the mixing solution (5wt% of Avicel cellulose) for a dissolution reaction (70 C, 6 hours). After the complete dissolution of the cellulose, water was added to the mixing solution (50wt% of water) and the mixing solution was heated to 100 C for a hydrolysis reaction (120 minutes). Next, saturated sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) aqueous solution was added to neutralize the mixing solution. Magnesium carbonate (MgCO3) precipitate was then removed from the mixing solution. Next, the total weight of the reducing sugar was measured using 3,5-dinitro-salicylic acid (DNS) method. The yield of the reducing sugar was then calculated. The reducing sugar comprised glucose, xylose, mannose, arabinose and oligosaccharides thereof. The yield of the reducing sugar is the ratio of the total weight of the reducing sugar and the weight of the cellulose. The result is shown in Table 3.
Table 3 Examples Cellulose Mixing Dissolution Dissolution Hydrolysis Hydrolysis Yield of (wt%) solution temp. time temp. time reducing (magnesium (t) (hour) (t) (min) sugar chloride: (%) formic acid) (wt%) 3-1 5 20: 80 70 2 100 120 97.9 3-2 5 10: 90 70 6 100 120 75.3 Client's Docket No.: P55010045CA =MR
TT's Docket No.: 0956-A24169-CA/final/david [0095]Example 4-1 [0096]Formic acid and calcium chloride (CaC12) were mixed by stirring and heated to 50 C under 1 atm to form a mixing solution (85wt% of formic acid, 15wt% of calcium chloride). Avicel cellulose (Sigma Corporation, Avicel-pH-105-27N1) was added to the mixing solution (5wt% of Avicel cellulose) for a dissolution reaction (50 C, 4 hours).
After the complete dissolution of the cellulose, water was added to the mixing solution (50wt% of water) and the mixing solution was heated to 100 C for a hydrolysis reaction (60 minutes). Next, saturated sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) aqueous solution was added to neutralize the mixing solution. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) precipitate was then removed from the mixing solution. Next, the total weight of the reducing sugar was measured using 3,5-dinitro-salicylic acid (DNS) method. The yield of the reducing sugar was then calculated. The reducing sugar comprised glucose, xylose, mannose, arabinose and oligosaccharides thereof. The yield of the reducing sugar is the ratio of the total weight of the reducing sugar and the weight of the cellulose. The result is shown in Table 4.
[0097]Example 4-2 [0098]Formic acid and calcium chloride (CaC12) were mixed by stirring and heated to 70 C under 1 atm to form a mixing solution (88wt% of formic acid, 12wt% of calcium chloride). Avicel cellulose (Sigma Corporation, Avicel-pH-105-27N1) was added to the mixing solution (5wt% of Avicel cellulose) for a dissolution reaction (70 C, 4 hours).
After the complete dissolution of the cellulose, water was added to the mixing solution (50wt% of water) and the mixing solution was heated to 100 C for a hydrolysis reaction (60 minutes). Next, saturated sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) aqueous solution was added to neutralize the mixing solution. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) precipitate was then removed Client's Docket No.: P55010045CA TOPTEAM
TT's Docket No.: 0956-A24169-CA/final/david from the mixing solution. Next, the total weight of the reducing sugar was measured using 3,5-dinitro-salicylic acid (DNS) method. The yield of the reducing sugar was then calculated. The reducing sugar comprised glucose, xylose, mannose, arabinose and oligosaccharides thereof. The yield of the reducing sugar is the ratio of the total weight of the reducing sugar and the weight of the cellulose. The result is shown in Table 4.
[0099] Example 4-3 [00100] Formic acid and calcium chloride (CaCl2) were mixed by stirring and heated to 90 C under 1 atm to form a mixing solution (90wt% of formic acid, lOwt% of calcium chloride). Avicel cellulose (Sigma Corporation, Avicel-pH-105-27N1) was added to the mixing solution (5wt% of Avicel cellulose) for a dissolution reaction (90 C, 4 hours).
After the complete dissolution of the cellulose, water was added to the mixing solution (50wt% of water) and the mixing solution was heated to 100 C for a hydrolysis reaction (60 minutes). Next, saturated sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) aqueous solution was added to neutralize the mixing solution. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) precipitate was then removed from the mixing solution. Next, the total weight of the reducing sugar was measured using 3,5-dinitro-salicylic acid (DNS) method. The yield of the reducing sugar was then calculated. The reducing sugar comprised glucose, xylose, mannose, arabinose and oligosaccharides thereof. The yield of the reducing sugar is the ratio of the total weight of the reducing sugar and the weight of the cellulose. The result is shown in Table 4.
Table 4 Examples Cellulose Mixing Dissolution Dissolution Hydrolysis Hydrolysis Yield of (wt%) solution temp. time temp. time reducing (calcium ) (hour) ) (min) sugar chloride: (go) Client's Docket No.: P55010045CA
Do-TT's Docket No.: 0956-A24169-CA/final/david formic acid) (wt%) 4-1 5 15: 85 50 4 100 60 78.4 4-2 5 12: 88 70 4 100 60 70.6 4-3 5 10: 90 90 4 100 60 67.3 [00101] Example 5-1 [00102] Formic acid and zinc chloride (ZnC12) were mixed by stirring and heated to 50 C under 1 atm to form a mixing solution (60wt% of formic acid, 40wt% of zinc chloride). Avicel cellulose (Sigma Corporation, Avicel-pH-105-27N1) was added to the mixing solution (5wt% of Avicel cellulose) for a dissolution reaction (50 C).
After the complete dissolution of the cellulose, water was added to the mixing solution (50wt% of water) and the mixing solution was heated to 100 C for a hydrolysis reaction (30 minutes).
Next, saturated sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) aqueous solution was added to neutralize the mixing solution. Zinc carbonate (ZnCO3) precipitate was then removed from the mixing solution. Next, the total weight of the reducing sugar was measured using 3,5-dinitro-salicylic acid (DNS) method. The yield of the reducing sugar was then calculated. The reducing sugar comprised glucose, xylose, mannose, arabinose and oligosaccharides thereof.
The yield of the reducing sugar is the ratio of the total weight of the reducing sugar and the weight of the cellulose. The result is shown in Table 5.
[00103] Example 5-2 [00104] Formic acid and zinc chloride (ZnC12) were mixed by stirring and heated to 50 C under 1 atm to form a mixing solution (60wt% of formic acid, 40wt% of zinc chloride). Avicel cellulose (Sigma Corporation, Avicel-pH-105-27N1) was added to the mixing solution (5wt% of Avicel cellulose) for a dissolution reaction (50 C).
After the Client's Docket No.: P55010045CA
TT's Docket No.: 0956-A24169-CA/finalidavid complete dissolution of the cellulose, water was added to the mixing solution (50wt% of water) and the mixing solution was heated to 100 C for a hydrolysis reaction (45 minutes).
Next, saturated sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) aqueous solution was added to neutralize the mixing solution. Zinc carbonate (ZnCO3) precipitate was then removed from the mixing solution. Next, the total weight of the reducing sugar was measured using 3,5-dinitro-salicylic acid (DNS) method. The yield of the reducing sugar was then calculated. The reducing sugar comprised glucose, xylose, mannose, arabinose and oligosaccharides thereof.
The yield of the reducing sugar is the ratio of the total weight of the reducing sugar and the weight of the cellulose. The result is shown in Table S.
Table 5 Examples Cellulose Adding amount Hydrolysis time Yield of (wt%) of water (min) reducing sugar (wt%) (%)

5-1 5 50 30 65 [00105] Example 6 [00106] Formic acid and zinc chloride (ZnC12) were mixed by stirring and heated to 55 C under 1 atm to form a mixing solution (60wt% of formic acid, 40wt% of zinc chloride). Dried bagasse (comprising 43.58wt% of glucan, 24.02wt% of xylan, 12.45wt%
of acid-soluble lignin, 18.12wt% of acid-insoluble lignin and 1.71wt% of ash) was added to the mixing solution (5wt% of bagasse) for a dissolution reaction (55 ).
After the dissolution of the bagasse, water was added to the mixing solution (50wt% of water) and the mixing solution was heated to 100 C for a hydrolysis reaction (120 minutes). Next, Client' s Docket No.: P55010045CA
TT' s Docket No.: 0956-A24169-CAJfinal/david saturated sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) aqueous solution was added to neutralize the mixing solution. Zinc carbonate (ZnCO3) precipitate was then removed from the mixing solution.
Next, the yields of glucose and xylose were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the total weight of the reducing sugar was measured using 3,5-dinitro-salicylic acid (DNS) method. The yield of the reducing sugar was then calculated. The reducing sugar comprised glucose, xylose, mannose, arabinose and oligosaccharides thereof. The yield of the glucose is the ratio of the moles of the produced glucose and the moles of the glucose monomers contained in the cellulose in the bagasse.
The yield of the xylose is the ratio of the moles of the produced xylose and the moles of the xylose monomers contained in the hemicellulose in the bagasse. The yield of the reducing sugar is the ratio of the total weight of the reducing sugar and the total weight of the cellulose and hemicellulose in the bagasse. The result is shown in Table 6.
After the hydrolysis reaction, a hydrolyzed solution comprising 25.3wt% of zinc chloride, 33.2wt%
of water, 38.2wt% of formic acid, 2.3wt% of reducing sugar (comprising 43.2wt%
of glucose and 30.4wt% of xylose), 0.4wt% of acid-soluble lignin and 0.6wt% of acid-insoluble lignin was formed.
Table 6 Examples Bagasse Amount of Hydrolysis Yield of Yield of Yield of (wt%) water time glucose xylose reducing added (mm) (%) (%) sugar (wt%) (%)

6-1 5 50 30 36.3 88.5 93.3 6-2 5 50 60 53.3 94.2 97.9 6-3 5 50 120 70.4 89.9 105.2 Client's Docket No.: P55010045CA TOPTEAM
TT's Docket No.: 0956-A24169-CAJfinal/david [00107] Example 7 [00108] Formic acid and magnesium chloride (MgC12) were mixed by stirring and heated to 50 C under 1 atm to form a mixing solution (80wt% of formic acid, 20wt% of magnesium chloride). Avicelc)cellulose (Sigma Corporation, Avicel-pH-105-27N1) was added to the mixing solution (5wt% of Avicel cellulose) for a dissolution reaction (50 C, 2.5 hours). After the dissolution of the cellulose, water was added to the mixing solution (50wt% of water) and the mixing solution was heated to 100 C for a hydrolysis reaction (90 minutes). Next, saturated sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) aqueous solution was added to neutralize the mixing solution. Magnesium carbonate (MgCO3) precipitate was then removed from the mixing solution. Next, the total weight of the reducing sugar was measured using 3,5-dinitro-salicylic acid (DNS) method. The yield of the reducing sugar was then calculated. The reducing sugar comprised glucose, xylose, mannose, arabinose and oligosaccharides thereof. The yield of the reducing sugar is the ratio of the total weight of the reducing sugar and the weight of the cellulose. The result is shown in Table 7.
Table 7 Examples Cellulose Mixing Dissolution Dissolution Hydrolysis Hydrolysis Yield of (wt%) solution temp. time temp. time reducing (magnesium ( C) (hour) (t ) (min) sugar chloride: (%) formic acid) (wt%)

7 5 20: 80 50 2.5 100 0th 46 100 90th 89 Client's Docket No.: P55010045CA WEE
TT's Docket No.: 0956-A24169-CA/final/david [00109] Example 8 [00110] Formic acid and zinc chloride (ZnC12) were mixed by stirring and heated to 55 C under 1 atm to form a mixing solution (60wt% of formic acid, 40wt% of zinc chloride). Dried corn stalks (comprising 44.5wt% of glucan, 12.4wt% of xylan, 4.6wt% of acid-soluble lignin, 24.4wt% of acid-insoluble lignin, 2.7wt% of water and 3.8wt% of ash) was added to the mixing solution (5wt% of corn stalks) for a dissolution reaction (55 C).
After the dissolution of the corn stalks, water was added to the mixing solution (50wt% of water) and the mixing solution was heated to 100 C for a hydrolysis reaction (90 minutes).
Next, saturated sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) aqueous solution was added to neutralize the mixing solution. Zinc carbonate (ZnCO3) precipitate was then removed from the mixing solution. Next, the yields of glucose and xylose were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the total weight of the reducing sugar was measured using 3,5-dinitro-salicylic acid (DNS) method. The yield of the glucose is the ratio of the moles of the produced glucose and the moles of the glucose monomers contained in the cellulose in the corn stalks. The yield of the reducing sugar was then calculated. The reducing sugar comprised glucose, xylose, mannose, arabinose and oligosaccharides thereof.
The yield of the reducing sugar is the ratio of the total weight of the reducing sugar and the total weight of the cellulose and hemicellulose in the corn stalks. The result is shown in Table 8.
Table 8 Examples Corn stalks Amount of Hydrolysis Yield of Yield of (wt%) water time glucose reducing Client's Docket No.: P55010045CA TOPTEAM
TT' s Docket No.: 0956-A24169-CA/final/david added (min) (%) sugar (wt%) (%)

8 5 50 90 85 96 [00111] Example 9-1 [00112] 37wt% of HC1, zinc chloride (ZnC12) and formic acid were mixed by stirring and heated to 55 C under 1 atm to form a mixing solution (1 wt% of HC1, 5wt%
of zinc chloride, 94wt% of formic acid). Dried bagasse (comprising 40.7wt% of glucan, 20.5wt%
of xylan, 2.9wt% of Arab polysaccharides, 27.4wt% of lignin, 3.3wt% of ash and 5.2wt%
of other ingredients) was added to the mixing solution (1 Owt% of bagasse) for a dissolution reaction (65 C). After the dissolution of the bagasse, water was added to the mixing solution (50wt% of water) and the mixing solution was heated to 100 C for a hydrolysis reaction. Next, saturated sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) aqueous solution was added to neutralize the mixing solution. Zinc carbonate (ZnCO3) precipitate was then removed from the mixing solution. Next, the yields of glucose and xylose were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the total weight of the reducing sugar was measured using 3,5-dinitro-salicylic acid (DNS) method. The yield of the reducing sugar was then calculated. The reducing sugar comprised glucose, xylose, mannose, arabinose and oligosaccharides thereof. The yield of the glucose is the ratio of the moles of the produced glucose and the moles of the glucose monomers contained in the cellulose in the bagasse. The yield of the xylose is the ratio of the moles of the produced xylose and the moles of the xylose monomers contained in the hemicellulose in the bagasse.
The yield of the reducing sugar is the ratio of the total weight of the reducing sugar and the total weight of the cellulose and hemicellulose in the bagasse. The result is shown in Table 9.
[00113] Example 9-2 Client's Docket No.: P55010045CA 'TOPTEAM
TT's Docket No.: 0956-A24169-CA/final/david [00114] 37wt% of HC1, iron chloride (FeC13) and formic acid were mixed by stirring and heated to 55 C under 1 atm to form a mixing solution (1 wt% of HC1, 2wt%
of iron chloride, 97wt% of formic acid). Dried bagasse (comprising 40.7wt% of glucan, 20.5wt%
of xylan, 2.9wt% of Arab polysaccharides, 27.4wt% of lignin, 3.3wt% of ash and 5.2wt%
of other ingredients) was added to the mixing solution (lOwt% of bagasse) for a dissolution reaction (65 C). After the dissolution of the bagasse, water was added to the mixing solution (50wt% of water) and the mixing solution was heated to 100 C for a hydrolysis reaction. Next, saturated sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) aqueous solution was added to neutralize the mixing solution. Iron carbonate (Fe2(CO3)3) precipitate was then removed from the mixing solution. Next, the yields of glucose and xylose were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the total weight of the reducing sugar was measured using 3,5-dinitro-salicylic acid (DNS) method. The yield of the reducing sugar was then calculated. The reducing sugar comprised glucose, xylose, mannose, arabinose and oligosaccharides thereof. The yield of the glucose is the ratio of the moles of the produced glucose and the moles of the glucose monomers contained in the cellulose in the bagasse. The yield of the xylose is the ratio of the moles of the produced xylose and the moles of the xylose monomers contained in the hemicellulose in the bagasse.
The yield of the reducing sugar is the ratio of the total weight of the reducing sugar and the total weight of the cellulose and hemicellulose in the bagasse. The result is shown in Table 9.
[00115] Example 9-3 [00116] 98wt% of H2SO4, iron chloride (FeCl3) and formic acid were mixed by stirring and heated to 55 C under 1 atm to form a mixing solution (lwt% of H2SO4, 2wt%
of iron chloride, 97wt% of formic acid). Dried bagasse (comprising 40.7wt% of glucan, 20.5wt% of xylan, 2.9wt% of Arab polysaccharides, 27.4wt% of lignin, 3.3wt% of ash and 5.2wt% of other ingredients) was added to the mixing solution (1 Owt% of bagasse) for a Client's Docket No.: P55010045CA (511-PTEAM
TT's Docket No.: 0956-A24169-CA/final/david dissolution reaction (65 C). After the dissolution of the bagasse, water was added to the mixing solution (50wt% of water) and the mixing solution was heated to 100 C
for a hydrolysis reaction. Next, saturated sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) aqueous solution was added to neutralize the mixing solution. Iron carbonate (Fe2(CO3)3) precipitate was then removed from the mixing solution. Next, the yields of glucose and xylose were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the total weight of the reducing sugar was measured using 3,5-dinitro-salicylic acid (DNS) method. The yield of the reducing sugar was then calculated. The reducing sugar comprised glucose, xylose, mannose, arabinose and oligosaccharides thereof. The yield of the glucose is the ratio of the moles of the produced glucose and the moles of the glucose monomers contained in the cellulose in the bagasse. The yield of the xylose is the ratio of the moles of the produced xylose and the moles of the xylose monomers contained in the hemicellulose in the bagasse.
The yield of the reducing sugar is the ratio of the total weight of the reducing sugar and the total weight of the cellulose and hemicellulose in the bagasse. The result is shown in Table

9.
Table 9 Examples Hydrolysis Yield of Yield of Yield of time glucose xylose reducing (min) (%) (%) sugar (%) 9-1 90 67.5 82.7 94.5 9-2 90 57.5 78.3 76.6 9-3 90 50.5 85.3 75.1 Client's Docket No.: P55010045CA TOPTEAM
TT's Docket No.: 0956-A24169-CA/final/david [00117] Example 10-1 [00118] Formic acid, acetic acid and zinc chloride (ZnC12) were mixed and heated to form a mixing solution (54wt% of formic acid, 6wt% of acetic acid and 40wt% of zinc chloride). Avicel cellulose (Sigma Corporation, Avicel-pH-105-27N1) was added to the mixing solution (5wt% of Avicel cellulose) for a dissolution reaction (60 C, 60 minutes), forming an amber transparent liquid with an uniform phase. The dissolution of cellulose was observed using a polarizing microscope. The cellulose was completely dissolved.
[00119] Example 10-2 [00120] Formic acid, acetic acid and calcium chloride (CaC12) were mixed and heated to form a mixing solution (72wt% of formic acid, 8wt% of acetic acid and 20wt% of calcium chloride). Avicel cellulose (Sigma Corporation, Avicel-pH-105-27N1) was added to the mixing solution (5wt% of Avicel cellulose) for a dissolution reaction (60t , 180 minutes), forming an amber transparent liquid with an uniform phase. The dissolution of cellulose was observed using a polarizing microscope. The cellulose was completely dissolved.
[00121] Example 10-3 [00122] Formic acid, acetic acid and zinc chloride (ZnCl2) were mixed and heated to form a mixing solution (50wt% of formic acid, 1 Owt% of acetic acid and 40wt%
of zinc chloride). Avicel cellulose (Sigma Corporation, Avicel-pH-105-27N1) was added to the mixing solution (5wt% of Avicel cellulose) for a dissolution reaction (65 C, 60 minutes), forming an amber transparent liquid with an uniform phase. The dissolution of cellulose was observed using a polarizing microscope. The cellulose was completely dissolved.
[00123] Example 10-4 [00124] Formic acid, acetic acid and zinc chloride (ZnC17) were mixed and heated to form a mixing solution (40wt% of formic acid, 20wt% of acetic acid and 40wt%
of zinc Client's Docket No.: P55010045CA TOPTEAM
TT's Docket No.: 0956-A24169-CA/finaUdavid chloride). Avicel cellulose (Sigma Corporation, Avicel-pH-105-27N1) was added to the mixing solution (5wt% of Avicel cellulose) for a dissolution reaction (65 C, 60 minutes), forming an amber transparent liquid with an uniform phase. The dissolution of cellulose was observed using a polarizing microscope. The cellulose was completely dissolved.
[00125] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the disclosed embodiments. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with the true scope of the disclosure being indicated by the following claims and their equivalents.

Claims

CLAIMS:

1. A sugar product, comprising:
a sugar mixture comprising glucose, xylose, mannose, arabinose and oligosaccharides thereof with a weight ratio of 2-15wt%;
an acid compound with a weight ratio of 48-97wt%, wherein the acid compound comprises formic acid, acetic acid or a mixture thereof; and a salt compound with a weight ratio of 1-50wt%, wherein the salt compound comprises lithium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, zinc chloride, iron chloride, lithium bromide, magnesium bromide, calcium bromide, zinc bromide or iron bromide.

2. A method for fabricating a sugar product, comprising:
mixing an acid compound and lithium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, zinc chloride, iron chloride, lithium bromide, magnesium bromide, calcium bromide, zinc bromide, iron bromide or heteropoly acid to form a mixing solution, wherein the acid compound comprises formic acid, acetic acid or a mixture thereof, wherein the lithium chloride has a weight ratio of 5-20wt% and the zinc chloride has a weight ratio of 5-45wt% in the mixing solution;
adding a cellulosic biomass to the mixing solution for a dissolution reaction;
and adding water to the mixing solution for a hydrolysis reaction to obtain a sugar product.

3. The method for fabricating a sugar product as claimed in claim 2, wherein the formic acid or acetic acid has a weight ratio of 50-97wt% in the mixing solution.

4. The method for fabricating a sugar product as claimed in claim 2, wherein the lithium bromide has a weight ratio of 5-20wt% in the mixing solution.

5. The method for fabricating a sugar product as claimed in claim 2, wherein the magnesium chloride or magnesium bromide has a weight ratio of 10-30wt% in the mixing solution.

6. The method for fabricating a sugar product as claimed in claim 2, wherein the calcium chloride or calcium bromide has a weight ratio of 12-40wt% in the mixing solution.

7. The method for fabricating a sugar product as claimed in claim 2, wherein the zinc bromide has a weight ratio of 5-45wt% in the mixing solution.

8. The method for fabricating a sugar product as claimed in claim 2, wherein the iron chloride or iron bromide has a weight ratio of 1-50wt% in the mixing solution.

9. The method for fabricating a sugar product as claimed in claim 2, wherein the heteropoly acid comprises H3PW12O40, H4SiW12O40, H3PMo12O40 or H4SiMo12O40.

10. The method for fabricating a sugar product as claimed in claim 2, wherein the heteropoly acid has a weight ratio of 1-5wt% in the mixing solution.

11. The method for fabricating a sugar product as claimed in claim 2, wherein the cellulosic biomass comprises cellulose, hemicellulose or lignin.

12. The method for fabricating a sugar product as claimed in claim 2, wherein the cellulosic biomass is derived from wood, grass, leaves, algae, waste paper, corn stalks, corn cobs, rice straw, rice husk, wheat straw, bagasse, bamboo or crop stems.

13. The method for fabricating a sugar product as claimed in claim 2, wherein the dissolution reaction has a reaction temperature of 40-90°C.

14. The method for fabricating a sugar product as claimed in claim 2, wherein the dissolution reaction has a reaction time of 20-360 minutes.

15. The method for fabricating a sugar product as claimed in claim 2, wherein the amount of water added is larger than the total molar equivalent of monosaccharides hydrolyzed from the cellulosic biomass.

16. The method for fabricating a sugar product as claimed in claim 2, wherein the hydrolysis reaction has a reaction temperature of 50-150°C.

17. The method for fabricating a sugar product as claimed in claim 2, wherein the hydrolysis reaction has a reaction time of 30-180 minutes.

18. The method for fabricating a sugar product as claimed in claim 2, wherein the sugar product comprises a sugar mixture, an acid compound and a salt compound.

19. The method for fabricating a sugar product as claimed in claim 18, wherein the sugar mixture comprises glucose, xylose, mannose, arabinose and oligosaccharides thereof.

20. The method for fabricating a sugar product as claimed in claim 18, wherein the sugar mixture has a weight ratio of 2-15wt% in the sugar product.

21. The method for fabricating a sugar product as claimed in claim 18, wherein the salt compound comprises lithium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, zinc chloride, iron chloride, lithium bromide, magnesium bromide, calcium bromide, zinc bromide or iron bromide.

22. The method for fabricating a sugar product as claimed in claim 18, wherein the salt compound has a weight ratio of 1-50wt% in the sugar product.

23. The method for fabricating a sugar product as claimed in claim 2, further comprising adding inorganic acid to the mixing solution.

24. The method for fabricating a sugar product as claimed in claim 23, wherein the inorganic acid comprises sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid.

25. The method for fabricating a sugar product as claimed in claim 23, wherein the inorganic acid has a weight ratio of 1-2wt% in the mixing solution.

26. The method for fabricating a sugar product as claimed in claim 23, wherein the magnesium chloride, the magnesium bromide, the calcium chloride or the calcium bromide has a weight ratio of 1-10wt% in the mixing solution.

27. The method for fabricating a sugar product as claimed in claim 23, wherein the lithium chloride, lithium bromide, the zinc chloride, the zinc bromide, the iron chloride or iron bromide has a weight ratio of 1-5wt% in the mixing solution.