CA2698454C - Improved in-situ combustion recovery process using single horizontal well to produce oil and combustion gases to surface - Google Patents

Abstract

An in-situ combustion process which process does not employ one or more separate gas venting wells. At least one vertical production well having a substantially vertical portion extending downwardly into the reservoir and a horizontal leg portion extending horizontally outwardly therefrom completed relatively low in the reservoir is provided. At least one vertical oxidizing gas injection well, positioned above and in spaced relation to the horizontal well, is positioned laterally along the horizontal well approximately midsection thereof. Oxidizing gas is injected therein and combustion fronts are caused to progress outwardly from such injection well in mutually opposite directions along the horizontal well. Preferably a plurality of injection wells are provided along the direction of the horizontal well, and oxidizing gas is injected in each and combustion fronts caused to progress outwardly and in opposite directions from each, and oil is caused to drain down into the horizontal well, which oil along with hot combustion gases is produced to surface.

Description

IMPROVED IN-SITU COMBUSTION RECOVERY PROCESS USING SINGLE
HORIZONTAL WELL TO PRODUCE OIL AND COMBUSTION GASES TO
SURFACE

FIELD OF THE INVENTON

This invention relates to a process for recovering viscous hydrocarbons from a subterranean reservoir using in-situ combustion, a vertical oxidizing gas injection well, and a separate horizontal well, and in particular to an improved process which does not employ separate additional gas venting wells.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
In situ combustion processes for producing oil from viscous underground hydrocarbon formations and various methods for separating hydrocarbons from subterranean formations containing hydrocarbons are well known in the art.

By way of example, US Patent 3,502,372 (M. Prats) discloses a process wherein shale oil and soluble aluminum compounds are recovered from a rubbleized or fragmented shale oil formation by top-down burning of the shale oil. The removal of oil is conducted to clean the shale for subsequent solution mining of the aluminum in the shale with alkaline chemicals. The pyrolyzing agent can be a hot mixture of air and water but it must be injected at a temperature over 500 F and the temperature in the formation must be controlled to 600-950 F to prevent damage to the minerals. The present invention, as discussed in the Summary of the Invention and thereafter in the Detailed Description does not require rubbleization of the reservoir or utilize top-down burning.
Rather, an established combustion front moves laterally along a horizontal well bore.

US Patent 3,515,212 (Allen et al) discloses an in situ combustion process combining forward and reverse in situ combustion between vertical wells. The region of an injection well is heated with steam to auto-ignition temperature and air is injected from an offset well and flows in the direction of the injection well. As the air enters the heated zone oil -I -CAL_LAW\ 1646531\5 zone near the injection well, ignition occurs. Combustion gas is withdrawn at the ignition well and the combustion front grows towards the offset well, in a reverse in situ combustion process. After the front approaches the offset well, air injection is undertaken at that well and the original injector is converted to an oil producer, and a forward in situ combustion process is initiated wherein the combustion front moves toward the original injection well, and is produced from the original injection well.

US Patent 4,566,537 (Gussis) relates to the production of immobile oil, such as the Athabasca bitumen. The problem of communication between vertical wells is overcome by conducting a series of cyclic steam cycles to heat the oil near the injector and create voidage. In a second stage air is injected high in the reservoir at one of the wells and combustion gases are produced at the other well, establishing communication between the wells at the top of the reservoir. This now enables steam injection at the base of one well, with oil production at the other well. This process is different than the process of the present invention, which as discussed below, utilizes gravity drainage into a horizontal producer and does not requiring a steam drive stage. Further, continuous removal of oil and combustion gas occurs in the same well.

US Patent 4,410,042 (Shu) discloses a method of conducting the early stage of in situ combustion that utilizes pure oxygen. Until the combustion front reaches a distance of 30 feet from the injector, the oxygen is diluted with carbon dioxide. Thereafter pure oxygen is injected. By way of contrast, as discussed in the Summary of the Invention and the detailed description, the process of the present invention does not employ mixtures of pure oxygen with carbon dioxide at any stage.

US Patent 4,418,751 (Emery) discloses an in situ combustion process wherein water is injected into the upper part of an oil reservoir separately from oxygen that is injected near the base. The water and combustion gases mix in the reservoir, vaporizing the water and scavenging heat. The present process does not require or employ the simultaneous injection of oxygen and water. In fact the injection of oxygen near the horizontal well at the base of the reservoir would be very dangerous since oxygen would enter the wellbore

-2 -CAL_LAW\ 1646531\5 and bum oil therein, causing high temperatures that would threaten the integrity of the wellbore and deposit coke that would partially plug the wellbore.

US Patent 4, 493,369 (Odeh et al) discloses essentially the same well and fluid arrangement as `751 with injection of oxidizing gas at the base of the reservoir and water at the top.

US Patent 5,456,315 discloses an in situ combustion process wherein an oxidizing gas is injected into vertical wells that are perforated in the upper part of an oil reservoir. The vertical wells are placed in a row directly above a horizontal well that is situated at the base of the reservoir. This orientation of wells is the same as the present process.
However, `315 requires a row of horizontal/vertical gas vent wells that are placed on either side of and parallel to a horizontal producer, but each situated at the top of the reservoir. The purpose of the vent wells is to withdraw the combustion gasses to the surface separately from the liquids that drain by gravity into the horizontal producer. The present process, as more fully described below, does not utilize separate combustion gas vent wells, but produces the liquids and gases together through the same horizontal well, and so it needs only one horizontal producer well, and thus substantially fewer expensive horizontal wells. In addition, the withdrawal of combustion gas separately from the liquids as done in the process of `315 eliminates convective heat transfer in the oil drainage zone, making the process of `315 less energy efficient. Specifically, by inhibiting mixing of combustion gas with liquids, `315 removes produced hydrogen from contact with hot oil so that the degree of in situ hydrocracking and oil in situ upgrading is greatly reduced. The removal of carbon dioxide, which occurs at 16% in the combustion gas, inhibits the solvency benefit which occurs in the present invention as described below, which present invention is thereby better able to further reduce oil viscosity and broaden the oil drainage zone, thereby resulting in higher oil production rates than the method disclosed in `315.

A further major drawback of vent gas withdrawal as disclosed in the `315 patent is process safety since the vent wells must be water-cooled on account of the high

-3-CAL-LAM 1646531\5 temperature attained from the burnt (and sometimes burning) vent gas inside the reservoir. Furthermore, recalling that the air injection wells and the vent wells are all at the top of the reservoir and are in communication, there is likelihood of oxygen mixing with hydrocarbon liquids and gases in the vent wells so as to create an explosive mixture therein or at the surface.

US Patent 5,339,897 (Leaute) discloses a process similar to `315 for producing hydrocarbons from tar sands wherein a vertical well is placed at the top of the oil-bearing reservoir over a horizontal producer and a second vertical well is emplaced offset from the first vertical well, also at the top of the reservoir, and laterally from the horizontal producer. Communication is accomplished between the vertical wells using hot fluids, then an oxidizing gas is injected in the well over the producer and combustion gas is withdrawn via the offset well. Heated oil drains downward to the producer.
Additionally, `897 process of injecting a cracking fluid such as superheated steam into the accumulated oil above the horizontal producer induce cracking reactions.

US Patent 5,626,191 (Greaves et al) discloses an in situ process wherein an oxidizing gas injector is placed near the top of an oil reservoir in the vicinity of the toe of a horizontal producer that is emplaced at the base of the reservoir. A combustion front is developed that is quasi-vertical, extends laterally and moves from the toe of the producer towards the heel of the producer. Oil and gas drain together into the same horizontal producer.
The present invention, as described below, is a valuable improvement over '191 because by placing the injector midway along the horizontal producer or placing multiple injectors above the producer as in the present invention greatly enhances the oil production rate and degree of oil upgrading at moderate cost. In this configuration, each injector sustains two combustion/drainage fronts instead on only one using `191.
Surprisingly, the combustion/drainage fronts advance at equal rates toward the toe and the heel of the producer. US Patent 5.626,191 is incorporated herein in its entirety.

US Patent 6,412,557 (Ayasse et al) is an improvement on `191 wherein a catalyst is emplaced in, on or around the horizontal producer well to enhance oil upgrading. US

-4 -CAL_LA W\ 1646531\5 Patent 6,412,557 is incorporated herein in its entirety.

US Patent 7,493,952 (Ayasse) discloses an improvement on `191 and `557 wherein a non-oxidizing gas is injected within the horizontal producer at the toe to prevent oxygen entry and enhance process safety by controlling temperature and pressure within the wellbore. US Patent 7,493,952 is incorporated herein in its entirety.

US Patent Publ. 20090308606 (US Pat. Appl. 12/280,832) (Ayasse) discloses an improvement to `191 and `952 wherein a diluent such as naphtha or other hydrocarbon solvent, or CO2 is injected in a long tubing extending to the toe of the horizontal producer well in order to control wellbore pressure and temperature and to facilitate flow of wellbore oil by density and viscosity reduction.

US Patent Pat. Pub. 20090200024 (US Appl. No. 12/068,881) (Ayasse et al) discloses a new process, similar to `191, wherein oxidizing gas is injected near the heel of a horizontal well, having a tubing extending to the toe. A combustion front develops with movement from the heel to the toe. The advantage of the process of the present invention, as more fully described below, over US ' 191 is that unlike US `191 the drilling of a distant vertical injector near the toe is not required. Rather, in the present invention, the injector could be drilled away from the toe, such as midway along the horizontal leg The advantage of the present process over US Application `881 is that a single injector well may be placed midway between the toe and heel of the horizontal producer well and dual combustion fronts will move towards the toe and heel without concern about burning up the vertical segment of the horizontal producer as could happen with '881 wherein the air injection point is nearby or at the vertical segment. The present invention, as with "881, also has the advantage of placing a vertical air injector well back from the toe of the horizontal well (for example at 500 meters from the toe for a 1000meter horizontal producer leg) so that surface inaccessibility, such as caused by a bog or lake at the toe region, will not prohibit the drilling of a vertical injector there and inhibit reservoir exploitation.

-5-CAL LAW\ 1646531\5 SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention is directed to an improved process for recovering viscous hydrocarbons from a subterranean reservoir using in-situ combustion, utilizing at least one oxidizing gas injection well and a separate horizontal well, and in particular to an improved process which does not employ separate additional vent gas wells and instead uses a horizontal well bore situated low in a formation to collect not only heated oil but also hot combustion gases, and to thereafter produce both to surface, where the oil is thereafter separated from the high temperature combustion gases.

In the embodiment of the invention where only one vertical injection well is utilized, the vertical injection well is disposed and completed in the upper part of the reservoir, for injecting oxygen-containing gas into the reservoir to support in-situ combustion therein.
Such vertical injection well is situated above the horizontal well and approximately at a midpoint along said horizontal well, and upon injection of an oxidizing gas into the reservoir via the injection well and upon ignition of hydrocarbons in such reservoir proximate such vertical injection well a combustion front is generated proximate the vertical injection well which combustion front propagates outwardly from the injection well in mutually opposite directions each mutually opposite direction being along the horizontal well, as well as laterally to the horizontal well. Both high temperature combustion gases and heated oil are drawn downwardly from the hydrocarbon formation and collected within the horizontal well, and thereafter are together produced to surface via such horizontal well, where at surface the hot combustion gases are separated from the oil using a multi-phase separator, vortex separating techniques or other techniques well known to persons of skill in the art, and further where desired the hot combustion gases are used to heat water so as to produce steam, preferably for use in powering steam turbines for the production of electrical power. Alternatively, the combustion gases, which contain flammable components such as methane, ethane, propane, carbon monoxide, hydrogen and hydrogen sulfide, may be combusted at the surface to produce electricity with a steam turbine or gas turbine. In processes with gas vent wells, these gases are combusted in the upper reaches of the reservoir and must be cooled to protect the vent wells from thermal damage, so that the energy is wasted.

-6 -CAL_LAW\ 1646531\5 Similarly, in a preferred embodiment of the process of the present invention employing multiple vertical oxidizing gas injection wells aligned and extending in a direction of the horizontal well, each vertical oxidizing gas injection well is completed above and appropriately spaced along the horizontal well bore, and dual combustion fronts of hot combustion gases and draining oil are created at each injector, which combustion fronts propagate along the horizontal wellbore substantially orthogonal to the horizontal well bore and through the hydrocarbon formation, in mutually opposite directions from the vertical injection well bore as well as towards the toe and the heel of the horizontal well.
For example, for 5-oxidizing gas injectors there will be generated ten (10) fluid drainage fronts, which provides high oil production rates an low extra cost.

Notably, if the inner diameter of the horizontal leg of the producer well is too small, then wellbore hydraulics interfere with the symmetry of combustion front advancement-the front advancement in the direction of the heel of the horizontal producer will be faster than toward the toe, thereby reducing efficiency of the process, and the symmetry of simultaneously proceeding equally in mutually opposite directions along the horizontal producer will be lost, and more importantly slowed in the direction progressing towards the toe.

Consequently, in a further preferred embodiment of the process of the present invention, where the horizontal well may have in the neighborhood of approximately 400 meters of reservoir above it, with corresponding wellbore hydraulics at such depth, the inner diameter of the horizontal leg of the producer well should be greater than 3-inches so as to maintain frontal advancement symmetry, preferably greater than 5-inches and most preferably greater than 7-inches to permit sufficient diameter in the producer well.

Also contemplated within this invention is a process whereby a plurality of vertical oxidizing gas wells may be initially completed above the horizontal well bore along a line thereof, and an oxidizing gas is injected initially into the formation at one of said vertical injection wells located approximately midsection of the horizontal well and a combustion front is formed proximate thereto, which advances in mutually opposite directions along

-7 -CAL LAW\ 1646531\5 the horizontal well. After the combustion front has advanced a given distance in mutually opposite directions past additional vertical oxidizing gas injection wells, on respective opposite sides of such initial injection well, further oxidizing gas may then be injected into one or each of said additional injection wells so as to sustain combustion and permit the combustion front(s) to continue to advance along the horizontal well bore.
Advantageously, by using a horizontal well bore to draw down both heated oil and hot combustion gases and then producing both oil and hot combustion gases (depleted of oxygen) to surface, the following advantages are cumulatively realized, namely:

(i) the hot combustion gases which are drawn into the horizontal production well along with the heated oil serve to keep the oil continuously heated and thus improve not only collection rates of such oil from the hydrocarbon formation but also ensures the viscosity of the heated oil remains low and thus such oil may be lifted to surface using gas "lift", eliminating the use and necessity of pumps;

(ii) fewer wells need be drilled, and in particular no gas vent wells need be drilled to separately collect and vent hot combustion gases, as was necessary with certain prior art processes; and (iii) hot combustion gases may be thereafter be used at surface to heat water so as to produce steam, which may be used for heating and/or to power steam turbines so as to generate electrical power, and thus energy which otherwise which would have been lost is thereby able to have been made use of in this process.
(iv) oil upgrading will be achieved because of higher oil temperatures and the comingling of oil in the reservoir with hydrogen generated in this process Specifically, with regard to advantage (ii) above, by situating a vertical injection well proximate the midsection of a horizontal well and by propagating the combustion front in two mutually opposite directions along such well bore, such allows more rapid

-8 -CAL_LAW\ 1646531\5 collection of oil than by the method disclosed in either US 5,626,191 ("toe to heel"
propagation of combustion front) or US 7,493,952 ("heel to toe" propagation of combustion front) which merely causes the combustion front to advance in a single direction along the horizontal well bore.

Moreover, by injecting an oxygen-containing gas at less than fracturing pressure through the injection well and establishing a zone of oxygen-containing gas around the injection well that extends upwards to the reservoir cap rock and downward (but not reaching) the horizontal production well, and establishing a water, oil and combustion gas drainage front that grows along the horizontal well in directions both towards the toe and towards the heel of the horizontal well and also grows perpendicularly to the strike of the horizontal well, the heated oil and water and the heated combustion gas may all drain under the influence of gravity and pressure forces and further be collected in the horizontal well free of oxygen or oxidizing gas, which greatly reduces the chance of explosion.. Compared with the process of vent gas withdrawal by separate vent wells, the present process preserves the valuable flammable components for production to the surface rather than burning them in the reservoir where the heat is wasted, and it utilizes some of the generated hydrogen to hydrocrack the hot oil, thus producing a stable partially upgraded oil.

Accordingly, in one broad aspect of the process of the present invention such process comprises an improved in situ combustion process for reducing the viscosity of oil contained in an oil-bearing reservoir and recovering said oil along with combustion gases from the reservoir, which process does not employ one or more separate combustion gas venting wells, comprising:

(a) providing at least one production well having a substantially vertical portion extending downwardly into said reservoir and having a horizontal leg portion in fluid communication with said vertical portion and extending horizontally outwardly therefrom, said horizontal leg portion completed relatively low in the reservoir;

-9 -CAL_LA W\ 1646531\5 (b) providing at least one injection well in a region intermediate opposite ends of said horizontal leg portion and in spaced relation to said horizontal leg portion and positioned substantially directly above said horizontal leg portion for injecting an oxidizing gas into said reservoir above said horizontal leg portion and in a region intermediate mutually opposite ends of said horizontal leg portion;

(c) injecting an oxidizing gas at less than fracturing pressure through said at least one injection well and initiating combustion of hydrocarbons in said reservoir proximate said injection well so as to establish at least one or more combustion fronts above said horizontal leg portion, said one or more combustion fronts causing oil in said reservoir to become reduced in viscosity and to drain downwardly into said horizontal leg portion;

(d) allowing high temperature combustion gases along with said oil of reduced viscosity to be together collected in said horizontal leg portion; and (e) producing said high temperature gases and said oil to surface; and (f) separating at surface or at the heel of said horizontal well said oil from said high temperature combustion gases.

In a first refinement of the above method, said at least one injection well comprises at least one vertical injection well situated along a length of the horizontal well and intermediate mutually opposite ends thereof extending downwardly from surface towards said horizontal leg portion, and upon injection of oxidizing gas and ignition thereof said injection well supplies said oxidizing gas to at least two combustion fronts which each move in opposite directions outwardly from said vertical injection well and in a direction along said horizontal leg portion of said production well.

In a second alternative refinement, said at least one injection well comprises a horizontal well extending both above and along said horizontal leg portion of said production well, for injecting said oxidizing gas above said horizontal leg portion of said production well.

Alternatively, in another broad aspect of the method of the present invention, such method comprises an improved in-situ combustion process for reducing the viscosity of

-10-CAL_LAW\ 1646531\5 oil contained in an oil-bearing reservoir and recovering said oil of reduced viscosity from the formation, which process does not employ one or more separate combustion gas venting wells, further comprising:

(a) drilling at least one production well having a substantially vertical portion extending downwardly into said reservoir and having a horizontal leg portion in fluid communication with said vertical portion and extending horizontally outwardly therefrom, said horizontal leg portion completed relatively low in the reservoir;

(b) drilling at least one injection well located directly above said horizontal leg portion and in substantial alignment therewith, positioned or extending intermediate opposite ends of said horizontal leg portion;

(c) injecting an oxidizing gas into said reservoir via each of said vertical wells located along said horizontal welibore;

(d) initiating in situ combustion in said reservoir proximate said injection well so as to form at least a pair of vertically-extending combustion fronts advancing laterally in opposite directions along said horizontal leg portion, said combustion fronts causing oil in said formation to become reduced in viscosity and to drain downwardly into said horizontal leg portion;

(e) collecting high temperature combustion gases along with said oil of reduced viscosity in said horizontal leg; and (f) simultaneously producing such high temperature gases and oil to surface;
and (g) separating at surface or at the heel of said horizontal well said oil from said high temperature gases.

In a further refinement, where combustion is only initiated at a vertical injection well located midpoint along the horizontal well, upon the substantially vertical combustion front advancing laterally along said horizontal well bore and past further vertical injection wells, oxidizing gas is injected into said reservoir at said succession further vertical CAL LAW\ 1646531\5 injection wells to accelerate movement of the vertical combustion fronts in both directions along said horizontal well.

In a still further embodiment, such improved in-situ combustion process (which process does not employ one or more separate combustion gas venting wells) comprises:

(a) providing at least one production well having a substantially vertical portion extending downwardly into said reservoir and having a horizontal leg portion in fluid communication with said vertical portion and extending horizontally outwardly therefrom, said horizontal leg portion completed relatively low in the reservoir;

(b) providing a plurality of vertical injection wells positioned directly above said horizontal leg portion and in substantial alignment therewith, extending downwardly towards said horizontal leg portion;

(c) injecting an oxidizing gas into said reservoir via at least two of said vertical wells;

(d) initiating in situ combustion in said reservoir proximate said at least two vertical injection wells so as to form at each injection well a pair of vertically-extending combustion fronts which advance laterally in opposite directions along said horizontal leg portion and outwardly from each of said at least two vertical injection wells, said combustion fronts causing oil in said formation to become reduced in viscosity and to drain downwardly into said horizontal leg portion;

(e) collecting high temperature combustion gases along with said oil of reduced viscosity in said horizontal leg; and (f) thereafter producing such high temperature gases and oil to surface; and (g) separating at surface said oil from said high temperature gases.

In a further refinement of such immediately-preceding process, said substantially vertical combustion front advancing laterally along said horizontal well bore past a further one of said plurality of injection wells, oxidizing gas is injected into said reservoir at said further one of said injection wells.

CAL_LAW\ 1646531\5 Optionally, cyclically or directly stimulating the reservoir with steam through the injection well and the production well may be initially conducted prior to initiating in situ combustion, in order to establish fluid communication between the injection well and the horizontal oil production well, to better ensure the flow of heated combustion gases and heated oil once in-situ combustion is initiated. Optionally, oil ignition may be enabled or assisted by the known technique of injecting linseed oil or other fluid which is easily ignited into the reservoir through the air perforations.

It will be noted that the process of the present invention advantageously comprises and is characterized by the following features:

(i) There is no split production of the liquid and gas phases since they both enter the same production well (i.e. the horizontal well) completed low in the reservoir near the base thereof;

(ii) The high gas/liquid ratio in the horizontal well, when using air as an oxidizing gas, due to depth of the well and ingress of high temperature gases into the production well, assures that natural gas lift will be effective in a reservoir that is not pressure-depleted so that the use of pumps is unnecessary, reducing process complexity and cost;

(iii) As a direct consequence of the oil and combustion gas (and sometimes water and/or steam) flowing together into the horizontal well bore, high energy efficiency is achieved because all the combustion heat energy is transferred convectively to the oil inside of and ahead of the drainage zone in the reservoir, which thereby due to the energy transfer from combustion gases to the oil provides the greatest viscosity decrease of the fluids and maximizes the oil production rate. The air-oil ratio is also decreased, reflecting increased energy efficiency compared with the case of split gas and liquid production with different wells;

(iv) Co-production of combustion gas and hydrocarbon liquids also improves the oil production rate because CO2 present in the combustion gas permeates the oil CAL LAW\ 1646531\5 ahead of the drainage front and acts as a solvent to further reduce oil viscosity and facilitate oil drainage into the horizontal well. Also, CO2 in the combustion gas has its highest solubility in cold oil, so that the drainage zone is made wider as a consequence of CO2 dissolving in cold oil;

(iv) Hydrogen entrained with the flowing hot oil in the drainage zone and in the wellbore enables hydrocracking and partial upgrading of the oil (v) Low air injection pressure is required in the present process because the combustion gas is in direct communication with the nearby horizontal production well, being distant at most by the thickness of the oil zone.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the accompanying drawings which illustrate exemplary embodiments of the present invention:

Figure 1 is a cross section through an oil-bearing reservoir, showing the arrangement of wells used to carry out the method of the invention, such cross section cutting through both the vertical injection well and horizontal/vertical production well pair.
A layer of overburden lies over the oil-bearing reservoir, into which are placed a vertical oxidizing gas injection well and a vertical/horizontal well pair for producing the oil;

Figure 2 is a cross-sectional through the oil-bearing reservoir shown in Figure 1, taken along plane B-B, with the horizontal production well shown in cross-section;

Figure 3 is a partially-transparent top view of the oil-bearing reservoir shown in Figure 1 from numerical simulation;

Figure 4 is a cross-section through an oil-bearing reservoir similar to Figure 1, showing a variation of the method of the present invention, where a plurality of oxidizing gas injection wells are used to advance a combustion front in two mutually opposite directions; and CAL_LAW\ 1646531\5 Figure 5 is similar to Figure 1, but employing 5- oxidizing gas injection wells as simultaneous injectors.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

Referring to Figure 1, an oil-bearing reservoir 20 shown in Figure 1 is typically covered by an overburden 1, preferably constituted of shale or cap rock sufficiently thick to be substantially impermeable to gas flow so that the injected oxygen-containing gas 22 will be contained within the oil-bearing reservoir 20.

In accordance with the method of the present invention, at least one vertical oxidizing gas injection well 6a is drilled from the surface 30 downwardly into an upper portion of the reservoir 20, and is perforated so as to permit injection of oxidizing gas 22 into reservoir 20 proximate the top of the oil-bearing reservoir 20, such oxidizing gas being compressed and forced within well 6a via compressor 71.

A horizontal/vertical production well pair 9 is provided, having a vertical well portion 10 and a horizontal portion 8. The horizontal well portion 8 is completed low in the reservoir and preferable extending substantially across a length of an oil-bearing reservoir 20 or 20 a portion thereof from which oil is desired to be recovered by the process of the present invention. The casing of the horizontal well, is perforated as shown in Figures 1 and 4, or may consist of porous screens, as shown and taught in PCT/CA to the assignee herein, Archon Technologies Ltd., narrow slots or FacsRiteTM1 screen plugs and the such to permit ingress of hot oil 3 and hot combustion gases 5 from the reservoir 20 into the horizontal well 8, for subsequent production to surface 30. The inner diameter of the horizontal producer well is preferably greater than 3-inches so as to maintain frontal advancement symmetry, and preferably greater than 5-inches and most preferably greater than 7-inches (ie an inner diameter of approximately 9 5/8 inches in typical current standard wellbore size) to permit sufficient diameter in the producer well.

The at least one oxidizing gas injector well 6a, in accordance with the method of the present invention, is located above and approximately midway along horizontal well bore FacsRiteTM is a trademark of Shlumberger Inc. for producing well sand screens.

CALLAW\ 1646531\5 8 (i.e. wherein distance "d1" is approximately equal to distance "d2" as shown in Figure 1), although the precise position may be altered based on known reservoir heterogeneity or other factors.

The first step in starting and conducting the oil recovery process of the present invention, in a preferred embodiment, is to establish fluid communication between the vertical injection well 6a and the horizontal production well 8 so that oxidizing gas 22 can more easily be injected into the reservoir 20 and heated oil 3 and combustion gas 5 can be removed from the reservoir 20 via horizontal/vertical well pair 9. Initially, steam (not shown) may be injected cyclically or continuously in the vertical well 6a, and also injected from surface into horizontal well 8 and circulated therein to heat the horizontal well 8 and increase mobility of heated oil 3 therein. The pressure of the initially-injected steam is not to be so great so as to force large volumes of steam directly through reservoir 20 and into horizontal well 8, but merely sufficient to assist viscous liquids in reservoir 20 to be assisted under such assisting pressure to drain downwards in reservoir to an area of lower pressure, namely the region of horizontal well 8 which horizontal 20 well 8 removes fluids from such region and thereby creates an area of relatively lower pressure, and thus establishes fluid flow in such direction). For oil 3 that is immobile at reservoir conditions, steam may also be injected via the injection well 6a in a continuous manner, relying on reservoir dilation to achieve steam injectivity. When the oil 3 is so viscous that it is immobile in the reservoir 20 , pre-heating the horizontal production well 8 prevents oil 3 from solidifying in the horizontal well 8 and inhibiting production, especially when the production well 8 must be shut-in, as may happen should difficulties occur with the surface oil-treating facilities. Such pre-heating may be conducted by circulating steam in the horizontal leg 8 from the toe 40 to the heel 42 of the horizontal well 8. The circulation is achieved by placing a long tubing (not shown) within the horizontal well 8 for injecting steam that flows via the tubing to the toe 40 and returns back the heel 42 via the annular space between the tubing and horizontal well casing 8 and thereafter to surface 30. Once fluid communication is established between the injector well 6a and horizontal producer well 8, an oxygen-containing gas, for example air, oxygen-enriched air, C02-enriched air or an oxygen-CO2 mixture, is injected into the reservoir 20 via injector well 6a as shown in Figure 1. At first, relatively moderate air CAL_LAW\ 1646531\5 rates are used, but these rates are ramped up to the target maximum while keeping the wellbore temperature below about 350 C as measured by a string of thermocouples placed in the wellbore. After initiating injection of oxidizing gas, combustion by-products such as CO2 will appear at the surface in the produced gas, indicating that combustion has been achieved in the reservoir.

Pre-heating the reservoir 20 near the vertical injector well 6a serves a second important purpose because oil at steam temperatures is usually able to auto ignite and start the burning and oil production processes. It also reduces the oil saturation in the sand near the vertical injector, which serves to reduce the strength of the combustion exotherm and prevent over-heating the injector well.

At the beginning of the in-situ combustion process, when oxidizing gas 22 contacts oil 3 in formation 20, burning reactions occur and coke is created in region 4 immediately following the combustion fronts 50, as shown in Figures 1-4. Thereafter, coke is the only fuel consumed, which after consumption leaves a burned-out zone 2, as shown in Figures 1-4. Coke, in region 4 (see Figures 1-4), is constituted of small carbonaceous particles dispersed on the sand grains. The hydrogen/carbon ratio is typically 1.13 as measured in laboratory reactors and refinery cokers involving Athabasca bitumen. The sands containing coke particles remain substantially permeable to gas, so that the oxidizing gas 22 and the produced combustion gas 4 can readily flow through, contacting cold oil and transferring heat. The convective oil heating is so extensive that oil hydrocracking occurs on account of high temperatures produced during coke combustion and the presence of generated hydrogen. The present process will operate similarly to the THAI2TM
(Toe-to-Heel Air Injection) process with regard to the burning mechanism and drainage front.
Petrobank Energy and Resources Ltd., operating the THAITM process at Conklin, Alberta has reported reservoir temperatures over 600 C, up to 8 volume percent hydrogen in the produced gas and 3-4 points of bitumen upgrading. Consequently, the produced oil 3 from the present invention will be substantially upgraded.

2 THAITM is a registered trademark of Archon Technologies Ltd, of Calgary, Alberta, for the services of licensing of a particular patented method/technology for enhanced oil recovery from petroleum formations.

CAL_LAW\ 1646531\5 Advantageously, in the method of the present invention which provides for removing hot combustion gases 5 via horizontal/vertical well pair 9, such allows significant advantages to be achieved over the prior art such as the process of US patent 5,456,315, which relied on extra wells 4 (see Fig. 2 of US 5,456,315) placed in the upper reaches of the reservoir to remove such combustion gases. Disadvantageously, such prior art methods as shown in U.S Patent 5,456,315 greatly reduce the ability to provide convective heat transfer from the hot combustion gases to the oil, and further disadvantageously such prior art methods remove produced hydrogen needed for hydrocracking, as well as CO2 solvent which further serves to advantageously reduce the viscosity of the oil. Such prior art processes, by relying mainly on conductive heat transfer, are less energy efficient and have lower oil rates than the present process. In the present process, a fluid drainage zone 15 is established and the hot upgraded oil 3, (as well as water/steam (not shown) and combustion gases 5 flow downward and into the horizontal well 8 for conveyance together to the surface 30. As the process proceeds, the outer part of the coke layer 4 nearest the injected oxygen-containing gas 22 burns away and fresh coke is laid down where the hot combustion gas first contacts oil. In this operation, reservoir oil 3 never meets oxygen, so that oxygenated organics are not made and the produced oil emulsions are easy to break in oil treating facilities at the surface. The oil 3 beyond the fluid drainage zone 15 remains substantially un- heated until the drainage zone 15 and combustion front 50 advances. For reservoirs 20 containing mobile oil, un-heated native oil 3 away from the combustion drainage front 15 mixes with hydrocracked oil 3 in the horizontal well 8 to reduce the overall degree of upgrading. However, for mobile-oil reservoirs the oil production rate is increased because the entire horizontal wellbore is productive throughout the life of the well. In all reservoirs 20, the zone of injected oxidizing gas remains isolated from the horizontal well by a layer 24 of oil 3, preventing entry of oxidizing gas (e.g. oxygen) into the horizontal well 8. This layer 24 is fed by hot upgraded oil 3 that drains from the laterally expanding combustion front 50 and flows at the base of the reservoir 20 into the horizontal well 8. As the process of the present invention proceeds, the volume of oil 3 entering the horizontal well 8 from the protective layer 24 increases relative to the volume of oil 3 draining along with combustion gases 5 (ef Figure 1 and Figure 4 as to increased volume of layer 24) .

CAL LAW\ 1646531\5 Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view along plane B-B of the oil-bearing reservoir 20 and present method shown in Figure 1, with identical components identically itemized to those of Figure 1. This figure shows how the protective oil layer over the horizontal well is formed.

Figure 3 is a top-down view of the present process showing the oil-bearing reservoir 20, the burned zone 2, the coke fuel deposit zone 4 and the fluid drainage zone 15. The oxygen-containing gas injector well 6a is located in the upper part of the oil-bearing reservoir 20 and the horizontal segment 8 of the production well pair 9 is at the base of the reservoir 20. The vertical segment 10 of the horizontal/vertical well pair 9 is connected to the horizontal segment 8 at the heel 42 of the production well 9 and connects to the surface oil treating facilities (not shown). While the fluid drainage zone 15 intersects the horizontal well 8 at two points, 17 and 18, nevertheless all produced oil 3 moves inside the horizontal well 8 towards the heel 42 of the horizontal well 8.
Surprisingly, the distance between the projection of the injector well 6a and the drainage entry points 17, 18 into the horizontal well 8 remains substantially equal throughout the operation of the process. One would have expected that portion (entry point) 18 of the drainage zone 15 moving towards the heel 42 of the horizontal producer well 8 would advance much faster than that portion (entry point) 17 of drainage zone 15 that moves towards the toe 40, since portion (entry point) 18 is nearer the low pressure heel 42-however that is not the case.

Referring to Figure 1, the cap rock overburden 1 prevents fluids, including oxidizing gas 22, from escaping the oil-bearing reservoir 20. Figure 1 also shows the burned zone 2, the coke fuel deposit zone 4, the fluid drainage zone 15, the oxygen-containing gas injector 6a, the horizontal leg 8 of the production well pair 9, and the vertical segment of the horizontal producer 9.

As the process of the present invention shown in Figure 1 proceeds, each of the coke zones 4 and fluid drainage zones 15 move laterally outwardly from the injection well 6a, in two mutually opposite directions, firstly towards the toe 40 and secondly towards the heel 42 of the production well pair 9, as do the fluid entry points 17, 18, and the burned CAL_LAW\ 1646531\5 zone 2 expands. (cf Figure 1, and Figure 4) This process continues until the fluid drainage zones 15 reach the toe 40 and the heel 42, which will occur at approximately the same time if the injector well 6a is placed midpoint along the horizontal well 8 of the production well pair 9. Importantly, the oil bank 24, protecting the horizontal well 8 from exposure to oxygen, thickens with oil 3, as shown in Figure 4 that drains from the drainage regions 15 into the horizontal well at points 17, 18. Once the toe 40 and heel 42 endpoints are reached by the drainage points 17, 18, the oxidizing gas injection rate must be reduced or halted to prevent over-pressuring the reservoir which would either cause fracturing of the reservoir, or force oxygen entry into the horizontal well 8.

Specifically, ingress of oxygen or oxygen-containing gas into the horizontal well 8 or vertical well 10 is to be prevented because otherwise oil 3 therein will be capable of burning or exploding thus causing very high temperatures that could damage the production well pair 9 and cause extensive coke formation that could plug the production well pair 9. One way of controlling temperature and pressure in horizontal well 8 (and thus also vertical well 10) is to continue the circulation of steam or non-oxidizing gas through wellbore tubing (not shown, but described above) that was used for pre-heating the horizontal well 8. Very low steam rates, typically 1-10 m3/d are adequate.
A
thermocouple string (not shown) placed alongside the tubing (not shown) in the horizontal well 8 will alert operators that the steam rate needs to be increased to reduce temperature of horizontal well 8.

Provision of tubing in horizontal well 8 , in addition to allowing provision of steam to pre-heat horizontal well bore 8 and surrounding areas of horizontal well bore 8 and to initiate fluid communication between reservoir 20 and horizontal well 8, may also advantageously be used to supply a diluent to oil 3 in horizontal wellbore 8, and in particular a hydrocarbon diluent such as VAPEX, hydrocarbon solvents or naphtha, or alternatively CO2 , as suggested in co-pending US patent application 20090308606 (US
Pat. Appl. 12/280,832), hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, and commonly assigned to the assignee of the within invention. Advantageously, injecting CO2 into tubing within horizontal well 8 has the advantages of not only acting as a diluent to the oil 3 being collected within the horizontal well 8 and in pool CAL_LAW\ 1646531\5 surrounding horizontal well 8, but further serves to slightly pressurize the horizontal well 8 and thereby assist in preventing any ingress of oxidizing gas 22, which if permitted to enter the horizontal well 8 after drawdown of oil layer 24, could create a potentially explosive mixture with the oil 3 therein.

After the toe 40 and heel 42 of horizontal well 8 are simultaneously reached by the to drainage fronts 17, 18, a new stage of operation begins- the drawdown stage.
Specifically, at this point in time there will no longer be sufficient quantities of high temperature gases 5 produced to provide natural gas lift of oil 3 to surface 30 because the entire length of the horizontal well 8 will be covered by layer 24 and sealed with oil 3. Therefore, liquid pumping or artificial gas lift is required to recover the large pool of hot upgraded oil 3 remaining at the base of the reservoir 20. The oxidizing gas 22 injection rate into the injector well 6a is then adjusted to maintain an injection pressure substantially below reservoir fracture pressure. A maximum oxidizing gas injection pressure of less than 70% over the reservoir pressure is preferred, and less than 50% over reservoir pressure is most preferred during the drawdown stage. The drawdown stage is advantageous because compressed gas requirements are low and output of the compressor 71 providing compressed air as the oxidizing gas 22 can be substantially re-directed to new operations that initially require large volumes of oxidizing gas 22. The gas/oil ratio is much lower during the drawdown stage which boosts the overall energy efficiency of this process. For Athabasca tar sands, the cumulative air oil ratio can be as low as 715:1 (m3 air/m3 Oil).

The process is characterized by smooth and consistent operation with oil recovery factors up to 80 %, and it minimizes thermal cycling of the producers which leads to frequent wellbore failures in steam processes such as steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD).

In situations where poor reservoir permeability exists, it may be necessary to use a plurality of oxidizing gas injector wells 6a, 6b, as shown in Figure 4 and adapt the method of the present invention accordingly. Accordingly, in a further refinement of the present invention, upon combustion fronts 50 proceeding a specified distance from original oxidizing gas injector well 6a, additional oxidizing gas injector wells 6b, CAL LAW\ 1646531\5 (completed on mutually opposite sides of injector well 6a) may further be, after combustion fronts have progressed outwardly past them as shown in Figure 4, each provided with oxidizing gas (air) 22 via compressor 71 for injection into the reservoir 20 to ensure combustion fronts 50 continue to advance outwardly in the direction of toe 40 and heel 42 of horizontal well and do not fail to advance and/or become extinguished.

Additional injector wells 6b, as shown in Figure 4, may be completed on opposite sides of initial injector well 6a prior to initial commencement of the process of the present invention, or alternatively may be drilled and completed upon the process being initiated for a period of time and it becoming apparent that the combustion fronts 50 have advanced to a point where they are too remote from original injector well 6a and require more immediate and proximate supply of oxidizing gas 22 in order for the combustion fronts 50 to progress outwardly along horizontal well 8 and the process thereby continue .
The further step of utilizing or completing additional gas injection wells 6b may be repeated, as necessary, each on respective outward sides of earlier-completed injection wells 6b, until such time as points of intersection 17, 18 of drainage zone 15 respectively reach toe portion 40 and heel portion 42 of horizontal well 8.

In the most favored embodiment of the present process, multiple oxidizing gas injectors are employed from the outset.

Referring to Figure 5, there are 5-oxidizing gas injectors, 6a-6e, in a bitumen reservoir 20 and spaced as indicated in positions as indicated where x = well length divided by the number of injectors. This arrangement assures that the burning fronts, whose direction of movement is indicated by arrows, all join or reach the toe and heel all at the same time. If the injectors are misplaced the process will operate the same way with all the benefits, but the energy efficiency will be somewhat compromised. The oil 3 covering over the horizontal well isolates it from the oxygen. At approximately the time that the combustion fronts reach the toe and heel the drainage points 17a-17e and 18a-18e will merge and the horizontal well will be covered entirely with oil. If the air injection rate is kept high, the reservoir will over-pressure: Therefore, operational control is switched from gas flow control to gas pressure control. Consequently, from then onwards the gas CAL_LAW\ 1646531\5 injection rate becomes much diminished while the drained oil spread over the lower section of the reservoir flows into the horizontal producing well. Because of the low gas-oil-ratio during this drawdown stage the oil must be produced by pumping or artificial lift.

As compared with the use of a single oxidizing gas injection well, the use of multiple wells reduces the amount of air that can be safely injected into a single injector, but increases total injectable over all the injectors, which greatly increases the oil production rate.

Table 1 below gives a list of list of Numerical Model Parameters used in this Example.
Numerical simulator: STARSTM 2009.1, Computer Modelling Group Limited Model dimensions:

Length: 540 meters, 216 grid blocks at 2.5 meters each Width: 50 m, 20 grid blocks of 2.5 meters each with an element of symmetry, giving a wellbore spacing of 100 m Height: 20m, 20 grid blocks of 1-meter each Horizontal production well A discrete horizontal wellbore of 500 m extended from grid blocks 9 to 208, leaving a 20-meter buffer zone on either end of the horizontal well. The inner diameter of the horizontal leg was 9 5/8 inches. A steam rate in the horizontal well tubing of 10 m3/d (water equivalent) was maintained throughout all the tests, although this procedure is optional.

Steam and oxidizing gas injector(s) A number of models were run having from 1- 5-vertical injectors placed over the CAL_LAW\ 1646531\5 horizontal producer and perforated in grid blocks 6-9 for steam pre-heating (for 3-months) and at the top 4-grid blocks for air injection. Air rates per injector started at 10,000 m3/d and increased to a maximum of 100,000 m3/d.

Table 1. Reservoir properties, oil properties and well control.
Reservoir Properties Reservoir Units Rock Pay thickness m 20 Porosity % IV
Oil saturation % 80 Water saturation % 20 Gas mole fraction % 0 H. permeability mD 6700 V. permeability mD 5O
Reservoir temperature C 12 Reservoir pressure kPa 2600 Rock compressibility /Kpa 3.5 Conductivity J/m.d.C 1.5E+5 Heat capacity J/m'.c 2.35E+6 Oil Properties (Athabasca bitumen) 30 Density Kg/m-' 995.7 Viscosity cP 200,000 Molecular weight AMU 508 Mole fraction 0.886 Heat capacity Combustion enthalpy J/gmole 6.29 The wells were controlled using the following parameters:
Air injection pressure max. kPa 6075 Producer BHP Minimum kPa 2600 Air rate max. per injector In '/d 20k-1Y6k Test Runs Seven numerical simulation runs were conducted: The results are provided in Table 2.
Run 1 was for the THAI process of US Patent' 191 and is for comparative purposes only.
Runs 2-7 are with oxidizing gas injectors placed over the horizontal producer well along CAL_LAW\ 1646531\5 its length so that the distance between the midpoints between adjacent injectors or the ends of the producer are equal. The grid block numbers for the air injector locations were as follows:
Run 1- 9 Run 2 -109 Run 3- 59, 158 Run 4 -42,109, 175 Run 5 -29, 69, 109, 149, 188 Run 6- 29, 69, 109, 149, 188 It was found that the oil drainage over the horizontal well 8 from each injector well was complete at the same time with this configuration. However, such a configuration of injectors is not imperative. The combustion also worked well with highly asymmetric injector orientations. Compared with the well configuration of US Patent '191 (the "THATM" process), where a single injector is placed near the toe of the horizontal producer and has a single drainage front, Runs 2-7 had two drainage fronts for each air injector.

Runs 1-6 all had the same total maximum air injection rate, 100,000 m3/day, so that the efficiency of each Run could be compared with the same air compressor capacity. For the Runs with multiple air injectors, the total air was divided evenly between the injectors.
For example, Run 2 the single injector 6a received all of the available air, 100,000 m3/d, while Run 6, with 5-injectors, received only 20,000 m3/d of air per injector.
In order to quantify the benefit of increasing total air compressor capacity, in Run 7 it was increased from 100,000 to 300,000 m3/d total, providing 60,000 m3/d of air in each of the 5-injectors. The air rate per injector well was ramped-up with the following monthly schedule until the targeted maximum air rate was achieved: 10,000 m3/d;
20,000; 33,333;
50,000; 70,000 and 100,000. After all of the desired maximum air rate was the reached this rate was continued until the burning front simultaneously reached the toe and heel of the horizontal producer. At that point, the exit points for the combustion gas into the horizontal well became sealed by the oil layer covering the horizontal well and it was necessary to control the air rate by injection pressure, otherwise, fracture pressure would have been exceeded. An injection pressure of 4000 kPa was selected, and this was CAL_LAW\ 1646531\5 sufficient to fill the voidage from producing oil. The air requirements after the front reached the toe and heel of the producer were greatly reduced from the targeted maximum and so the air/oil ratio became reduced.

`Peak oil rate' refers to the highest oil rate achieved in a Run. For Runs with 1 or 2-air injectors.

Table 2. Numerical simulation results Run number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 #Air 1* 1 2 3 4 5 5 Injectors THAI
Max. Air per injector, 100k 100k 50k 33.3k 25k 20k 60k m3/da .well Max. Total Air injected, m3/day 100 100 100 100 100 100 300 Oil rate after first 28 47 57 68 81 90 156 year, m3/d Peak oil rate, 183 141 141 134 130 121 176 m3/d Days to 60%
Oil Recovery 2948 2067 2045 2019 1992 1990 1923 Factor Recovery factor at 30m3d oil rate, % 72 77 78 77 77 78 78 Minimum Cumulative 1291 1023 1021 923 819 764 924 Air/Oil ratio * Results for the THAI process- not part of the present invention.
Comparing Runs 1 and 2, there were two major benefits. Firstly, Run 2 gave a much higher oil rate after the first year of operation: 47 m3/d versus 28 m3/d for THAT, for the same injector capital cost and the same rate of air compression cost. This is very important to the economics of oil production and was achieved by simply moving the air injector to a different location relative to THAT. Secondly, the air/oil ratio was substantially lower in Run 2, 1023 instead of 1291. A major operating cost of combustion processes is the air compression energy cost and this was accordingly lower by 20% [i.e.
(1291-1023)/1291 ] using a single central injector compared with THAT.
Additionally to the benefits of high early oil rates and low energy cost, the use of a central injector provided a higher oil recovery factor (percent of original- oil- in -place that is recovered).

CAI, LAW\ 1646531\5 The use of multiple air injectors placed over the producer horizontal well is represented in Runs 3-6. As the number if injectors are increased, further benefits of high early oil production rates are achieved, reaching 90 m3/d with 5-injectors. Also the energy efficiency of the process is substantially improved with multiple injectors, reaching 764 m3 air/m3 oil for a 25% improvement compared with a single central air injector.
Comparing Run 6 and Run 7, both Runs have 5-injector wells and the only difference is in the air injection rates. By increasing the air rate from 20,000 m3/d-well to 60,000 m3/d-well, a large benefit in early oil rate and peak oil rate is achieved, although at a slight reduction in energy efficiency. Comparing Run 7 with Run 1 (prior art), employing 5-air injectors and 3-times the peak air rate increased the first-year oil rate 5.57-fold.

Those skilled in the art will be able to select the optimum combination of air rate and the optimum number of air injectors for a specific reservoir and business environment, factoring in parameters such as electricity rates (for air compression) and vertical well drilling costs. It should be noted that a so-called "SMART" well horizontal could be drilled from the same drilling pad as the horizontal well in the present process for air injection at various points in the upper portion of the reservoir. In SMART
wells there are individual perforated sections and each is isolated with packers and has its own separate tubing string from the surface that enables specific air volumes to be delivered to each perforated section. A SMART well could be advantageous for instances where there is a lake or other impediment on the land surface over the reservoir that would impede drilling vertical air injector wells.

While a number of particular embodiments of the present invention have been described above, it is to be understood that other embodiments are possible within the scope of the invention and are intended to be included herein. It will now be clear to any person skilled in the art that various modifications to this invention, not shown, are possible without departing from the scope of the invention as exemplified by the examples herein.
For a complete definition of the scope of the invention, reference is to be had to the appended claims.

CAL LAW\ 1646531\5

Claims (21)

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. An improved in-situ combustion process for reducing the viscosity of oil contained in an oil-containing reservoir and recovering said oil, along with combustion gases, from the reservoir, which process does not employ one or more separate combustion gas venting wells, comprising:

(a) providing at least one production well having a substantially vertical portion extending downwardly into said reservoir, and having a horizontal leg portion in fluid communication with said vertical portion and extending horizontally outwardly therefrom, said horizontal leg portion completed relatively low in the reservoir;

(b) providing at least one injection well in a region intermediate opposite ends of said horizontal leg portion and in spaced relation to said horizontal leg portion and positioned substantially directly above said horizontal leg portion and in substantial vertical alignment therewith, for injecting an oxidizing gas into said reservoir above said horizontal leg portion and in a region intermediate mutually opposite ends of said horizontal leg portion;

(c) injecting an oxidizing gas through said at least one injection well and initiating combustion of hydrocarbons in said reservoir proximate said injection well so as to establish at least one or more combustion fronts above said horizontal leg portion, said one or more combustion fronts causing oil in said reservoir to become reduced in viscosity above said horizontal leg portion and to drain downwardly into said horizontal leg portion;

(d) allowing high temperature combustion gases along with said oil of reduced viscosity to be together collected in said horizontal leg portion; and (e) producing said high temperature gases and said oil to surface; and (f) separating at the heel of said horizontal well or at surface said oil from said high temperature combustion gases.

2. The process of claim 1, wherein said at least one injection well injects oxidizing gas into said formation via said at least one injection well at less than fracturing pressure.

3. The process of claim 1 or 2, wherein said at least one injection well comprises at least one vertical injection well situated along a length of the horizontal well and intermediate mutually opposite ends thereof, extending downwardly from surface towards said horizontal leg portion, and upon injection of oxidizing gas and ignition thereof said injection well supplies said oxidizing gas to at least two combustion fronts which each move in opposite directions outwardly from said vertical injection well and in a direction along said horizontal leg portion of said production well.

4. The process of claim 1, 2, or 3 wherein a plurality of vertical injection wells are placed above and along a length of the horizontal well, and a combustion front is initiated at each injection well which progresses outwardly from each injection well in opposite directions, along a line of said horizontal well.

5. The process of claim 1 or 2, wherein said at least one injection well comprises a horizontal injection well extending both above and along said horizontal leg portion of said production well, for injecting said oxidizing gas above said horizontal leg portion of said production well.

6. The process of claim 5, wherein said at least one injection well injects oxidizing gas into the formation at a plurality of locations above said horizontal leg portion, so as to establish at least a pair of combustion fronts at each location which advance laterally outwardly from each location in opposite directions along said horizontal leg portion of said production well in a direction along said horizontal leg portion of said production well.

7. The process of claim 1, wherein said hot combustion gases are subsequently used to heat water.

8. The process of claim 7, wherein said heated water is subsequently used to produce steam for use in producing electrical power using turbines.

9. The process of claim 1, wherein said high temperature combustion gases are used or further burned to produce electricity using gas turbines or steam turbines.

10. The process of any one of claims 1-9 wherein a tubing is placed within the horizontal leg portion of said production well, and a medium selected from the group of mediums comprising water, steam, non-oxidizing gas including CO2, hydrocarbon diluent, and mixtures thereof, is injected therein.

11. The process of claim 1 wherein the inner diameter of the horizontal leg portion of the production well is greater than 3 inches.

12. The process of claim 11 wherein the inner diameter of the horizontal leg portion of the production well is greater than 5 inches.

13. The process of claim 12 wherein the inner diameter of the horizontal leg portion of the production well is greater than 7 inches.

14. The process of any one of claims 1 -6 and 10 wherein the oxidizing gas contains oxygen and CO2.

15. The process of any one of claims 1-6 wherein the oxidizing gas injection pressure is limited to a maximum of less than 50% over the reservoir pressure by adjusting the oxidizing gas injection rate.

16. An improved in-situ combustion process for reducing the viscosity of oil contained in an oil-containing reservoir and recovering said oil, along with combustion gases, from the reservoir, which process does not employ one or more separate combustion gas venting wells, comprising:

(a) drilling at least one production well having a substantially vertical portion extending downwardly into said reservoir and having a horizontal leg portion in fluid communication with said vertical portion and extending horizontally outwardly therefrom, said horizontal leg portion completed relatively low in the reservoir;

(b) drilling at least one injection well located directly above said horizontal leg portion and in substantial vertical alignment therewith, positioned or extending intermediate opposite ends of said horizontal leg portion;

(c) injecting an oxidizing gas into said reservoir via said at least one injection well at a location above said horizontal leg portion and intermediate opposite ends of said horizontal leg portion ;

(d) initiating in situ combustion in said reservoir proximate said injection well so as to form at least a pair of vertically-extending combustion fronts advancing laterally in opposite directions along said horizontal leg portion, said combustion fronts causing oil in said formation to become reduced in viscosity and to drain downwardly into said horizontal leg portion;

(e) collecting high temperature combustion gases along with said oil of reduced viscosity in said horizontal leg; and (f) producing such high temperature gases and oil to surface; and (g) separating at the heel of said horizontal well or at surface said oil from said high temperature gases.

17. The method as claimed in claim 16, wherein said step of drilling at least one injection well comprises drilling at least one vertical injection well intermediate opposite ends of said horizontal leg portion, and said step of initiating in situ combustion comprises initiating combustion proximate said at least one vertical injection well so as to form at least a pair of vertically-extending combustion fronts advancing laterally in opposite directions along said horizontal leg portion

18. The method as claimed in claim 17, wherein said step of drilling at least one vertical injection well comprises drilling a plurality of vertical injections wells, and said step of initiating in situ combustion comprises initiating combustion proximate one of said plurality of vertical injection wells situated along said horizontal leg portion and intermediate opposite ends thereof, so as to thereby form a pair of vertically-extending combustion fronts advancing laterally in opposite directions along said horizontal leg portion, and upon said pair of vertically-extending combustion fronts advancing respectively and laterally along said horizontal well bore past a further one of said plurality of injection wells, oxidizing gas is injected into said reservoir at said further one of said injection wells.

19. The method as claimed in claim 17, wherein said step of drilling at least one injection well comprises drilling a plurality of vertical injection wells directly above said horizontal leg portion and in alignment therewith and positioned intermediate opposite ends of said horizontal leg portion, said step of initiating in situ combustion comprising initiating combustion proximate each of said plurality of vertical injection wells so as to thereby form pairs of vertically-extending combustion fronts advancing laterally in opposite directions along said horizontal leg portion and outwardly from each of said plurality of vertical injection wells.

20. The method as claimed in claim 16, wherein said step of drilling at least one injection well comprises drilling an injection well directly above said horizontal leg portion and in alignment therewith and extending intermediate opposite ends of said horizontal leg portion, said step of injecting an oxidizing gas into said reservoir comprising injecting said oxidizing gas into said injection well and into the formation at locations above said horizontal leg portions and along said horizontal leg portion intermediate opposite ends of said horizontal leg portion; said step of initiating in-situ combustion comprising initiating combustion proximate each of said locations situated above and along said horizontal leg portion so as to at each location form pairs of combustion fronts advancing laterally in opposite directions along said horizontal leg portion and outwardly from each of said locations.

21. An improved in-situ combustion process for reducing the viscosity of oil contained in an oil-containing reservoir and recovering said oil, along with combustion gases, from the reservoir, which process does not employ one or more separate combustion gas venting wells, comprising:

(a) providing at least one production well having a substantially vertical portion extending downwardly into said reservoir and having a horizontal leg portion in fluid communication with said vertical portion and extending horizontally outwardly therefrom, said horizontal leg portion completed relatively low in the reservoir;

(b) providing a plurality of vertical injection wells positioned directly above said horizontal leg portion and in substantial vertical alignment therewith, extending downwardly towards said horizontal leg portion;

(c) injecting an oxidizing gas into said reservoir via at least two of said vertical wells;
(d) initiating in situ combustion in said reservoir proximate said at least two vertical injection wells so as to form at each injection well a pair of vertically-extending combustion fronts which advance laterally in opposite directions along said horizontal leg portion and outwardly from each of said at least two vertical injection wells , said combustion fronts causing oil in said formation to become reduced in viscosity and to drain downwardly into said horizontal leg portion;

(e) collecting high temperature combustion gases along with said oil of reduced viscosity in said horizontal leg; and (f) thereafter producing such high temperature gases and oil to surface; and (g) separating at surface said oil from said high temperature gases.