CA2831846A1 - A method of generating a marker - Google Patents
A method of generating a marker Download PDFInfo
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- CA2831846A1 CA2831846A1 CA2831846A CA2831846A CA2831846A1 CA 2831846 A1 CA2831846 A1 CA 2831846A1 CA 2831846 A CA2831846 A CA 2831846A CA 2831846 A CA2831846 A CA 2831846A CA 2831846 A1 CA2831846 A1 CA 2831846A1
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- coding
- marker
- pattern
- digital camera
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 77
- 239000003550 marker Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 230000000638 stimulation Effects 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002966 varnish Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000005284 excitation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004611 spectroscopical analysis Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010183 spectrum analysis Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000021384 green leafy vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004020 luminiscence type Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41M—PRINTING, DUPLICATING, MARKING, OR COPYING PROCESSES; COLOUR PRINTING
- B41M3/00—Printing processes to produce particular kinds of printed work, e.g. patterns
- B41M3/14—Security printing
- B41M3/144—Security printing using fluorescent, luminescent or iridescent effects
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
- G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
- G06K19/06009—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code with optically detectable marking
- G06K19/06046—Constructional details
- G06K19/0614—Constructional details the marking being selective to wavelength, e.g. color barcode or barcodes only visible under UV or IR
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K7/00—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns
- G06K7/10—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation
- G06K7/12—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation using a selected wavelength, e.g. to sense red marks and ignore blue marks
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Artificial Intelligence (AREA)
- Computer Vision & Pattern Recognition (AREA)
- Investigating, Analyzing Materials By Fluorescence Or Luminescence (AREA)
- Length Measuring Devices By Optical Means (AREA)
Abstract
A method of generating a marker system for applying to surfaces of items, articles, goods, vehicles, fabrics and/or premises, the method comprising: applying on said surface one or more layers of coding; wherein each layer of coding is applied in a predefined spatially separated pattern, such that each layer of coding provides a unique pattern when subjected to a particular type of stimulus. A marker generated by the method. Also disclosed is a method of identifying a marker system applied to surfaces of items, articles, goods, vehicles, fabrics and/or premises, wherein the marker system comprises one or more layers of coding, the method comprising: using a digital camera to measure each layer of coding under UV and/or IR radiation; recording the measurements defining the predefined spatially separated pattern from the surface; and comparing the recorded measurements defining the predefined spatially separated pattern with a database comprising details of all measurements.
Description
A METHOD OF GENERATING A MARKER
Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a method of generating a marker for use in marker systems.
In particular, the invention herein described is directed towards generating a marker including a coding pattern based on different forms of stimulation to produce different colours based upon different forms of luminescence from different parts of a spatially separated pattern, wherein the coding pattern is measured, digitised and recorded for comparison with a database.
Background to the Invention In recent years, the use of marker systems has been particularly useful in preventing crime and for tracking and identifying the authenticity of items. Such marker systems, as have been developed by the applicant for many years, have found particular application in the fields of security, counterfeiting and crime prevention/deterrence, for example as described in WO 93/07233, GB 2369078, GB 2410208 and GB 2413675, amongst others.
Analysis of the surface onto which the marker system is placed or deployed can provide a reliable method of tracing or authenticating items, articles, goods, vehicles or persons.
Bar codes have been used for a significant time and are an accepted way of marking items for identification. They provide data to uniquely identify the item to which they are attached; the data being optically represented. The most common types of barcodes in use are linear barcodes, such as the UPC and EAN barcodes, although two dimensional bar codes are also in use. The two dimensional barcode is based on providing indications at various points within a matrix, the positioning of the indications detailing the unique code.
Barcodes are now extensively used for tasks ranging from tracking mail, monitoring the stock levels, determining areas where employees have been, identifying patient information and provide details for grocery goods, etc. However, the use of barcodes has at least one major drawback. Barcodes are easy to copy, duplicate and/or modify. In fact, a readable copy of a barcode can be produced by simply taking a copy of the original using a standard photocopy machine. Because barcodes are so easy to copy, they are particularly vulnerable to fraudulent reproduction.
One way to reduce the risk of a barcode being copied, has been to provide a laminate layer which only allows infra red light to pass through over the barcode. The laminate layer prevents the barcode from being copied using a standard photocopier.
Additionally, some systems using a laminate layer will have the additional security feature of destroying the barcode underneath when someone attempts to remove it.
However, even with this additional security measure, as infra-red scanners are commonplace, it has become relatively easy to duplicate the barcode contained underneath the laminate layer and therefore, barcodes remain vulnerable to culprit attack.
Therefore, there is a need for an improved unique marker or barcode which is difficult to duplicate.
Summary of the Invention In a first aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of generating a marker to distinguish between genuine and counterfeit goods by applying to surfaces of items, articles, goods, vehicles, fabrics and/or premises, the method comprising:
applying on said surface one or more layers of coding; wherein each layer of coding is applied in a predefined spatially separated pattern, such that each layer of coding provides a unique pattern when subjected to a particular type of stimulus. This pattern can then be subject to further treatment as described herein.
In one embodiment of the invention, materials emitting with different colours from different forms of stimulation may be added to any predetermined portion of an array having spatially separated portions. In one embodiment of the invention, the array may comprise a single dimensional strip, or line of attributes, or a two dimensional matrix.
Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a method of generating a marker for use in marker systems.
In particular, the invention herein described is directed towards generating a marker including a coding pattern based on different forms of stimulation to produce different colours based upon different forms of luminescence from different parts of a spatially separated pattern, wherein the coding pattern is measured, digitised and recorded for comparison with a database.
Background to the Invention In recent years, the use of marker systems has been particularly useful in preventing crime and for tracking and identifying the authenticity of items. Such marker systems, as have been developed by the applicant for many years, have found particular application in the fields of security, counterfeiting and crime prevention/deterrence, for example as described in WO 93/07233, GB 2369078, GB 2410208 and GB 2413675, amongst others.
Analysis of the surface onto which the marker system is placed or deployed can provide a reliable method of tracing or authenticating items, articles, goods, vehicles or persons.
Bar codes have been used for a significant time and are an accepted way of marking items for identification. They provide data to uniquely identify the item to which they are attached; the data being optically represented. The most common types of barcodes in use are linear barcodes, such as the UPC and EAN barcodes, although two dimensional bar codes are also in use. The two dimensional barcode is based on providing indications at various points within a matrix, the positioning of the indications detailing the unique code.
Barcodes are now extensively used for tasks ranging from tracking mail, monitoring the stock levels, determining areas where employees have been, identifying patient information and provide details for grocery goods, etc. However, the use of barcodes has at least one major drawback. Barcodes are easy to copy, duplicate and/or modify. In fact, a readable copy of a barcode can be produced by simply taking a copy of the original using a standard photocopy machine. Because barcodes are so easy to copy, they are particularly vulnerable to fraudulent reproduction.
One way to reduce the risk of a barcode being copied, has been to provide a laminate layer which only allows infra red light to pass through over the barcode. The laminate layer prevents the barcode from being copied using a standard photocopier.
Additionally, some systems using a laminate layer will have the additional security feature of destroying the barcode underneath when someone attempts to remove it.
However, even with this additional security measure, as infra-red scanners are commonplace, it has become relatively easy to duplicate the barcode contained underneath the laminate layer and therefore, barcodes remain vulnerable to culprit attack.
Therefore, there is a need for an improved unique marker or barcode which is difficult to duplicate.
Summary of the Invention In a first aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of generating a marker to distinguish between genuine and counterfeit goods by applying to surfaces of items, articles, goods, vehicles, fabrics and/or premises, the method comprising:
applying on said surface one or more layers of coding; wherein each layer of coding is applied in a predefined spatially separated pattern, such that each layer of coding provides a unique pattern when subjected to a particular type of stimulus. This pattern can then be subject to further treatment as described herein.
In one embodiment of the invention, materials emitting with different colours from different forms of stimulation may be added to any predetermined portion of an array having spatially separated portions. In one embodiment of the invention, the array may comprise a single dimensional strip, or line of attributes, or a two dimensional matrix.
In one embodiment of the invention, the one or more attributes may include the presence or absence of any mark at one or more of the spatially separated portions of said pattern;
the presence or absence of colour; the presence or absence of a specific visible colour emitted under UV stimulation; the presence or absence of any visible colour emitted under IR stimulation; the presence or absence of any UV phosphorescent colour and/or any combination thereof.
In a further embodiment of the invention the fluorescent materials in various positions of the grid are shaped to form recognisable digits including alphabetic and numerical digits.
Further, the invention described herein provides for various controls for the rotational and translational alignment of the device in respect of the coding pattern. These controls may include covert alignment marks being provided on the surface of the marked item so as to allow accurate placement of the device. Additionally or alternatively, software may be provided which can rotate an image to get alignment.
Additionally, a varnish may be applied after all the coding layers have been applied to the surface of the marked item or label to protect the mark and prevent the coding layers from becoming dislodged which may render the code meaningless. Additionally, the varnish may be a matt varnish. This has the advantage that it also prevents reflections of the light sources from a shiny surface entering the lens. The varnish prevents that feature of the mark are lost or damaged. Advantageously, the matt varnish avoids refection of the visible portion of the light source radiation, particularly the UV LED, being captured as part of the image which may render the image ineffective. Preferably, before measurement all marks may be wiped to ensure they are clean.
In a further embodiment of the invention there is provided, a code generated by the method as substantially described herein. In an embodiment of the invention, the generated code may be hidden inside an overt code to form a covert code.
the presence or absence of colour; the presence or absence of a specific visible colour emitted under UV stimulation; the presence or absence of any visible colour emitted under IR stimulation; the presence or absence of any UV phosphorescent colour and/or any combination thereof.
In a further embodiment of the invention the fluorescent materials in various positions of the grid are shaped to form recognisable digits including alphabetic and numerical digits.
Further, the invention described herein provides for various controls for the rotational and translational alignment of the device in respect of the coding pattern. These controls may include covert alignment marks being provided on the surface of the marked item so as to allow accurate placement of the device. Additionally or alternatively, software may be provided which can rotate an image to get alignment.
Additionally, a varnish may be applied after all the coding layers have been applied to the surface of the marked item or label to protect the mark and prevent the coding layers from becoming dislodged which may render the code meaningless. Additionally, the varnish may be a matt varnish. This has the advantage that it also prevents reflections of the light sources from a shiny surface entering the lens. The varnish prevents that feature of the mark are lost or damaged. Advantageously, the matt varnish avoids refection of the visible portion of the light source radiation, particularly the UV LED, being captured as part of the image which may render the image ineffective. Preferably, before measurement all marks may be wiped to ensure they are clean.
In a further embodiment of the invention there is provided, a code generated by the method as substantially described herein. In an embodiment of the invention, the generated code may be hidden inside an overt code to form a covert code.
Alternatively, the covert code may be included between the lines of a visible bar code or additionally or alternatively may be overlaid by a visible bar code or other apparent overt coding mark.
In one embodiment of the invention, the generated code may be directly applied onto the surface of the item to be marked or additionally or alternatively the generated code may be used on a label or other appropriate medium that may be applied to the item to be marked.
In another embodiment of the invention, the generated code may be used in combination with existing technologies such as bar codes or coloured spatial patterns, additionally or alternatively, the generated code may be used to generate a further barcode.
In another embodiment of the invention, there is provided a method of viewing the code generated by the method described herein. In one embodiment of the invention, the code may be viewed by providing different forms of stimulation producing codes for each form of excitation employed.
To keep track of the alignment of the image of the coding pattern, the present invention additionally may provide for alignment mechanisms, both physical and software based. This mechanism allows the camera to be aligned correctly to the coding pattern so that the points forming the pattern, e.g. the marker emissions, always occur in the same position in the camera field of view, and in any resulting image, such as a photograph.
The alignment mechanism may consist of more than one mark on the surface being measured and features on the reader which may be placed on the surface to overlap with these marks.
In one embodiment, the reader may be pressed into position on the surface to be analysed so that a light tight seal is formed with the surface. Two different marks on opposite sides of the reader may be superimposed onto two different marks present on the surface to be analysed. Different marks may be used to ensure the correct alignment of the reader and to reduce the possibility of the scanner being misaligned by 180 degrees.
In one embodiment of the invention, the generated code may be directly applied onto the surface of the item to be marked or additionally or alternatively the generated code may be used on a label or other appropriate medium that may be applied to the item to be marked.
In another embodiment of the invention, the generated code may be used in combination with existing technologies such as bar codes or coloured spatial patterns, additionally or alternatively, the generated code may be used to generate a further barcode.
In another embodiment of the invention, there is provided a method of viewing the code generated by the method described herein. In one embodiment of the invention, the code may be viewed by providing different forms of stimulation producing codes for each form of excitation employed.
To keep track of the alignment of the image of the coding pattern, the present invention additionally may provide for alignment mechanisms, both physical and software based. This mechanism allows the camera to be aligned correctly to the coding pattern so that the points forming the pattern, e.g. the marker emissions, always occur in the same position in the camera field of view, and in any resulting image, such as a photograph.
The alignment mechanism may consist of more than one mark on the surface being measured and features on the reader which may be placed on the surface to overlap with these marks.
In one embodiment, the reader may be pressed into position on the surface to be analysed so that a light tight seal is formed with the surface. Two different marks on opposite sides of the reader may be superimposed onto two different marks present on the surface to be analysed. Different marks may be used to ensure the correct alignment of the reader and to reduce the possibility of the scanner being misaligned by 180 degrees.
In one embodiment of the invention, a spectroscopic device may be used to measure the colour emitted from each spatially separated point within the pattern. In one embodiment of the invention, spectral analysis of each attribute may be used to view each spatially separated pattern.
In one embodiment of the invention, the method of viewing the code includes the use of bar code readers additionally or alternatively wherein the bar code readers are fitted with additional devices to provide one or more different forms of stimulation to view one or more of said one or more attributes. In one embodiment of the invention, the method may be an automated method. An alignment mark may be provided so as to position a reader in the correct position.
In another embodiment of the invention, a photograph of the marker may be taken under various forms of stimulation. In one embodiment of the invention the digital camera is part of a reader that is orientated specifically in a pre-arranged and repeatable manner over the pattern so that each point in the pattern can be specifically identified.
Preferably, the digital camera digitises the fluorescent colour in the photograph or image and expresses each colour digitally in terms of the proportion of each of the primary colours present in the fluorescent colour. These colours Red, Green and Blue, can be expressed in various forms, preferably RGB values, although other forms of coding can be used, they are numerical such that the colours can be processed by computers from this point on.
The RGB values for the fluorescent colours in this photograph or image may be transmitted to a local computer by suitable means or to a central server, for searching the photograph or image against a database of standard numerical RGB values. In a further embodiment of the invention, the results of the search may be transmitted back to the in-field measurement team and others if necessary.
Various alterations and modifications may be made to the present invention without departing from the scope of the invention. The invention will now be further described with reference to the following exemplary embodiment.
The present invention teaches the use of various forms of overt and/or covert attributes applied to spatially separated portions of a single or two dimensional physical matrix.
Particularly, a coding method is disclosed by the present invention which may comprise a step of applying a pattern of spatially separated portions onto the surface of items, articles, goods, vehicles and/or premises. The pattern may be applied directly to the surfaces of appropriate materials. The pattern may be present as a single line comprising digits, symbols and/or dots. Spaces in the pattern where no form of fluorescence is present, also contribute to the code. Likewise a two-dimensional array, typically of rows and columns, may also comprise digits, symbols and/or dots. The spaces in the two-dimensional array are also important to the code formation.
Additionally or alternatively, the grid may comprise any two dimensional shape currently known to the person skilled in the art, including circular, 5 hexagonal and rectangular shapes etc., or a combination thereof. In fact, any spatially separated pattern, known to the person skilled in the art may be suitable for use in respect of the present invention.
In one embodiment of the invention, there may be provided a two dimensional grouping of 9 attributes arranged in either a 3 * 3 matrix or in a single dimensional strip, i.e. in single line of attributes.
Coding may be added to the spatially separated portions of the pattern in order from Ito 9 and subsequently read similarly from Ito 9; for example, as demonstrated in both an exemplary 3 * 3 matrix and in a single line of attributes, below:
The present application provides that other non-limiting features may be added to increase the dimensionality of the coding pattern by providing for a different visible colour to each point and/or a coloured output from various forms of emitter responding to various forms of stimulation.
In one embodiment of the invention, there is provided the step of applying one or more layers of coding to each position of the matrix, wherein each layer of coding may be based upon, but not limited to, one of the following, or a combination thereof:
= The presence or absence of any mark at any point = The colour present at any point = The presence of a specific UV fluorescent colour at any point = The presence of a specific IR fluorescent colour at any point = The presence of any UV phosphorescent colour at any point In one embodiment of the invention, each layer of coding may contain one or more of the above attributes. Preferably, materials producing different colours under the same form of stimulation will not be applied to the same position of the grid, unless spectral analysis is undertaken. It is provided that each layer of coding comprising one or more attributes may be applied to surfaces by coating the pattern with one layer of coding at a time.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, it is provided that whatever physical grid is used, each layer of coding can be applied to each position of the physical grid. As each type of fluorescence is specific to the form of stimulation, materials fluorescing under UV may be combined with materials fluorescing under IR with no interference between the two. These may be combined in the one formulation and applied at the same time or applied separately, one over the other. As these layers are transparent to visible light they can be overlaid. Therefore, each position of the physical grid can contain:
no coding or a material fluorescing under UV radiation and/or a material fluorescing under IR radiation The total number of codes (T) to be generated in one embodiment of the invention may be determined by the number of different attributes that may be associated with any one spatially separated portion and the number of spatially separated portions of the pattern;
demonstrated by the following equation:
T = AX
where A is the number of attributes and X is the number of different physical positions, or portions. This is the total of the number of attributes we see being applicable to each location.
In one embodiment of the invention, the total number of attributes is 16, based on combinations of nothing, visible emission through UV excitation, visible emission through IR
excitation and four different colours of emission e.g. blue, green, yellow and red.
Therefore, in a further embodiment where a simple 3*3 matrix of physically separated areas is provided, this will give 169 or 68,719,476,736 codes.
Various embodiments are possible, but this level of coding can be obtained using the invention in its simplest form. In fact, the invention allows for the generation and reading of an infinite number of codes by the use of two cheap torches; i.e. by simply using a hand held UV torch, a hand held IR torch and suitable look-up tables. Preferably, this approach may be enhanced through the use of a digital camera, which again is relatively cheap, but which digitises the colours allowing further processing.
Although reference is made to hand held torches this is done only to indicate the low cost involved in producing and determining a virtually infinite number of codes and the fact that all measurements may be performed in field. However mains driven light sources can also be used. In either case the pattern must be aligned and photographed digitally so that it may be searched against RGB standards and the code established. Particularly, the RGB
values measured at each point of the array may be used to identify digitally the colour present in each position under each form of illumination, as in the case of a digital camera.
Once the RGB values are identified in each position the code can then be calculated.
The following shows four colours emitted under UV stimulation followed by four colours emitted under IR stimulation:
= UV red = UV yellow = UV green = UV blue = IR red = IR yellow = IR green = IR blue As each area is differentiated by its position then the same material can be used in each, without duplication. In one embodiment of the invention, there is provided that each of the 8 materials detailed above can be used in each position.
In one exemplary embodiment, for example, the UV red can be used in position 1. As each position is spatially discriminated the same UV red can be used in position 2 and so on.
Additionally or alternatively, in some positions a material fluorescing red under IR can also be used or a material fluorescing a different colour under IR could be used in these positions. This may be repeated at each position of the physical grid.
Therefore in this exemplary embodiment, each layer of coding may be read by different forms of stimulation even if the various materials are located at the same position of the physical grid.
In one embodiment of the invention, there is provided a method for viewing the code generated by the method described herein. Particularly, the code may be viewed by providing different forms of stimulation producing codes for each form of excitation employed. In one embodiment of the invention, UV and IR stimulation are specifically provided for.
A further embodiment of the present invention relates to the use of spectroscopic devices to read the colour emitted from each spatially separated portion.
In one embodiment the colour in each position of the pattern may be measured under UV
and IR radiation via a digital camera. The colours may be described in terms of the level of each of the primary colours present, or Red Green Blue (RGB) values. The range of values for each fluorescent colour used is predetermined and is used as the basis for identification of the colours present in each case. The digital camera is held within a reader.
An alignment mechanism allows the camera to be aligned correctly to the pattern so that the points forming the pattern, e.g. the marker emissions, always occur in the same position in the photograph.
In one embodiment, the reader may be pressed into position on the surface to be analysed so that a light tight seal is formed with the surface. Two different marks on opposite sides of the reader may be superimposed onto two different marks present on the surface to be analysed. Different marks may be used to ensure the correct alignment of the reader and to reduce the possibility of the scanner being mis-aligned by 180 degrees.
In a further embodiment the RGB value may be used to identify different shades or blends of colour. These may be used to obtain further levels of coding by recognising different reds, yellows, greens and blues all from the same form of stimulation and also more subtle colour shades. These more subtle shades may be produced by the blending of pigments of different hues of the same colour, the blend may appear the same to the eye, but will give a different RGB value to that of the pigment, as bought and thereby allow discrimination.
In a further embodiment, a digital camera may be used to record the code photographically, suitable software may be used to illuminate each light source and take a photograph of the pattern during the illumination periods. The two photographs are stored as separate data sets of RGB values and transmitted to either a local computer via USB or blue tooth, or other known means of transmission, or to a central server. In both cases the RGB values are searched against a database and the results may then be transmitted back to the measurement team, and other parties if desired.
The database may be constructed so that a unique code is obtained from the variables available.
A 3X3 array has been used for illustrative purposes and the table below shows a non-limiting example of a way in which this may be used in practice:
POSITION LIGHT RGB VALUES SHAPE
UV 0 0 255 *
The example above is limited and is provided only as an example of the scope available through the use of the invention.
Column 1 shows each position of a 9 position array.
Column 2 shows which light source is lit UV or IR.
Column 3 shows the RGB values for each colour measured under each form of illumination.
Column 4 shows the nature of the mark in each position under each light source with a "-"
indicating nothing present The above example is limited due to the possible number of codes available, but it does indicate that a unique code could be obtained by searching for four different parameters e.g.
In practice the RGB values may need to cover a range for each of the three parts of the number to allow for some variation due to e.g. background effects.
Alternatively branching can be used such that separate tables exist for each position and each light source so that only the RGB values and shape would be searched in each of these databases. Modern databases are capable of dealing with the results in the manner provided by both approaches.
A non-digital camera may also be used if the colours under each form of illumination in the resulting photographs are subsequently digitised and analysed for RGB values and may then subsequently be searched against a database. A further embodiment of the present invention may involve the spectral analysis of each attribute of the spatially separated pattern. This may provide a further level of coding and may make copying of the mark more difficult.
A further embodiment of the invention may involve using a mixture of different UV
fluorescent pigments in one or more positions of the pattern and/or a mixture of different IR fluorescent pigments. The resulting mixture would just appear white when photographed and only spectroscopic analysis would distinguish the different colours producing this effect.
The spectroscopic data is transmitted to a local computer or central server via suitable means. The components present are identified and the results returned to the measurer, or measurement team, and others if desired.
A two stage process may then follow involving initially taking a digital photograph of the pattern and then by spectroscopic analysis by a hand held mobile spectrometer to provide further information and identification of those materials present in the mixture. This can be done as a further check if an alleged counterfeit is found or may be provided as an enhanced security feature. A further embodiment of the invention involves a steganographic approach where the covert code is hidden inside an overt code.
For example, in one embodiment there may be provided a coding pattern generated by the coding method described herein, formed between the lines of a visible bar code.
Additionally or alternatively, the coding pattern may be overlaid by a visible bar code or other apparent overt coding mark.
In one embodiment of the invention, the coding pattern generated by the coding method described herein may be directly applied to the surface of the item to be marked.
Additionally or alternatively, the present invention may be used on a label or suitable layer that may be applied to the item to be marked.
A further embodiment of the present invention may involve the use of suitable bar code readers fitted with devices to provide the necessary stimulation to view the one or more attributes. One embodiment of the invention could involve the use of a bar code reader, which may be additionally or alternatively fitted with one or more different forms of stimulation to view additional or multiple covert barcodes. The additional or multiple covert barcodes may be read at the same time and/or in the same single "sweep" of the current overt bar code.
A further embodiment of the present invention provides an automated method of reading the codes. This may involve the use of an alignment mark to position a reader in the correct position. The reader would then record the colours emitted from each position under different forms of stimulation. Typically photographs could be taken of the response of each position in the matrix and these could be digitised and sent to a local computer to be searched and compared with standards.
The present invention provides a covert coding method that may be used in isolation or combined with existing technologies; for example, the coding patterns generated as described herein may further be used along with barcodes and/or along with coloured spatial patterns. Where the coding method is applied to an existing overt marker, the method advantageously provides a method of preventing the copy of existing overt markers and therefore adds to the security.
Additionally or alternatively, the coding pattern generated as described herein may be used to further generate a barcode.
The present invention advantageously provides a method of generating a virtually infinite number of codes which may be analysed in the field through the use of simple hand held torches. The number of codes available means that the codes can be changed frequently. In the prevention of counterfeits, the codes could be changed to show a particular plant of manufacture. Likewise the date of manufacture could be identified and made to indicate the year, month, week, day or even hour when the item was produced.
Critical parts of the code may also be covert which makes copying difficult.
Given that the code could be changed rapidly, perhaps on a daily basis, then it should be possible for manufacturers to stay ahead of the counterfeiters. The code will be changing quicker than they can copy it and a log of serial number and code would be virtually impossible to duplicate.
Those skilled in the art may be aware of other methods of application of the present invention, although examples of use have been given they are not designed to be limiting.
A number of embodiments have been described herein. However, it will be understood by persons skilled in the art that other variants and modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the embodiments as defined in the claims appended hereto.
In one embodiment of the invention, the method of viewing the code includes the use of bar code readers additionally or alternatively wherein the bar code readers are fitted with additional devices to provide one or more different forms of stimulation to view one or more of said one or more attributes. In one embodiment of the invention, the method may be an automated method. An alignment mark may be provided so as to position a reader in the correct position.
In another embodiment of the invention, a photograph of the marker may be taken under various forms of stimulation. In one embodiment of the invention the digital camera is part of a reader that is orientated specifically in a pre-arranged and repeatable manner over the pattern so that each point in the pattern can be specifically identified.
Preferably, the digital camera digitises the fluorescent colour in the photograph or image and expresses each colour digitally in terms of the proportion of each of the primary colours present in the fluorescent colour. These colours Red, Green and Blue, can be expressed in various forms, preferably RGB values, although other forms of coding can be used, they are numerical such that the colours can be processed by computers from this point on.
The RGB values for the fluorescent colours in this photograph or image may be transmitted to a local computer by suitable means or to a central server, for searching the photograph or image against a database of standard numerical RGB values. In a further embodiment of the invention, the results of the search may be transmitted back to the in-field measurement team and others if necessary.
Various alterations and modifications may be made to the present invention without departing from the scope of the invention. The invention will now be further described with reference to the following exemplary embodiment.
The present invention teaches the use of various forms of overt and/or covert attributes applied to spatially separated portions of a single or two dimensional physical matrix.
Particularly, a coding method is disclosed by the present invention which may comprise a step of applying a pattern of spatially separated portions onto the surface of items, articles, goods, vehicles and/or premises. The pattern may be applied directly to the surfaces of appropriate materials. The pattern may be present as a single line comprising digits, symbols and/or dots. Spaces in the pattern where no form of fluorescence is present, also contribute to the code. Likewise a two-dimensional array, typically of rows and columns, may also comprise digits, symbols and/or dots. The spaces in the two-dimensional array are also important to the code formation.
Additionally or alternatively, the grid may comprise any two dimensional shape currently known to the person skilled in the art, including circular, 5 hexagonal and rectangular shapes etc., or a combination thereof. In fact, any spatially separated pattern, known to the person skilled in the art may be suitable for use in respect of the present invention.
In one embodiment of the invention, there may be provided a two dimensional grouping of 9 attributes arranged in either a 3 * 3 matrix or in a single dimensional strip, i.e. in single line of attributes.
Coding may be added to the spatially separated portions of the pattern in order from Ito 9 and subsequently read similarly from Ito 9; for example, as demonstrated in both an exemplary 3 * 3 matrix and in a single line of attributes, below:
The present application provides that other non-limiting features may be added to increase the dimensionality of the coding pattern by providing for a different visible colour to each point and/or a coloured output from various forms of emitter responding to various forms of stimulation.
In one embodiment of the invention, there is provided the step of applying one or more layers of coding to each position of the matrix, wherein each layer of coding may be based upon, but not limited to, one of the following, or a combination thereof:
= The presence or absence of any mark at any point = The colour present at any point = The presence of a specific UV fluorescent colour at any point = The presence of a specific IR fluorescent colour at any point = The presence of any UV phosphorescent colour at any point In one embodiment of the invention, each layer of coding may contain one or more of the above attributes. Preferably, materials producing different colours under the same form of stimulation will not be applied to the same position of the grid, unless spectral analysis is undertaken. It is provided that each layer of coding comprising one or more attributes may be applied to surfaces by coating the pattern with one layer of coding at a time.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, it is provided that whatever physical grid is used, each layer of coding can be applied to each position of the physical grid. As each type of fluorescence is specific to the form of stimulation, materials fluorescing under UV may be combined with materials fluorescing under IR with no interference between the two. These may be combined in the one formulation and applied at the same time or applied separately, one over the other. As these layers are transparent to visible light they can be overlaid. Therefore, each position of the physical grid can contain:
no coding or a material fluorescing under UV radiation and/or a material fluorescing under IR radiation The total number of codes (T) to be generated in one embodiment of the invention may be determined by the number of different attributes that may be associated with any one spatially separated portion and the number of spatially separated portions of the pattern;
demonstrated by the following equation:
T = AX
where A is the number of attributes and X is the number of different physical positions, or portions. This is the total of the number of attributes we see being applicable to each location.
In one embodiment of the invention, the total number of attributes is 16, based on combinations of nothing, visible emission through UV excitation, visible emission through IR
excitation and four different colours of emission e.g. blue, green, yellow and red.
Therefore, in a further embodiment where a simple 3*3 matrix of physically separated areas is provided, this will give 169 or 68,719,476,736 codes.
Various embodiments are possible, but this level of coding can be obtained using the invention in its simplest form. In fact, the invention allows for the generation and reading of an infinite number of codes by the use of two cheap torches; i.e. by simply using a hand held UV torch, a hand held IR torch and suitable look-up tables. Preferably, this approach may be enhanced through the use of a digital camera, which again is relatively cheap, but which digitises the colours allowing further processing.
Although reference is made to hand held torches this is done only to indicate the low cost involved in producing and determining a virtually infinite number of codes and the fact that all measurements may be performed in field. However mains driven light sources can also be used. In either case the pattern must be aligned and photographed digitally so that it may be searched against RGB standards and the code established. Particularly, the RGB
values measured at each point of the array may be used to identify digitally the colour present in each position under each form of illumination, as in the case of a digital camera.
Once the RGB values are identified in each position the code can then be calculated.
The following shows four colours emitted under UV stimulation followed by four colours emitted under IR stimulation:
= UV red = UV yellow = UV green = UV blue = IR red = IR yellow = IR green = IR blue As each area is differentiated by its position then the same material can be used in each, without duplication. In one embodiment of the invention, there is provided that each of the 8 materials detailed above can be used in each position.
In one exemplary embodiment, for example, the UV red can be used in position 1. As each position is spatially discriminated the same UV red can be used in position 2 and so on.
Additionally or alternatively, in some positions a material fluorescing red under IR can also be used or a material fluorescing a different colour under IR could be used in these positions. This may be repeated at each position of the physical grid.
Therefore in this exemplary embodiment, each layer of coding may be read by different forms of stimulation even if the various materials are located at the same position of the physical grid.
In one embodiment of the invention, there is provided a method for viewing the code generated by the method described herein. Particularly, the code may be viewed by providing different forms of stimulation producing codes for each form of excitation employed. In one embodiment of the invention, UV and IR stimulation are specifically provided for.
A further embodiment of the present invention relates to the use of spectroscopic devices to read the colour emitted from each spatially separated portion.
In one embodiment the colour in each position of the pattern may be measured under UV
and IR radiation via a digital camera. The colours may be described in terms of the level of each of the primary colours present, or Red Green Blue (RGB) values. The range of values for each fluorescent colour used is predetermined and is used as the basis for identification of the colours present in each case. The digital camera is held within a reader.
An alignment mechanism allows the camera to be aligned correctly to the pattern so that the points forming the pattern, e.g. the marker emissions, always occur in the same position in the photograph.
In one embodiment, the reader may be pressed into position on the surface to be analysed so that a light tight seal is formed with the surface. Two different marks on opposite sides of the reader may be superimposed onto two different marks present on the surface to be analysed. Different marks may be used to ensure the correct alignment of the reader and to reduce the possibility of the scanner being mis-aligned by 180 degrees.
In a further embodiment the RGB value may be used to identify different shades or blends of colour. These may be used to obtain further levels of coding by recognising different reds, yellows, greens and blues all from the same form of stimulation and also more subtle colour shades. These more subtle shades may be produced by the blending of pigments of different hues of the same colour, the blend may appear the same to the eye, but will give a different RGB value to that of the pigment, as bought and thereby allow discrimination.
In a further embodiment, a digital camera may be used to record the code photographically, suitable software may be used to illuminate each light source and take a photograph of the pattern during the illumination periods. The two photographs are stored as separate data sets of RGB values and transmitted to either a local computer via USB or blue tooth, or other known means of transmission, or to a central server. In both cases the RGB values are searched against a database and the results may then be transmitted back to the measurement team, and other parties if desired.
The database may be constructed so that a unique code is obtained from the variables available.
A 3X3 array has been used for illustrative purposes and the table below shows a non-limiting example of a way in which this may be used in practice:
POSITION LIGHT RGB VALUES SHAPE
UV 0 0 255 *
The example above is limited and is provided only as an example of the scope available through the use of the invention.
Column 1 shows each position of a 9 position array.
Column 2 shows which light source is lit UV or IR.
Column 3 shows the RGB values for each colour measured under each form of illumination.
Column 4 shows the nature of the mark in each position under each light source with a "-"
indicating nothing present The above example is limited due to the possible number of codes available, but it does indicate that a unique code could be obtained by searching for four different parameters e.g.
In practice the RGB values may need to cover a range for each of the three parts of the number to allow for some variation due to e.g. background effects.
Alternatively branching can be used such that separate tables exist for each position and each light source so that only the RGB values and shape would be searched in each of these databases. Modern databases are capable of dealing with the results in the manner provided by both approaches.
A non-digital camera may also be used if the colours under each form of illumination in the resulting photographs are subsequently digitised and analysed for RGB values and may then subsequently be searched against a database. A further embodiment of the present invention may involve the spectral analysis of each attribute of the spatially separated pattern. This may provide a further level of coding and may make copying of the mark more difficult.
A further embodiment of the invention may involve using a mixture of different UV
fluorescent pigments in one or more positions of the pattern and/or a mixture of different IR fluorescent pigments. The resulting mixture would just appear white when photographed and only spectroscopic analysis would distinguish the different colours producing this effect.
The spectroscopic data is transmitted to a local computer or central server via suitable means. The components present are identified and the results returned to the measurer, or measurement team, and others if desired.
A two stage process may then follow involving initially taking a digital photograph of the pattern and then by spectroscopic analysis by a hand held mobile spectrometer to provide further information and identification of those materials present in the mixture. This can be done as a further check if an alleged counterfeit is found or may be provided as an enhanced security feature. A further embodiment of the invention involves a steganographic approach where the covert code is hidden inside an overt code.
For example, in one embodiment there may be provided a coding pattern generated by the coding method described herein, formed between the lines of a visible bar code.
Additionally or alternatively, the coding pattern may be overlaid by a visible bar code or other apparent overt coding mark.
In one embodiment of the invention, the coding pattern generated by the coding method described herein may be directly applied to the surface of the item to be marked.
Additionally or alternatively, the present invention may be used on a label or suitable layer that may be applied to the item to be marked.
A further embodiment of the present invention may involve the use of suitable bar code readers fitted with devices to provide the necessary stimulation to view the one or more attributes. One embodiment of the invention could involve the use of a bar code reader, which may be additionally or alternatively fitted with one or more different forms of stimulation to view additional or multiple covert barcodes. The additional or multiple covert barcodes may be read at the same time and/or in the same single "sweep" of the current overt bar code.
A further embodiment of the present invention provides an automated method of reading the codes. This may involve the use of an alignment mark to position a reader in the correct position. The reader would then record the colours emitted from each position under different forms of stimulation. Typically photographs could be taken of the response of each position in the matrix and these could be digitised and sent to a local computer to be searched and compared with standards.
The present invention provides a covert coding method that may be used in isolation or combined with existing technologies; for example, the coding patterns generated as described herein may further be used along with barcodes and/or along with coloured spatial patterns. Where the coding method is applied to an existing overt marker, the method advantageously provides a method of preventing the copy of existing overt markers and therefore adds to the security.
Additionally or alternatively, the coding pattern generated as described herein may be used to further generate a barcode.
The present invention advantageously provides a method of generating a virtually infinite number of codes which may be analysed in the field through the use of simple hand held torches. The number of codes available means that the codes can be changed frequently. In the prevention of counterfeits, the codes could be changed to show a particular plant of manufacture. Likewise the date of manufacture could be identified and made to indicate the year, month, week, day or even hour when the item was produced.
Critical parts of the code may also be covert which makes copying difficult.
Given that the code could be changed rapidly, perhaps on a daily basis, then it should be possible for manufacturers to stay ahead of the counterfeiters. The code will be changing quicker than they can copy it and a log of serial number and code would be virtually impossible to duplicate.
Those skilled in the art may be aware of other methods of application of the present invention, although examples of use have been given they are not designed to be limiting.
A number of embodiments have been described herein. However, it will be understood by persons skilled in the art that other variants and modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the embodiments as defined in the claims appended hereto.
Claims (46)
1. A method of generating a marker system for applying to surfaces of items, articles, goods, vehicles, fabrics and/or premises, the method comprising:
applying on said surface one or more layers of coding;
wherein each layer of coding is applied in a predefined spatially separated pattern, such that each layer of coding provides a unique pattern when subjected to a particular type of stimulus.
applying on said surface one or more layers of coding;
wherein each layer of coding is applied in a predefined spatially separated pattern, such that each layer of coding provides a unique pattern when subjected to a particular type of stimulus.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises the step of:
using a digital camera to measure each layer of coding under UV and/or IR
radiation.
using a digital camera to measure each layer of coding under UV and/or IR
radiation.
3. The method of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the method further comprises the step of:
recording the measurements defining the predefined spatially separated pattern from the surface.
recording the measurements defining the predefined spatially separated pattern from the surface.
4. The method of any preceding claim, wherein the predefined spatially separated pattern of each layer of coding is applied to an array having spatially separated portions.
5. The method of claim 2, wherein the array comprises a single dimensional strip.
6. The method of claim 2, wherein the array comprises a two dimensional matrix.
7. The method of any preceding claim, wherein each layer of coding may be selected from a list of known attributes.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein the list of known attributes includes the presence or absence of any mark.
9. The method of claim 7, wherein the list of known attributes includes the absence of colour.
10. The method of claim 7, wherein the list of known attributes includes the presence of a specific visible colour emitted under UV stimulation.
11. The method of claim 7, wherein the list of known attributes includes the presence of any visible colour emitted under IR stimulation.
12. The method of claim 7, wherein the list of known attributes includes the presence or absence of any UV phosphorescent material.
13. The method of any of claims 7 to 12, wherein the attributes are shaped as any one of the following: alphabetic digits, numerical digits, symbols, dots, or a combination thereof.
14. The method of any of claims 7 to 13, wherein one or more of the spatially separated portions of each layer of coding comprises a mixture of attributes.
15. The method of any preceding claim, wherein RGB values of commercially available pigments are altered by blending pigments of similar colour to discriminate these from commercially available pigments.
16. The method of any preceding claim, wherein the method further comprises the step of:
applying a layer of varnish on top of the one or more layers of coding.
applying a layer of varnish on top of the one or more layers of coding.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein the varnish is a matt varnish.
18. A marker generated by the method of any preceding claim.
19. The marker of claim 18, wherein the marker is hidden inside an overt code to form a covert code.
20. The marker of claim 19, wherein the covert code is formed between the lines of an overt barcode.
21. The marker of claim 19 or claim 20, wherein the covert code is overlaid by an overt bar code or other apparent overt coding mark.
22. The marker of any of claims 18 to 21, wherein the generated marker may be directly applied onto the surface of the item to be marked.
23. The marker of any of claims 18 to 21, wherein the generated marker may be used on a label that may be applied to the item to be marked.
24. The marker of any of claims 18 to 23, wherein the generated marker is used in combination with existing technologies such as bar codes or coloured spatial patterns.
25. The marker of any of claims 18 to 24, wherein the generated marker is used to generate a further barcode.
26. A method of identifying a marker system applied to surfaces of items, articles, goods, vehicles, fabrics and/or premises, wherein the marker system comprises one or more layers of coding, the method comprising:
using a digital camera to measure each layer of coding under UV and/or IR
radiation;
recording the measurements defining the predefined spatially separated pattern from the surface; and comparing the recorded measurements defining the predefined spatially separated pattern with a database comprising details of all measurements.
using a digital camera to measure each layer of coding under UV and/or IR
radiation;
recording the measurements defining the predefined spatially separated pattern from the surface; and comparing the recorded measurements defining the predefined spatially separated pattern with a database comprising details of all measurements.
27. The method of claim 26, wherein the method further comprises the step of:
calculating the coding pattern based on the recorded measurements defining the predefined spatially separated pattern.
calculating the coding pattern based on the recorded measurements defining the predefined spatially separated pattern.
28. The method of claim 26 or claim 27, wherein the method further comprises the step of:
wiping the marker before using the digital camera to measure each layer of coding under UV and/or IR radiation.
wiping the marker before using the digital camera to measure each layer of coding under UV and/or IR radiation.
29. The method of any of claims 26 to 28, wherein the digital camera digitises the fluorescent colour in the photograph and expresses each colour digitally in terms of the proportion of each of the primary colours present in the fluorescent colour.
30. The method of any of claims 26 to 29, wherein the method further comprises the step of:
aligning the digital camera in respect of the coding pattern.
aligning the digital camera in respect of the coding pattern.
31. The method of claim 30, wherein the digital camera comprises an alignment mechanism allowing the camera to be correctly aligned to the pattern such that each marker emission the pattern occur in the same position in a photograph or image.
32. The method of claim 30 or claim 31, wherein the digital camera is aligned to the coding pattern by aligning one or more marks on the surface being measured with one or more marks on the digital camera.
33. The method of claim 32, wherein the one or more marks on the surface being measured and the one or more marks on the digital camera are visible.
34. The method of claim 32 or claim 33, wherein the one or more marks on the surface being measured are visible when the surface is subjected to UV and/or IR
radiation.
radiation.
35. The method of any of claims 30 to 34, wherein alignment marks are provided in the array or adjacent to it so as to position a reader in the correct position.
36. The method of any of claims 26 to 35, wherein the digital camera is pressed into position on the surface to be analyzed to form a seal with the surface.
37. The method of any of claims 26 to 36, wherein the camera comprises illumination means configured to illuminate the pattern so that a camera can take a photograph of the pattern during each illumination.
38. The method of any of claims 264 to 37, wherein a photograph or image of the marker emission is taken under various forms of stimulation.
39. The method of claim 38, wherein two photographs or images are taken.
40. The method of any of claims 26 to 39, wherein the digital camera comprises illumination means to illuminate the surface to be measure with UV and/or IR
radiation.
radiation.
41. The method of claim 40, wherein the digital camera is configured to take one or more photographs or images during a period when the surface is illuminated.
42. The method of any of claims 26 to 41, further comprising the step of transmitting the digitised photographs to a central server for searching against a database of standard numerical RGB values.
43. The method of claim 42, wherein the database is constructed so that a unique code is obtained from the list of known attributes.
44. The method of claim 42, wherein branching is used such that separate tables exist for each position of the spatially separated pattern and each light source so that only the RGB values and shape is searched in one or more databases.
45. The method of any of claims 42 to 44, wherein the transmission occurs via USB
and/or via blue-tooth.
and/or via blue-tooth.
46. The method of any of claims 42 to 45, further comprising transmitting the results of the search to an in field measurement team and/or other parties.
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| GB9014339D0 (en) | 1990-06-27 | 1990-08-15 | Cleary Michael | Improvements in or relating to security of articles or premises |
| AU2279495A (en) * | 1994-04-06 | 1995-10-30 | Elliott D Blatt | Data storage, processing, and recovery method and system utilizing polychromatic lightwaves |
| US6119943A (en) * | 1994-12-12 | 2000-09-19 | Moore Business Forms, Inc. | Multi-layer bar code arrangement using wavelength separation |
| WO1998050882A2 (en) * | 1997-05-05 | 1998-11-12 | Intermec Technologies Corporation | Multi-colored symbology method and apparatus |
| US6165937A (en) * | 1998-09-30 | 2000-12-26 | Ncr Corporation | Thermal paper with a near infrared radiation scannable data image |
| US20030141375A1 (en) * | 2000-03-09 | 2003-07-31 | Spectra Systems Corporation | Information bearing marking used with a digitally watermarked background |
| GB0027938D0 (en) | 2000-11-16 | 2001-01-03 | Smartwater Ltd | Improvements in or relating to particle production |
| FR2840094A1 (en) * | 2002-05-23 | 2003-11-28 | A S K | Credit or identity card has layer between outer layers which under ultra violet light reveals distinctive pattern of fluorescent and non-fluorescent marks and may also support antenna |
| WO2004076192A1 (en) * | 2003-02-27 | 2004-09-10 | Inksure Inc. | A method for marking articles |
| GB0401541D0 (en) | 2004-01-23 | 2004-02-25 | Smartwater Ltd | Production of micro particles using laser engineering |
| GB0409513D0 (en) | 2004-04-29 | 2004-06-02 | Smartwater Ltd | Multilevel security systems |
| EP1752201A1 (en) * | 2004-05-31 | 2007-02-14 | Sega Corporation | Data recording medium and game apparatus |
| CN101819647A (en) * | 2010-05-08 | 2010-09-01 | 福建鸿博印刷股份有限公司 | Anti-counterfeiting printing method by using invisible two-dimensional codes |
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