CA2759684A1 - Method for drawing power from electrochemical cells using frequency pulses, and use of said method in a power source - Google Patents
Method for drawing power from electrochemical cells using frequency pulses, and use of said method in a power source Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2759684A1 CA2759684A1 CA2759684A CA2759684A CA2759684A1 CA 2759684 A1 CA2759684 A1 CA 2759684A1 CA 2759684 A CA2759684 A CA 2759684A CA 2759684 A CA2759684 A CA 2759684A CA 2759684 A1 CA2759684 A1 CA 2759684A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- current
- electrochemical
- transformer
- current source
- anode
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M12/00—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M12/04—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of the fuel-cell type and of a half-cell of the primary-cell type
- H01M12/06—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of the fuel-cell type and of a half-cell of the primary-cell type with one metallic and one gaseous electrode
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Hybrid Cells (AREA)
- Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
Abstract
The invention describes a method for drawing power from all types of electrochemical power sources in which power is drawn using frequency pulses with the condition that the specific impedance of each anode of the electrochemical cells is a maximum of 1.87 .OMEGA. .cndot. cm2. The invention also describes a power source for carrying out this method, said power source containing an electrochemical power source (1), which is filled with an electrolyte solution, and a DC/DC power converter, in which the DC/DC power converter contains a transformer (4) of which the primary circuit comprises a. the electrochemical power source (1), b. a shunt circuit (2), and c. a switching element with a control unit (3), and of which the secondary circuit comprises d. an inductive energy storage means (5) and e. a storage capacitor (6), wherein the load (7) is connected to the secondary circuit of the power source.
Description
METHOD FOR DRAWING POWER FROM ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS USING
FREQUENCY PULSES, AND USE OF SAID METHOD IN A POWER SOURCE
The use of electrochemical cells for the production of power sources is well known. Especially in portable power sources metal-air cells are often used in which a metal anode and a gas diffusion cathode and an electrolyte solution are applied. Examples of anode metals are magnesium, zinc and aluminum. The electrolyte solutions are predominantly aqueous alkaline solutions or sodium chloride solutions.
For mobile use of these power sources the weight and dimensions of the power source and its supplies play an important role. Since the required performance of the power sources are specified by the application, a more compact design with low weight is achieved only by the fact that the efficiency of power sources is optimized. Limiting factors in the performance of electrochemical cells are amongst others the formation of reaction products, insufficient gas diffusion and insufficient surface activity. Therefore several developments have been carried out to improve the portable power sources by means of constructive actions and change of the chemical composition of the electrode materials.
U.S. 6,127,061 describes the improvement in the power density of metal-air cells using a special air-cathode, which contains a catalytic layer, which is composed of a mixture of carbon particles, hydrophobic particles, a metal hydroxide and particle material with a large surface area. On this surface an electrically conductive structure is applied, followed by an air-and water-impermeable layer.
FREQUENCY PULSES, AND USE OF SAID METHOD IN A POWER SOURCE
The use of electrochemical cells for the production of power sources is well known. Especially in portable power sources metal-air cells are often used in which a metal anode and a gas diffusion cathode and an electrolyte solution are applied. Examples of anode metals are magnesium, zinc and aluminum. The electrolyte solutions are predominantly aqueous alkaline solutions or sodium chloride solutions.
For mobile use of these power sources the weight and dimensions of the power source and its supplies play an important role. Since the required performance of the power sources are specified by the application, a more compact design with low weight is achieved only by the fact that the efficiency of power sources is optimized. Limiting factors in the performance of electrochemical cells are amongst others the formation of reaction products, insufficient gas diffusion and insufficient surface activity. Therefore several developments have been carried out to improve the portable power sources by means of constructive actions and change of the chemical composition of the electrode materials.
U.S. 6,127,061 describes the improvement in the power density of metal-air cells using a special air-cathode, which contains a catalytic layer, which is composed of a mixture of carbon particles, hydrophobic particles, a metal hydroxide and particle material with a large surface area. On this surface an electrically conductive structure is applied, followed by an air-and water-impermeable layer.
In U.S. 5,004,654, an aluminum-air cell is outlined, whose anode material is alloyed with magnesium and/or calcium and in whose electrolyte and / or anode material tin is present. U.S.
5,360,680 describes the user-friendly design of metal-air cell as mechanically rechargeable power sources, such as various anode materials, especially activated zinc in slurry form. Particular attention is given to use in electric vehicles and the desired properties of a high current density, a high current capacity and high set a maximum power.
EP 1843418 Al describes an electrochemical current / power source, in particular a fuel cell or battery in which an electrolyte salt water and/or alkali solution, for use in an electrochemical metal-air cell suitable anode, and a gas-diffusion cathode or air cathode, which has at least one hydrophobic layer is used. Here, the housing on one by one or more liquid-permeable walls limited housing space, wherein the housing space can be fed through at least one opening, air or oxygen. At least one of the impermeable walls of the housing space is formed by the cathode or by the hydrophobic layer of the cathode. The gap is at least partially with an electrolyte, particularly sea water, salt water or alkaline solutions, can be filled.
The invention disclosed in claim 1 is based on the problem, the electrical performance characteristics and capacity of a power source to improve for a given type of electrochemical power source is used.
This problem is solved by a method of removing power from electrochemical power sources according to claim 1. Claim 1 describes a method for drawing current from all kinds of electrochemical current sources, with the drawing of current occurring by the consumer (7) via a current transformer which contains a transformer (4), the primary circuit of which contains an electrochemical current source (1), a shunt circuit (2) and a switching element with a control unit (3), and the secondary circuit of which contains an inductive energy storage unit (5) and the consumer (7), characterized in that the withdrawal of current occurs by frequency pulses under the conditions that the ratio of the capacitance of the shunt circuit (Csh) to the surface (S) and the specific differential capacitance (CD,s) of the anode is CSh = 0.5 = (CD,S =
S) to CSh = 5 = (CD,S = S), and that the minimum frequency fmin of the frequency pulses is chosen according to the formula fmin = 1 2i[ C This method serves as a basis for determining the optimum parameters D,S ' 1.87 fl cmz for the components of the circuit. The optimization of a power source is defined by one or more important parameters for the solution of specific consumer problems. Example is the optimization of a DC-DC power converter for a metal-air cell according to the consumption of the metal anode on the condition that the output power is not the power source falls below the set.
Due to the change in frequency of the pulses from the RC-generator in the controller for the auxiliary resistance (resistance to adjustable resistance value) can be experimentally the dependences of the specific anode consumption (grams per Wh) and the maximum output power to build on the pulse frequency. In both curves, one finds a frequency at which the anode metal consumption is minimal, provided that the maximum output power not the power source falls below the set. Additionally it is observed in the frequency of the structural parameters of the planar transformator to optimize the throttle etc.
Claim 2 describes a power source for performing the method of claim 1 containing an electrochemical current source (1) filled with an electrolytic solution and a DC-DC current transformer, characterized in that the DC-DC current transformer contains a transformer (4), the primary circuit of which consists of the electrochemical current source (1), a shunt circuit (2), and a switching element with a control unit (3); and its secondary circuit of an inductive energy storage unit (5) and a storage capacitor; with the consumer (7) being connected to the secondary circuit of the current source and the ratio of the capacitance of the shunt circuit (Csh) to the surface (S) and the specific differential capacitance (CD,s) of the anode is CSh = 0.5 ' (CD,S ' S) to CSh = 5 ' (CD,S ' S).
The inventive design of the power source (Fig. 1), which operates by a process according to claim 1 and 2, all types of electrochemical power sources, an improvement of the capacity is reached. In most species, in addition, the capacity of the power source is increased. This is achieved through the optimization of through the switching element control unit (3) of the electrochemical power source (1) on the transformer (4) generated frequency pulse to the subsequent energy storage in the memory (5) and their delivery to the consumer (7).
Therefore, by the invention, a more compact and lighter power source of the desired performance and capacity is realized, based on various electrochemical cells.
Particularly advantageous embodiments of the invention are set forth in the appended claims. In claim 3, the optimized use of a switching element presented with a control unit that is capable of frequency pulses on the transformer defined leave. An embodiment of the water board in the DC-DC power converter will be described hereinafter as the circuit element, a transistor group is used. The control unit itself may consist inter alia of the following components: a controller (microcircuit) with the required settings, a starter circuit, a recirculation system which regulates the pulse times and distances depending on the load capacity, microcircuits for loss reduction and buffer circuits for shorter switching times of the above transistors.
Claim 4 describes the advantageous use of a planar transformer as the transformer in the DC-DC
power converter. The advantages are the following special characteristics of Planar:
5,360,680 describes the user-friendly design of metal-air cell as mechanically rechargeable power sources, such as various anode materials, especially activated zinc in slurry form. Particular attention is given to use in electric vehicles and the desired properties of a high current density, a high current capacity and high set a maximum power.
EP 1843418 Al describes an electrochemical current / power source, in particular a fuel cell or battery in which an electrolyte salt water and/or alkali solution, for use in an electrochemical metal-air cell suitable anode, and a gas-diffusion cathode or air cathode, which has at least one hydrophobic layer is used. Here, the housing on one by one or more liquid-permeable walls limited housing space, wherein the housing space can be fed through at least one opening, air or oxygen. At least one of the impermeable walls of the housing space is formed by the cathode or by the hydrophobic layer of the cathode. The gap is at least partially with an electrolyte, particularly sea water, salt water or alkaline solutions, can be filled.
The invention disclosed in claim 1 is based on the problem, the electrical performance characteristics and capacity of a power source to improve for a given type of electrochemical power source is used.
This problem is solved by a method of removing power from electrochemical power sources according to claim 1. Claim 1 describes a method for drawing current from all kinds of electrochemical current sources, with the drawing of current occurring by the consumer (7) via a current transformer which contains a transformer (4), the primary circuit of which contains an electrochemical current source (1), a shunt circuit (2) and a switching element with a control unit (3), and the secondary circuit of which contains an inductive energy storage unit (5) and the consumer (7), characterized in that the withdrawal of current occurs by frequency pulses under the conditions that the ratio of the capacitance of the shunt circuit (Csh) to the surface (S) and the specific differential capacitance (CD,s) of the anode is CSh = 0.5 = (CD,S =
S) to CSh = 5 = (CD,S = S), and that the minimum frequency fmin of the frequency pulses is chosen according to the formula fmin = 1 2i[ C This method serves as a basis for determining the optimum parameters D,S ' 1.87 fl cmz for the components of the circuit. The optimization of a power source is defined by one or more important parameters for the solution of specific consumer problems. Example is the optimization of a DC-DC power converter for a metal-air cell according to the consumption of the metal anode on the condition that the output power is not the power source falls below the set.
Due to the change in frequency of the pulses from the RC-generator in the controller for the auxiliary resistance (resistance to adjustable resistance value) can be experimentally the dependences of the specific anode consumption (grams per Wh) and the maximum output power to build on the pulse frequency. In both curves, one finds a frequency at which the anode metal consumption is minimal, provided that the maximum output power not the power source falls below the set. Additionally it is observed in the frequency of the structural parameters of the planar transformator to optimize the throttle etc.
Claim 2 describes a power source for performing the method of claim 1 containing an electrochemical current source (1) filled with an electrolytic solution and a DC-DC current transformer, characterized in that the DC-DC current transformer contains a transformer (4), the primary circuit of which consists of the electrochemical current source (1), a shunt circuit (2), and a switching element with a control unit (3); and its secondary circuit of an inductive energy storage unit (5) and a storage capacitor; with the consumer (7) being connected to the secondary circuit of the current source and the ratio of the capacitance of the shunt circuit (Csh) to the surface (S) and the specific differential capacitance (CD,s) of the anode is CSh = 0.5 ' (CD,S ' S) to CSh = 5 ' (CD,S ' S).
The inventive design of the power source (Fig. 1), which operates by a process according to claim 1 and 2, all types of electrochemical power sources, an improvement of the capacity is reached. In most species, in addition, the capacity of the power source is increased. This is achieved through the optimization of through the switching element control unit (3) of the electrochemical power source (1) on the transformer (4) generated frequency pulse to the subsequent energy storage in the memory (5) and their delivery to the consumer (7).
Therefore, by the invention, a more compact and lighter power source of the desired performance and capacity is realized, based on various electrochemical cells.
Particularly advantageous embodiments of the invention are set forth in the appended claims. In claim 3, the optimized use of a switching element presented with a control unit that is capable of frequency pulses on the transformer defined leave. An embodiment of the water board in the DC-DC power converter will be described hereinafter as the circuit element, a transistor group is used. The control unit itself may consist inter alia of the following components: a controller (microcircuit) with the required settings, a starter circuit, a recirculation system which regulates the pulse times and distances depending on the load capacity, microcircuits for loss reduction and buffer circuits for shorter switching times of the above transistors.
Claim 4 describes the advantageous use of a planar transformer as the transformer in the DC-DC
power converter. The advantages are the following special characteristics of Planar:
5 = Enhanced mutual inductance in planar transformer increases the efficiency of the DC-DC
power converter.
= The dimensions of the DC-DC power converter is the use of the PIA
nartransformators much lower.
= The serial production of the planar transformer for the DC-DC power converter is simpler and more reliable than conventional types.
Particularly advantageous parameters for the optimal tuning of the construction components of the current drain of the electrochemical power source are explained in the conditions in claim 1 and 2.
Accordingly, the capacitance of the shunt circuit Csh where Csh = 0.5 = (C) to CSh = 5 = (C), where C is determined by the following formulas, if multiple anodes exist in the system:
Parallel circuit: C =CD, s 1 ' S 1 +CD, s2 ' S2 +... +CD,Sn ' Sn Series circuit: 1 = 1 + i + = = = + 1 C CD S1 ' S1 CD,S2 = S2 CD Sn = Sn (n - number of elements; CD, Sn - specific differential capacitance of the anode of the element n; S,, - area of the anode of the element n).
In claims 1 and 2 is the formula syntax of a single cell used (C =CDs = S), but it is understood that by means of the brackets, the differential capacitance of the anode is calculated and this, in case that the electrochemical power source is several cells connected in parallel or in series to complete in accordance with the above well-known rules of summation capacity for parallel and series connection of elements.
In particular, for the most common case that the electrochemical power source of N with each other is in series connected identical cells, there is the capacity of a shunt circuit Csh according to claim 6 in the range of Csh = 0.5 = (CDs = S / N) to Csh = 5 = (CDs' S / N).
A portable power sources are particularly suitable embodiment of the electro-chemical power source is shown in claim 7 metal-air cell, which allows the electrolyte to be stored separately from the battery and bring it to the site.
A further advantageous embodiment of the invention described in claim 8 is the use of magnesium as the anode material, which allows for good performance of the electrochemical cell is a light weight.
The cell type in claim 7 performed with sodium chloride as the electrolyte has a decisive advantage requires that the end user only has to deal with a dangerous consumer product and not with alkaline solutions, the special precautions. In addition, the disposal of waste products is ecologically clean.
power converter.
= The dimensions of the DC-DC power converter is the use of the PIA
nartransformators much lower.
= The serial production of the planar transformer for the DC-DC power converter is simpler and more reliable than conventional types.
Particularly advantageous parameters for the optimal tuning of the construction components of the current drain of the electrochemical power source are explained in the conditions in claim 1 and 2.
Accordingly, the capacitance of the shunt circuit Csh where Csh = 0.5 = (C) to CSh = 5 = (C), where C is determined by the following formulas, if multiple anodes exist in the system:
Parallel circuit: C =CD, s 1 ' S 1 +CD, s2 ' S2 +... +CD,Sn ' Sn Series circuit: 1 = 1 + i + = = = + 1 C CD S1 ' S1 CD,S2 = S2 CD Sn = Sn (n - number of elements; CD, Sn - specific differential capacitance of the anode of the element n; S,, - area of the anode of the element n).
In claims 1 and 2 is the formula syntax of a single cell used (C =CDs = S), but it is understood that by means of the brackets, the differential capacitance of the anode is calculated and this, in case that the electrochemical power source is several cells connected in parallel or in series to complete in accordance with the above well-known rules of summation capacity for parallel and series connection of elements.
In particular, for the most common case that the electrochemical power source of N with each other is in series connected identical cells, there is the capacity of a shunt circuit Csh according to claim 6 in the range of Csh = 0.5 = (CDs = S / N) to Csh = 5 = (CDs' S / N).
A portable power sources are particularly suitable embodiment of the electro-chemical power source is shown in claim 7 metal-air cell, which allows the electrolyte to be stored separately from the battery and bring it to the site.
A further advantageous embodiment of the invention described in claim 8 is the use of magnesium as the anode material, which allows for good performance of the electrochemical cell is a light weight.
The cell type in claim 7 performed with sodium chloride as the electrolyte has a decisive advantage requires that the end user only has to deal with a dangerous consumer product and not with alkaline solutions, the special precautions. In addition, the disposal of waste products is ecologically clean.
An embodiment of the invention is illustrated in Figure 1, the operation of the following will be explained in more detail. The desired technical result of the improved electrical characteristics of the current source by using an electrochemical power source (1) is reached, which is connected via a switching element with a control unit (3) with a planar transformer (4).
At the electrochemical power source is also a shunt circuit (shunt) (2) connected with a capacitance Csh.
The secondary winding of the planar transformer (4) is connected with an inductive energy storage (5), a storage capacitor (6) and the load resistor (consumer) (7).
The power source operates in the following way: When the contact closes, the control unit (3) the current flows, composed of the sum of the current of electrochemical power source (1) and the current of the secondary circuit switching circuit (2) the capacity Csh.
The energy accumulated in the choke (5) and flows through the storage capacitor (6) to consumers (7). The time of the switched-off state is determined by the minimum time of the transfer of energy that was stored in the inductive storage (5), to the consumer (7). The maximum efficiency of transmission of electrical energy by means of reduction of input resistance of the CT reaches below 1 milliohm.
As an electrochemical power source, a metal-air cell is used with a magnesium anode, a gas diffusion cathode and an electrolyte of aqueous sodium chloride solution. The source of internal resistance R of the electrochemical power source consists of the sum of the resistances of the anode, the cathode-en and the electrolyte together (R = RA + RK + RE), where it makes the resistance of the anode circuit of Figure 2 (RE =electrolyte resistance, RD
=specific resistance of the double layer, CD,S =specific differential capacitance of the double layer) can constitute.
At the electrochemical power source is also a shunt circuit (shunt) (2) connected with a capacitance Csh.
The secondary winding of the planar transformer (4) is connected with an inductive energy storage (5), a storage capacitor (6) and the load resistor (consumer) (7).
The power source operates in the following way: When the contact closes, the control unit (3) the current flows, composed of the sum of the current of electrochemical power source (1) and the current of the secondary circuit switching circuit (2) the capacity Csh.
The energy accumulated in the choke (5) and flows through the storage capacitor (6) to consumers (7). The time of the switched-off state is determined by the minimum time of the transfer of energy that was stored in the inductive storage (5), to the consumer (7). The maximum efficiency of transmission of electrical energy by means of reduction of input resistance of the CT reaches below 1 milliohm.
As an electrochemical power source, a metal-air cell is used with a magnesium anode, a gas diffusion cathode and an electrolyte of aqueous sodium chloride solution. The source of internal resistance R of the electrochemical power source consists of the sum of the resistances of the anode, the cathode-en and the electrolyte together (R = RA + RK + RE), where it makes the resistance of the anode circuit of Figure 2 (RE =electrolyte resistance, RD
=specific resistance of the double layer, CD,S =specific differential capacitance of the double layer) can constitute.
Below, the anode component summary of the internal resistance of the electrochemical power source is studied in two modes: the direct-current regime and the rate of energy extraction regime.
In the DC regime of the electrochemical cell is determined by the charging resistor the double layer RD the resistance RA. The component RD decreases with increasing current density due to the increase in the concentration of reactive elements in the electrical double layer and the change in activation energy, which is caused by the potential jump in the dense part of the bilayer. Fig. 3 shows the dependence of the resistance RD represented by the current density.
In the frequency regime of energy extraction, the anode resistance R is A
determined by the impedance:
R -2rc=C-f C =Differential capacitance, f =Frequency.
The capacitance of the double layer depends here on the potential of the anode.
Fig. 4 shows typical curves of the differential capacity of 0.1 M solutions of various metals (Hg =
1, 2 =Bi, 3 =Pb, 4 =Sn, 5 =Cd, 6 =In, 7 =In +Ga, 8 =Ga) in C5H11OH shown in relation to 0.1 N solutions of the surface inactive electrolyte.
In the area of negative potential of the surface-inactive electrolytes be wearing the differential of the double layer capacity for all metals as a value of 17 gF / cm2. So you can put down at a certain frequency regime of energy extraction, the impedance of the anode so that the internal resistance of the electrochemical power source roughly approximates the electrolyte resistance.
At a frequency of 100 kHz, for example, the specific impedance of the anode reached 0.09 ohms =
cm2. The resistivity of the electrolyte at an electrode spacing of 0.5 cm and a working temperature of 60-70 C is about 2.5 - 3 ohms = cm2. The resistivity of modern gas-diffusion cathode at the same temperature is about 0.8 -1, 0 ohms = cm2. This results in the summary of the internal resistance of electrochemical cell in the frequency regime of 100 kHz (in the case of the maximum values for RE and RK), a value of about 4.1 ohms = cm2, where RA
approximately 2.5 %
summary of the internal resistance is formed.
In the DC regime of the electrochemical power source, the component RA at current densities of 50 - 100 mA / cm2, which can be realized in practice, about 6 ohms = cm2 (see Figure 3).
Accordingly, the summary reaches specific resistance about 10 ohms = cm2, which is about 2.5-fold higher than the frequency regime. RA will account for approximately 60%
of total resistance. The increase in performance compared to the direct current regime of energy extraction is the minimum value of the determined intervals between pulses, which is by the time of transfer of energy stored in the memory element is limited to the consumer.
The shunt circuit with a capacitance of Csh = 0.5 = (CD, S = S) to Csh = 5 = (CD,S = S) (S =
surfaces chemically the anode and CD,S = specific differential capacitance of the anode ) is selected such that when the shutdown of the electrochemical power source from the power converter, the potential of the anode is no longer in the negative potential decreases as the specific capacity is higher at less negative potential values, especially in the adsorption of organic substances (see Figure 4 ).
The determination of the optimum frequencies for practical application is carried out starting from the above formula for calculating the impedance of the double layer, the anode resistor RA
is determined by the removal of electric energy by means of frequency pulses:
RA=2TT 'C'f with: C =differential capacitance of the double layer of the anode, f =frequency of the pulses 5 As stated above, depends on the capacitance of the double layer on the anode potential. The range of values that can assume the capacitance C for different types of metals, is shown in Figure 4. In most electrochemical elements, the anode potential is relative to the zero level of the reference electrode in the negative range, and runs after turning off the switching element (3) or more in the negative zone, i.e., CD,s approaches the known value of 17 gF /
cm2.
In the DC regime of the electrochemical cell is determined by the charging resistor the double layer RD the resistance RA. The component RD decreases with increasing current density due to the increase in the concentration of reactive elements in the electrical double layer and the change in activation energy, which is caused by the potential jump in the dense part of the bilayer. Fig. 3 shows the dependence of the resistance RD represented by the current density.
In the frequency regime of energy extraction, the anode resistance R is A
determined by the impedance:
R -2rc=C-f C =Differential capacitance, f =Frequency.
The capacitance of the double layer depends here on the potential of the anode.
Fig. 4 shows typical curves of the differential capacity of 0.1 M solutions of various metals (Hg =
1, 2 =Bi, 3 =Pb, 4 =Sn, 5 =Cd, 6 =In, 7 =In +Ga, 8 =Ga) in C5H11OH shown in relation to 0.1 N solutions of the surface inactive electrolyte.
In the area of negative potential of the surface-inactive electrolytes be wearing the differential of the double layer capacity for all metals as a value of 17 gF / cm2. So you can put down at a certain frequency regime of energy extraction, the impedance of the anode so that the internal resistance of the electrochemical power source roughly approximates the electrolyte resistance.
At a frequency of 100 kHz, for example, the specific impedance of the anode reached 0.09 ohms =
cm2. The resistivity of the electrolyte at an electrode spacing of 0.5 cm and a working temperature of 60-70 C is about 2.5 - 3 ohms = cm2. The resistivity of modern gas-diffusion cathode at the same temperature is about 0.8 -1, 0 ohms = cm2. This results in the summary of the internal resistance of electrochemical cell in the frequency regime of 100 kHz (in the case of the maximum values for RE and RK), a value of about 4.1 ohms = cm2, where RA
approximately 2.5 %
summary of the internal resistance is formed.
In the DC regime of the electrochemical power source, the component RA at current densities of 50 - 100 mA / cm2, which can be realized in practice, about 6 ohms = cm2 (see Figure 3).
Accordingly, the summary reaches specific resistance about 10 ohms = cm2, which is about 2.5-fold higher than the frequency regime. RA will account for approximately 60%
of total resistance. The increase in performance compared to the direct current regime of energy extraction is the minimum value of the determined intervals between pulses, which is by the time of transfer of energy stored in the memory element is limited to the consumer.
The shunt circuit with a capacitance of Csh = 0.5 = (CD, S = S) to Csh = 5 = (CD,S = S) (S =
surfaces chemically the anode and CD,S = specific differential capacitance of the anode ) is selected such that when the shutdown of the electrochemical power source from the power converter, the potential of the anode is no longer in the negative potential decreases as the specific capacity is higher at less negative potential values, especially in the adsorption of organic substances (see Figure 4 ).
The determination of the optimum frequencies for practical application is carried out starting from the above formula for calculating the impedance of the double layer, the anode resistor RA
is determined by the removal of electric energy by means of frequency pulses:
RA=2TT 'C'f with: C =differential capacitance of the double layer of the anode, f =frequency of the pulses 5 As stated above, depends on the capacitance of the double layer on the anode potential. The range of values that can assume the capacitance C for different types of metals, is shown in Figure 4. In most electrochemical elements, the anode potential is relative to the zero level of the reference electrode in the negative range, and runs after turning off the switching element (3) or more in the negative zone, i.e., CD,s approaches the known value of 17 gF /
cm2.
10 In order to maintain the anode potential at a higher level and thus the reduction of RA to be maintained, the additional capacity Csh (2) is used by the current in the pauses between the pulses passes, if the main circuit is turned off. Thus it follows that the minimum pulse frequency is determined to implement the method according to claim 1 of the present application by the following relationship:
RA= 106 = 1.87 fl ' cm2 27r . 17 fmin which yields: fmin =5 kHz seen from the above formula is easy to see the effect of increasing the frequency to lower the anode impedance RA and thus the total resistance R of the power source.
RA= 106 = 1.87 fl ' cm2 27r . 17 fmin which yields: fmin =5 kHz seen from the above formula is easy to see the effect of increasing the frequency to lower the anode impedance RA and thus the total resistance R of the power source.
When used in the used electrochemical cell different anode materials as shown in Figure 4, the capacity of a different range of values of the differential CD,s has then the minimum pulse frequency for performing the method according to claim 1 of the present application, analogous to corresponding with a minimum value of CD,S of the anode was determined.
Accordingly, the definition is the removal of properties in Claim 1 does not have fixed frequencies, but the impedance of the anode.
At a pulse frequency of f =100 kHz, the resistance of the anode RA is considerably smaller than the resistance of modem cathode (see above) and thus a further increase in pulse frequency with a view to further reduction in the resistance portion RA in the total resistance of an electrochemical power source uninteresting. Therefore, the possible frequencies are useful for the implementation of the method according to claim 1, under the circumstances called conditions in the range 5 to 100 kHz.
The selection of the optimum frequency within the specified setting range is achieved by a balance between the following physical processes for the purpose of a maximum efficiency of the entire system is found under the condition that the value given the maximum power of the power source to the consumer is not under a value is:
1) Increase the energy to be removed by increasing the frequency and reduction of the current pulse pause ratio (ratio of pulse to pulse pause time).
2) The increase of the electrochemical power source to be removed depends on power of increasing the frequency and amplitude, and reduction of the current pulse pause ratio.
Accordingly, the definition is the removal of properties in Claim 1 does not have fixed frequencies, but the impedance of the anode.
At a pulse frequency of f =100 kHz, the resistance of the anode RA is considerably smaller than the resistance of modem cathode (see above) and thus a further increase in pulse frequency with a view to further reduction in the resistance portion RA in the total resistance of an electrochemical power source uninteresting. Therefore, the possible frequencies are useful for the implementation of the method according to claim 1, under the circumstances called conditions in the range 5 to 100 kHz.
The selection of the optimum frequency within the specified setting range is achieved by a balance between the following physical processes for the purpose of a maximum efficiency of the entire system is found under the condition that the value given the maximum power of the power source to the consumer is not under a value is:
1) Increase the energy to be removed by increasing the frequency and reduction of the current pulse pause ratio (ratio of pulse to pulse pause time).
2) The increase of the electrochemical power source to be removed depends on power of increasing the frequency and amplitude, and reduction of the current pulse pause ratio.
3) Reduce the resistance of the electrochemical power source with an increase of the current pulse frequency.
4) The increase of losses (inductive, resistive, etc.) in DC-DC converter depends on the change of frequency, amplitude ratio and the break of the current pulses.
An extension of the frequency bandwidth to 1 MHz appears at the current state of the art in practice only be justified if in the future a reduction of the cathode and the electrolyte resistance is generally technically possible, and in the event of a further development of the electronics and the creation of a new high-frequency transducer for even greater efficiency and maximum performance of the entire system.
Consequently, the frequency range defined by claim 1 for most electrochemical power sources is basically of 5 kHz to infinity. The calculation of this frequency range for each electrochemical power source carried by the above formula for RA in the alignment of the double layer resistance RA according to claim 1. The choices regarding a specific frequency will increase with the state of the electronics in the current consumption by frequency pulses. The maximum possible frequency of the pulses is increased, whereby the pulse pause ratio should be minimal, but not less than that for reconstruction (regeneration) of the double layer after each pulse time required, which by today's calculations, about 10-7 is specified seconds. Here, the loss must increase in the electronic system in the implementation of this method of energy extraction and transmission to the consumer less than the higher frequencies and reduction of the current pulse pause ratio remains recovered energy.
4) The increase of losses (inductive, resistive, etc.) in DC-DC converter depends on the change of frequency, amplitude ratio and the break of the current pulses.
An extension of the frequency bandwidth to 1 MHz appears at the current state of the art in practice only be justified if in the future a reduction of the cathode and the electrolyte resistance is generally technically possible, and in the event of a further development of the electronics and the creation of a new high-frequency transducer for even greater efficiency and maximum performance of the entire system.
Consequently, the frequency range defined by claim 1 for most electrochemical power sources is basically of 5 kHz to infinity. The calculation of this frequency range for each electrochemical power source carried by the above formula for RA in the alignment of the double layer resistance RA according to claim 1. The choices regarding a specific frequency will increase with the state of the electronics in the current consumption by frequency pulses. The maximum possible frequency of the pulses is increased, whereby the pulse pause ratio should be minimal, but not less than that for reconstruction (regeneration) of the double layer after each pulse time required, which by today's calculations, about 10-7 is specified seconds. Here, the loss must increase in the electronic system in the implementation of this method of energy extraction and transmission to the consumer less than the higher frequencies and reduction of the current pulse pause ratio remains recovered energy.
As practical example of the above-described embodiment, a single-celled metal-air cell was used, the magnesium anode had an area of 280 cm2 and the gas diffusion cathode, an area of 240 cm2.
The electrode spacing was 0.5 cm. As the electrolyte was an aqueous sodium chloride solution.
In the non-closed circuit had the cell has a voltage of 1.74 V. A transducer was manufactured consisting of a shunt circuit capacity Csh = 10.500 F, a switching element with control unit and a planar transformer with a memory element and the storage capacitor in the secondary circuit.
The power source with the above metal-air cell and the transducer ensured a charge voltage of 12 V. The input impedance of the current transformer was 1 milliohm.
In the DC regime gave the cell a maximum power of 42 W at a voltage of 0.84 V
and an operating temperature from 50 C. The current density was 197 mA / cm2. After 40 minutes of work, the voltage dropped from the cell up to 0.75 V, after which the current output stopped because the electrode gap was filled with reaction products. In the DC regime, the internal resistance of the cell was 18 milliohms and the current 50 A.
After working in the DC regime, the current transformer is connected to the cell. At the output of the current transformer were a charge voltage of 12.05 V, a load current of 3.5A and an output of 41.2 W. Before the experiment, the power converter has been verified. With an input voltage of 0.9 V and an output of 45-60 W, the efficiency was 0.8. The loss in the current transformer was 11.5 W. The losses were in the leads, 1.5 W. Thus, the power at the input of the CT was about 54.2 W. The current strength of the cell in this case was 58 A, the effective voltage of 0.93 V.
The total internal resistance of the electrochemical cell was calculated to 13 milliohms. After an estimation in DC regime the sum of the internal resistance was 18 milliohms.
Thus, the resistance has decreased by 5 milliohms.
The electrode spacing was 0.5 cm. As the electrolyte was an aqueous sodium chloride solution.
In the non-closed circuit had the cell has a voltage of 1.74 V. A transducer was manufactured consisting of a shunt circuit capacity Csh = 10.500 F, a switching element with control unit and a planar transformer with a memory element and the storage capacitor in the secondary circuit.
The power source with the above metal-air cell and the transducer ensured a charge voltage of 12 V. The input impedance of the current transformer was 1 milliohm.
In the DC regime gave the cell a maximum power of 42 W at a voltage of 0.84 V
and an operating temperature from 50 C. The current density was 197 mA / cm2. After 40 minutes of work, the voltage dropped from the cell up to 0.75 V, after which the current output stopped because the electrode gap was filled with reaction products. In the DC regime, the internal resistance of the cell was 18 milliohms and the current 50 A.
After working in the DC regime, the current transformer is connected to the cell. At the output of the current transformer were a charge voltage of 12.05 V, a load current of 3.5A and an output of 41.2 W. Before the experiment, the power converter has been verified. With an input voltage of 0.9 V and an output of 45-60 W, the efficiency was 0.8. The loss in the current transformer was 11.5 W. The losses were in the leads, 1.5 W. Thus, the power at the input of the CT was about 54.2 W. The current strength of the cell in this case was 58 A, the effective voltage of 0.93 V.
The total internal resistance of the electrochemical cell was calculated to 13 milliohms. After an estimation in DC regime the sum of the internal resistance was 18 milliohms.
Thus, the resistance has decreased by 5 milliohms.
Furthermore, the current transformer is set to a frequency of 77 kHz. The internal resistance of the electrochemical cell was reduced by only slightly fell (from 13 milliohms to 12.5 milliohms), but the metal consumption by almost 10 %. While working in the 27 kHz regime of consumption 1.62 Ah/g, while in the 77 kHz regime was 1.78 Ah/g. The voltage across the electrochemical cell was while working in the frequency regime of energy extraction from the electrode and no gap was not filled with reaction products.
Comparative analysis The results obtained with the above technical advantages can be illustrated by a comparison of the prototype "AKWA MW 12/40" which was developed using the novel process of the AKWA GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, with the Russian company of the MVIT, Moscow, Federation produced, commercially available products, "FLC MVIT 4-800" or "2-FLC" show.
At the present time by the Company AKWA GmbH a serial production of autonomous, environmentally clean, and compact power sources with salt water functioning "AKWA 12/40 MW" and "AKWA 12/25 MW" prepared by applying the invention.
a) Maximum capacity, dimensions and weight, a comparison of the maximum power assets shows that the prototype "AKWA 12/40 MW" in the power of the power source "MVIT 400-800 irC" matches. The dimensions exceed the dimensions of the MVIT AKWA to be more than fourfold. A weight comparison results in a similar advantage for the AKWA .
The dry weight (storage and transport) of the MVIT is more than five times the operating weight is still more than four times the amount of AKWA .
b) capacity of the replacement cartridge shows a comparison of the replacement cartridge capacity, the capacity of "AKWA exceeds MW 12/40" with the capacity of 480 Wh "MVIT
200-400 itC "with 400 Wh to 80 Wh. It consists of the replacement cartridge AKWA only two anodes with a total weight of 0.338 kg, while the implement cartridges MVIT-ge of four anodes 5 with a total weight of 0.480 kg. This means that the efficiency of metal utilization factor is greater of at least 1.7.
A replacement cartridge of AKWA allows among others the following purposes:
= Power a light bulb (12 V, 12 W) for up to 40 hours = Power a TV (12 V) for up to 25 hours 10 = Power a travel refrigerator (35 W) for up to three days (4800 mAh) = Up to seven charges of a notebook battery up to 25 charges from mobile phones, digital cameras, radios, GPS receivers, radios and portable CD / DVD players = A charge for a car battery (55 Ah) The following table compares the data of different power sources.
MVIT 4-800 ztC AKWA MVIT 2-400 ztC
Nominal tension, [V] 12 12 12 Max. efficiency, [W] 40 40 21 Nominal Capacity per Cartridge, [Wh] 800 480 400 Min. ambient temperature, [.deg.C] -20 -25 20 Dry Weight, [kg] 5.4 1 3 Employment weight, [kg] max. 11.4 max. 2.6 max. 6 Weight of a spare cartridge, [kg] 0.96 0.338 0.48 Dimensions (LB/H), [mm] 250/420/220 190/100/225 250/230/220 Salt water concentration, [g/1] 100-150 Durability in the dry conditions min. 10 years Guaranteed Lifetime min. 3000 hours List of reference numerals 1 Electrochemical power source 2 Capacitive shunt circuit (shunt) 3 Switching element with control unit 4 Transformer 5 Inductive energy storage 6 Storage capacitor 7 Load resistor (consumer)
Comparative analysis The results obtained with the above technical advantages can be illustrated by a comparison of the prototype "AKWA MW 12/40" which was developed using the novel process of the AKWA GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, with the Russian company of the MVIT, Moscow, Federation produced, commercially available products, "FLC MVIT 4-800" or "2-FLC" show.
At the present time by the Company AKWA GmbH a serial production of autonomous, environmentally clean, and compact power sources with salt water functioning "AKWA 12/40 MW" and "AKWA 12/25 MW" prepared by applying the invention.
a) Maximum capacity, dimensions and weight, a comparison of the maximum power assets shows that the prototype "AKWA 12/40 MW" in the power of the power source "MVIT 400-800 irC" matches. The dimensions exceed the dimensions of the MVIT AKWA to be more than fourfold. A weight comparison results in a similar advantage for the AKWA .
The dry weight (storage and transport) of the MVIT is more than five times the operating weight is still more than four times the amount of AKWA .
b) capacity of the replacement cartridge shows a comparison of the replacement cartridge capacity, the capacity of "AKWA exceeds MW 12/40" with the capacity of 480 Wh "MVIT
200-400 itC "with 400 Wh to 80 Wh. It consists of the replacement cartridge AKWA only two anodes with a total weight of 0.338 kg, while the implement cartridges MVIT-ge of four anodes 5 with a total weight of 0.480 kg. This means that the efficiency of metal utilization factor is greater of at least 1.7.
A replacement cartridge of AKWA allows among others the following purposes:
= Power a light bulb (12 V, 12 W) for up to 40 hours = Power a TV (12 V) for up to 25 hours 10 = Power a travel refrigerator (35 W) for up to three days (4800 mAh) = Up to seven charges of a notebook battery up to 25 charges from mobile phones, digital cameras, radios, GPS receivers, radios and portable CD / DVD players = A charge for a car battery (55 Ah) The following table compares the data of different power sources.
MVIT 4-800 ztC AKWA MVIT 2-400 ztC
Nominal tension, [V] 12 12 12 Max. efficiency, [W] 40 40 21 Nominal Capacity per Cartridge, [Wh] 800 480 400 Min. ambient temperature, [.deg.C] -20 -25 20 Dry Weight, [kg] 5.4 1 3 Employment weight, [kg] max. 11.4 max. 2.6 max. 6 Weight of a spare cartridge, [kg] 0.96 0.338 0.48 Dimensions (LB/H), [mm] 250/420/220 190/100/225 250/230/220 Salt water concentration, [g/1] 100-150 Durability in the dry conditions min. 10 years Guaranteed Lifetime min. 3000 hours List of reference numerals 1 Electrochemical power source 2 Capacitive shunt circuit (shunt) 3 Switching element with control unit 4 Transformer 5 Inductive energy storage 6 Storage capacitor 7 Load resistor (consumer)
Claims (7)
1. A method for drawing current from all kinds of electrochemical current sources, with the drawing of current occurring by the consumer (7) via a current transformer which contains a transformer (4), the primary circuit of which contains an electrochemical current source (1), a shunt circuit (2) and a switching element with a control unit (3), and the secondary circuit of which contains an inductive energy storage unit (5) and the consumer (7), characterized in that the withdrawal of current occurs by frequency pulses under the conditions that the ratio of the capacitance of the shunt circuit (C Sh) to the surface (S) and the specific differential capacitance (C D,S) of the anode is C Sh = 0.5 .cndot.(C D,S .cndot. S) to C Sh = 5 .cndot. (C D,s .cndot. S), and that the minimum frequency f min of the frequency pulses is chosen according to the formula
2. A current source for performing the method according to claim 1, containing an electrochemical current source (1) filled with an electrolytic solution and a DC-DC current transformer, characterized in that the DC-DC current transformer contains a transformer (4), the primary circuit of which consists of a) the electrochemical current source (1);
b) a shunt circuit (2), and c) a switching element with a control unit (3);
and its secondary circuit of d) an inductive energy storage unit (5) and e) a storage capacitor (6);
with the consumer (7) being connected to the secondary circuit of the current source and the ratio of the capacitance of the shunt circuit (C Sh) to the surface (S) and the specific differential capacitance (C D,S) of the anode is C Sh = 0.5 .cndot.(C D,S .cndot. S) to C
Sh = 5 .cndot.(C D,S .cndot. S).
b) a shunt circuit (2), and c) a switching element with a control unit (3);
and its secondary circuit of d) an inductive energy storage unit (5) and e) a storage capacitor (6);
with the consumer (7) being connected to the secondary circuit of the current source and the ratio of the capacitance of the shunt circuit (C Sh) to the surface (S) and the specific differential capacitance (C D,S) of the anode is C Sh = 0.5 .cndot.(C D,S .cndot. S) to C
Sh = 5 .cndot.(C D,S .cndot. S).
3. A current source according to claim 2, characterized in that the switching element with the control unit (3) emits frequency pulses by the transformer (4), which pulses are optimized towards energy storage in the inductive energy storage unit (5).
4. A current source according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that the DC-DC
current transformer comprises a planar transformer (4).
current transformer comprises a planar transformer (4).
5. A current source according to claims 2 to 4, characterized in that the electrochemical current source (1) comprises a metallic anode and a gas diffusion cathode.
6. A current source according to the claims 2 to 5, characterized in that the anode consists of magnesium.
7. A current source according to claims 2 to 6, characterized in that the electrolytic solution concerns a hydrous sodium chloride solution.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102008020004A DE102008020004A1 (en) | 2008-04-21 | 2008-04-21 | Method for current draw from electrochemical cells by means of frequency pulses and its application in a power source |
| DE102008020004.2 | 2008-04-21 | ||
| PCT/EP2009/053510 WO2009130101A1 (en) | 2008-04-21 | 2009-03-25 | Method for drawing power from electrochemical cells using frequency pulses, and use of said method in a power source |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2759684A1 true CA2759684A1 (en) | 2009-10-29 |
Family
ID=40756816
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA2759684A Abandoned CA2759684A1 (en) | 2008-04-21 | 2009-03-25 | Method for drawing power from electrochemical cells using frequency pulses, and use of said method in a power source |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP2279540B1 (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE523918T1 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2759684A1 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE102008020004A1 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2373210T3 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2009130101A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102009003768A1 (en) | 2009-04-08 | 2010-10-14 | Akwa Gmbh | Rechargeable electro-chemical power source charging method for hybrid vehicle, involves enabling current drain during impulse times of frequency impulses, and charging electro-chemical power source in intermediate impulse intervals |
Family Cites Families (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE1805022A1 (en) * | 1967-10-30 | 1969-05-14 | Gen Electric | Electrochemical cell |
| US4296461A (en) * | 1979-01-29 | 1981-10-20 | Duracell International Inc. | Battery package with DC to DC converter |
| NZ230197A (en) | 1988-08-09 | 1990-11-27 | Alcan Int Ltd | Aluminium battery with an aluminium alloy anode and containing tin in the anode and/or the electrolyte |
| US5360680A (en) | 1990-07-19 | 1994-11-01 | Electric Fuel Limited | Mechanically rechargeable electric batteries and anodes for use therein |
| US6127061A (en) | 1999-01-26 | 2000-10-03 | High-Density Energy, Inc. | Catalytic air cathode for air-metal batteries |
| DE19936542C2 (en) * | 1999-08-03 | 2003-06-26 | Daimler Chrysler Ag | Method for determining an aging state of a utility battery |
| US20020120906A1 (en) * | 2000-07-17 | 2002-08-29 | Lei Xia | Behavioral modeling and analysis of galvanic devices |
| JP4186573B2 (en) * | 2001-11-07 | 2008-11-26 | 株式会社デンソー | Charge / discharge device for capacitive load changer |
| JP3771526B2 (en) * | 2002-10-21 | 2006-04-26 | 株式会社日立製作所 | Secondary battery evaluation method and power storage device |
| DE102006015537A1 (en) | 2006-03-31 | 2007-10-11 | Neos International Gmbh | Electrochemical voltage / current source, in particular fuel cell or battery |
-
2008
- 2008-04-21 DE DE102008020004A patent/DE102008020004A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
2009
- 2009-03-25 EP EP09734168A patent/EP2279540B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2009-03-25 ES ES09734168T patent/ES2373210T3/en active Active
- 2009-03-25 AT AT09734168T patent/ATE523918T1/en active
- 2009-03-25 CA CA2759684A patent/CA2759684A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2009-03-25 WO PCT/EP2009/053510 patent/WO2009130101A1/en active Application Filing
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP2279540B1 (en) | 2011-09-07 |
| ATE523918T1 (en) | 2011-09-15 |
| EP2279540A1 (en) | 2011-02-02 |
| ES2373210T3 (en) | 2012-02-01 |
| WO2009130101A1 (en) | 2009-10-29 |
| DE102008020004A1 (en) | 2009-10-22 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| US10910674B2 (en) | Additive for increasing lifespan of rechargeable zinc-anode batteries | |
| KR100345634B1 (en) | Charging method of secondary battery and device thereof | |
| Toussaint et al. | Development of a rechargeable zinc-air battery | |
| US6811903B2 (en) | Electrochemical cell recharging system | |
| DK2926403T3 (en) | METAL AIR BATTERY WITH A DEVICE TO CONTROL THE POTENTIAL OF THE NEGATIVE ELECTRODE | |
| US20070141432A1 (en) | Third electrode frame structure and method related thereto | |
| EP1714348A1 (en) | Electrolytes for lithium-sulfur electrochemical cells | |
| KR20190122829A (en) | Metal anode battery | |
| EP2850678B1 (en) | An apparatus and associated methods | |
| JP2007237823A (en) | Marine buoy | |
| US10074877B2 (en) | Method for charging a zinc-air battery with limited potential | |
| EP0889570B1 (en) | Power supply circuit | |
| CA2759684A1 (en) | Method for drawing power from electrochemical cells using frequency pulses, and use of said method in a power source | |
| EP2946433B1 (en) | Electrochemical cell or battery with reduced impedance and method for producing same | |
| JP2013069659A (en) | Nonaqueous electrolytic secondary battery | |
| WO2017023811A1 (en) | Electrochemical cell | |
| WO2003088374A2 (en) | Asymmetric supercapacitor device with extended capability | |
| JP3182284U (en) | Capacitor lead assembled battery and its coupling device | |
| US20150295245A1 (en) | Metal/Oxygen Battery with a Clean Surface for Oxidizing Redox Additives | |
| RU2390079C2 (en) | Method for special extraction of electric energy from all types of electrochemical sources of current with help of frequency pulses and its application in sources of power supply | |
| KR100664575B1 (en) | Battery | |
| Kelder | Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices | |
| Kumar et al. | Construction, Working, and Applications of Different Zn‐Based Batteries | |
| JP5209171B2 (en) | Capacitor and manufacturing method thereof | |
| JP2009152027A (en) | Organic electrolyte primary battery |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request |
Effective date: 20140307 |
|
| FZDE | Discontinued |
Effective date: 20170227 |