CA2649804A1 - Improved dental implant - Google Patents
Improved dental implant Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2649804A1 CA2649804A1 CA002649804A CA2649804A CA2649804A1 CA 2649804 A1 CA2649804 A1 CA 2649804A1 CA 002649804 A CA002649804 A CA 002649804A CA 2649804 A CA2649804 A CA 2649804A CA 2649804 A1 CA2649804 A1 CA 2649804A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- dental implant
- improved dental
- head
- implant
- area
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61C—DENTISTRY; APPARATUS OR METHODS FOR ORAL OR DENTAL HYGIENE
- A61C8/00—Means to be fixed to the jaw-bone for consolidating natural teeth or for fixing dental prostheses thereon; Dental implants; Implanting tools
- A61C8/0018—Means to be fixed to the jaw-bone for consolidating natural teeth or for fixing dental prostheses thereon; Dental implants; Implanting tools characterised by the shape
- A61C8/0022—Self-screwing
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61C—DENTISTRY; APPARATUS OR METHODS FOR ORAL OR DENTAL HYGIENE
- A61C8/00—Means to be fixed to the jaw-bone for consolidating natural teeth or for fixing dental prostheses thereon; Dental implants; Implanting tools
- A61C8/0018—Means to be fixed to the jaw-bone for consolidating natural teeth or for fixing dental prostheses thereon; Dental implants; Implanting tools characterised by the shape
- A61C8/0022—Self-screwing
- A61C8/0025—Self-screwing with multiple threads
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (AREA)
- Orthopedic Medicine & Surgery (AREA)
- Dentistry (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Dental Prosthetics (AREA)
Abstract
Improved dental implant used to replace dental pieces, which basically comprises a conical head (2) and a threaded central body (3) ending, at the bottom, in an apical point (4), in which the lower zone of said head (2) has micro-screw threads (14) and the upper zone has a hexagonal shape that forms a step (5) with a bevelled vertex (6) that facilitates the connection of and the supports for the prosthetic components that connect up with the implant (1), said head (2) in turn having a cavity (7) that is extended at the bottom formed by a frustum of a cone with an upper major base and an inner lower hexagon, which facilitates the internal connection of and support for the prosthetic components.
Description
IMPROVED DENTAL IMPLANT
Obiect of the Invention As indicated in the title, the present invention patent application consists of a dental implant of the type replacing missing teeth.
More specifically, the object of the present invention is a one-piece dental implant the design of which on one hand facilitates its insertion in the bone area and on the other hand facilitates greater stability and self-retaining force, or in other words, less movement between the implant and bone tissue.
Background of the Invention Dental implantology techniques are currently very widespread, frequently used and accepted by professionals and patients. Said techniques allow replacing dental roots by means of implants to which the corresponding prostheses are in turn coupled.
In both cases, the implants used must meet fundamental stability requirements in each of the following implantation stages:
1) Initial implantation stage 2) Immediate subsequent stage once the osseointegration time has elapsed, in which step said stability must be such that it prevents the rotation of the implant; and 3) Step of fixing the prosthesis and setting the implant to work.
For the purpose of meeting the mentioned requirements, the features of said implants will in turn depend on the actual implant system which could basically be threaded or friction-fitted, the threaded type currently prevailing.
Nevertheless, the implants used up until now occasionally have a number of drawbacks and also do not satisfactorily meet the mentioned stability requirement. Specifically, said implants usually have design and operation drawbacks such as the occurrence of rotation between the implant and the prosthesis, occurrence of stress and deformation in the coupling, defective mechanical energy transmission in the mastication function due to implant heads that are too small, occurrence of design discrepancies between the crown and the root, incorrect adjustments decreasing the necessary torque for a loosening to occur, anti-rotational single connection design between the implant, pillar and prosthesis, which generates stress accumulation in a single plane, etc.
Description of the Invention The invention described below solves the previously indicated drawbacks, while at the same time it maintains a high degree of functionality.
To that end, the implant of the invention is structured from a single body formed by a conical head extended at the lower part in a threaded cylindrical central body which in turn ends or is finished at the lower part by means of an also conical apical tip.
The upper area of this conical head has a hexagonal shape the diameter of which between faces and edges is beveled or chamfered, continuing in an angular manner with an also beveled or chamfered step until the maximum diameter of the head of the implant or upper frustoconical base, to facilitate the coupling and support of the prosthetic components connected to the implant.
A cavity aligned at its center with the axial axis of the implant has been provided inside said head, which cavity extends at the lower part in a truncated cone with a larger upper base and smaller lower base, extending at the lower part in a hexagonal area in turn extending by means of a threaded cavity that is also aligned in relation to the axial axis of the implant, to retain the pillar of the prosthesis.
In addition, upon machining the alveolar socket which will be used to house the implant, such orifice has a diameter equal to the inner diameter of the outer thread of said implant or, in other words, to the diameter of the core, so that as it is introduced, the thread of the cylindrical area is embedded, ensuring the attachment.
For this reason, for the purpose of preventing deformation or breakage in the cortical area or opening of the orifice when an additional tightening torque is exerted after threading the implant, the shape of the head of said implant has a taper such that its smaller diameter, which will contact the mentioned opening, will be less than or equal to that of the core or inner diameter of the thread of the central body.
In addition, for the purpose of further ensuring the stability and fixing of the implant and preventing its rotation once it has been threaded, such implant has been provided with microthreads located at the lower part of the conical head in which the threaded central body begins. These microthreads complement said fixing with the gap closing and sealing action at the bone cortical level, the upper plane level of such microthreads further being established as the bone loss limit during the functioning time of the implant and its prosthesis.
In addition to providing a larger contact surface and better stability as already explained, said microthreads further ensure a suitable fixing in the cortical area of the bone, where the bone is denser, leaving the action of the thread with larger pitch in the central body for the lower part of the bone, which has a higher porosity.
Finally, a series of recesses facilitating the self-insertion of the implant in the alveolar socket are made at the lower end of the central body of the implant and in its apical area.
All of the above results in an implant with correct osseointegration and stress distribution during mastication, a better maintenance of the functional state and seating inside the alveolar bed, which leads to minimizing bone loss around the implant and its regeneration, decreasing the risks of an atrophic process and a suitable recovery of the mastication, phonetic, aesthetic and metabolic function.
Description of the Drawings To complement the description which is being made and with the aim of aiding to better understand the features of the invention according to a preferred practical embodiment thereof, a set of drawings is attached as an integral part of said description in which the following has been shown with an illustrative and non-limiting character:
Figure 1 shows an elevational view and its respective plan view of the implant of the invention.
Figure 2 shows a partial section of the elevational view of the previous figure.
Preferred Embodiment of the Invention In view of the indicated figures, these figures show an embodiment of the implant (1) of the invention, basically consisting of a conical head (2) and a threaded cylindrical central body (3) finished at the lower part in a conical apical tip (4).
Obiect of the Invention As indicated in the title, the present invention patent application consists of a dental implant of the type replacing missing teeth.
More specifically, the object of the present invention is a one-piece dental implant the design of which on one hand facilitates its insertion in the bone area and on the other hand facilitates greater stability and self-retaining force, or in other words, less movement between the implant and bone tissue.
Background of the Invention Dental implantology techniques are currently very widespread, frequently used and accepted by professionals and patients. Said techniques allow replacing dental roots by means of implants to which the corresponding prostheses are in turn coupled.
In both cases, the implants used must meet fundamental stability requirements in each of the following implantation stages:
1) Initial implantation stage 2) Immediate subsequent stage once the osseointegration time has elapsed, in which step said stability must be such that it prevents the rotation of the implant; and 3) Step of fixing the prosthesis and setting the implant to work.
For the purpose of meeting the mentioned requirements, the features of said implants will in turn depend on the actual implant system which could basically be threaded or friction-fitted, the threaded type currently prevailing.
Nevertheless, the implants used up until now occasionally have a number of drawbacks and also do not satisfactorily meet the mentioned stability requirement. Specifically, said implants usually have design and operation drawbacks such as the occurrence of rotation between the implant and the prosthesis, occurrence of stress and deformation in the coupling, defective mechanical energy transmission in the mastication function due to implant heads that are too small, occurrence of design discrepancies between the crown and the root, incorrect adjustments decreasing the necessary torque for a loosening to occur, anti-rotational single connection design between the implant, pillar and prosthesis, which generates stress accumulation in a single plane, etc.
Description of the Invention The invention described below solves the previously indicated drawbacks, while at the same time it maintains a high degree of functionality.
To that end, the implant of the invention is structured from a single body formed by a conical head extended at the lower part in a threaded cylindrical central body which in turn ends or is finished at the lower part by means of an also conical apical tip.
The upper area of this conical head has a hexagonal shape the diameter of which between faces and edges is beveled or chamfered, continuing in an angular manner with an also beveled or chamfered step until the maximum diameter of the head of the implant or upper frustoconical base, to facilitate the coupling and support of the prosthetic components connected to the implant.
A cavity aligned at its center with the axial axis of the implant has been provided inside said head, which cavity extends at the lower part in a truncated cone with a larger upper base and smaller lower base, extending at the lower part in a hexagonal area in turn extending by means of a threaded cavity that is also aligned in relation to the axial axis of the implant, to retain the pillar of the prosthesis.
In addition, upon machining the alveolar socket which will be used to house the implant, such orifice has a diameter equal to the inner diameter of the outer thread of said implant or, in other words, to the diameter of the core, so that as it is introduced, the thread of the cylindrical area is embedded, ensuring the attachment.
For this reason, for the purpose of preventing deformation or breakage in the cortical area or opening of the orifice when an additional tightening torque is exerted after threading the implant, the shape of the head of said implant has a taper such that its smaller diameter, which will contact the mentioned opening, will be less than or equal to that of the core or inner diameter of the thread of the central body.
In addition, for the purpose of further ensuring the stability and fixing of the implant and preventing its rotation once it has been threaded, such implant has been provided with microthreads located at the lower part of the conical head in which the threaded central body begins. These microthreads complement said fixing with the gap closing and sealing action at the bone cortical level, the upper plane level of such microthreads further being established as the bone loss limit during the functioning time of the implant and its prosthesis.
In addition to providing a larger contact surface and better stability as already explained, said microthreads further ensure a suitable fixing in the cortical area of the bone, where the bone is denser, leaving the action of the thread with larger pitch in the central body for the lower part of the bone, which has a higher porosity.
Finally, a series of recesses facilitating the self-insertion of the implant in the alveolar socket are made at the lower end of the central body of the implant and in its apical area.
All of the above results in an implant with correct osseointegration and stress distribution during mastication, a better maintenance of the functional state and seating inside the alveolar bed, which leads to minimizing bone loss around the implant and its regeneration, decreasing the risks of an atrophic process and a suitable recovery of the mastication, phonetic, aesthetic and metabolic function.
Description of the Drawings To complement the description which is being made and with the aim of aiding to better understand the features of the invention according to a preferred practical embodiment thereof, a set of drawings is attached as an integral part of said description in which the following has been shown with an illustrative and non-limiting character:
Figure 1 shows an elevational view and its respective plan view of the implant of the invention.
Figure 2 shows a partial section of the elevational view of the previous figure.
Preferred Embodiment of the Invention In view of the indicated figures, these figures show an embodiment of the implant (1) of the invention, basically consisting of a conical head (2) and a threaded cylindrical central body (3) finished at the lower part in a conical apical tip (4).
5 As can be seen in the figure, the upper area of the conical head (2) has a hexagonal shape with a diameter such that it forms a step (5) with a chamfered edge (6) facilitating the outer coupling and support of the prosthetic components connected to the implant (1).
The cavity (7) with a frustoconical configuration aligned at its center with the axial axis of the implant (1) has been provided inside the head (2), which cavity extends at the lower part in a hexagonal area (8) in turn extending at the lower part in another cylindrical area (9) with a smaller diameter, which in turn extends at the lower part in a threaded cavity (10) that is also aligned in relation to the axial axis of the implant (1), facilitating the inner coupling and support of the prosthetic components.
The central body (3) of the implant (1) is in turn externally affected by a thread (11), having at its lower area recesses or indentations (12) made at 120 to facilitate the threaded insertion in the artificial alveolar socket, not shown, said central body (3) ending in an apical tip (4) which is finished in a planar base (13).
As has already been stated, for the purpose of preventing deformations when a complementary tightening torque is carried out, the shape of the head (2) of said implant (1) has a taper such that its smaller diameter will be less than or equal to the inner diameter of the mentioned thread (11) of the central body (3).
Located at the lower area of the head (2), and before the thread (11) of the central body (3) begins, the implant (1) is provided with microthreads (14) intended to prevent rotation and increase stability as explained above.
Additionally, in order to further improve the friction and therefore the resistance to rotation, the implant (1) of the invention can be subjected to an acid bath in the central body (3), in the microthreads (14) or in both.
The cavity (7) with a frustoconical configuration aligned at its center with the axial axis of the implant (1) has been provided inside the head (2), which cavity extends at the lower part in a hexagonal area (8) in turn extending at the lower part in another cylindrical area (9) with a smaller diameter, which in turn extends at the lower part in a threaded cavity (10) that is also aligned in relation to the axial axis of the implant (1), facilitating the inner coupling and support of the prosthetic components.
The central body (3) of the implant (1) is in turn externally affected by a thread (11), having at its lower area recesses or indentations (12) made at 120 to facilitate the threaded insertion in the artificial alveolar socket, not shown, said central body (3) ending in an apical tip (4) which is finished in a planar base (13).
As has already been stated, for the purpose of preventing deformations when a complementary tightening torque is carried out, the shape of the head (2) of said implant (1) has a taper such that its smaller diameter will be less than or equal to the inner diameter of the mentioned thread (11) of the central body (3).
Located at the lower area of the head (2), and before the thread (11) of the central body (3) begins, the implant (1) is provided with microthreads (14) intended to prevent rotation and increase stability as explained above.
Additionally, in order to further improve the friction and therefore the resistance to rotation, the implant (1) of the invention can be subjected to an acid bath in the central body (3), in the microthreads (14) or in both.
Claims (8)
1.- An improved dental implant for replacing teeth, comprising a conical head (2) and a threaded central body (3) finished at the lower part in an apical tip (4), characterized in that in the lower area of the head (2) it has microthreads (14) intended to prevent rotation and increase stability and contact surface.
2.- An improved dental implant according to claim 1, characterized in that the smaller diameter of the head (2) is less than or equal to the inner diameter of the thread (11) of the threaded central body (3).
3.- An improved dental implant according to the previous claims, characterized in that the upper area of the conical head (2) has a hexagonal shape forming a step (5) with a chamfered edge (6) facilitating the coupling and support of the prosthetic components connected to the implant (1).
4.- An improved dental implant according to the previous claims, characterized in that the head (2) has a cavity (7) with a frustoconical configuration, extending at the lower part in a hexagonal area (8) in turn extending at the lower part in another cylindrical area (9) with a smaller diameter, which in turn extends at the lower part in a threaded cavity (10).
5.- An improved dental implant according to claim 4, characterized in that the cavity (7), the hexagonal area (8), the cylindrical area (9) and the threaded cavity (10) are aligned at their center in relation to the axial axis of the implant (1).
6.- An improved dental implant according to claim 1, characterized in that the central body (3) has in its lower area recesses or indentations (12) for facilitating the insertion in the alveolar socket.
7.- An improved dental implant according to claim 6, characterized in that the recesses or indentations (12) are made at 120° to one another.
8.- An improved dental implant according to claim 1, characterized in that the apical tip (4) is finished in a planar base (13).
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/ES2006/000185 WO2007118909A1 (en) | 2006-04-18 | 2006-04-18 | Improved dental implant |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2649804A1 true CA2649804A1 (en) | 2007-10-25 |
Family
ID=38609074
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002649804A Abandoned CA2649804A1 (en) | 2006-04-18 | 2006-04-18 | Improved dental implant |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20090155743A1 (en) |
| EP (1) | EP2008612A4 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2649804A1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2007118909A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102824220A (en) * | 2012-09-06 | 2012-12-19 | 哈尔滨工程大学 | Self-expansion type shape memory alloy medicine-carrying implant |
| CN102908200A (en) * | 2011-08-02 | 2013-02-06 | 株式会社松风 | Dental implant |
Families Citing this family (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2922750B1 (en) * | 2007-10-31 | 2010-10-29 | Tekka | DENTAL IMPLANT WITH FEMALE TRUNK CONNECTOR |
| ES2349516B1 (en) * | 2008-07-10 | 2011-10-28 | Jesus Pato Mourelo | DENTAL IMPLANT. |
| TW201238570A (en) * | 2011-03-22 | 2012-10-01 | Riemser Arzneimittel Ag | Dental implant having a first conical screw part and a second cylindrical screw part |
| DE102013021934B4 (en) * | 2013-12-20 | 2017-09-14 | Hürzeler Zuhr Gmbh | Dental implant |
| JP5553293B1 (en) * | 2014-01-21 | 2014-07-16 | 優一郎 河原 | Dental implant |
| FR3075030B1 (en) * | 2017-12-18 | 2021-10-01 | Anthogyr Sa | DENTAL IMPLANT WITH PARTIAL TRANSMUCOSAL PENETRATION, AND PROTHETIC SET INCLUDING SUCH AN IMPLANT |
| US11786343B2 (en) | 2020-07-09 | 2023-10-17 | Southern Implants (Pty) Ltd | Dental implants with stepped threads and systems and methods for making the same |
Family Cites Families (32)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| USD296362S (en) * | 1985-02-15 | 1988-06-21 | The Institute For Applied Biotechnology | Dental implant |
| GB9102429D0 (en) * | 1991-02-05 | 1991-03-20 | Evans Philip A | Dental implants |
| FR2682283B1 (en) * | 1991-10-10 | 1994-01-28 | Gerard Scortecci | DENTAL IMPLANT WITH VERTICAL PENETRATION, DESIGNED TO ADAPT TO DIFFERENT DEGREES OF HARDNESS OF THE BONE. |
| AU3162193A (en) * | 1991-11-07 | 1993-06-07 | Jean-Claude Yeung | Dental implant |
| US5316476B1 (en) * | 1992-06-19 | 1996-06-18 | Jack T Krauser | Dental implant with a longitudinally grooved cylindrical surface |
| SE9203184D0 (en) * | 1992-10-28 | 1992-10-28 | Astra Ab | DENTAL IMPLANT |
| CA2093900C (en) * | 1993-04-13 | 1996-12-10 | Norman H. K. Kwan | Dental implant having cutting means |
| ES2073349B1 (en) * | 1993-06-11 | 1996-03-01 | Saban Francisco J Garcia | DENTAL IMPLANT. |
| US5964766A (en) * | 1993-12-27 | 1999-10-12 | Biolok International, Inc. | Buttress thread implant |
| US5863201A (en) * | 1994-11-30 | 1999-01-26 | Implant Innovations, Inc. | Infection-blocking dental implant |
| US5733124A (en) * | 1995-02-21 | 1998-03-31 | Kwan; Norman Ho-Kwong | Dental implant system |
| US5564924A (en) * | 1995-02-21 | 1996-10-15 | Kwan; Norman H. | Hexagonal abutment implant system |
| WO1997001306A1 (en) * | 1995-06-27 | 1997-01-16 | Beaty Keith D | One-piece single-stage dental implant and single-stage dental implant system |
| US5727943A (en) * | 1995-07-18 | 1998-03-17 | Implant Innovations, Inc. | Self-tapping, screw-type dental implant |
| US6217331B1 (en) * | 1997-10-03 | 2001-04-17 | Implant Innovations, Inc. | Single-stage implant system |
| US5829978A (en) * | 1997-11-10 | 1998-11-03 | Sulzer Calcitek Inc. | Surface roughening of self-tapping dental implants |
| US5885079A (en) * | 1998-06-22 | 1999-03-23 | Core-Vent Corporation | Selective surface, endosseous dental implants |
| SE9802572D0 (en) * | 1998-07-17 | 1998-07-17 | Astra Ab | Dental implant |
| US6095817A (en) * | 1999-02-24 | 2000-08-01 | Sulzer Calcitek Inc. | Dental implant having multiple textured surfaces |
| ES2150883B1 (en) * | 1999-03-31 | 2001-07-01 | Tordera Jose Maria Areales | PERFECTED DENTAL IMPLANT. |
| US6854972B1 (en) * | 2000-01-11 | 2005-02-15 | Nicholas Elian | Dental implants and dental implant/prosthetic tooth systems |
| US6217333B1 (en) * | 2000-05-09 | 2001-04-17 | Carlo Ercoli | Dental implant for promoting reduced interpoximal resorption |
| KR100414885B1 (en) * | 2000-12-09 | 2004-01-24 | 주식회사 워랜텍 | Dental implant and head of a compaction drill |
| SE0102749D0 (en) * | 2001-08-15 | 2001-08-15 | Astra Tech Ab | Implant, arrangement including an implant, and method of inserting said implant into bone tissue |
| US20030068599A1 (en) * | 2001-10-04 | 2003-04-10 | Balfour Alan R. | Esthetic profile endosseous root-formed dental implant |
| US7291013B2 (en) * | 2002-06-28 | 2007-11-06 | Zimmer Dental, Inc. | Organic shaped interface for dental implant devices |
| US7112063B2 (en) * | 2003-08-11 | 2006-09-26 | Ronald A Bulard | Dental implant system |
| USD503803S1 (en) * | 2004-08-17 | 2005-04-05 | Poly-Med, Inc. | Endosteal dental implant |
| US7699613B2 (en) * | 2005-02-11 | 2010-04-20 | Niznick Gerald A | One-piece, screw-receiving, externally-threaded endosseous dental implants and related transfer components, comfort caps and abutments |
| US20080153064A1 (en) * | 2005-03-28 | 2008-06-26 | Chong Hyun Han | Waved Implant Integrating Soft Tissue Area and Osseous Tissue Area |
| US8277218B2 (en) * | 2005-10-20 | 2012-10-02 | D Alise David D | Screw-type dental implant |
| USD601703S1 (en) * | 2008-02-07 | 2009-10-06 | Ziterion, Gmbh | Dental implant |
-
2006
- 2006-04-18 US US12/297,784 patent/US20090155743A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2006-04-18 WO PCT/ES2006/000185 patent/WO2007118909A1/en active Application Filing
- 2006-04-18 CA CA002649804A patent/CA2649804A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2006-04-18 EP EP06755315A patent/EP2008612A4/en not_active Withdrawn
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102908200A (en) * | 2011-08-02 | 2013-02-06 | 株式会社松风 | Dental implant |
| CN102908200B (en) * | 2011-08-02 | 2016-12-21 | 株式会社松风 | Dental implant |
| CN102824220A (en) * | 2012-09-06 | 2012-12-19 | 哈尔滨工程大学 | Self-expansion type shape memory alloy medicine-carrying implant |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20090155743A1 (en) | 2009-06-18 |
| EP2008612A4 (en) | 2010-10-27 |
| WO2007118909A1 (en) | 2007-10-25 |
| EP2008612A1 (en) | 2008-12-31 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request | ||
| FZDE | Dead |
Effective date: 20140422 |