CA2742412C - Process of preparing alkali metal titanates - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention relates to a lithium titanate product, the formula of which is in the form of Li x Ti y O z, and wherein, when y is 1, the x:y molar ratio is 1.1-1.8, while the z:y molar ratio is 2.0-4.5 In addition, a method of preparing alkali metal titanates, such as lithium titanate, at a low temperature of below 100°C, from an aqueous titanium-containing slurry and an alkali metal compound is disclosed.
Description
Process of preparing alkali metal titanates The invention relates to a process of preparing alkali metal titanates. In particular, the invention relates to a lithium titanate product that has a high Li:Ti molar ratio, 5 and the use thereof.
Background of the invention Various lithium titanates and their properties have been studied extensively due to the potential use of the material in battery applications. Lithium titanate is used as an anode electrode material, since a high energy density is provided with it and it 10 is rechargeable. Typically, lithium batteries are used in consumer and entertain-ment electronics, such as computers, mobile phones and cameras.
The lithium ions in the lithium titanate settle in a TiO2 crystal lattice, forming an Lix_ TiO2 form in an octahedral anatase structure, at its easiest. The goal is to run as many lithium ions as possible into the structure, but their number is however lim-15 ited by the repulsive, coulombic interactions between the lithium ions in the struc-ture. It has been suggested that the maximum amount of Li in a TiO2 anatase crys-tal is x=0.5-1, depending on the temperature and the method of synthesis.
Lithium titanates have previously been prepared in various ways; particularly, through solid-state reactions that take place at high temperatures of 200-1000 C.
20 Typically, the products thus provided are comprised of tetralithium titanate Li4Ti5012. Additionally, various titanates that have a Li:Ti ratio, such as various Lix-. Tiyat structures, wherein the x:y varies within 0.5-2 and, and for example, the Li4Tia4 and Li2Ti307 structures, as well LixTiy012, have been prepared, whereby x=3-5 and y=4-6, and Li2TiO3, for example. It is a known fact that when the ratio 25 of lithium to titanium increases to two, such as in the Li2TiO3 structure, the usability of the material in battery or accumulator applications decreases. This is due to the fact that after the first discharge of the battery, oxide is generated, to which the Li ion can no longer be returned. Instead, it has been observed that an LiTiO2 type of structure, which has 03 levels that enable the movement of lithium, is functional, 30 although its Li:Ti ratio remains low. Other possible lithium titanate structures are disclosed, for example, in the publications ICDD 1998, ISSN 1084-3116, Powder Diffraction File, Release 1998: Datasets 1-48 plus 70 -85.
Background of the invention Various lithium titanates and their properties have been studied extensively due to the potential use of the material in battery applications. Lithium titanate is used as an anode electrode material, since a high energy density is provided with it and it 10 is rechargeable. Typically, lithium batteries are used in consumer and entertain-ment electronics, such as computers, mobile phones and cameras.
The lithium ions in the lithium titanate settle in a TiO2 crystal lattice, forming an Lix_ TiO2 form in an octahedral anatase structure, at its easiest. The goal is to run as many lithium ions as possible into the structure, but their number is however lim-15 ited by the repulsive, coulombic interactions between the lithium ions in the struc-ture. It has been suggested that the maximum amount of Li in a TiO2 anatase crys-tal is x=0.5-1, depending on the temperature and the method of synthesis.
Lithium titanates have previously been prepared in various ways; particularly, through solid-state reactions that take place at high temperatures of 200-1000 C.
20 Typically, the products thus provided are comprised of tetralithium titanate Li4Ti5012. Additionally, various titanates that have a Li:Ti ratio, such as various Lix-. Tiyat structures, wherein the x:y varies within 0.5-2 and, and for example, the Li4Tia4 and Li2Ti307 structures, as well LixTiy012, have been prepared, whereby x=3-5 and y=4-6, and Li2TiO3, for example. It is a known fact that when the ratio 25 of lithium to titanium increases to two, such as in the Li2TiO3 structure, the usability of the material in battery or accumulator applications decreases. This is due to the fact that after the first discharge of the battery, oxide is generated, to which the Li ion can no longer be returned. Instead, it has been observed that an LiTiO2 type of structure, which has 03 levels that enable the movement of lithium, is functional, 30 although its Li:Ti ratio remains low. Other possible lithium titanate structures are disclosed, for example, in the publications ICDD 1998, ISSN 1084-3116, Powder Diffraction File, Release 1998: Datasets 1-48 plus 70 -85.
2 In the article Zhang, D. et al., J. Ind. Eng. Chem., vol. 13, No. 1, 2007 p.
92-96, nano-crystalline LiTiO2 has been synthesized by a hydrothermal process. In this process, Li01-1.1-120 was dissolved in ion-exchanged water and the solutiOn was mixed with TiO2 powder (Degussa P25). The mixture was placed in an autoclave 5 and heated to 180 C, and to a corresponding pressure for 24 hours, after which it was cooled in air, filtered and washed with water and acetone. In this way, cubic LiTiO2 was provided, its lattice constant thus being 4.14 A, and its average crystal size was about 30 nm. The Li:Ti ratio of the product thus obtained is one at the maximum, whereby the Li content remains relatively low. The process cannot be 10 used to flexibly adjust the crystal size of the generated product.
Furthermore, the production conditions, such as the high temperature and pressure, are not the best possible regarding safety, when operating in an industrial environment.
The article Wagemaker, M. et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 4323-4327 de-scribes the effect of the particle size on the insertion of lithium into TiO2 single ana-1 15 tase crystals. In the study, TiO2 powder was dispersed in hexane, and n-butyl lith-ium was added to the mixture, while slowly stirring. The stirring was continued for
92-96, nano-crystalline LiTiO2 has been synthesized by a hydrothermal process. In this process, Li01-1.1-120 was dissolved in ion-exchanged water and the solutiOn was mixed with TiO2 powder (Degussa P25). The mixture was placed in an autoclave 5 and heated to 180 C, and to a corresponding pressure for 24 hours, after which it was cooled in air, filtered and washed with water and acetone. In this way, cubic LiTiO2 was provided, its lattice constant thus being 4.14 A, and its average crystal size was about 30 nm. The Li:Ti ratio of the product thus obtained is one at the maximum, whereby the Li content remains relatively low. The process cannot be 10 used to flexibly adjust the crystal size of the generated product.
Furthermore, the production conditions, such as the high temperature and pressure, are not the best possible regarding safety, when operating in an industrial environment.
The article Wagemaker, M. et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 4323-4327 de-scribes the effect of the particle size on the insertion of lithium into TiO2 single ana-1 15 tase crystals. In the study, TiO2 powder was dispersed in hexane, and n-butyl lith-ium was added to the mixture, while slowly stirring. The stirring was continued for
3 days, after which the mixture was filtered, washed with hexane and dried.
All of the production stages were carried out in an argon cabinet. In this way, LiTiO2 was obtained, wherein x=0, 0.12, 0.4 or 0.8. Furthermore, it was observed that 20 along with a decrease in the crystal size, it was possible to increase the amount of lithium. The largest amount of lithium was run into the TiO2 crystal structure, when the crystal size was the lowest possible, 7 nm, whereby the composition corre-sponded to the formula Li1Ti02, and the crystal structure had a tetragonal 14I/amd symmetry. In a product according to the description, the amount of Li still remains 25 low, and the production conditions are not easy to implement industrially.
The Patent Specification EP1409409 discloses the production of tetralithium titan-ate, Li4Ti5012, the particle size of which can be adjusted to within 5 and 2000 nm, and its BET is 1-400 m2/g. In the production method, a mixture is formed that con-tains a titanium compound and a lithium compound. This mixture is evaporated to 30 form the mixture of titanium compound and lithium compound. The evaporation is carried out by spray-drying the mixture at a temperature that is higher than the boiling point of the medium of the mixture, preferably water, i.e., over 100 C, but still lower than the temperature, at which the reaction between the lithium and tita-nium compounds substantially takes place. The titanium compound can be tita-, 35 nium oxychloride or, according to the examples, titanium chloride, or an amor-phous oxidized titanium compound, such as titanium dioxide. The lithium com-.
pound can be lithium chloride, lithium oxychloride, lithium nitrate, lithium hydroxide or a mixture thereof. The mixture provided by the evaporation is calcined to pro-duce a reaction between the lithium and titanium and to form the lithium titanate product.
The abstract of the Patent Specification JP09309727 (WPINDEX AN: 1998-071742 [07]) describes the production of laminate-structured, elongated lithium ti-tanate particles from titanic acid and a lithium compound from an ammonium com-pound-bearing aqueous solution at a temperature of 50 C. The presence of am-monia has a desired effect on the morphology of the compound that is precipitat-ing, but ammonia easily causes process-technical problems, when evaporating readily as ammonia when the pH raises to above 7, and the nitrogen contained in the used solution forms an environmental problem in further processing.
The purpose of the present invention is to disclose a lithium titanate product that has a high lithium content.
Another purpose of the present invention is to provide a low-temperature process for the production of alkali metal titanates on an industrial scale, and for the pro-duction of the said lithium titanate product, in particular.
Summary of the invention The first aspect of the invention provides a lithium titanate product. The second aspect of the invention discloses a process of preparing alkali metal titanates. The third aspect of the invention provides a lithium battery.
The inventors of the present invention have surprisingly observed that by using aqueous, titanium-containing slurries, which are generated in the production of ti-tanium dioxide, an alkali metal titanate product, such as lithium titanate, which contains plenty of alkali metal, such as lithium, is provided in a simple and effec-tive manner and at a low temperature, when the titanium-bearing slurry is reacted at a temperature of below 100 C with an alkali metal compound, such as lithium hydroxide.
The present invention enables the production of a new product that has a high 11th-ium content. This product is particularly well-suited to the storage applications of electric energy, such as batteries, wherein the high content of lithium that works as a charge carrier is directly proportional to the ability of the battery to charge elec-tric energy. Furthermore, the process according to the invention uses processing
All of the production stages were carried out in an argon cabinet. In this way, LiTiO2 was obtained, wherein x=0, 0.12, 0.4 or 0.8. Furthermore, it was observed that 20 along with a decrease in the crystal size, it was possible to increase the amount of lithium. The largest amount of lithium was run into the TiO2 crystal structure, when the crystal size was the lowest possible, 7 nm, whereby the composition corre-sponded to the formula Li1Ti02, and the crystal structure had a tetragonal 14I/amd symmetry. In a product according to the description, the amount of Li still remains 25 low, and the production conditions are not easy to implement industrially.
The Patent Specification EP1409409 discloses the production of tetralithium titan-ate, Li4Ti5012, the particle size of which can be adjusted to within 5 and 2000 nm, and its BET is 1-400 m2/g. In the production method, a mixture is formed that con-tains a titanium compound and a lithium compound. This mixture is evaporated to 30 form the mixture of titanium compound and lithium compound. The evaporation is carried out by spray-drying the mixture at a temperature that is higher than the boiling point of the medium of the mixture, preferably water, i.e., over 100 C, but still lower than the temperature, at which the reaction between the lithium and tita-nium compounds substantially takes place. The titanium compound can be tita-, 35 nium oxychloride or, according to the examples, titanium chloride, or an amor-phous oxidized titanium compound, such as titanium dioxide. The lithium com-.
pound can be lithium chloride, lithium oxychloride, lithium nitrate, lithium hydroxide or a mixture thereof. The mixture provided by the evaporation is calcined to pro-duce a reaction between the lithium and titanium and to form the lithium titanate product.
The abstract of the Patent Specification JP09309727 (WPINDEX AN: 1998-071742 [07]) describes the production of laminate-structured, elongated lithium ti-tanate particles from titanic acid and a lithium compound from an ammonium com-pound-bearing aqueous solution at a temperature of 50 C. The presence of am-monia has a desired effect on the morphology of the compound that is precipitat-ing, but ammonia easily causes process-technical problems, when evaporating readily as ammonia when the pH raises to above 7, and the nitrogen contained in the used solution forms an environmental problem in further processing.
The purpose of the present invention is to disclose a lithium titanate product that has a high lithium content.
Another purpose of the present invention is to provide a low-temperature process for the production of alkali metal titanates on an industrial scale, and for the pro-duction of the said lithium titanate product, in particular.
Summary of the invention The first aspect of the invention provides a lithium titanate product. The second aspect of the invention discloses a process of preparing alkali metal titanates. The third aspect of the invention provides a lithium battery.
The inventors of the present invention have surprisingly observed that by using aqueous, titanium-containing slurries, which are generated in the production of ti-tanium dioxide, an alkali metal titanate product, such as lithium titanate, which contains plenty of alkali metal, such as lithium, is provided in a simple and effec-tive manner and at a low temperature, when the titanium-bearing slurry is reacted at a temperature of below 100 C with an alkali metal compound, such as lithium hydroxide.
The present invention enables the production of a new product that has a high 11th-ium content. This product is particularly well-suited to the storage applications of electric energy, such as batteries, wherein the high content of lithium that works as a charge carrier is directly proportional to the ability of the battery to charge elec-tric energy. Furthermore, the process according to the invention uses processing
4 conditions and raw materials, which are suitable for the industrial scale and which are as safe and simple as possible. The process also enables the preparation of products with low production energy without having to use high temperatures and/or pressures.
.. Fig. 1 shows a lithium titanate product according to the invention, its formula being in the form of LixTiy0z, wherein, when y is 1, the molar ratio x:y is 1.1-1.8 and, at the same time, the molar ratio z:y is 2.0-4.5 and the x-ray powder diffractogram in the two-theta angle range of 10-135 .
Fig. 2 shows the x-ray powder diffractograms of lithium titanate products that have the WilyOz formula, wherein the molar ratio x:y is 1.5, A (drying at 150 C) and B
(drying at 200 C).
Fig. 3 shows the x-ray powder diffractograms of lithium titanate products that have the LixTiyOz formula, wherein the molar ratio x:y is 1.42 and 1.39 and, at the same time, the z:y molar ratio in both samples is 3.4, A (reaction at 25 C) and B
(reaction .. at 60 C).
Fig. 4 shows the x-ray powder diffractograms of products with a Li:Ti ratio of 0.82, which were prepared at room temperature.
Fig. 5 shows the x-ray powder diffractograms of products with a Li:Ti ratio of 0.82, which were prepared at a temperature of 60 C.
Fig. 6 shows the x-ray powder diffractograms of products with a Li:Ti ratio of 2.0, which were prepared at room temperature.
Fig. 7 shows the x-ray powder diffractograms of products with a Li:Ti ratio of 2.0, which were prepared at a temperature of 60 C.
Fig. 8 shows the x-ray powder diffractograms of products with a Li:Ti ratio of 1.5 and 2.0, which were prepared under the conditions of 50 C for 40 min, and 60 C
for 90 min.
Fig. 9 shows the x-ray powder diffractogram of an NaxTiyOz compound.
Fig. 10 shows the x-ray powder diffractograms of a product that was dried at room temperature (A) and at 60 C (B).
Fig. 11 shows the effect of the calcination temperature on the crystal size of the product.
( Detailed description of the invention According to its first aspect, the invention provides a lithium titanate product, the
.. Fig. 1 shows a lithium titanate product according to the invention, its formula being in the form of LixTiy0z, wherein, when y is 1, the molar ratio x:y is 1.1-1.8 and, at the same time, the molar ratio z:y is 2.0-4.5 and the x-ray powder diffractogram in the two-theta angle range of 10-135 .
Fig. 2 shows the x-ray powder diffractograms of lithium titanate products that have the WilyOz formula, wherein the molar ratio x:y is 1.5, A (drying at 150 C) and B
(drying at 200 C).
Fig. 3 shows the x-ray powder diffractograms of lithium titanate products that have the LixTiyOz formula, wherein the molar ratio x:y is 1.42 and 1.39 and, at the same time, the z:y molar ratio in both samples is 3.4, A (reaction at 25 C) and B
(reaction .. at 60 C).
Fig. 4 shows the x-ray powder diffractograms of products with a Li:Ti ratio of 0.82, which were prepared at room temperature.
Fig. 5 shows the x-ray powder diffractograms of products with a Li:Ti ratio of 0.82, which were prepared at a temperature of 60 C.
Fig. 6 shows the x-ray powder diffractograms of products with a Li:Ti ratio of 2.0, which were prepared at room temperature.
Fig. 7 shows the x-ray powder diffractograms of products with a Li:Ti ratio of 2.0, which were prepared at a temperature of 60 C.
Fig. 8 shows the x-ray powder diffractograms of products with a Li:Ti ratio of 1.5 and 2.0, which were prepared under the conditions of 50 C for 40 min, and 60 C
for 90 min.
Fig. 9 shows the x-ray powder diffractogram of an NaxTiyOz compound.
Fig. 10 shows the x-ray powder diffractograms of a product that was dried at room temperature (A) and at 60 C (B).
Fig. 11 shows the effect of the calcination temperature on the crystal size of the product.
( Detailed description of the invention According to its first aspect, the invention provides a lithium titanate product, the
5 formula of which is in the form of LixTiy0z, wherein, when y is 1, the molar ratio x:y is 1.1-1.8 and, at the same time, the z:y molar ratio is 2.0-4.5. The x:y molar ratio is preferably 1.3-1.8, the x:y molar ratio is most preferably 1.3-1.7, when y is I.
Correspondingly, for the oxygen-titanium ratio, the z:y molar ratio is preferably 3.0-4.0, more preferably 3.1-3.9.
10 The molar ratio can be determined by any known manner by measuring the Li and Ti contents, for example, by an ICP-OES analyzer, such as PerkinElmer Optima 4300DV or the like, and by thereafter defining the 'amount of oxygen on an an-nealed sample on the basis of weighing. The annealing loss is determined as fol-lows: The moisture is determined by weighing a known amount of sample, which is 15 dried to a constant weight at 110 3 C. The moisture of the sample is calculated from the loss of material. The known amount of sample is annealed at 1000 30 C. The annealing loss of the sample is calculated from the loss of material by observing the portion of moisture. The molar ratio of the product can be adjusted by the mutual relation of the reagents that are used in the production.
20 According to a preferred embodiment, the crystal size of the lithium titanate ac-cording to the formula is 15-40 nm, preferably 20-30 nm.
According to another preferred embodiment, the specific surface area, BET, of the obtained product is 10-200 m2/g, preferably 25-140 m2/g, more preferably 25-25 Depending on the production conditions, for example, cubic or tetragonal mixed crystal structures can be provided. To achieve a pure tetragonal crystal structure, the obtained lithium titanate must be heat-treated.
The lithium titanate product is extremely pure, containing minor amounts of impuri-ties only; these include sodium, of which there is typically less than 0.5% by 30 weight, preferably less than 0.2% by weight, most preferably 0.15% by weight or less; sulphur, of which there is typically less than 0.12% by weight, preferably = 0.05% by weight or less, more preferably 0.01% by weight or less; and chlorine, of which there is typically 0.01% by weight or less.
Correspondingly, for the oxygen-titanium ratio, the z:y molar ratio is preferably 3.0-4.0, more preferably 3.1-3.9.
10 The molar ratio can be determined by any known manner by measuring the Li and Ti contents, for example, by an ICP-OES analyzer, such as PerkinElmer Optima 4300DV or the like, and by thereafter defining the 'amount of oxygen on an an-nealed sample on the basis of weighing. The annealing loss is determined as fol-lows: The moisture is determined by weighing a known amount of sample, which is 15 dried to a constant weight at 110 3 C. The moisture of the sample is calculated from the loss of material. The known amount of sample is annealed at 1000 30 C. The annealing loss of the sample is calculated from the loss of material by observing the portion of moisture. The molar ratio of the product can be adjusted by the mutual relation of the reagents that are used in the production.
20 According to a preferred embodiment, the crystal size of the lithium titanate ac-cording to the formula is 15-40 nm, preferably 20-30 nm.
According to another preferred embodiment, the specific surface area, BET, of the obtained product is 10-200 m2/g, preferably 25-140 m2/g, more preferably 25-25 Depending on the production conditions, for example, cubic or tetragonal mixed crystal structures can be provided. To achieve a pure tetragonal crystal structure, the obtained lithium titanate must be heat-treated.
The lithium titanate product is extremely pure, containing minor amounts of impuri-ties only; these include sodium, of which there is typically less than 0.5% by 30 weight, preferably less than 0.2% by weight, most preferably 0.15% by weight or less; sulphur, of which there is typically less than 0.12% by weight, preferably = 0.05% by weight or less, more preferably 0.01% by weight or less; and chlorine, of which there is typically 0.01% by weight or less.
6 According to a preferred embodiment, it can be stated, on the basis of the x-ray powder diffraction determination (XRD), that no reflection peaks originating from the source material, such as titanium dioxide, can be observed in the generated end product, which peaks would prove that there is some source material still left.
Supposedly, the reaction into lithium titanate has thus been completed.
Preferably, no reflections caused by anatase titanium oxide or rutile titanium dioxide could be observed from the measured XRD results. A conclusion can thus be made that the amount of anatase or rutile titanium dioxide is at least below 5% by weight, pref-erably below 1% by weight.
In the x-ray powder diffraction, the lithium titanate product according to the inven-tion preferably has reflections at angles of about 43.7', 63.4', 80.1 , 96.1 and 112.9' 2 theta, wherein variations within the measuring accuracy can be 0.5 , depending on the processing of the sample before the measurement, the crystal-linity of the sample and the performance of the measuring equipment. The relative intensities of the peaks are preferably about 100%, 40%, 15%, 5% and 10%, re-spectively. The x-ray powder diffractogram is determined by using a Cu pipe (Cu Ka), 40 kV/40 mA, in the two-theta angle range of 10-135 , the scale spacing 0.02 and the time per scale division 1.0 s. Furthermore, an x-ray powder diffractogram according to Fig. 1 is preferably obtained from the lithium titanate product accord-ing to the invention.
According to a preferred embodiment, the lithium titanate product according to the invention has a volume distribution d50 of the particle size measurement of 15 pm or less, wherein d50 means, as is well-known, that 50% of the particles of the vol-ume distribution have a diameter smaller than the numerical value in question.
The lithium titanate product according to the invention is preferably prepared by a low-temperature synthesis from an aqueous solution, preferably at below 100 C, at normal pressure and in a normal atmosphere. The conditions and chemicals used are particularly well-suited to industrial production, and no exceptional precautions, such as an inert protective gas, are needed when processing them.
In the process according to the second aspect of the invention, alkali metal titanate is prepared through the following stages (i)¨(iv):
i) an aqueous titanium-containing slurry is prepared, with which ii) an alkali metal compound is mixed, whereby a mixture is generated, and
Supposedly, the reaction into lithium titanate has thus been completed.
Preferably, no reflections caused by anatase titanium oxide or rutile titanium dioxide could be observed from the measured XRD results. A conclusion can thus be made that the amount of anatase or rutile titanium dioxide is at least below 5% by weight, pref-erably below 1% by weight.
In the x-ray powder diffraction, the lithium titanate product according to the inven-tion preferably has reflections at angles of about 43.7', 63.4', 80.1 , 96.1 and 112.9' 2 theta, wherein variations within the measuring accuracy can be 0.5 , depending on the processing of the sample before the measurement, the crystal-linity of the sample and the performance of the measuring equipment. The relative intensities of the peaks are preferably about 100%, 40%, 15%, 5% and 10%, re-spectively. The x-ray powder diffractogram is determined by using a Cu pipe (Cu Ka), 40 kV/40 mA, in the two-theta angle range of 10-135 , the scale spacing 0.02 and the time per scale division 1.0 s. Furthermore, an x-ray powder diffractogram according to Fig. 1 is preferably obtained from the lithium titanate product accord-ing to the invention.
According to a preferred embodiment, the lithium titanate product according to the invention has a volume distribution d50 of the particle size measurement of 15 pm or less, wherein d50 means, as is well-known, that 50% of the particles of the vol-ume distribution have a diameter smaller than the numerical value in question.
The lithium titanate product according to the invention is preferably prepared by a low-temperature synthesis from an aqueous solution, preferably at below 100 C, at normal pressure and in a normal atmosphere. The conditions and chemicals used are particularly well-suited to industrial production, and no exceptional precautions, such as an inert protective gas, are needed when processing them.
In the process according to the second aspect of the invention, alkali metal titanate is prepared through the following stages (i)¨(iv):
i) an aqueous titanium-containing slurry is prepared, with which ii) an alkali metal compound is mixed, whereby a mixture is generated, and
7 iii) the mixture thus generated is allowed to react into alkali metal titanate at a temperature of 20-100 C by agitating it at normal pressure for 20 hours maximum, after which iv) the alkali metal titanate product thus provided is dried.
.. In the process according to the invention, an aqueous titanium-containing slurry is prepared, such as the slurry of a titanium compound, which reacts with the alkali metal compound, forming alkali metal titanate, while they are in contact with each other for a sufficiently long time, water preferably acting as a medium. The mixing is suitably such that the dispersion thus generated remains homogeneous, and no .. settling takes place. The mixing speed may be, for example, 20-200 rpm, depend-ing on the reactor size and the mixer that are used. It is substantial that the mixing is sufficiently good for the reaction to be as complete as possible. For other re-spects, the way of mixing is not critical.
The reaction medium is preferably water. The water substantially originates from .. the slurry of the titanium compound. As the medium, an alcohol solution can also be used, or additives can be used in the medium, which improve the solubility of the starting materials, for example.
The alkali metal compound can be formed by a single alkali metal or it can be a mixture of several alkali metal compounds, or a mixed compound. The alkali metal compound is preferably a soluble lithium compound, such as lithium salt.
However, many salts have harmful effects in the form of impurities, such as sulphate resi-dues, nitrogen residues or chloride residues. The lithium compound is more pref-erably lithium hydroxide or lithium carbonate. The lithium compound is most pref-erably lithium hydroxide, such as Li0H-H20, which has a reasonable price and adequate reactivity.
According to an embodiment, the alkali metal compound is added at the stage (ii) in an alkalimetal(Me)-titanium(Ti) molar ratio that approximately corresponds to the intended molar ratio of the final structure; Me:Ti is preferably 1.1-2.0, preferably 1.1.-1.9, more preferably 1.3-1.8, most preferably 1.3-1.7, whereby the intended molar ratio Me:Ti of the end product is about 1.5. When required, a medium, pref-erably water, is further added to the mixture to facilitate stirring.
According to a preferred embodiment, the alkali metal compound is lithium hydrox-ide, whereby the Li:Ti molar ratio of the lithium hydroxide and the aqueous tita-nium-containing slurry, which are mixed, is 1.1-1.9, preferably 1.1-1.8, more pref-
.. In the process according to the invention, an aqueous titanium-containing slurry is prepared, such as the slurry of a titanium compound, which reacts with the alkali metal compound, forming alkali metal titanate, while they are in contact with each other for a sufficiently long time, water preferably acting as a medium. The mixing is suitably such that the dispersion thus generated remains homogeneous, and no .. settling takes place. The mixing speed may be, for example, 20-200 rpm, depend-ing on the reactor size and the mixer that are used. It is substantial that the mixing is sufficiently good for the reaction to be as complete as possible. For other re-spects, the way of mixing is not critical.
The reaction medium is preferably water. The water substantially originates from .. the slurry of the titanium compound. As the medium, an alcohol solution can also be used, or additives can be used in the medium, which improve the solubility of the starting materials, for example.
The alkali metal compound can be formed by a single alkali metal or it can be a mixture of several alkali metal compounds, or a mixed compound. The alkali metal compound is preferably a soluble lithium compound, such as lithium salt.
However, many salts have harmful effects in the form of impurities, such as sulphate resi-dues, nitrogen residues or chloride residues. The lithium compound is more pref-erably lithium hydroxide or lithium carbonate. The lithium compound is most pref-erably lithium hydroxide, such as Li0H-H20, which has a reasonable price and adequate reactivity.
According to an embodiment, the alkali metal compound is added at the stage (ii) in an alkalimetal(Me)-titanium(Ti) molar ratio that approximately corresponds to the intended molar ratio of the final structure; Me:Ti is preferably 1.1-2.0, preferably 1.1.-1.9, more preferably 1.3-1.8, most preferably 1.3-1.7, whereby the intended molar ratio Me:Ti of the end product is about 1.5. When required, a medium, pref-erably water, is further added to the mixture to facilitate stirring.
According to a preferred embodiment, the alkali metal compound is lithium hydrox-ide, whereby the Li:Ti molar ratio of the lithium hydroxide and the aqueous tita-nium-containing slurry, which are mixed, is 1.1-1.9, preferably 1.1-1.8, more pref-
8 erably 1.3-1.8, most preferably 1.3-1.7, whereby Li can be recovered as effec-tively as possible in a structure, the intended Li:Ti ratio of which is about 1.5.
Keeping the reaction temperature high at the stage (iii) shortens the reaction time required. The mixture can be allowed to react into alkali metal titanate at a tern-perature that is below 100 C, preferably 75 C maximum, more preferably 65 C
maximum, most preferably 55 C maximum. The temperature can be close to the room temperature, preferably at least 20 C, more preferably at least 30 C, most preferably at least 40 C, whereby hardly any extra separate heating is needed, a lesser amount of energy is consumed and the production costs decrease. The crystal size also slightly decreases, e.g., to below 15%.
Depending on the amount, quality, mixture and reaction temperature of the react-ing compounds, a reaction time shorter than 20 hours is also sufficient, preferably 3 hours maximum, more preferably 2 hours maximum, most preferably 1 hour maximum, such as 30 minutes maximum. By a suitable optimization of the time and temperature, the energetically most advantageous operating range for the process is reached, and savings are obtained in the production costs.
According to an embodiment, the alkali metal compound, preferably lithium hy-droxide, is added in solid form to the titanium-containing slurry, whereby it dis-solves in the medium of the slurry, such as water. When required, the alkali metal compound, such as lithium hydroxide, can be first dissolved in water before com-bining it with the titanium-containing slurry.
= According to a preferred embodiment, the aqueous titanium-containing slurry of the stage (i) contains sodium titanate. The slurry is more preferably substantially comprised of sodium titanate.
Sodium titanate can be prepared by means of alkali precipitations or by hydrolyz-ing from various known titanium compounds, such as titanium halides, alcohols or organotitanium compounds, which, however, are generally difficult-to-handle and expensive starting materials, possibly bringing impurities to the process.
According to an embodiment, sodium titanate is any known stable sodium titanate that has properties, which render it suitable to be used under the conditions ac-cording to the invention. Sodium titanate is preferably in the form of the NaxTiyOz formula. The values for x, y and z are more preferably according to those shown in Table 1, as is well known.
Keeping the reaction temperature high at the stage (iii) shortens the reaction time required. The mixture can be allowed to react into alkali metal titanate at a tern-perature that is below 100 C, preferably 75 C maximum, more preferably 65 C
maximum, most preferably 55 C maximum. The temperature can be close to the room temperature, preferably at least 20 C, more preferably at least 30 C, most preferably at least 40 C, whereby hardly any extra separate heating is needed, a lesser amount of energy is consumed and the production costs decrease. The crystal size also slightly decreases, e.g., to below 15%.
Depending on the amount, quality, mixture and reaction temperature of the react-ing compounds, a reaction time shorter than 20 hours is also sufficient, preferably 3 hours maximum, more preferably 2 hours maximum, most preferably 1 hour maximum, such as 30 minutes maximum. By a suitable optimization of the time and temperature, the energetically most advantageous operating range for the process is reached, and savings are obtained in the production costs.
According to an embodiment, the alkali metal compound, preferably lithium hy-droxide, is added in solid form to the titanium-containing slurry, whereby it dis-solves in the medium of the slurry, such as water. When required, the alkali metal compound, such as lithium hydroxide, can be first dissolved in water before com-bining it with the titanium-containing slurry.
= According to a preferred embodiment, the aqueous titanium-containing slurry of the stage (i) contains sodium titanate. The slurry is more preferably substantially comprised of sodium titanate.
Sodium titanate can be prepared by means of alkali precipitations or by hydrolyz-ing from various known titanium compounds, such as titanium halides, alcohols or organotitanium compounds, which, however, are generally difficult-to-handle and expensive starting materials, possibly bringing impurities to the process.
According to an embodiment, sodium titanate is any known stable sodium titanate that has properties, which render it suitable to be used under the conditions ac-cording to the invention. Sodium titanate is preferably in the form of the NaxTiyOz formula. The values for x, y and z are more preferably according to those shown in Table 1, as is well known.
9 In x-ray powder diffraction measurements, it has been observed that the sodium ti-tanate according to the invention has most preferably its characteristic reflections at angles of about 100, about 24 , about 28 and about 48 2 theta, as shown in Fig. 9.
According to a preferred embodiment, the sodium titanate is in the form of Na4Ti9020, Na4Ti9020.H20 or Na(4_.)H.Ti9020, wherein x represents the dissolved amount of Na and OH ions.
Table 1.
CAS regis- CAS
tration registration min max min number max number 0.1 20 Na0,23T102 22-1404 Na16Ti10028 76-0686 0.2 20 Na4Ti0,302,6 28-1153 Na2ri12025 80-0467 2.0 30 NaTiO2 16-0251 Na16Ti10028 76-0686 According to another preferred embodiment, sodium titanate is prepared from the titanium dioxide hydrate that is provided by a sulphate process in the production of titanium dioxide, by processing it with alkali into a sodium titanate slurry.
Sodium titanate is more preferably prepared from an ilmenite concentrate by means of sul-phuric acid, by hydrolyzing the titanium dioxide hydrate, which is elutriated in water to a density of 300-400 g/I into a titanium dioxide hydrate slurry, which is boiled with alkali at a pH that is above 11, into a sodium titanate slurry, from which the soluble sulphate salts are washed out and which is filtered. Sodium titanate is most preferably prepared in the way that is described in more detail in the previous patent EP444798 of the applicant.
According to an embodiment, sodium titanate is elutriated in water into a slurry with a density of 100-800 g/I, more preferably 100-600 g/I, whereby mixing is fa-cilitated, depending on the particle size and/or shape of the sodium titanate that is shown, most preferably 150-450 g/I, such as 150-350 g/I.
According to another preferred embodiment, the aqueous titanium-containing slurry of the stage (i) is prepared from the titanyl sulphate provided by the sulphate process in the production of titanium dioxide, preferably by an alkali precipitation or hydrolysis. The aqueous titanium-containing slurry of the stage (i) is more pref-i erably prepared from the titanyl sulphate that is provided by the sulphate process in the production of titanium dioxide from an ilmenite concentrate by means of sul-phuric acid, by a thermal hydrolysis into titanium dioxide hydrate, which is elutri-ated in water into a titanium dioxide hydrate slurry with a density of 300-400 g/I.
5 The aqueous titanium-containing slurry of the stage (i) is most preferably prepared from titanium dioxide hydrate slurry in the way described above, in the manner de-scribed in the previous patent EP444798 of the applicant.
From the dried product obtained from the stage (iv), the crystal structure and crys-tal size can be measured by an x-ray diffraction, and the specific surface area, the
According to a preferred embodiment, the sodium titanate is in the form of Na4Ti9020, Na4Ti9020.H20 or Na(4_.)H.Ti9020, wherein x represents the dissolved amount of Na and OH ions.
Table 1.
CAS regis- CAS
tration registration min max min number max number 0.1 20 Na0,23T102 22-1404 Na16Ti10028 76-0686 0.2 20 Na4Ti0,302,6 28-1153 Na2ri12025 80-0467 2.0 30 NaTiO2 16-0251 Na16Ti10028 76-0686 According to another preferred embodiment, sodium titanate is prepared from the titanium dioxide hydrate that is provided by a sulphate process in the production of titanium dioxide, by processing it with alkali into a sodium titanate slurry.
Sodium titanate is more preferably prepared from an ilmenite concentrate by means of sul-phuric acid, by hydrolyzing the titanium dioxide hydrate, which is elutriated in water to a density of 300-400 g/I into a titanium dioxide hydrate slurry, which is boiled with alkali at a pH that is above 11, into a sodium titanate slurry, from which the soluble sulphate salts are washed out and which is filtered. Sodium titanate is most preferably prepared in the way that is described in more detail in the previous patent EP444798 of the applicant.
According to an embodiment, sodium titanate is elutriated in water into a slurry with a density of 100-800 g/I, more preferably 100-600 g/I, whereby mixing is fa-cilitated, depending on the particle size and/or shape of the sodium titanate that is shown, most preferably 150-450 g/I, such as 150-350 g/I.
According to another preferred embodiment, the aqueous titanium-containing slurry of the stage (i) is prepared from the titanyl sulphate provided by the sulphate process in the production of titanium dioxide, preferably by an alkali precipitation or hydrolysis. The aqueous titanium-containing slurry of the stage (i) is more pref-i erably prepared from the titanyl sulphate that is provided by the sulphate process in the production of titanium dioxide from an ilmenite concentrate by means of sul-phuric acid, by a thermal hydrolysis into titanium dioxide hydrate, which is elutri-ated in water into a titanium dioxide hydrate slurry with a density of 300-400 g/I.
5 The aqueous titanium-containing slurry of the stage (i) is most preferably prepared from titanium dioxide hydrate slurry in the way described above, in the manner de-scribed in the previous patent EP444798 of the applicant.
From the dried product obtained from the stage (iv), the crystal structure and crys-tal size can be measured by an x-ray diffraction, and the specific surface area, the
10 particle size and the particle size distribution, as well as the chemical analyses on the most important components, such as Li and Ti, and impurities, such as Na, S
and Cl, as described above. A large particle size is advantageous regarding the processability, since dust formation in that case is minor. Depending on the appli-cation, it may be necessary to carry out coating with a material, for example, whereby a small particle size is preferable.
According to a preferred embodiment, the finished titanate product is dried at a raised temperature, preferably at a temperature of below 250 C, more preferably below 200 C, most preferably below 155 C, such as 110 C or less. For the drying, a known device is used, such as a reel oven, spray drying, vacuum drying, a verti-cal drying furnace or a rotating drying furnace, which is known in the field and which is best-suited to the respective scale and production capacity.
The dried alkali metal titanate product provided by the process described above is preferably further processed by heat-treating it at a temperature of 350-1050 C, more preferably at a temperature of 500-1050 C, most preferably at a tempera-ture of 700-900 C, such as 700-800 C, to change its crystal structure. The titan-ate that is provided before the heat treatment, preferably lithium titanate, is sub-stantially cubic or, depending on the production conditions, partly cubic and partly of another crystal form. In the heat treatment, the crystal size can be substantially changed into another, e.g. tetragonal form. When the titanate product is heat-treated, it preferably changes into a spinel-form tetralithium titanate, Li4Ti5012, at a temperature of 700-800 C, the treating time being over an hour, preferably 1.5 hours or more.
The invention also discloses a lithium titanate product, which is characterized in that it is prepared by the process described above.
and Cl, as described above. A large particle size is advantageous regarding the processability, since dust formation in that case is minor. Depending on the appli-cation, it may be necessary to carry out coating with a material, for example, whereby a small particle size is preferable.
According to a preferred embodiment, the finished titanate product is dried at a raised temperature, preferably at a temperature of below 250 C, more preferably below 200 C, most preferably below 155 C, such as 110 C or less. For the drying, a known device is used, such as a reel oven, spray drying, vacuum drying, a verti-cal drying furnace or a rotating drying furnace, which is known in the field and which is best-suited to the respective scale and production capacity.
The dried alkali metal titanate product provided by the process described above is preferably further processed by heat-treating it at a temperature of 350-1050 C, more preferably at a temperature of 500-1050 C, most preferably at a tempera-ture of 700-900 C, such as 700-800 C, to change its crystal structure. The titan-ate that is provided before the heat treatment, preferably lithium titanate, is sub-stantially cubic or, depending on the production conditions, partly cubic and partly of another crystal form. In the heat treatment, the crystal size can be substantially changed into another, e.g. tetragonal form. When the titanate product is heat-treated, it preferably changes into a spinel-form tetralithium titanate, Li4Ti5012, at a temperature of 700-800 C, the treating time being over an hour, preferably 1.5 hours or more.
The invention also discloses a lithium titanate product, which is characterized in that it is prepared by the process described above.
11 According to the third aspect of the invention, a lithium battery is provided, contain-ing any of the products according to the above description. The product thus ob-tained has the advantage of a high Li:Ti ratio, higher than that of the LiTiO2 struc-ture, which has been discovered to be active; however, the ratio remains below 5 two, as in the Li2TiO3 structure, which has been discovered to be inactive.
In the following, the invention is described in detail by means of examples.
The purpose of the examples is not to limit the invention.
Examples The Li:Ti ratios presented in the examples have been determined in a prior-art way 10 by accurately weighing 100 g of the sample to be assayed in a teflon vessel and adding 10 ml of concentrated analysis-grade hydrofluoric acid. The vessel is heated in a sand bath until the sample has dissolved. The cooled solution is di-luted to 50 ml with de-ionized water. For the determination, the sample is diluted 1:20 with 10% analysis-grade hydrochloric acid.
15 The lithium and titanium concentrations of the thus prepared sample are deter-mined using a PerkinElmer Optima 4300DV ICP-OES analyser at the emission wavelengths 670.784 nm, 610.362 nm and 460.308 nm for lithium and 334.945 nm, 336.125 nm and 337.282 nm for titanium.
The particle size of the particles generated can be determined using applicable 20 equipment, such as the Malvern Mastersizer 2000 apparatus. Specific surface area may be determined using any equipment that is known in the field, such as the Quantachrome Corp. NOVA 3200 version 6.11 apparatus which is used in the measurements below.
Example 1 25 Titanium dioxide production by the sulphate process is initiated by reacting ilmen-.
ite concentrate with sulphuric acid. The solid reaction cake that is generated is dissolved by means of water and waste acids. Impurities are removed and iron sulphate is crystallized out. The titanium-containing solution is concentrated and the titanium dioxide hydrate is precipitated by hydrolysis. This precipitate material 30 is washed in several stages to render it free of salts.
About 10 tonnes of washed titanium dioxide hydrate precipitate material, ex-pressed as h02, is elutriated with water to a density of 300-400 g/I, the aim being
In the following, the invention is described in detail by means of examples.
The purpose of the examples is not to limit the invention.
Examples The Li:Ti ratios presented in the examples have been determined in a prior-art way 10 by accurately weighing 100 g of the sample to be assayed in a teflon vessel and adding 10 ml of concentrated analysis-grade hydrofluoric acid. The vessel is heated in a sand bath until the sample has dissolved. The cooled solution is di-luted to 50 ml with de-ionized water. For the determination, the sample is diluted 1:20 with 10% analysis-grade hydrochloric acid.
15 The lithium and titanium concentrations of the thus prepared sample are deter-mined using a PerkinElmer Optima 4300DV ICP-OES analyser at the emission wavelengths 670.784 nm, 610.362 nm and 460.308 nm for lithium and 334.945 nm, 336.125 nm and 337.282 nm for titanium.
The particle size of the particles generated can be determined using applicable 20 equipment, such as the Malvern Mastersizer 2000 apparatus. Specific surface area may be determined using any equipment that is known in the field, such as the Quantachrome Corp. NOVA 3200 version 6.11 apparatus which is used in the measurements below.
Example 1 25 Titanium dioxide production by the sulphate process is initiated by reacting ilmen-.
ite concentrate with sulphuric acid. The solid reaction cake that is generated is dissolved by means of water and waste acids. Impurities are removed and iron sulphate is crystallized out. The titanium-containing solution is concentrated and the titanium dioxide hydrate is precipitated by hydrolysis. This precipitate material 30 is washed in several stages to render it free of salts.
About 10 tonnes of washed titanium dioxide hydrate precipitate material, ex-pressed as h02, is elutriated with water to a density of 300-400 g/I, the aim being
12 350 g/I. The slurry thus created is made strongly alkaline, pH > 11, by adding about 15 tonnes of NaOH in the form a 700 g/I NaOH solution at 60 C. The tem-perature of the slurry is raised to 95 C and the slurry is agitated at this tempera-ture for two hours. During the treatment, the titanium dioxide hydrate material re-5 acts with the lye, forming solid sodium titanate, from which sulphate ions are re-moved by washing the slurry with hot water for so long that sulphates are no longer found in the filtrate by barium chloride precipitation.
The sulphate-free sodium-bearing filtrate cake is elutriated in water so that the concentration of the slurry, expressed as titanium dioxide, is about 200 g/1 and 10 heated to 60 C under continuous agitation. The pH of the slurry is then adjusted to the target value of 6 by adding concentrated hydrochloric acid (20% by weight).
The slurry is processed at 60 C under continuous agitation for 120 minutes.
The pH is kept at 6 throughout the treatment. The precipitate is filtered and washed with warm water.
15 The obtained precipitate is re-elutriated in water so that the concentration of the slurry, expressed as titanium dioxide, is about 300 g/I. Solid lithium hydroxide (Li0H.1-120) is added to the slurry at 38.4 g / 50 g TiO2, corresponding to an Li/Ti molar ratio of 1.5. Water is added as required to facilitate mixing. The slurry is heated to 50 C at which temperature it is processed under continuous agitation for 20 40 minutes. The slurry is divided into two parts, with one part being dried at 150 C
in a vertical drying furnace for 120 minutes and the other at 200 C in correspond-ing circumstances.
Crystal form and size of the dried powders are determined using a Philii)s XRD
apparatus in the two-theta angle range of 10-70 . According to the X-ray diffrac-, 25 tion analysis, the desired crystalline lithium titanate with an average crystal size of about 25 nm was formed in both samples, and no effect of drying temperature can be seen. Peaks characteristic of anatase are not present in Figs. 2 A (150 C) or B
(200 C).
The sample that has been dried at 200 C is processed further by washing it with 30 plenty of water and drying at 105 C until dry. Particle size and specific surface area are determined on an unwashed sample and Li, Ti, S and Cl concentrations and X-ray powder diffractogram and specific surface area on a washed sample (Table 2).
Table 2.
The sulphate-free sodium-bearing filtrate cake is elutriated in water so that the concentration of the slurry, expressed as titanium dioxide, is about 200 g/1 and 10 heated to 60 C under continuous agitation. The pH of the slurry is then adjusted to the target value of 6 by adding concentrated hydrochloric acid (20% by weight).
The slurry is processed at 60 C under continuous agitation for 120 minutes.
The pH is kept at 6 throughout the treatment. The precipitate is filtered and washed with warm water.
15 The obtained precipitate is re-elutriated in water so that the concentration of the slurry, expressed as titanium dioxide, is about 300 g/I. Solid lithium hydroxide (Li0H.1-120) is added to the slurry at 38.4 g / 50 g TiO2, corresponding to an Li/Ti molar ratio of 1.5. Water is added as required to facilitate mixing. The slurry is heated to 50 C at which temperature it is processed under continuous agitation for 20 40 minutes. The slurry is divided into two parts, with one part being dried at 150 C
in a vertical drying furnace for 120 minutes and the other at 200 C in correspond-ing circumstances.
Crystal form and size of the dried powders are determined using a Philii)s XRD
apparatus in the two-theta angle range of 10-70 . According to the X-ray diffrac-, 25 tion analysis, the desired crystalline lithium titanate with an average crystal size of about 25 nm was formed in both samples, and no effect of drying temperature can be seen. Peaks characteristic of anatase are not present in Figs. 2 A (150 C) or B
(200 C).
The sample that has been dried at 200 C is processed further by washing it with 30 plenty of water and drying at 105 C until dry. Particle size and specific surface area are determined on an unwashed sample and Li, Ti, S and Cl concentrations and X-ray powder diffractogram and specific surface area on a washed sample (Table 2).
Table 2.
13 Analysis 200 C washed 200 C unwashed Li, % by weight 6.6 Ti, % by weight 38 Li/Ti, mol 1.5 Na, % 0.15 S,% 0.01 CI % <0.01 Moisture content % 3.0 Specific surface area 67.0 37.8 [1112/g]
Particle size distribution 8.4 d50 [pm]
Particle size distribution 42.0 dso [Pm]
As shown by the example, the product is generated at a low temperature of about 50 C using a short reaction time and sodium titanate as starting material.
Particle size distribution 8.4 d50 [pm]
Particle size distribution 42.0 dso [Pm]
As shown by the example, the product is generated at a low temperature of about 50 C using a short reaction time and sodium titanate as starting material.
14 Example 2 Lithium titanate is produced as described in Example 1, except that the addition of lithium hydroxide is followed by division of the sample into two parts, with the first part being agitated at room temperature overnight (for about 20 hours) and the second part in a water bath at 60 C overnight, respectively. Both samples are dried in a rotating drying furnace at 200 C for 120 minutes.
As in Example 1, X-ray diffraction analysis demonstrates the formation of crystal-line lithium titanate with an average crystal size of about 25 nm in both samples.
Peaks characteristic of anatase are not present in the diagrams. According to chemical analyses, these LixTiy0, samples have an Li:Ti molar ratio of 1.42 and 1.39, respectively, with the z:y molar ratio being 3.5 in both samples. The diffrac-tograms for the products are presented in Fig. 3 A (25 C) and B (60 C).
The sample that has been reacted at 60 C is processed further by washing it with plenty of water and drying at 105 C until dry. Particle size and specific surface area are determined on an unwashed sample and Li, Ti, S and Cl concentrations and X-ray powder diffractogram and specific surface area on a washed sample (Table 3).
Table 3 Analysis Reacted at Reacted at Reacted at room 60 C 60 C temperature 200 C 200 C un- 200 C unwashed washed washed Li, % by weight 7.5 Ti, % by weight 37 LifTi, mol 1.4 Na, % 0.45 S,% 0.01 CI % <0.01 , .
Moisture content, % 2.8 Specific surface area [m2/g] 49.6 30.8 30.0 Particle size distribution d50 6.04 10.63 Particle size distribution dm 34.39 47.80 The product that was reacted at room temperature and the one reacted at 60 C
provided identical X-ray powder diffractograms. Elevation of the temperature did not enhance the formation of the compound. Longer processing time was ob-5 served to slightly reduce the size of the lithium titanate crystal. The X-ray powder diffractogram yields a crystal size of 22 nm. No anatase peak is found in the dia-grams. The example indicates that the reaction with sodium titanate is achieved at a temperature as low as 25 C.
Example 3 10 The washed titanium dioxide hydrate material from Example 1 is elutriated in water so that the concentration of the slurry, expressed as titanium dioxide, is about 300 g/I. The slurry is heated to 60 C and the pH is adjusted to 6.4 with sodium hy-droxide. The slurry is processed at 60 C under continuous agitation for 120 min-utes. The pH is kept constant (6.4) throughout the treatment. The precipitate is fil-
As in Example 1, X-ray diffraction analysis demonstrates the formation of crystal-line lithium titanate with an average crystal size of about 25 nm in both samples.
Peaks characteristic of anatase are not present in the diagrams. According to chemical analyses, these LixTiy0, samples have an Li:Ti molar ratio of 1.42 and 1.39, respectively, with the z:y molar ratio being 3.5 in both samples. The diffrac-tograms for the products are presented in Fig. 3 A (25 C) and B (60 C).
The sample that has been reacted at 60 C is processed further by washing it with plenty of water and drying at 105 C until dry. Particle size and specific surface area are determined on an unwashed sample and Li, Ti, S and Cl concentrations and X-ray powder diffractogram and specific surface area on a washed sample (Table 3).
Table 3 Analysis Reacted at Reacted at Reacted at room 60 C 60 C temperature 200 C 200 C un- 200 C unwashed washed washed Li, % by weight 7.5 Ti, % by weight 37 LifTi, mol 1.4 Na, % 0.45 S,% 0.01 CI % <0.01 , .
Moisture content, % 2.8 Specific surface area [m2/g] 49.6 30.8 30.0 Particle size distribution d50 6.04 10.63 Particle size distribution dm 34.39 47.80 The product that was reacted at room temperature and the one reacted at 60 C
provided identical X-ray powder diffractograms. Elevation of the temperature did not enhance the formation of the compound. Longer processing time was ob-5 served to slightly reduce the size of the lithium titanate crystal. The X-ray powder diffractogram yields a crystal size of 22 nm. No anatase peak is found in the dia-grams. The example indicates that the reaction with sodium titanate is achieved at a temperature as low as 25 C.
Example 3 10 The washed titanium dioxide hydrate material from Example 1 is elutriated in water so that the concentration of the slurry, expressed as titanium dioxide, is about 300 g/I. The slurry is heated to 60 C and the pH is adjusted to 6.4 with sodium hy-droxide. The slurry is processed at 60 C under continuous agitation for 120 min-utes. The pH is kept constant (6.4) throughout the treatment. The precipitate is fil-
15 tered and washed with plenty of warm water. A small amount of the obtained cake is dried at 105 C. According to analyses, the dried cake had a sodium concentra-tion of 68 mg/kg and a sulphur concentration of 0.11% by weight.
The rest of the cake is re-elutriated in water to a density of 300 g/I. The slurry is di-vided into four parts (Samples 1 to 4). Solid lithium hydroxide (Li0H-H20) is added to each part and they are treated according to Table 4.
The rest of the cake is re-elutriated in water to a density of 300 g/I. The slurry is di-vided into four parts (Samples 1 to 4). Solid lithium hydroxide (Li0H-H20) is added to each part and they are treated according to Table 4.
16 Table 4.
Sample Amount of Li/Ti mol Treatment Li0E1=1120 added per 50 g of TiO2 1 21.5 0.82 agitation at room temperature over-night 2 21.5 0.82 agitation at 60 C overnight 3 52.5 2.0 agitation at room temperature over-night 4 52.6 2.0 agitation at 60 C overnight The samples are filtered and the obtained cakes are further divided into two parts, with one part being washed with plenty of water and dried at 200 C. The other part is dried unwashed at the same temperature. The X-ray diffractograms of all sam-ple powders are determined in the two-theta angle range of 10-70 . In addition, the specific surface area, particle size, chemical analyses of the components Li, Ti, Na; and SEM and TEM images of the washed and dried sample powders are determined.
The specific surface area is found to be 123 m2/g (NOVA 3200 High Speed Gas Sorption Analyzer, Quantachrome Corp.) Particle size distribution parameters: d50 = 1.5 p.m, d10 = 0.8 mm and d90 =
2.7 m.
Chemical analyses yield Li 9.1% by weight; Ti 43.7% by weight and Na < 1.0% by weight; Li/Ti = 1.42 According to X-ray diffraction analyses, the crystal forms were as presented in Ta-ble 5.
=
Sample Amount of Li/Ti mol Treatment Li0E1=1120 added per 50 g of TiO2 1 21.5 0.82 agitation at room temperature over-night 2 21.5 0.82 agitation at 60 C overnight 3 52.5 2.0 agitation at room temperature over-night 4 52.6 2.0 agitation at 60 C overnight The samples are filtered and the obtained cakes are further divided into two parts, with one part being washed with plenty of water and dried at 200 C. The other part is dried unwashed at the same temperature. The X-ray diffractograms of all sam-ple powders are determined in the two-theta angle range of 10-70 . In addition, the specific surface area, particle size, chemical analyses of the components Li, Ti, Na; and SEM and TEM images of the washed and dried sample powders are determined.
The specific surface area is found to be 123 m2/g (NOVA 3200 High Speed Gas Sorption Analyzer, Quantachrome Corp.) Particle size distribution parameters: d50 = 1.5 p.m, d10 = 0.8 mm and d90 =
2.7 m.
Chemical analyses yield Li 9.1% by weight; Ti 43.7% by weight and Na < 1.0% by weight; Li/Ti = 1.42 According to X-ray diffraction analyses, the crystal forms were as presented in Ta-ble 5.
=
17 Table 5.
Sample Crystal forms Figure 1 unwashed TiO2 (anatase) 4 A
1 washed TiO2 (anatase) 4 B
2 unwashed TiO2 (anatase) 5 A
2 washed TiO2 (anatase) 5 B
3 unwashed TiO2 (anatase) + LixTiy0, 6 A
3 washed TiO2 (Anatase) + LixTiyOz 6 B
4 unwashed LixTiyOz 7 A
4 washed LixTiy0, 7 B
This example indicates that the reaction is also achieved using titanium dioxide hydrate material, but this requires a slightly higher reaction temperature than in the previous example.
Example 4 The washed titanium dioxide hydrate material described in Example 1 is elutriated in water so that the concentration of the slurry, expressed as titanium dioxide, is about 300 g/I. The slurry is heated to 60 C and its pH adjusted to 6.4 with sodium hydroxide. The slurry is agitated at 60 C for 120 minutes. The pH is kept constant (6.4) throughout the treatment. The precipitate is filtered and washed with plenty of warm water. A small amount of the filtrate cake is dried at 105 C for analysis. Ac-cording to analyses, the dried cake had a sodium concentration of 91 mg/kg and a sulphur concentration of 0.081% by weight.
The rest of the cake is re-elutriated in water to a density of 300 g/I. The obtained slurry is divided into two parts.
,
Sample Crystal forms Figure 1 unwashed TiO2 (anatase) 4 A
1 washed TiO2 (anatase) 4 B
2 unwashed TiO2 (anatase) 5 A
2 washed TiO2 (anatase) 5 B
3 unwashed TiO2 (anatase) + LixTiy0, 6 A
3 washed TiO2 (Anatase) + LixTiyOz 6 B
4 unwashed LixTiyOz 7 A
4 washed LixTiy0, 7 B
This example indicates that the reaction is also achieved using titanium dioxide hydrate material, but this requires a slightly higher reaction temperature than in the previous example.
Example 4 The washed titanium dioxide hydrate material described in Example 1 is elutriated in water so that the concentration of the slurry, expressed as titanium dioxide, is about 300 g/I. The slurry is heated to 60 C and its pH adjusted to 6.4 with sodium hydroxide. The slurry is agitated at 60 C for 120 minutes. The pH is kept constant (6.4) throughout the treatment. The precipitate is filtered and washed with plenty of warm water. A small amount of the filtrate cake is dried at 105 C for analysis. Ac-cording to analyses, the dried cake had a sodium concentration of 91 mg/kg and a sulphur concentration of 0.081% by weight.
The rest of the cake is re-elutriated in water to a density of 300 g/I. The obtained slurry is divided into two parts.
,
18 Solid lithium hydroxide (Li01-1.1-120) is added to the first part at 39.4 g /
50 g TiO2 (Li/Ti molar ratio 1.5). The slurry thus created is agitated at 50 C for 40 minutes.
The slurry is dried in a vertical furnace at 200 C.
Solid lithium hydroxide (Li01-1.1-120) is added to the second part at 52.5 g / 50 g TiO2 (Li/Ti molar ratio 2.0). The slurry thus created is agitated at 60 C
for 90 minutes. The slurry is dried in a vertical furnace at 200 C.
X-ray powder diffractograms are measured on the dried powders in the two-theta angle range of 10-70 . According to the X-ray diffraction analyses, only the Li-TiO2 crystal form was evident in both samples (Fig. 8 A (1.5) and B (2.0)).
These samples that were dried at 200 C are further washed with plenty of water and re-dried at 105 C. The Li, Ti and Na contents of the washed and dried pow-ders are analysed. The results are presented in Table 6.
Table 6.
Part 1 (% by weight) Part 2 ( /0 by weight) Li 8.5 9.3 Ti 38 38 Na 0.020 0.010 Li/Ti mol 1.5 1.7 0/Li (mol) 3.6 3.6 Specific surface area 126.8 111.5 Particle size distribution 1.49 1.49 d5o [pm]
Particle size distribution 2.43 2.44 d90 [pm]
= '
50 g TiO2 (Li/Ti molar ratio 1.5). The slurry thus created is agitated at 50 C for 40 minutes.
The slurry is dried in a vertical furnace at 200 C.
Solid lithium hydroxide (Li01-1.1-120) is added to the second part at 52.5 g / 50 g TiO2 (Li/Ti molar ratio 2.0). The slurry thus created is agitated at 60 C
for 90 minutes. The slurry is dried in a vertical furnace at 200 C.
X-ray powder diffractograms are measured on the dried powders in the two-theta angle range of 10-70 . According to the X-ray diffraction analyses, only the Li-TiO2 crystal form was evident in both samples (Fig. 8 A (1.5) and B (2.0)).
These samples that were dried at 200 C are further washed with plenty of water and re-dried at 105 C. The Li, Ti and Na contents of the washed and dried pow-ders are analysed. The results are presented in Table 6.
Table 6.
Part 1 (% by weight) Part 2 ( /0 by weight) Li 8.5 9.3 Ti 38 38 Na 0.020 0.010 Li/Ti mol 1.5 1.7 0/Li (mol) 3.6 3.6 Specific surface area 126.8 111.5 Particle size distribution 1.49 1.49 d5o [pm]
Particle size distribution 2.43 2.44 d90 [pm]
= '
19 Example 5 Lithium titanate is produced according to Example 1, except that solid lithium hy-droxide (Li0H.1-120) is added to neutralized, washed titanium dioxide hydrate ma-terial in an Li/Ti molar ratio of 1.5 and the obtained mixture is agitated at 50 C for 90 minutes.
Part of the product is dried, without washing, at 60 C at normal pressure and an-other part at 25 C in vacuum.
XRD is measured on both products after drying (Figs. 10 A and B). It can be seen from the X-ray diffractograms that there is still some starting material left in the sample dried at room temperature and the sample dried at 60 C is almost free of starting material.
The sample dried at 60 C is divided into four parts which are then calcined at 200 C, 300 C, 400 C and 500 C for 90 minutes. XRD is then measured on the calcined sample (Figs. 11 A¨D, respectively). It can be seen from the X-ray dif-fractograms that the samples contain reflections characteristic of the cubic lithium titanate in accordance with the invention. In addition, an incipient change in crystal structure is evident at higher temperatures.
Part of the product is dried, without washing, at 60 C at normal pressure and an-other part at 25 C in vacuum.
XRD is measured on both products after drying (Figs. 10 A and B). It can be seen from the X-ray diffractograms that there is still some starting material left in the sample dried at room temperature and the sample dried at 60 C is almost free of starting material.
The sample dried at 60 C is divided into four parts which are then calcined at 200 C, 300 C, 400 C and 500 C for 90 minutes. XRD is then measured on the calcined sample (Figs. 11 A¨D, respectively). It can be seen from the X-ray dif-fractograms that the samples contain reflections characteristic of the cubic lithium titanate in accordance with the invention. In addition, an incipient change in crystal structure is evident at higher temperatures.
Claims (32)
1. A lithium titanate product that has the formula in the form of Li x Ti y O
z, wherein, when y is 1, the x:y molar ratio is 1.1-1.8, while the z:y molar ratio is 2.0-4.5, and wherein the crystal size of said lithium titanate is from 15 to 40 nm, and wherein the Li:Ti ratio is higher than that of the LiTiO2 structure but below two, as in the Li2TiO3 structure, and which product is obtainable by a process comprising the stages wherein (i) an aqueous, titanium-containing slurry is prepared, with which (ii) lithium compound, is mixed, whereby a mixture is formed, and (iii) the generated mixture is allowed to react into lithium titanate at a temperature of 20-100°C by agitating it at normal pressure for 20 hours maximum, after which (iv) the provided crystalline lithium titanate product is dried.
z, wherein, when y is 1, the x:y molar ratio is 1.1-1.8, while the z:y molar ratio is 2.0-4.5, and wherein the crystal size of said lithium titanate is from 15 to 40 nm, and wherein the Li:Ti ratio is higher than that of the LiTiO2 structure but below two, as in the Li2TiO3 structure, and which product is obtainable by a process comprising the stages wherein (i) an aqueous, titanium-containing slurry is prepared, with which (ii) lithium compound, is mixed, whereby a mixture is formed, and (iii) the generated mixture is allowed to react into lithium titanate at a temperature of 20-100°C by agitating it at normal pressure for 20 hours maximum, after which (iv) the provided crystalline lithium titanate product is dried.
2. A lithium titanate product according to claim 1 wherein the x:y molar ratio is 1.3-1.8.
3. A lithium titanate product according to claim 1 wherein the x:y molar ratio is 1.3-1.7.
4. A lithium titanate product according to claim 1 wherein the z:y molar ratio is 3.0-4Ø
5. A product according to Claim 1, comprising that the crystal size of the product is 20-30 nm.
6. A product according to Claim 1, comprising that the specific surface area, BET, of the product is 10-200 m2/g.
7. A product according to Claim 1, comprising that the specific surface area, BET, of the product is 25-140 m2/g.
8. A product according to any one of the Claims 1-7, comprising that the reflections in an x-ray powder diffraction of the product are at angles of about 43.7°, 63.4°, 80.1°, 96.1° and 112.9° 2 theta.
9. A product according to any one of the Claims 1-7, comprising that the reflections in an x-ray powder diffraction of the product are at angles of about 43.7°, 63.4°, 80.1°, 96.1° and 112.9° 2 theta, and it has an x-ray diffractogram according to Fig.
1.
1.
10. A process of preparing lithium titanate, comprising stages, wherein (v) an aqueous, titanium-containing slurry is prepared, which is generated in the production of titanium dioxide, with which (vi) lithium compound, is mixed, whereby a mixture is formed, and (vii) the generated mixture is allowed to react into lithium titanate at a temperature of 20-100°C by agitating the mixture at normal pressure for 20 hours maximum, after which (viii) the provided crystalline lithium titanate product is dried.
11. A process of preparing alkali metal titanate according to claim 10, wherein the lithium compound is lithium hydroxide.
12. A process according to any one of the Claims 10-11, comprising that the mixture is allowed to react into lithium titanate at the stage (vii) at a temperature of 75°C maximum.
13. A process according to any one of the Claims 10-11, comprising that the mixture is allowed to react into lithium titanate at the stage (vii) at a temperature of 30°C minimum.
14. A process according to any one of the Claims 11, comprising that, at the stage (vi), the lithium hydroxide is added in solid form to the aqueous titanium-containing slurry.
15. A process according to any one of the Claims 10-14, comprising that the mixture is allowed to react into lithium titanate at the stage (vii) for 3 hours maximum.
16. A process according to any of the Claims 10-14, comprising that the mixture is allowed to react into lithium titanate at the stage (vii) for 2 hours maximum.
17. A process according to any of the Claims 10-14, comprising that the mixture is allowed to react into lithuim titanate at the stage (vii) for 1 hour maximum.
18. A process according to any of the Claims 10-14, comprising that the mixture is allowed to react into lithium titanate at the stage (vii) for 30 minutes maximum.
19. A process according to any of the Claims 10-18, comprising that the aqueous titanium-containing slurry of the stage (v) contains sodium titanate.
20. A process according to Claim 19, comprising that the sodium titanate is prepared from titanium dioxide hydrate that is provided by a sulphate process in the production of titanium dioxide, by processing the titanium dioxide hydrate with sodium hydroxide into a sodium titanate slurry.
21. A process according to Claim 19, comprising that the sodium titanate is prepared from an ilmenite concentrate by means of sulphuric acid by hydrolyzing titanium dioxide hydrate, which is elutriated in water to a density of 300-400 g/I into a titanium dioxide hydrate slurry, which is boiled with sodium hydroxide at a pH
above 11 into a sodium titanate slurry, from which the soluble sulphate salts are washed out and which is filtered.
above 11 into a sodium titanate slurry, from which the soluble sulphate salts are washed out and which is filtered.
22. A process according to any one of the Claims 19-21, comprising that the sodium titanate is elutriated in water into a slurry with a density of 100-800 g/l.
23. A process according to any one of the Claims 10-22, comprising that the aqueous titanium-containing slurry of the stage (v) is prepared from titanyl chloride, which is provided by the sulphate process in the production of titanium dioxide.
24. A process according to any one of the Claims 10-23, comprising that the lithium titanate product which is provided at the stage (viii), is dried at below 250°C.
25. A process according to any one of the Claims 10-23, comprising that thelithium titanate product which is provided at the stage (viii), is dried at below 200°C.
26. A process according to any one of the Claims 10-23, comprising that the lithium titanate product, which is provided at the stage (viii), is dried at below 155°C.
27. A process according to any one of the Claims 10-26, comprising that the dried lithium titanate product is further processed by heat-treating the dried lithium titanate product at a temperature of 500-1050°C to render the crystal structure tetragonal.
28. A process according to any of Claims 10-27, comprising that the lithium:Ti molar ratio of the lithium hydroxide and the aqueous titanium-containing slurry, which are to be mixed, is 1.1-2Ø
29. A process according to any one of the Claims 10-27, comprising that the lithium:Ti molar ratio of the lithium hydroxide and the aqueous titanium-containing slurry, which are to be mixed, is 1.1-1.9.
30. A process according to any one of the Claims 10-27, comprising that the lithium:Ti molar ratio of the lithium hydroxide and the aqueous titanium-containing slurry, which are to be mixed, is 1.3-1.8.
31. A process according to any one of the Claims 10-27, comprising that the lithium:Ti molar ratio of the lithium hydroxide and the aqueous titanium-containing slurry, which are to be mixed, is 1.3-1.7.
32. A lithium battery, containing the product according to any one of the Claims 1-9.
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| PCT/FI2008/050628 WO2010052362A1 (en) | 2008-11-04 | 2008-11-04 | Process of preparing alkali metal titanates |
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| DE102011016836A1 (en) * | 2011-04-12 | 2012-10-18 | Süd-Chemie AG | Process for producing lithium titanium spinel |
| JP5784961B2 (en) * | 2011-04-28 | 2015-09-24 | 国立大学法人高知大学 | Method for producing coated active material |
| US8323390B1 (en) * | 2012-02-06 | 2012-12-04 | Choonghee Rhee | Slurry for prevention of sewer corrosion using mixtures of magnesium hydroxide and/or titanium dioxide and sodium hydroxide via the crown spray process |
| JP5998411B2 (en) * | 2012-07-27 | 2016-09-28 | 東邦チタニウム株式会社 | Method for producing sintered lithium lanthanum titanium oxide |
| US9825292B2 (en) | 2012-10-10 | 2017-11-21 | Hydro-Quebec | Layered and spinel lithium titanates and processes for preparing the same |
| KR20160014636A (en) * | 2013-06-04 | 2016-02-11 | 이시하라 산교 가부시끼가이샤 | Lithium titanate, production method for same, and electrical storage device employing same |
| US9577257B2 (en) * | 2013-09-18 | 2017-02-21 | Guiqing Huang | Methods of making low cost electrode active materials for secondary batteries from ilmenite |
| US20170007983A1 (en) * | 2014-02-21 | 2017-01-12 | Nippon Chemical Industrial Co., Ltd. | Method for producing nonatitanate of alkali metal |
| KR101869585B1 (en) * | 2014-04-14 | 2018-06-20 | 한국기초과학지원연구원 | Synthesis method of lithium-titanium oxide using ion exchange method |
| JP6523629B2 (en) * | 2014-08-06 | 2019-06-05 | Fdk株式会社 | Nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery and method of manufacturing nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery |
| KR101631386B1 (en) * | 2014-11-21 | 2016-06-17 | 경북대학교 산학협력단 | Negative Electrode Material For Lithuim Secondary Battery Using Lithuim-Titanium Oxide And Preparation Method Thereof |
| CN105406046A (en) * | 2015-12-21 | 2016-03-16 | 深圳市金润能源材料有限公司 | Lithium titanate negative electrode material and preparing method of lithium titanate negative electrode material |
| EP4215490A4 (en) * | 2020-09-18 | 2024-03-27 | Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co., Ltd. | AQUEOUS TITANIC ACID SOLUTION |
| CN119390112B (en) * | 2024-10-14 | 2025-12-19 | 四川大学 | Method for preparing low-cost sodium titanate anode material from titanyl sulfate solution |
| CN119390111B (en) * | 2024-10-14 | 2025-10-21 | 四川大学 | A preparation method of metal-doped sodium titanate negative electrode material |
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| JP3894615B2 (en) * | 1996-03-18 | 2007-03-22 | 石原産業株式会社 | Lithium titanate, method for producing the same, and lithium battery using the same |
| JP3894614B2 (en) | 1996-03-18 | 2007-03-22 | 石原産業株式会社 | Method for producing lithium titanate |
| DE69842254D1 (en) * | 1997-07-15 | 2011-06-16 | Ishihara Sangyo Kaisha | LITHIUM STEAM TITANATE AND METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF |
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| JP3546793B2 (en) * | 2000-01-27 | 2004-07-28 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | Lithium ion secondary battery |
| US6827921B1 (en) * | 2001-02-01 | 2004-12-07 | Nanopowder Enterprises Inc. | Nanostructured Li4Ti5O12 powders and method of making the same |
| CA2454324C (en) | 2001-07-20 | 2012-01-03 | Altair Nanomaterials Inc. | Process for making lithium titanate |
| JP4249727B2 (en) * | 2005-05-13 | 2009-04-08 | 株式会社東芝 | Nonaqueous electrolyte battery and lithium titanium composite oxide |
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