CA2691590A1 - Process for making paper and use of an acid/base treatment in papermaking - Google Patents
Process for making paper and use of an acid/base treatment in papermaking Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2691590A1 CA2691590A1 CA002691590A CA2691590A CA2691590A1 CA 2691590 A1 CA2691590 A1 CA 2691590A1 CA 002691590 A CA002691590 A CA 002691590A CA 2691590 A CA2691590 A CA 2691590A CA 2691590 A1 CA2691590 A1 CA 2691590A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- pulp
- acid
- suspension
- water
- process according
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 146
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 143
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 64
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 46
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 110
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 106
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 93
- 229910001868 water Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 93
- 229920001131 Pulp (paper) Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 72
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 55
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000007844 bleaching agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 claims description 81
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 claims description 47
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 claims description 47
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 41
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium bicarbonate Chemical compound [Na+].OC([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 38
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 36
- 238000004061 bleaching Methods 0.000 claims description 36
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000003643 water by type Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 235000017557 sodium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910000030 sodium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphur dioxide Chemical compound O=S=O RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfurous acid Chemical compound OS(O)=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- GRWZHXKQBITJKP-UHFFFAOYSA-L dithionite(2-) Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)S([O-])=O GRWZHXKQBITJKP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 11
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bicarbonate Chemical compound OC([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 10
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bisulfite Chemical compound OS([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 10
- BHPQYMZQTOCNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium cation Chemical compound [Ca+2] BHPQYMZQTOCNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910001424 calcium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000706 filtrate Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000007865 diluting Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920005610 lignin Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium carbonate Substances [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 6
- -1 alkali metal bicarbonate Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004291 sulphur dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000010269 sulphur dioxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000008719 thickening Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000020477 pH reduction Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001117 sulphuric acid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000011149 sulphuric acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- JVBXVOWTABLYPX-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium dithionite Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S(=O)S([O-])=O JVBXVOWTABLYPX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000288 alkali metal carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 150000008041 alkali metal carbonates Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 abstract description 9
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 19
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 18
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 17
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 7
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 6
- 230000003139 buffering effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000013505 freshwater Substances 0.000 description 4
- DWAQJAXMDSEUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium bisulfite Chemical compound [Na+].OS([O-])=O DWAQJAXMDSEUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 159000000007 calcium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000004087 circulation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000010267 sodium hydrogen sulphite Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000010977 unit operation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000003113 alkalizing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229940043430 calcium compound Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 150000001674 calcium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ca+2] AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000000920 calcium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000011116 calcium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229910001861 calcium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000017550 sodium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000004289 sodium hydrogen sulphite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009827 uniform distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000005995 Aluminium silicate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002488 Hemicellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-DEQYMQKBSA-M Sodium bicarbonate-14C Chemical compound [Na+].O[14C]([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-DEQYMQKBSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000012211 aluminium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 description 1
- QXDMQSPYEZFLGF-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium oxalate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O QXDMQSPYEZFLGF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- JYYOBHFYCIDXHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid;hydrate Chemical compound O.OC(O)=O JYYOBHFYCIDXHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005345 coagulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015271 coagulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003467 diminishing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002657 fibrous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000834 fixative Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005188 flotation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052602 gypsum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010440 gypsum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000976 ink Substances 0.000 description 1
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VUZPPFZMUPKLLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane;hydrate Chemical compound C.O VUZPPFZMUPKLLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010893 paper waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001376 precipitating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004076 pulp bleaching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004537 pulping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001226 reprecipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004513 sizing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000344 soap Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- D21C9/00—After-treatment of cellulose pulp, e.g. of wood pulp, or cotton linters ; Treatment of dilute or dewatered pulp or process improvement taking place after obtaining the raw cellulosic material and not provided for elsewhere
- D21C9/001—Modification of pulp properties
- D21C9/002—Modification of pulp properties by chemical means; preparation of dewatered pulp, e.g. in sheet or bulk form, containing special additives
- D21C9/004—Modification of pulp properties by chemical means; preparation of dewatered pulp, e.g. in sheet or bulk form, containing special additives inorganic compounds
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
- D21H17/63—Inorganic compounds
- D21H17/64—Alkaline compounds
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
- D21H17/63—Inorganic compounds
- D21H17/65—Acid compounds
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H23/00—Processes or apparatus for adding material to the pulp or to the paper
- D21H23/76—Processes or apparatus for adding material to the pulp or to the paper characterised by choice of auxiliary compounds which are added separately from at least one other compound, e.g. to improve the incorporation of the latter or to obtain an enhanced combined effect
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- D21C9/00—After-treatment of cellulose pulp, e.g. of wood pulp, or cotton linters ; Treatment of dilute or dewatered pulp or process improvement taking place after obtaining the raw cellulosic material and not provided for elsewhere
- D21C9/10—Bleaching ; Apparatus therefor
- D21C9/1026—Other features in bleaching processes
- D21C9/1036—Use of compounds accelerating or improving the efficiency of the processes
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- D21C9/00—After-treatment of cellulose pulp, e.g. of wood pulp, or cotton linters ; Treatment of dilute or dewatered pulp or process improvement taking place after obtaining the raw cellulosic material and not provided for elsewhere
- D21C9/10—Bleaching ; Apparatus therefor
- D21C9/16—Bleaching ; Apparatus therefor with per compounds
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- D21C9/00—After-treatment of cellulose pulp, e.g. of wood pulp, or cotton linters ; Treatment of dilute or dewatered pulp or process improvement taking place after obtaining the raw cellulosic material and not provided for elsewhere
- D21C9/18—De-watering; Elimination of cooking or pulp-treating liquors from the pulp
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Paper (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FI20075503 | 2007-07-03 | ||
| FI20075503A FI20075503L (fi) | 2007-07-03 | 2007-07-03 | Menetelmä paperin valmistamiseksi ja happo/emäskäsittelyn käyttö paperin valmistuksessa |
| PCT/EP2008/056463 WO2009003770A1 (en) | 2007-07-03 | 2008-05-27 | Process for making paper and use of an acid/base treatment in papermaking |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2691590A1 true CA2691590A1 (en) | 2009-01-08 |
Family
ID=38331591
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002691590A Abandoned CA2691590A1 (en) | 2007-07-03 | 2008-05-27 | Process for making paper and use of an acid/base treatment in papermaking |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP2176461B1 (de) |
| AT (1) | ATE515593T1 (de) |
| CA (1) | CA2691590A1 (de) |
| FI (1) | FI20075503L (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2009003770A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP2668334B1 (de) | 2011-01-25 | 2014-11-19 | Basf Se | Verfahren zur herstellung von halbstoffen für die produktion von papiererzeugnissen |
| US20120186762A1 (en) * | 2011-01-25 | 2012-07-26 | Basf Se | Producing half-stuffs for the manufacture of papery articles |
| US20120186766A1 (en) * | 2011-01-25 | 2012-07-26 | Basf Se | Manufacturing a papery article |
| BR112013019045A2 (pt) | 2011-01-25 | 2017-01-31 | Basf Se | processo para fabricar um artigo tipo papel, e, uso de ácido metanossulfônico |
Family Cites Families (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3639206A (en) * | 1969-07-29 | 1972-02-01 | Continental Can Co | Treatment of waste water from alkaline pulping processes |
| DE2752413C2 (de) * | 1977-11-24 | 1979-03-29 | J.M. Voith Gmbh, 7920 Heidenheim | Verfahren zur Aufhärtung des Wassers bei der Altpapieraufbereitung und Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens |
| EP0296198B1 (de) * | 1986-12-22 | 1991-09-18 | Aga Aktiebolag | Verfahren zum waschen einer alkalischen pulpe |
| SE461860B (sv) * | 1989-02-13 | 1990-04-02 | Mo Och Domsjoe Ab | Foerfarande foer framstaellning av papper och bestruket papper varvid baspappret innehaaller precipiterat kalciumkarbonat |
| US5679220A (en) * | 1995-01-19 | 1997-10-21 | International Paper Company | Process for enhanced deposition and retention of particulate filler on papermaking fibers |
| AU4271596A (en) * | 1995-12-19 | 1997-07-14 | Kvaerner Hymac Inc. | Process for treating refiner pulp |
| FI102911B1 (fi) * | 1997-06-13 | 1999-03-15 | Aga Ab | Menetelmä massasuspension pH:n stabiloimiseksi ja paperin tuottamiseksi stabiloidusta massasta |
| SE511794C2 (sv) * | 1997-06-30 | 1999-11-29 | Sunds Defibrator Ind Ab | Sätt att reducera halten kalcium i vätskefasen i en pappersmassasuspension |
| FI103520B1 (fi) * | 1998-03-03 | 1999-07-15 | Aga Ab | Parannetut paperinvalmistusmenetelmät |
| KR100319491B1 (ko) * | 1998-12-08 | 2002-04-22 | 김충섭 | 재활용되는제지공정수의칼슘경도조절방법 |
-
2007
- 2007-07-03 FI FI20075503A patent/FI20075503L/fi unknown
-
2008
- 2008-05-27 CA CA002691590A patent/CA2691590A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2008-05-27 AT AT08760061T patent/ATE515593T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2008-05-27 WO PCT/EP2008/056463 patent/WO2009003770A1/en active Application Filing
- 2008-05-27 EP EP08760061A patent/EP2176461B1/de active Active
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2009003770A1 (en) | 2009-01-08 |
| EP2176461A1 (de) | 2010-04-21 |
| FI20075503L (fi) | 2008-06-19 |
| EP2176461B1 (de) | 2011-07-06 |
| FI20075503A0 (fi) | 2007-07-03 |
| ATE515593T1 (de) | 2011-07-15 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| FZDE | Discontinued |