CA2645883C - Selective detection of human rhinovirus - Google Patents
Selective detection of human rhinovirus Download PDFInfo
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- CA2645883C CA2645883C CA2645883A CA2645883A CA2645883C CA 2645883 C CA2645883 C CA 2645883C CA 2645883 A CA2645883 A CA 2645883A CA 2645883 A CA2645883 A CA 2645883A CA 2645883 C CA2645883 C CA 2645883C
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Abstract
A process for detecting human rhinovirus nucleic acid in a biological sample, includes producing an amplification product by amplifying an human bocavirus nucleotide sequence using a forward primer of SEQ ID NO: 1, and a reverse primer of SEQ ID NO: 2, and measuring said amplification product to detect human rhinovirus in said biological sample. Also provided are reagents and methods for detecting and distinguishing human rhinovirus from other viruses. A kit is provided for detecting and quantifying human rhinovirus in a biological sample.
Description
SELECTIVE DETECTION OF HUMAN RHINOVIRUS
= GOVERNMENT INTEREST
100011 The invention described herein may be manufactured, used, and licensed by or for the United States Government.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
100021 This invention relates generally to processes for detection of virus in fluid samples.
More specifically, the instant invention-relates-to-selective detection of-human-rhinovirus- (1-IRV)-in biological or other fluid media. Processes are described for rapid and sensitive detection of 1-1RV in human and animal biological samples and quantification thereof Diagnostic kits are provided for detection of HRV in a clinical, laboratory, or field setting.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[00031 Human rhinovirus (I-IRV) infections are among- the most frequent cause of the common cold. (Pitkaranta, A., and F. G. Hayden. 1998. Ann. Med. 30:529-537).
Recently FIRVs have been linked to severe lower respiratory illnesses in young children (Miller E.K., 2007. J. Infect. Dis. 195:773-781, Monto A.S., Clin. Ther. 2001; 23:1615-1627), the elderly (Hicks, L.A., I...4177. Geriatr. Soc., 2006; 54:284-289, Nicholson, K.G., Br.
Med. J., 1996;
= 3 ] 3:1119-1123, Wald, T., Ann. Intern. Med, 1995; 123:588-593) and the immunocompromised (Gosh, S.R., Clin, Infect. Dis., 1999; 29:528-532, Ison, M.G., Clin. Infect.
Dis., 2003; 36:1139-1143). Persons with underlying respiratory disease, like asthma, chronic bronchitis and cystic fibrosis may also have increased risk of severe HRV-associated complications.
(Friedlander, S.
L., and W. W. Busseõ1 Allergy. Cl/n. Inununol., 2005; 116:267-273;
Khetsuriani, N, Alleiv.
hninunol., 2007; 119:314-321; Smyth, AR., Arch. Dis. Child, 1995; 73:117-120).
[00041 The family Picornaviridde contains HRVs together with the human enteroviruses (HEVs) (King, A.M., et al. 2000. Picornaviridae, p. 657-678. In Virus Taxonomy. Seventh Report of the International Committee for the Taxonomy of Viruses. Academic Press, San Diego, CA). At least 100 distinct HR.V serotypes of this family are assigned to two phylogenetic groups, A and B (Andries, K., J. Vera, 1990; 64:1117-1123), and new genetic variants of HRV
have recently been reported. (Lamson, D.õ/. Infect. Dis., 2006; 194:1398-1402;
McErlean, P., J.
Virol, 2007; 39:67-75.) [00051 Clinically, presentation of 11RV infection is of little diagnostic value due to symPtomatic similarity with numerous other infectious agents. Compounding problems with HRV identification, laboratory diagnosis suffers from the failure of some strains to grow in cell culture and by their extreme antigenic variability, precluding routine use of antigen detection methods or serology. (Lti, X., J
119icrobiol. 2008; 46(2):533-9.) FIRV identification with prior art methods is difficult, and distinguishing HRVs from HEVs in the same clinical sample using acid liability is ineffective for many strains. Thus, modern efforts have attempted to use reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays to increase the detection sensitivity and differentiation of IIRVs from co-existing infectious agents.
NON Nucleic acid assays for IIRV typically target the 5'-noncoding region (5'NCR) of the viral genome. The 5'NCR is preferred due to the availability of highly conserved sequences that support the complex secondary structures of the HRV/HEV internal ribosome entry site (Witwer, C., Nucleic. Acids Res., 2001; 29:5079-5089). Whereas the locations of these conserved sequences offer considerable flexibility for designing targeted primer/probes for HEV real-time
= GOVERNMENT INTEREST
100011 The invention described herein may be manufactured, used, and licensed by or for the United States Government.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
100021 This invention relates generally to processes for detection of virus in fluid samples.
More specifically, the instant invention-relates-to-selective detection of-human-rhinovirus- (1-IRV)-in biological or other fluid media. Processes are described for rapid and sensitive detection of 1-1RV in human and animal biological samples and quantification thereof Diagnostic kits are provided for detection of HRV in a clinical, laboratory, or field setting.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[00031 Human rhinovirus (I-IRV) infections are among- the most frequent cause of the common cold. (Pitkaranta, A., and F. G. Hayden. 1998. Ann. Med. 30:529-537).
Recently FIRVs have been linked to severe lower respiratory illnesses in young children (Miller E.K., 2007. J. Infect. Dis. 195:773-781, Monto A.S., Clin. Ther. 2001; 23:1615-1627), the elderly (Hicks, L.A., I...4177. Geriatr. Soc., 2006; 54:284-289, Nicholson, K.G., Br.
Med. J., 1996;
= 3 ] 3:1119-1123, Wald, T., Ann. Intern. Med, 1995; 123:588-593) and the immunocompromised (Gosh, S.R., Clin, Infect. Dis., 1999; 29:528-532, Ison, M.G., Clin. Infect.
Dis., 2003; 36:1139-1143). Persons with underlying respiratory disease, like asthma, chronic bronchitis and cystic fibrosis may also have increased risk of severe HRV-associated complications.
(Friedlander, S.
L., and W. W. Busseõ1 Allergy. Cl/n. Inununol., 2005; 116:267-273;
Khetsuriani, N, Alleiv.
hninunol., 2007; 119:314-321; Smyth, AR., Arch. Dis. Child, 1995; 73:117-120).
[00041 The family Picornaviridde contains HRVs together with the human enteroviruses (HEVs) (King, A.M., et al. 2000. Picornaviridae, p. 657-678. In Virus Taxonomy. Seventh Report of the International Committee for the Taxonomy of Viruses. Academic Press, San Diego, CA). At least 100 distinct HR.V serotypes of this family are assigned to two phylogenetic groups, A and B (Andries, K., J. Vera, 1990; 64:1117-1123), and new genetic variants of HRV
have recently been reported. (Lamson, D.õ/. Infect. Dis., 2006; 194:1398-1402;
McErlean, P., J.
Virol, 2007; 39:67-75.) [00051 Clinically, presentation of 11RV infection is of little diagnostic value due to symPtomatic similarity with numerous other infectious agents. Compounding problems with HRV identification, laboratory diagnosis suffers from the failure of some strains to grow in cell culture and by their extreme antigenic variability, precluding routine use of antigen detection methods or serology. (Lti, X., J
119icrobiol. 2008; 46(2):533-9.) FIRV identification with prior art methods is difficult, and distinguishing HRVs from HEVs in the same clinical sample using acid liability is ineffective for many strains. Thus, modern efforts have attempted to use reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays to increase the detection sensitivity and differentiation of IIRVs from co-existing infectious agents.
NON Nucleic acid assays for IIRV typically target the 5'-noncoding region (5'NCR) of the viral genome. The 5'NCR is preferred due to the availability of highly conserved sequences that support the complex secondary structures of the HRV/HEV internal ribosome entry site (Witwer, C., Nucleic. Acids Res., 2001; 29:5079-5089). Whereas the locations of these conserved sequences offer considerable flexibility for designing targeted primer/probes for HEV real-time
2 = RT-PCR assays (Kares, S., J. ain. Virol., 2004; 29:99-104, Nijhuis, M., J. Clin. Microbiol., 2002; 40:3666-3670; Verstrepen, W. A., .1. Ciin. Microbiol.; 2001; 39:4093-4096), development of comparable assays for FIRVs is hampered by their greater genetic variability and the paucity of published I-IRV sequence data from the 5'-NCR. In addition, prior art nucleic acid assays require post-amplification processing of the amplicon by gel electrophoresis, probe hybridization, sequencing or restriction analysis to confirm and differentiate IIRVs from HEVs (Andeweg, A.C., J. Clin. Microbia, 1999; 37:524-530; Atmar, R.L., and Georghiou, Clin.
Microbiol., 1993; 31:2544-2546; Billaud, 0., Virol.
Methods, 2003; 108:223-228; Blomqvist, S,,J. Clin. Microbiol., 1999; 37:2813-2816; Halonen, P.,]. Clin. Microbiol., 1995; 33:648-653;
Kfimmerer, U., J. ain. Microbiot, 1994; 32:285-291; Loens, K., J. Chn.
Microbiol., 2006;
44:166-171; Miller, E.K., J. Infect. Dis., 2007; 195:773-781; Papadopoulos, N.
G., J. Virol.
Methods., 1999; 80:179-85).
[0007] More recently, real-time RT-PCR assays have been described for HRV/IIEVs (Dagher, 11., Virol.
Methods., 2004; 117:113-121; Deffernez, C., J. Clin. Microbiol., 2004;
42:3212-3218; Kares, S., 6/in. Virol., 2004; 29:99-104, Nijhuis, M., J. ain.
Microbiol., 2002;
40:366613670; Scheltinga, S.A., .1: ain. Virol., 2005; 33:306-311). These assays did not detect all known HRV serotypes (Dagher, H., J. Virol. Methods., 2004; 117:113-121;
Deffernez, C., J.
Clin. Microbiol., 2004; 42:3212-3218; Scheltinga, S.A., J. Clin. Virol., 2005;
33:306-311;
Wright, P.F., I. Clin. Microbiol., 2007; 45:2126-2129) or used difficult to interpret SYBR Green detection (Dagher, H., J. Virol. Methods., 2004; 117:113-121; Wittwer, CT., Biotechniques, 1997; 22:130-131, 134-138). Moreover, these prior art assays are inaccurate due to the extensive genetic variability of the HRVs and lack of available sequence data in the public domain. Thus, no real-time RT-PCR assays specifically identify all FIRVs relative to HEVs or other viral fluid
Microbiol., 1993; 31:2544-2546; Billaud, 0., Virol.
Methods, 2003; 108:223-228; Blomqvist, S,,J. Clin. Microbiol., 1999; 37:2813-2816; Halonen, P.,]. Clin. Microbiol., 1995; 33:648-653;
Kfimmerer, U., J. ain. Microbiot, 1994; 32:285-291; Loens, K., J. Chn.
Microbiol., 2006;
44:166-171; Miller, E.K., J. Infect. Dis., 2007; 195:773-781; Papadopoulos, N.
G., J. Virol.
Methods., 1999; 80:179-85).
[0007] More recently, real-time RT-PCR assays have been described for HRV/IIEVs (Dagher, 11., Virol.
Methods., 2004; 117:113-121; Deffernez, C., J. Clin. Microbiol., 2004;
42:3212-3218; Kares, S., 6/in. Virol., 2004; 29:99-104, Nijhuis, M., J. ain.
Microbiol., 2002;
40:366613670; Scheltinga, S.A., .1: ain. Virol., 2005; 33:306-311). These assays did not detect all known HRV serotypes (Dagher, H., J. Virol. Methods., 2004; 117:113-121;
Deffernez, C., J.
Clin. Microbiol., 2004; 42:3212-3218; Scheltinga, S.A., J. Clin. Virol., 2005;
33:306-311;
Wright, P.F., I. Clin. Microbiol., 2007; 45:2126-2129) or used difficult to interpret SYBR Green detection (Dagher, H., J. Virol. Methods., 2004; 117:113-121; Wittwer, CT., Biotechniques, 1997; 22:130-131, 134-138). Moreover, these prior art assays are inaccurate due to the extensive genetic variability of the HRVs and lack of available sequence data in the public domain. Thus, no real-time RT-PCR assays specifically identify all FIRVs relative to HEVs or other viral fluid
3 components (Dagher, H., J. Virol. Methods., 2004; 117:113-121; Deffernez, C., J. Clin.
Microbiol., 2004; 42:3212-3218, Scheltinga, S.A., J. Clin. Virol., 2005;
33:306-311; Wright, P.F., J Gun. Micro')tol., 2007; 45:2126-2129). Finally, no prior art assay has successfully detected viral prototype strains. Thus, there is a need for a rapid, sensitive, and discriminatory assay for detection of HRV in complex clinical or laboratory samples in the presence or absence of other viral agents..
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0008] A process for detecting human rhinovirus in a biological sample includes producing an amplification product by amplifying a human rhinovirus nucleotide sequence using a forward primer homologous to a region within nucleotides 356-563 of human rhinovirus and a reverse primer homologous to a region within nucleotides 356-563 of human rhinovirus and measuring the amplification product under conditions for a polymerase chain reaction to detect human rhinovirus in the biological sample. The forward primer is illustratively of SEQ 11) NO: 1 and the reverse primer is illustratively of SEQ ID NO: 2. Measuring the amplification product may illustratively be by using a probe complementary to a sequence of human rhinovirus. The probe may illustratively be of SEQ ID NO: 3. The inventive process is operable for detection of human rhinovirus infection in a biological sample.
[0009] The inventive process detects a first, second, or third detection signal by a variety of techniques such as liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, static fluorescence, dynamic fluorescence, high performance liquid chromatography, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography, enzyme-linked
Microbiol., 2004; 42:3212-3218, Scheltinga, S.A., J. Clin. Virol., 2005;
33:306-311; Wright, P.F., J Gun. Micro')tol., 2007; 45:2126-2129). Finally, no prior art assay has successfully detected viral prototype strains. Thus, there is a need for a rapid, sensitive, and discriminatory assay for detection of HRV in complex clinical or laboratory samples in the presence or absence of other viral agents..
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0008] A process for detecting human rhinovirus in a biological sample includes producing an amplification product by amplifying a human rhinovirus nucleotide sequence using a forward primer homologous to a region within nucleotides 356-563 of human rhinovirus and a reverse primer homologous to a region within nucleotides 356-563 of human rhinovirus and measuring the amplification product under conditions for a polymerase chain reaction to detect human rhinovirus in the biological sample. The forward primer is illustratively of SEQ 11) NO: 1 and the reverse primer is illustratively of SEQ ID NO: 2. Measuring the amplification product may illustratively be by using a probe complementary to a sequence of human rhinovirus. The probe may illustratively be of SEQ ID NO: 3. The inventive process is operable for detection of human rhinovirus infection in a biological sample.
[0009] The inventive process detects a first, second, or third detection signal by a variety of techniques such as liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, static fluorescence, dynamic fluorescence, high performance liquid chromatography, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography, enzyme-linked
4 immunoadsorbent assay, real-time RT-PCR, RT-PCR, nucleotide sequencing, or combinations thereof [0010] The inventive process allows for diagnoses human rhinovirus infection in a human subject. By comparing the first detection signal to a second detection signal, where the second detection signal results from the hybridization of a probe complementary to a sequence from a human rhinovirus.
10011] A second detection signal is optionally obtained by detection within the same or a parallel biological sample possibly containing human enterovirus, polio virus, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, human parainfluenza viruses 1-4, adenovirus, coronaviruses 229E and 0C43, influenza viruses A and B, and human bocavirus, and the hybridization of a probe complementary to a sequence from one or more viruses of said group.
[0012] An inventive process optionally also or independently detects the presence of human enterovirus in a biological sample that illustratively includes producing an amplification product by amplifying a human enterovirus nucleotide sequence using a forward primer Homologous to a region within 356-563 of human enterovirus and a reverse primer homologous to a region within 356-563 of human enterovirus and measuring the amplification product .under conditions for a polymerase chain reaction to detect human enterovirus in the biological sample [0013] A process is provided in which the second detection signal is generated in parallel with, prior to, or following the first detection Signal. The complementary amplification product is illustratively generated by PCR amplification of a purified and titered human rhinovirus . solution. The first detection signal is also optionally compared to a third detection signal from a nucleic acid calibrator extracted in parallel to the biological sample to provide further quantification data, with nucleic acid calibrator containing a known amount of human rhinovirus and a known amount of a medium similar to the biological sample.
[00141 A kit for detecting human rhinovirus infection is provided that includes a forward primer with sequence SEQ ID NO: 1, a reverse primer with SEQ ID NO: 2, and a non-degenerate probe. An exemplary non-degenerate probe has the sequence SEQ ID
NO: 3.
100151 Also provided is a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO:
2, or SEQ ID
NO: 3.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
100161 FIG. 1 represents alignment of partial 5'NCR sequences of 100 FIRV
and 52 HEV
serotypes in regions corresponding to primers (SEQ ID NOS: 1 and 2) and probe (SEQ ID NO.
3) used for the inventive HRV real-time RT-PCR assay;
[0017] FIG. 2 represents a representative inventive real-time RT-PCR
amplification plot obtained with serial 10-fold dilutions (5x101 to 5x107 copies per reaction) of _ transcript demonstrating sensitivity and robustness of the inventive assay; and [0018] FIG. 3 represents III2V detected by the inventive real-time RT-PCR
assay in serial nasal and throat swab specimens from 4 FIRV positive donors (A, B, C and D) with acute respiratory illness.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
100191 The high genetic variability of FIRV and the presence of numerous other potential infectious agents capable of producing similar clinical symptoms highlights the need for a rapid, sensitive, and discriminatory assay and reagents for the detection and quantification of1112V in a =
fluid sample. The instant invention has utility for detection of HRV in biological samples, diagnosis of disease associated therewith, and discrimination against other viral pathogens such as HEV.
[0020] Several details of the current invention were published by Lu, X.õI
Clin. Microbiol.
2008; 46(2):533-9.
[0021] The following definitional terms are used throughout the specification without regard to placement relative to these terms.
[0022] As used herein, the term "variant" defines either a naturally occurring genetic mutant of HRV or a recombinantly prepared variation of HRV, each of which contain one or more mutations in its genome compared to the HRV of HRV1B (accession no. D00239).
The term "variant" may also refer to either a naturally occurring variation of a given peptide or a recombinantly prepared variation of a given peptide or protein in which one or more amino acid residues have been modified by amino acid substitution, addition, or deletion.
100231 As used herein, the term "analog" in the context of a non-proteinaceous analog defines a second organic or inorganic molecule that possesses a similar or identical function as a first organic or inorganic molecule and is structurally similar to the first organic or inorganic molecule.
[0024] As used herein, the term "derivative" in the context of a non-proteinaceous derivative defines a second organic or inorganic molecule that is formed based upon the structure of a first organic or inorganic molecule. A derivative of an organic molecule includes, but is not limited to, a molecule modified, e.g., by the addition or deletion of a hydroxyl, methyl, ethyl, carboxyl or amine group. An organic molecule may also be esterified, alkylated and/or phosphorylated. A
derivative also defined as a degenerate base mimicking a C/T mix such as that from Glen Research Corporation, Sterling, VA, illustratively LNA-dA or LNA-dT, or other nucleotide modification known in the art or otherwise.
100251 As used herein, the term "mutant" defines the presence of mutations in the nucleotide sequence of an organism as compared to a wild-type organism.
100261 A "purified" nucleic acid molecule is one that is separated from other nucleic acid molecules that are present in the natural source of the nucleic acid molecule and is often substantially free of other cellular material, or culture medium when produced by recombinant techniques, or substantially free of chemical precursors or other chemicals when chemically synthesized. This term is exclusive of a nucleic acid that is a member of a library that has not been purified away from other library clones containing other nucleic acid molecules.
100271 As used herein, the term "hybridizes under stringent conditions"
describes conditions for hybridization and washing under which nucleotide sequences having at least 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% identity to each other typically remain hybridized to each other. Such hybridization conditions are described in, for example but not limited to, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. (1989), 6.3.1 6.3.6.; Basic Methods in Molecular Biology, Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc., N.Y. (1986), pp. 75-78, and 84-87; and Molecular Cloning, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, N.Y. (1982), pp.
387-389, and are well known to those skilled in the art. A preferred, non-limiting example of stringent hybridization conditions is hybridization in 6x sodium chloride/sodium citrate (SSC), 0.5% SDS at about 68 C followed by one or more washes in 2xSSC, 0.5% SDS at room temperature. Another preferred, non-limiting example of stringent hybridization conditions is hybridization in 6x SSC at about 45 C followed by one or more washes in 0.2x SSC, 0.1% SDS
at 50 to 65 C.
[0028] An "isolated" or "purified" nucleotide or oligonucleotide sequence is substantially free of cellular material or other contaminating proteins from the cell or tissue source from which the nucleotide is derived, or is substantially free of chemical precursors or other chemicals when .
chemically synthesized. The language "substantially free of cellular material" includes preparations of a nucleotide/oligonucleotide in which the nucleotide/oligonucleotide is separated from cellular components of the cells from which it is isolated or produced.
Thus, a nucleotide/oligonucleotide that is substantially free of cellular material includes preparations of the nucleotide having less than about 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 2.5%, or 1% (by dry weight) of contaminating material. When nucleotide/oligonucleotide is produced by chemical synthesis, it is preferably substantially free of chemical precursors or other chemicals, i.e., it is separated from chemical precursors or other chemicals which are involved in the synthesis of the protein.
Accordingly, such preparations of the nucleotide/oligonucleotide have less than about 30%, 20%, 10%, 5% (by dry weight) of chemical precursors or compounds other than the nucleotide/oligonucleotide of interest. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the nucleotide/oligonucleotide are isolated or purified.
[0029] As used herein, the term "isolated" virus or virus-like particle (VLP) is one which is separated from other organisms which are present in the natural source of the virus, e.g., biological material such as cells, blood, serum, plasma, saliva, urine, stool, sputum, nasopharyngeal aspirates, and so forth. The isolated virus or VII' can be used to infect a subject cell.
= 10030] As used herein, the term "biological sample" is defined as sample obtained from a biological organism, a tissue, cell, cell culture medium, or any medium suitable for mimicking biological conditions, or from the environment. Non-limiting examples include, saliva, gingival secretions, cerebrospinal fluid, gastrointestinal fluid, mucous, urogenital secretions, synovial fluid, blood, serum, plasma, urine, cystic fluid, lymph fluid, ascites, pleural effusion, interstitial fluid, intracellular fluid, ocular fluids, seminal fluid, mammary secretions, and vitreal fluid, and nasal secretions, throat or nasal materials. In a preferred embodiment, viral agents are contained in serum, whole blood, nasopharyngeal fluid, throat fluid, other respiratory fluid.
[0031]. As used herein, the term "medium" refers to any liquid or fluid biological sample in the presence or absence of virus. Non-limiting examples include buffered saline solution, cell culture medium, acetonitrile, trifluoroacetic acid, combinations thereof, or any other fluid recognized in the art as suitable for combination with virus or cells, or for dilution of a biological sample or amplification product for analysis.
100321 To determine the percent identity of two nucleic acid sequences, the sequences are aligned for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be introduced in the sequence of a first amino acid or nucleic acid sequence for optimal alignment with a second amino acid or nucleic acid sequence). The nucleotides at corresponding nucleotide positions are then compared.
When a position in the first sequence is occupied by the same nucleotide as the corresponding position in the second sequence, then the molecules are identical at that position. The percent identity between the two sequences is a function of the number of identical positions shared by the sequences (i.e., % identity¨number of identical overlapping positions/total number of positions x 100%). In one embodiment, the two sequences are the same length.
[00331 The determination of percent identity between two sequences can also be accomplished using a mathematical algorithm. A preferred, nonlimiting example of a mathematical algorithm utilized for the comparison of two sequences is the algorithm of Karlin and Altschul, 1990, PNAS 87:2264 2268, modified as in Karlin and Altschul, 1993, PNAS.
90:5873 5877. Such an algorithm is incorporated into the NBLAST and XBLAST
programs of Altschul et al., 1990, Mol. Biol. 215:403. BLAST nucleotide searches are performed with the NBLAST nucleotide program parameters set, e.g., for score-100, wordlength=12 to obtain nucleotide sequences homologous to a nucleic acid molecules of the present invention. BLAST
protein searches are performed with the XBLAST program parameters set, e.g., to score 50, wordlength=3 to obtain amino acid sequences homologous to a protein molecule of the present invention. To obtain gapped alignments for comparison purposes,- Gapped BLAST
are utilized as described in Altschul et al., 1997, Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389 3402.
Alternatively, PSI
BLAST is used to perform an iterated search which detects distant relationships between molecules (Id.). When utilizing BLAST, Gapped BLAST, and PSI Blast programs, the default parameters of the respective programs (e.g., of ximAsT and NBLAST) are used (see, e.g., the NCBI website). Another preferred, non-limiting example of a mathematical algorithm utilized for the comparison of sequences is the algorithm of Myers and Miller, 1988, GA
BIOS 4:11 17.
Such an algorithm is incorporated in the ALIGN program (version 2.0) which is part of the GCG
sequence alignment software package. When utilizing the ALIGN program for comparing amino acid sequences, a PAM120 weight residue table, a gap length penalty of 12, and a gap penalty of 4 is used.
= 11 [0034] The percent identity between two sequences is determined using techniques similar to those described above, with or without allowing gaps. In calculating percent identity, typically only exact matches are counted.
[00351 As used herein, the terms "subject" and "patient" are synonymous and refer to a human or non-human animal, preferably a mammal including a human, non-primate such as cows, pigs, horses, goats, sheep, cats, dogs, avian species and rodents; and a non-human primate such as monkeys, chimpanzees, and apes; and a human, also denoted specifically as a "human subject".
[0036] The instant inventive process provides a rapid, specific, and sensitive assay process for detection of HRV in biological samples by amplifying one or more nucleotide sequences with greater specificity to strains of IIRV than HEV or other viral agents and are present in a = biological sample by processes similar to the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
[0037] An oligonucleotide forward primer with a nucleotide sequence complementary to a unique sequence in an IIRV nucleotide sequence illustratively in the 5'-NCR is hybridized to its complementary sequence and extended.
Similarly, a reverse oligonucleotide primer compleme tary to a second strand of IIRV DNA in the same or an alternate HRV
region is hybridized and extended. This system allows for amplification of specific gene sequences and is suitable for simultaneous or sequential detection systems.
10038) The present invention relates to the use of the sequence information of HRV for diagnostic process. In particular, the present invention provides a process for detecting the presence or absence of nucleic acid molecules of HRV, natural or artificial variants, analogs, or derivatives thereof, in a biological sample. The process involves obtaining a biological sample from various sources and contacting the sample with a compound or an agent capable of detecting a nucleic acid sequence of HRV, natural or artificial variants, analogs, or derivatives thereof, such that the presence of IIRV, natural or artificial variants, analogs, or derivatives thereof, is detected in the sample. In a preferred specific embodiment, the presence of FIRV, natural or artificial variants, analogs, or derivatives thereof, is detected in the sample by a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using the primers that are constructed based on a partial nucleotide sequence of the HRV virus. In a non-limiting specific embodiment, preferred forward primer to be used in a RT-PCR process is 5'-CPXGCCZGCGTGGY-3' (SEQ
ID NO: 1) where P= pyrimidine derivative, a degenerate base mimicking a C/T
mix (Glen Research Corporation, Archive Report 8.1), X=1,NA-dA, Z=LNA-dT (Glen Research Corporation, Archive Report 20.1, Y=C or T, and a reverse primer
10011] A second detection signal is optionally obtained by detection within the same or a parallel biological sample possibly containing human enterovirus, polio virus, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, human parainfluenza viruses 1-4, adenovirus, coronaviruses 229E and 0C43, influenza viruses A and B, and human bocavirus, and the hybridization of a probe complementary to a sequence from one or more viruses of said group.
[0012] An inventive process optionally also or independently detects the presence of human enterovirus in a biological sample that illustratively includes producing an amplification product by amplifying a human enterovirus nucleotide sequence using a forward primer Homologous to a region within 356-563 of human enterovirus and a reverse primer homologous to a region within 356-563 of human enterovirus and measuring the amplification product .under conditions for a polymerase chain reaction to detect human enterovirus in the biological sample [0013] A process is provided in which the second detection signal is generated in parallel with, prior to, or following the first detection Signal. The complementary amplification product is illustratively generated by PCR amplification of a purified and titered human rhinovirus . solution. The first detection signal is also optionally compared to a third detection signal from a nucleic acid calibrator extracted in parallel to the biological sample to provide further quantification data, with nucleic acid calibrator containing a known amount of human rhinovirus and a known amount of a medium similar to the biological sample.
[00141 A kit for detecting human rhinovirus infection is provided that includes a forward primer with sequence SEQ ID NO: 1, a reverse primer with SEQ ID NO: 2, and a non-degenerate probe. An exemplary non-degenerate probe has the sequence SEQ ID
NO: 3.
100151 Also provided is a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO:
2, or SEQ ID
NO: 3.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
100161 FIG. 1 represents alignment of partial 5'NCR sequences of 100 FIRV
and 52 HEV
serotypes in regions corresponding to primers (SEQ ID NOS: 1 and 2) and probe (SEQ ID NO.
3) used for the inventive HRV real-time RT-PCR assay;
[0017] FIG. 2 represents a representative inventive real-time RT-PCR
amplification plot obtained with serial 10-fold dilutions (5x101 to 5x107 copies per reaction) of _ transcript demonstrating sensitivity and robustness of the inventive assay; and [0018] FIG. 3 represents III2V detected by the inventive real-time RT-PCR
assay in serial nasal and throat swab specimens from 4 FIRV positive donors (A, B, C and D) with acute respiratory illness.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
100191 The high genetic variability of FIRV and the presence of numerous other potential infectious agents capable of producing similar clinical symptoms highlights the need for a rapid, sensitive, and discriminatory assay and reagents for the detection and quantification of1112V in a =
fluid sample. The instant invention has utility for detection of HRV in biological samples, diagnosis of disease associated therewith, and discrimination against other viral pathogens such as HEV.
[0020] Several details of the current invention were published by Lu, X.õI
Clin. Microbiol.
2008; 46(2):533-9.
[0021] The following definitional terms are used throughout the specification without regard to placement relative to these terms.
[0022] As used herein, the term "variant" defines either a naturally occurring genetic mutant of HRV or a recombinantly prepared variation of HRV, each of which contain one or more mutations in its genome compared to the HRV of HRV1B (accession no. D00239).
The term "variant" may also refer to either a naturally occurring variation of a given peptide or a recombinantly prepared variation of a given peptide or protein in which one or more amino acid residues have been modified by amino acid substitution, addition, or deletion.
100231 As used herein, the term "analog" in the context of a non-proteinaceous analog defines a second organic or inorganic molecule that possesses a similar or identical function as a first organic or inorganic molecule and is structurally similar to the first organic or inorganic molecule.
[0024] As used herein, the term "derivative" in the context of a non-proteinaceous derivative defines a second organic or inorganic molecule that is formed based upon the structure of a first organic or inorganic molecule. A derivative of an organic molecule includes, but is not limited to, a molecule modified, e.g., by the addition or deletion of a hydroxyl, methyl, ethyl, carboxyl or amine group. An organic molecule may also be esterified, alkylated and/or phosphorylated. A
derivative also defined as a degenerate base mimicking a C/T mix such as that from Glen Research Corporation, Sterling, VA, illustratively LNA-dA or LNA-dT, or other nucleotide modification known in the art or otherwise.
100251 As used herein, the term "mutant" defines the presence of mutations in the nucleotide sequence of an organism as compared to a wild-type organism.
100261 A "purified" nucleic acid molecule is one that is separated from other nucleic acid molecules that are present in the natural source of the nucleic acid molecule and is often substantially free of other cellular material, or culture medium when produced by recombinant techniques, or substantially free of chemical precursors or other chemicals when chemically synthesized. This term is exclusive of a nucleic acid that is a member of a library that has not been purified away from other library clones containing other nucleic acid molecules.
100271 As used herein, the term "hybridizes under stringent conditions"
describes conditions for hybridization and washing under which nucleotide sequences having at least 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% identity to each other typically remain hybridized to each other. Such hybridization conditions are described in, for example but not limited to, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. (1989), 6.3.1 6.3.6.; Basic Methods in Molecular Biology, Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc., N.Y. (1986), pp. 75-78, and 84-87; and Molecular Cloning, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, N.Y. (1982), pp.
387-389, and are well known to those skilled in the art. A preferred, non-limiting example of stringent hybridization conditions is hybridization in 6x sodium chloride/sodium citrate (SSC), 0.5% SDS at about 68 C followed by one or more washes in 2xSSC, 0.5% SDS at room temperature. Another preferred, non-limiting example of stringent hybridization conditions is hybridization in 6x SSC at about 45 C followed by one or more washes in 0.2x SSC, 0.1% SDS
at 50 to 65 C.
[0028] An "isolated" or "purified" nucleotide or oligonucleotide sequence is substantially free of cellular material or other contaminating proteins from the cell or tissue source from which the nucleotide is derived, or is substantially free of chemical precursors or other chemicals when .
chemically synthesized. The language "substantially free of cellular material" includes preparations of a nucleotide/oligonucleotide in which the nucleotide/oligonucleotide is separated from cellular components of the cells from which it is isolated or produced.
Thus, a nucleotide/oligonucleotide that is substantially free of cellular material includes preparations of the nucleotide having less than about 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 2.5%, or 1% (by dry weight) of contaminating material. When nucleotide/oligonucleotide is produced by chemical synthesis, it is preferably substantially free of chemical precursors or other chemicals, i.e., it is separated from chemical precursors or other chemicals which are involved in the synthesis of the protein.
Accordingly, such preparations of the nucleotide/oligonucleotide have less than about 30%, 20%, 10%, 5% (by dry weight) of chemical precursors or compounds other than the nucleotide/oligonucleotide of interest. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the nucleotide/oligonucleotide are isolated or purified.
[0029] As used herein, the term "isolated" virus or virus-like particle (VLP) is one which is separated from other organisms which are present in the natural source of the virus, e.g., biological material such as cells, blood, serum, plasma, saliva, urine, stool, sputum, nasopharyngeal aspirates, and so forth. The isolated virus or VII' can be used to infect a subject cell.
= 10030] As used herein, the term "biological sample" is defined as sample obtained from a biological organism, a tissue, cell, cell culture medium, or any medium suitable for mimicking biological conditions, or from the environment. Non-limiting examples include, saliva, gingival secretions, cerebrospinal fluid, gastrointestinal fluid, mucous, urogenital secretions, synovial fluid, blood, serum, plasma, urine, cystic fluid, lymph fluid, ascites, pleural effusion, interstitial fluid, intracellular fluid, ocular fluids, seminal fluid, mammary secretions, and vitreal fluid, and nasal secretions, throat or nasal materials. In a preferred embodiment, viral agents are contained in serum, whole blood, nasopharyngeal fluid, throat fluid, other respiratory fluid.
[0031]. As used herein, the term "medium" refers to any liquid or fluid biological sample in the presence or absence of virus. Non-limiting examples include buffered saline solution, cell culture medium, acetonitrile, trifluoroacetic acid, combinations thereof, or any other fluid recognized in the art as suitable for combination with virus or cells, or for dilution of a biological sample or amplification product for analysis.
100321 To determine the percent identity of two nucleic acid sequences, the sequences are aligned for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be introduced in the sequence of a first amino acid or nucleic acid sequence for optimal alignment with a second amino acid or nucleic acid sequence). The nucleotides at corresponding nucleotide positions are then compared.
When a position in the first sequence is occupied by the same nucleotide as the corresponding position in the second sequence, then the molecules are identical at that position. The percent identity between the two sequences is a function of the number of identical positions shared by the sequences (i.e., % identity¨number of identical overlapping positions/total number of positions x 100%). In one embodiment, the two sequences are the same length.
[00331 The determination of percent identity between two sequences can also be accomplished using a mathematical algorithm. A preferred, nonlimiting example of a mathematical algorithm utilized for the comparison of two sequences is the algorithm of Karlin and Altschul, 1990, PNAS 87:2264 2268, modified as in Karlin and Altschul, 1993, PNAS.
90:5873 5877. Such an algorithm is incorporated into the NBLAST and XBLAST
programs of Altschul et al., 1990, Mol. Biol. 215:403. BLAST nucleotide searches are performed with the NBLAST nucleotide program parameters set, e.g., for score-100, wordlength=12 to obtain nucleotide sequences homologous to a nucleic acid molecules of the present invention. BLAST
protein searches are performed with the XBLAST program parameters set, e.g., to score 50, wordlength=3 to obtain amino acid sequences homologous to a protein molecule of the present invention. To obtain gapped alignments for comparison purposes,- Gapped BLAST
are utilized as described in Altschul et al., 1997, Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389 3402.
Alternatively, PSI
BLAST is used to perform an iterated search which detects distant relationships between molecules (Id.). When utilizing BLAST, Gapped BLAST, and PSI Blast programs, the default parameters of the respective programs (e.g., of ximAsT and NBLAST) are used (see, e.g., the NCBI website). Another preferred, non-limiting example of a mathematical algorithm utilized for the comparison of sequences is the algorithm of Myers and Miller, 1988, GA
BIOS 4:11 17.
Such an algorithm is incorporated in the ALIGN program (version 2.0) which is part of the GCG
sequence alignment software package. When utilizing the ALIGN program for comparing amino acid sequences, a PAM120 weight residue table, a gap length penalty of 12, and a gap penalty of 4 is used.
= 11 [0034] The percent identity between two sequences is determined using techniques similar to those described above, with or without allowing gaps. In calculating percent identity, typically only exact matches are counted.
[00351 As used herein, the terms "subject" and "patient" are synonymous and refer to a human or non-human animal, preferably a mammal including a human, non-primate such as cows, pigs, horses, goats, sheep, cats, dogs, avian species and rodents; and a non-human primate such as monkeys, chimpanzees, and apes; and a human, also denoted specifically as a "human subject".
[0036] The instant inventive process provides a rapid, specific, and sensitive assay process for detection of HRV in biological samples by amplifying one or more nucleotide sequences with greater specificity to strains of IIRV than HEV or other viral agents and are present in a = biological sample by processes similar to the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
[0037] An oligonucleotide forward primer with a nucleotide sequence complementary to a unique sequence in an IIRV nucleotide sequence illustratively in the 5'-NCR is hybridized to its complementary sequence and extended.
Similarly, a reverse oligonucleotide primer compleme tary to a second strand of IIRV DNA in the same or an alternate HRV
region is hybridized and extended. This system allows for amplification of specific gene sequences and is suitable for simultaneous or sequential detection systems.
10038) The present invention relates to the use of the sequence information of HRV for diagnostic process. In particular, the present invention provides a process for detecting the presence or absence of nucleic acid molecules of HRV, natural or artificial variants, analogs, or derivatives thereof, in a biological sample. The process involves obtaining a biological sample from various sources and contacting the sample with a compound or an agent capable of detecting a nucleic acid sequence of HRV, natural or artificial variants, analogs, or derivatives thereof, such that the presence of IIRV, natural or artificial variants, analogs, or derivatives thereof, is detected in the sample. In a preferred specific embodiment, the presence of FIRV, natural or artificial variants, analogs, or derivatives thereof, is detected in the sample by a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using the primers that are constructed based on a partial nucleotide sequence of the HRV virus. In a non-limiting specific embodiment, preferred forward primer to be used in a RT-PCR process is 5'-CPXGCCZGCGTGGY-3' (SEQ
ID NO: 1) where P= pyrimidine derivative, a degenerate base mimicking a C/T
mix (Glen Research Corporation, Archive Report 8.1), X=1,NA-dA, Z=LNA-dT (Glen Research Corporation, Archive Report 20.1, Y=C or T, and a reverse primer
5'-GAAACACCiGACACCCAAAGTA-3 (SEQ ID NO: 2). LNA denotes a locked nucleic acid and X includes a deoxyadenosine or deoxythymidine bonded thereto. LNAs were first detailed in Koshkin et al., Tetrahedron 54, 3607-3630 (1998). In preferred embodiments, the primers comprise the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS: I and 2. A preferred agent for detecting FIRV nucleic acid sequences is a labeled nucleic acid probe capable of hybridizing thereto. In a preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid probe is a nucleic acid molecule comprising or consisting of the nucleic acid sequence of 5'-"FCCTCCGGCCCCTGAATOYO0C -3' (SEQ ID NO: 3), which sufficiently specifically hybridizes under stringent conditions to an I-IRV nucleic acid sequence when Y is C or T.
[00391 The process of the present invention can involve a real-time quantitative PCR
assay.
In a preferred embodiment, the quantitative PCR used in the present invention is TaqMan assay (Holland et al., PNAS 88(16):7276 (1991)). It is appreciated that the current invention is amenable to performance on other RT-PCR systems and protocols that use alternative reagents illustratively including, but not limited to Molecular Beacons probes, Scorpion probes, multiple reporters for multiplex PCR, combinations thereof, or other DNA detection systems.
[0040] The assays are performed on an instrument designed to perform such assays, for example those available from Applied Biosystems (Foster City, CA). In more preferred specific embodiments, the present invention provides a real-time quantitative PCR assay to detect the presence of I-112V, natural or artificial variants, analogs, or derivatives thereof, in a biological sample by subjecting the HRV nucleic acid from the sample to PCR reactions using specific primers, and detecting the amplified product using a probe. In preferred embodiments, the probe is a TaqMan probe which consists of an oligonucleotide with a 51-reporter dye and a 31-quencher =
dye.
[00411 A fluorescent reporter dye, such as FAM dye (illustratively 6-carboxylluoreseein), is covalently linked to the 5' end of the oligonueleotide probe. Other dyes illustratively include such TAMRA, AlexaFluor dyes such as AlexaFluor 495 or 590, Cascade Blue, Marina Blue, Pacific Blue, Oregon Green, Rhodamine, Fluoroseein, TET, HEX, Cy5, Cy3, and Tetramethylrhodamine. Each of the reporters is quenched by a dye at the 3' end or other non-fluorescent quencher. Quenching molecules are suitably matched to the fluorescence maximum of the dye. Any suitable fluorescent probe for use in real-time PCR
(RT-PCR) detection systems is illustratively operable in the instant invention.
Similarly, any quenching molecule for use in RT-PCR systems is illustratively operable. In a preferred embodiment a
[00391 The process of the present invention can involve a real-time quantitative PCR
assay.
In a preferred embodiment, the quantitative PCR used in the present invention is TaqMan assay (Holland et al., PNAS 88(16):7276 (1991)). It is appreciated that the current invention is amenable to performance on other RT-PCR systems and protocols that use alternative reagents illustratively including, but not limited to Molecular Beacons probes, Scorpion probes, multiple reporters for multiplex PCR, combinations thereof, or other DNA detection systems.
[0040] The assays are performed on an instrument designed to perform such assays, for example those available from Applied Biosystems (Foster City, CA). In more preferred specific embodiments, the present invention provides a real-time quantitative PCR assay to detect the presence of I-112V, natural or artificial variants, analogs, or derivatives thereof, in a biological sample by subjecting the HRV nucleic acid from the sample to PCR reactions using specific primers, and detecting the amplified product using a probe. In preferred embodiments, the probe is a TaqMan probe which consists of an oligonucleotide with a 51-reporter dye and a 31-quencher =
dye.
[00411 A fluorescent reporter dye, such as FAM dye (illustratively 6-carboxylluoreseein), is covalently linked to the 5' end of the oligonueleotide probe. Other dyes illustratively include such TAMRA, AlexaFluor dyes such as AlexaFluor 495 or 590, Cascade Blue, Marina Blue, Pacific Blue, Oregon Green, Rhodamine, Fluoroseein, TET, HEX, Cy5, Cy3, and Tetramethylrhodamine. Each of the reporters is quenched by a dye at the 3' end or other non-fluorescent quencher. Quenching molecules are suitably matched to the fluorescence maximum of the dye. Any suitable fluorescent probe for use in real-time PCR
(RT-PCR) detection systems is illustratively operable in the instant invention.
Similarly, any quenching molecule for use in RT-PCR systems is illustratively operable. In a preferred embodiment a
6-carboxyfluorescein reporter dye is present at the 5'-end and matched to Black Hole Quencher (BHQ1, Biosearch Technologies, Inc., Novato, CA). The fluorescence signals from these reactions are captured at the end of extension steps as PCR product is generated over a range of 14 =
the thermal cycles, thereby allowing the quantitative determination of the viral load in the sample based on an amplification plot.
10042]
The HRV virus nucleic acid sequences are optionally amplified before being detected.
The term "amplified" defines the process of making multiple copies of the nucleic acid from a single or lower copy number of nucleic acid sequence molecule. The amplification of nucleic acid sequences is carried out in vitro by biochemical processes known to those of skill in the art.
The amplification agent may be any compound or system that will function to accomplish the synthesis of primer extension products, including enzymes. Suitable enzymes for this purpose include, for example, E. coli DNA polymerase I, Taq polymerase, Klenow fragment of E. coli DNA polymerase I, T4 DNA polymerase, AmpliTaq GoldTM DNA Polymerase [trademark of Hoffman-LaRoche Limited]. other available DNA polymerases, reverse transcriptase (preferably iScript RNase H+ reverse transcriptase), ligase, and other enzymes, including heat-stable enzymes (i.e., those enzymes that perform primer extension after being subjected to temperatures sufficiently elevated to cause denaturation). In a preferred embodiment, the enzyme is hot-start iTaq DNA polymerase from Bio-rad (Hercules, CA).
Suitable enzymes will facilitate combination of the nucleotides in the proper manner to form the primer extension products that are complementary to each mutant nucleotide strand. Generally, the synthesis is initiated at the 3'-end of each primer and proceed in the 5'-direction along the template strand, until synthesis terminates, producing molecules of different lengths. There may be amplification agents, however, that initiate synthesis at the 5'-end and proceed in the other direction. using the same process as described above. In any event, the process of the invention is not to be limited to the embodiments of amplification described herein.
100431 One process of in vitro amplification, which is used according to this invention, is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) described in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,683,202 and 4,683,195. The term "polymerase chain reaction" refers to a process for amplifying a DNA base sequence using a heat-stable DNA polymerase and two ofigonucleotide primers, one complementary to the (+) strand at one end of the sequence to be amplified and the other complementary to the (-)-strand at the other end. Because the newly synthesized DNA strands can subsequently serve as additional templates for the same primer sequences, successive rounds of primer annealing, strand elongation, and dissociation produce rapid and highly specific amplification of the desired sequence. Many polymerase chain processes are known to those of skill in the art and may be used in the process of the invention. For example, DNA is subjected to 30 to 35 cycles of amplification in a thermocycler as follows: 95 C for 30 see, 52 to 60 C for I
min, and 72 C for 1 min, with a final extension step of 72 C for 5 min. For another example, DNA
is subjected to 35 polymerase chain reaction cycles in a thermocyeler at a denaturing temperature of 95 C for 30 see, followed by varying annealing temperatures ranging from 54 to 58 C for l min, an extension step at 70 C for 1 min, with a final extension step at 70 C for 5 mm.
10044] The primers for use in amplifying the mRNA or genomic RNA of I-IRV
may be prepared using any suitable process, such as conventional phosphotriester and phosphodiester processes or automated embodiments thereof so long as the primers are capable of hybridizing to the nucleic acid sequences of interest. One process for synthesizing oligonucleotides on a modified solid support is described in U.S. Patent No. 4,458,066. The exact length of primer will depend on many factors, including temperature, buffer, and nucleotide composition. The primer must prime the synthesis of extension products in the presence of the inducing agent for amplification.
[06451 Primers used according to the process of the invention are complementary to each strand of nucleotide sequence to be amplified. The term "complementary" means that the primers must hybridize with their respective strands under conditions, which allow the agent for polymerization to function. In other words, the primers that are complementary to the 'flanking sequences hybridize with the flanking sequences and permit amplification of the nucleotide sequence. Preferably, the 3' terminus of the primer that is extended is perfectly base paired with the complementary flanking strand.
Preferably, probes possess nucleotide sequences complementary to one or more strands of the 5'-NCR of HRV. More preferably, the primers are complementary to HRV genetic sequences encompassing positions 300-600. Most preferably, primers contain the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 1 and 2. It is appreciated that the complement of SEQ ID NOS: 1 and 2 are similarly suitable for use in the instant invention. It is further appreciated that oligonucleotide sequences that hybridize with SEQ ID
NO: 1 or 2 are also similarly suitable. Finally, multiple positions are available for hybridization on the HRV
genome and will be also suitable hybridization with a probe when used with the proper forward and reverse primers.
100461 Those of ordinary skill in the art will know of various amplification processes that can also be utilized to increase the copy number of target HRV nucleic acid sequence. The nucleic acid sequences detected in the process of the invention are optionally further evaluated, detected, cloned, sequenced, and the like, either in solution or after binding to a solid support, by any process usually applied to the detection of a specific nucleic acid sequence such as another polymerase chain reaction, oligomer restriction (Saiki et al., BioTechnology 3:1008 1012 (1985)), allele-specific oligonucleotide (ASO) probe analysis (Conner et al., RIVAS 80: 278 (1983)), oligonucleotide ligation assays (OLAs) (Landegren et al., Science 241:1077 (1988)), RNase Protection Assay and the like. Molecular techniques for DNA analysis have been reviewed (Landegren et al., Science 242:229 237 (1988)). Following DNA
amplification, the reaction product may be detected by Southern blot analysis, without using radioactive probes. In such a process, for example, a small sample of DNA containing the nucleic acid sequence obtained from the tissue or subject is amplified, and analyzed via a Southern blotting technique.
The use of non-radioactive probes or labels is facilitated by the high level of the amplified signal.
In one embodiment of the invention, one nucleoside triphosphate is radioactively labeled, thereby allowing direct visualization of the amplification product by autoradiography. In another embodiment, amplification primers are fluorescently labeled and run through an electrophoresis system. Visualization of amplified products is by laser detection followed by computer assisted graphic display, without a radioactive signal.
[0047] Other methods of detection amplified oligonucleotide illustratively include gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography, fluorescence, luminescence, gel mobility shift assay, fluorescence resonance energy transfer, nucleotide sequencing, enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay, affinity chromatography, chromatography, immunoenzymatic methods (Ortiz, A and Ritter, E, Nucleic Acids Res., 1996; 24:3280-3281), streptavidin-.
conjugated enzymes, DNA branch migration (Lishanski, A, et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 2000;
28(9):e42), enzyme digestion (U.S. Patent No. 5,580,730), calorimetric methods (Lee, K., Biotechnology Letters, 2003; 25:1739-1742), or combinations thereof 10048] The term "labeled" with regard to the probe is intended to encompass direct labeling of the probe by coupling (i.e., physically linking) a detectable substance to the probe, as well as indirect labeling of the probe by reactivity with another reagent that is directly labeled.
Examples of indirect labeling include detection of a probe using a fluorescently labeled antibody and end-labeling or centrally labeling of a DNA probe with biotin Such that it can be detected with fluoreseently labeled streptavidin. The detection method of the invention can be used to detect RNA (particularly mRNA) or gcnomic nucleic acid in a sample in vitro as well as in vivo.
For example, in vitro techniques for detection of nucleic acid include northern hybridizations, in situ hybridizations, RT-PCR, real-time RT-PCR, and DNase protection. In vitro techniques for detection of genomic nucleic acid include northern hybridizations, RT-PCR, real-time RT-PCR, and DNase protection. Furthermore, in vivo techniques for detection of HRV
include introducing into a subject organism a labeled antibody directed against a capsid or polypeptide component or directed against a particular nucleic acid sequence of HRV. For example, the antibody can be labeled with a radioactive marker whose presence and location in the subject organism can be detected by standard imaging techniques, including autoradiography.
100491 The size of the primers used to amplify a portion of the nucleic acid sequence of FIRV
is at least 5, and often 10, 15, 20, 25, or 30 nucleotides in length.
Preferably, the GC ratio should be above 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, or 60% so as to prevent hair-pin structure on the primer. Furthermore, the amplicon should be sufficiently long enough to be detected by standard molecular biology methodologies. The forward primer is preferably shorter than the reverse primer. Techniques for modifying the Tõ, of either primer are operable herein.
An illustrative forward primer contains LNA-dA and LNA-dT (Glen Research Corporation) so as to match with a corresponding alternate primer.
[0050] An inventive process uses a polymerization reaction which employs a nucleic acid polymerizing enzyme, illustratively a DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase, reverse transcriptasc, or mixtures thereof. It is further appreciated that accessory proteins or molecules are present to form the replication machinery. In a preferred embodiment the polymerizing enzyme is a thermostable polymerase or thermodcgradable polymerase. Use of thermostable polymerases is well known in the art such as Taq polymerase available from Invitrogen Corporation.
Thermostable polymerases allow a polymerization reaction to be initiated or shut down by changing the temperature other condition in the reaction mixture without destroying activity of the polymerase.
100511 Accuracy of the base pairing in the preferred embodiment of DNA
sequencing is provided by the specificity of the enzyme. Error rates for Taq polymerase tend to be false base incorporation of 10-5 or less. (Johnson, Annual Reviews of Biochemistry, 1993:
62:685-713;
= Kunkel, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1992; 267:18251-18254). Specific examples of thermostable polymerases illustratively include those isolated from Therms aquaticus, Therms =
thermophilus, Pyrococcus woesei, Pyrococcu s furiosus, Thermococcus litoralis and Thermotoga maritima. Thermodegradable polymerases illustratively include E. coli DNA
polymerase, the Klenow fragment of E. coli DNA polymerase, T4 DNA polymerase, T7 DNA
polymerase and other examples known in the art. It is recognized in the art that other polymerizing enzymes are similarly suitable illustratively including E. coli, T7, T3, SP6 RNA
polymerases and AMV, M-MLV, and HIV reverse transcriptases.
[00521 The polymerases are optionally bound to the primer. When the HRV is a single-stranded DNA molecule due to heat denaturing the polymerase is bound at the primed end of the single-stranded nucleic acid at an origin of replication. A binding site for a suitable polymerase is optionally created by an accessory protein or by any primed single-stranded nucleic acid.
100531 In a further embodiment detection of PCR products is achieved by mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometry has several advantages over RT-PCR or real-time RI=PCR
systems in that it can be used to simultaneously detect the presence of IIRV
and decipher mutations in target nucleic acid sequences allowing identification and monitoring of emerging strains. Further, mass spectrometers are prevalent in the clinical laboratory.
Similar to fluorescence based detection systems mass spectrometry is capable of simultaneously detecting multiple amplification products for a multiplexed and controlled approach to accurately quantifying components of biological or environmental samples.
100541 Multiple mass spectrometry platforms are suitable for use in the instant invention illustratively including matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI), electrospray mass spectrometry, clectrospray ionization-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI-FTICR), multi-stage mass spectrometry fragmentation analysis (MS/MS), mass spectrometry coupled with liquid chromatography such as high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (11PLC) and ultra performance liquid chromatography isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ID/MS/MS), and variations thereof.
100551 It is appreciated that numerous other detection processes are similarly suitable for measuring an amplification product by detecting a detection signal.
Illustrative examples include, but are not limited to, liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, static fluorescence, dynamic fluorescence, high performance liquid chromatography, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography, enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay, real-time PCR (RT-PCR), gel electrophoresis, or combinations thereof 100561 Preferably, PCR amplification products are generated using complementary forward and reverse oligonucleotide primers. In a non-limiting example, FIRV genetic sequences or fragments thereof are amplified by the primer pair SEQ ID NOS: 1 and 2 that amplify a conserved sequence in the FIRV 5'-NCR encompassing nucleotides 356-563. The resulting amplification product is processed and prepared for detection by processes known in the art. It is appreciated that the complements of SEQ ID NOS: 1 and 2 are similarly suitable for use in the instant invention. It is further appreciated that oligonueleotide sequences that hybridize with SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2 are also similarly suitable. Finally, multiple positions are available for hybridization on the FIRV genome and will be also suitable hybridization with forward and reverse primers that may or may not be used with a probe for real-time RT-PCR.
10057] Optionally, multiple amplification products are simultaneously produced in a PCR
reaction that is then available for simultaneous detection and quantification.
Thus, multiple detection signals are inherently produced or emitted that are separately and uniquely detected in one or more detection systems. It is appreciated that multiple detection signals are optionally produced in parallel. Preferably, a single biological sample is subjected to analysis for the simultaneous or sequential detection of 1-IRV genetic sequences. It is appreciated that three or more independent or overlapping sequences are simultaneously or sequentially measured in the instant inventive process. Oligonucleotide Matched primers (illustratively SEQ
ID NOS: 1 and 2) are simultaneously or sequentially added and the biological sample is subjected to proper thermocycling reaction parameters. For detection by mass spectrometry a single sample of the amplification products from each gene arc simultaneously analyzed allowing for rapid and accurate determination of the presence of I-IRV. Optionally, analysis by real-time RT-PCR is employed capitalizing on multiple probes with unique fluorescent signatures.
Thus, each gene is detected without interference by other amplification products. This, multi-target approach increases confidence in quantification and provides for additional internal control.
100581 In a specific embodiment, the processes further involve obtaining a control sample from a control subject, contacting the control sample with a compound or agent capable of . detecting the presence of IIRV nucleic acid in the sample, and comparing the presence of mRNA
or genomic RNA in the control sample with the presence of mRNA or genomic DNA
in the test sample.
100591 The invention also encompasses kits for detecting the presence of HRV viral nucleic acids in a test sample. The kit, for example, includes a labeled compound or agent capable of detecting a nucleic acid molecule in a test sample and, in certain embodiments, for determining the titer in the sample.
100601 For oligonucleotide-based kits, the kit includes for example: (1) an oligonucleotide, e.g., a detectably labeled oligonucleotide, which hybridizes to a nucleic acid sequence of the HRV virus and/or (2) a pair of primers (one forward and one reverse) useful for amplifying a nucleic acid molecule containing the HRV viral sequence. The kit can also comprise, e.g., a buffering agent, a preservative, or a protein stabilizing agent. The kit can also comprise components necessary for detecting the detectable agent (e.g., an enzyme or a substrate). The kit can also contain a control sample or a series of control samples which is assayed and compared to the test sample contained. Each component of the kit is usually enclosed within an individual container and all of the various containers are usually enclosed within a single package along with instructions for use.
100611 The instant inventive processes are amenable to use for diagnosis of FIRV infection in a subject, insects, and any inclusive other organism capable of infection or transfection by or with HRV.
10062] To increase confidence and to serve as an internal or external control, a purified and titered HRV solution is used as a biological sample. By amplification of a single sample with known quantities of FIRV or of a set of samples representing a titration of HRV, the level of FIRV in the unknown biological sample is determined. Preferably, the purified and titered HRV
solution is analyzed in parallel with the unknown biological sample to reduce inter assay error or to serve as a standard curve for quantitation of unknown HRV in the biological sample. Using purified and titered HRV solution provides for a similar complete genetic base DNA strand for amplification.
100631 In another embodiment, a subgenomic fragment is cloned into a plasmid for amplification, purification, and use as a quantitative comparator or nucleic acid calibrator. In a non-limiting example, a DNA subgenomic fragment of I-IRV is optionally amplified from a positive nasal swab using primers bracketing the RT-PCR target regions in the 5'-NCR of HRV.
It is appreciated that other sequences are similarly suitable for use as a quantitative control. The known concentration of the subgenomic fragment is used to create a standard curve for quantitative determinations and to access amplification efficiency.
100641 Also provided is a kit for detecting HRV infection that contains reagents for the amplification; or direct detection of HRV or portions thereof. An exemplary kit illustratively includes a forward and reverse primer pair, a non-degenerate probe. In a preferred embodiment, the forward and reverse primers have the oligonucleotide sequence SEQ ID NOS:
1 and 2 and a nondegenerate probe of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 3. It is appreciated that a diagnostic kit may optionally contain primers and probes that are the complements of SEQ ID NOS:
1-3 or that hybridize with oligonucleotides SEQ ID NOS: 1-3. It is further appreciated that a diagnostic kit optionally includes ancillary reagents such as buffers, solvents, thermostable polymerases, nucleotides, and other reagents necessary and recognized in the art for amplification and detection of FIRV in a biological sample.
[00651 The invention provides a host cell containing a nucleic acid sequences according to the invention as an alternative to synthetic primer sequence generation.
Plasmids containing the polymerase components of the HRV virus are generated in prokaryotic cells for the expression of the components in relevant cell types (bacteria, insect cells, eukaryotic cells). Preferably, the cell line is a primate cell line. These cell lines may be cultured and maintained using known cell culture techniques such as described in Cells, Julio, ed., 1994, Cell Biology Laboratory Handbook, Academic. Press, NY. Various culturing conditions for these cells, including media formulations with regard to specific nutrients, oxygen, tension, carbon dioxide and reduced serum levels, can be selected and optimized by one of skill in the art.
100661 The preferred cell line of the present invention is a eukaryotic cell line, preferably an insect cell line, such as Sf9 per, transiently or stably expressing one Or more full-length or partial HRV proteins. Such cells can be made by transfection (proteins or nucleic acid vectors), infection (viral vectors) or transduction (viral vectors). The cell lines for use in the present invention are cloned using known cell culture techniques familiar to one skilled in the art. The cells are cultured and expanded from a single cell using commercially available culture media under known conditions suitable for propagating cells.
100671 A host cell is a cell derived from a mammal, insect, yeast, bacteria, or any other single or multicellular organism recognized in the art. Host cells are optionally primary cells or immortalized derivative cells. Immortalized cells are those which can be maintained in-vitro for several replication passages.
100681 In a most preferred embodiment, an HRV antigen such as an amino acid sequence representative of a capsid protein is used as a control for a PCR based assay for the detection and measurement of the presence of HRV in a biological sample. The process of detecting HRV
=
antibodies in a biological sample is optionally performed in parallel with the same or control biological samples that are used to detect HRV genetic sequences.
[0069] A kit for detection of HRV infection in a patient optionally contains reagents for PCR
based detection of HRV genetic sequences, either structural or non-structural, and optionally for detection of antibodies directed to structural I-IRV proteins, The components of the kits are any of the reagents described above or other necessary and non-necessary reagents known in the art for solubilization, detection, washing, storage, or other need for in a diagnostic assay kit.
[0070] The present invention is further illustrated with respect to the following non-limiting examples. The following examples are for illustrative purposes only and are not a limitation on . the practice or scope of the invention.
[0071] Example 1: Obtaining viral strains and clinical specimens. One hundred HRV
prototype strains (strains identification 1A, 1B, 2-86, 88-100) (numbering refers to strain assignment number as illustrated in 'Fla 1 and the description thereof) are kindly obtainable from ViroPharma Inc. (Ledford, R.M.õ/. Virol., 2004; 78:3663-3674) and 85 HRV
field isolates obtained from several sources between 1999 and 2007 were available for study.
IIRV isolates are either sequenced directly or subjected to a single passage in HeLa Ohio cells.
100721 For cell culture, infected cells are incubated at 35 C in 5% CO2 with gentle rocking until reaching full cytopathic effect. Isolates are freeze-thawed twice, clarified by low speed centrifugation and supernatants collected and stored at -70 C. In one study 48 HEV laboratory strains were grown in primary monkey kidney or human RD cells and prepared as above. The studied strains included echoviruses 1-6, 8, 9, 11-25, 29-31; coxsackievirus types A2, A4-6, A8-10, A16, A21, A24, 131-6; enterovirus types 68, 70, 71; and poliovirus types 1,2 and 3. Other respiratory viruses are subjected to testing for specificity including respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, human parainfluenza viruses 1-4, adenovirus, coronaviruscs 229E and 0C43, influenza viruses A and B, and human bocavirus, (1_,u, X., Microbia, 2006;
44:3231-3235). Coded respiratory specimens that were culture positive for HRV
or HEV were provided by California. Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Vanderbilt Medical Center, and University of Rochester Medical Center for clinical validation studies.
Nasal and throat swab specimens are self-obtained by symptomatic volunteers or obtained clinically. These specimens are expressed in 2 ml of chilled viral transport media (Hank's buffered salt solution with 0.5% gelatin) and frozen at -70 C prior to testing.
100731 Example 2: Preparation of nucleic acid and sequencing of viral strains. To identify conserved regions of the sample viral strains all IIRV and HEV viral strains obtained as in Example 1 are subjected to nucleotide sequencing.
100741 Total nucleic acid extracts from all samples collected or obtained as in Example 1 are prepared from 100 pl of infected cell culture lysate or 200 1.t1 of clinical specimen using the NucliSense casyMAGTm extraction system following manufacturer's instructions (bioMerieux, Durham, NC).
. (00751 The 5'NCR of viral strains was sequenced to identify conserved .regions. Extracted viral RNA is reverse transcribed using random hexamer primers (Promcga, Madison, WI) at 52 C for 60 min with Superscript-rm III Reverse Transcriptase (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) following manufacturer's instructions. Five }.11 of the obtained cDNA is amplified in two separate PCR reactions using IIRV species A (SEQ ID NOS: 4 and 5) and B
specific amplification primer sets (SEQ II) NOS: 6 and 7) (Table 1) with the HotStarTaq Master Mix Kit (Qiagen, Chatsworth, CA). PCR cycling conditions are as follows: initial activation step at 95 C
for 15 min followed by 35 cycles of 95 C for I min, 55 C for I min and 72 C
for 1 min, with a final extension of 72 C for 5 min on a GeneAmp PCR System 9700 (Applied Biosystems).
Amplified products are subjected to purification with the Q1Aquick0 PCR
Purification Kit (Qiagen). Sequencing is performed in both directions using the amplification primers and the ABI Prism Bigdyem" Terminator Cycle Sequencing Ready Reaction Kit ver. 3.1 on an ABI
3100 DNA Sequencer (Applied Biosystems). Sequence assembly and editing is accomplished -using Sequencher.rm ver. 3.1.1 software (Gene Codes, Ann Arbor, MI).
Table 1. HRV/HEV primers and probes.
Primer/Probea Sequence (5'- 3.)b Position Real-time RT-PCR
: ...:.... =:. . --=
:
Primer, fwd CPXGCCZGCGTGGY (SEQ ID NO: 1) where Y is C
356-369' Primer, rev GAAACACGGACACCCAAAGTA (SEQ ID NO: 2) 563-543' Probe TCCTCCGGCCCCTGAATGYGGC (SEQ ID NO: 3) 444-465' FigvA 5'NCR:seqUeriCing= :.= = : s : =
= . : = : = .
. . - . . . . . .
. .
Primer, fwd GTACTCTGTTATTCCGGTAACTTTGYAYGCCA (SEQ ID NO: 4) 49-80' Primer, rev CCAACATTCTGTCTAGATACYTGDGCVCCCAT (SEQ ID NO: 5) 655-623' ugvB:5'INICR sequencing. . : : : : :
..!...1. , Primer, fwd A.CTCTGGTACTATGTACC-fTTGTACGCCTGTT (SEQ ID NO: 6) 48-80d (xi co Primer, rev CCACTCTTCTGTGTAGACACYTGDGCDCCCAT (SEQ ID NO: 7) 661-629d co Hini..14. RNA transcript' = = = = = = = =
Primer, fwd - T7 TAATACGACTCACTATAGGGCAAGCACTTCTGTTT (SEQ ID NO: 8) 179-193d Primer, rev - SP6 ATTTAGGTGACACTATAGAAGCATCTGGTAATTTCC (SEQ ID NO: 9) 1089-1074d 0 (xi .1-IEV68 RNA transcript . =:. : . : =
=. . : .
. .
Primer, fwd - T7 TAATACGACTCACTATAGGOTCTTATGAGCAAGCACT (SEQ ID NO: 10) 52-68' Primer, rev - SP6 ATTTAGGTGACACTATAGAAATTACTTCAAAATAACTCAG (SEQ ID NO: 11) 573-554' 'Probes 5'-end-labeled with 6-carboxyfluorescein (FAM) and 3'-end-labeled with Black Hole Quencher' TM
bY=dC or dl. D=dA, dT or dG, dA, dC or dG, P= pyrimidine derivative, a degenerate base mimicking a C/T mix (Glen Research Corporation, 'Archive Report 8.1), X=LNA-dA, Z=LNA-dT (Glen Research Corporation, Archive Report 20.1); underlined sequences are T7 and SP6 promoter sites Nucleotide numbering based on HRV1B (accession no. D00239) dNucleotide numbering based on HRV14 (accession no. K02121) 'Nucleotide numbering based on HEV68 (formally HRV87) (accession no. AY062273) [0076] All obtained sequences are aligned along with previously identified sequences of representative FIRWHEV strains available from CienBank (NIII). As demonstrated in FIG. 1, the alignment identified a conserved region within the 5'NCR between nucleotide positions 356 and 563 (numbering relative to I-IRV B accession no. 1)00239). Subregions were identified to design real-time RT-PCR primer pairs for subsequent evaluation. The most preferred primer pair are represented by SEQ ID NOS: I and 2. The forward primer (SEQ ID NO: 1) is located in a variable region that contains a signature "f" indel at nt position 367. This indel distinguishes all ITRVs from HEVs and is exploited for differential amplification and identification. The forward primer is necessarily shorter in length due to the lower conservation of this region of the 5'NCR.
To compensate LNA-dA and LNA-dT is introduced into the primer at positions 3 and 7 respectively to achieve a balanced T,õ with the reverse primer. It is appreciated that other modifications including sequence length, chemical and other modifications arc similarly operable. Real-time RT-PCR is optimally achieved using the iScriptTm One-step RT-PCR Kit for Probes (BioRad). Other commercial real-time RT-PCR reagent kits performed equally or less optimally. The QuantiTect Probe PCR Kit (Qiagen) and Ag-Path-IDTNA One-Step RT-PCR
Kit (Applied Biosystems) performs comparably, whereas amplification is less efficient with the TaqMane One-Step RT-PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems). Real-time RT-PCR is = unsuccessful using SuperScriptTm Ill Platinum One-Step qRT-PCR Kit (Invitrogen).
100771 Example 3: Real-time RT-PCR to identify HRV and distinguish HEV.
The real-time RT-PCR assay is optimally performed using iScriptTM One-Step RT-PCR Kit for Probes (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA). The reaction is performed in 25 p.1 final volume containing 1 plvl forward and reverse primers, 0.1 p.M probe, and 5 p.1 of nucleic acid extract with the remaining volume made of buffer. Amplification is performed on an iCycler iQ Real-Time Detection =
System (Bio-Rad) using the following thermocycling conditions: 10 min at. 48 C
for reverse transcription; 3 min at 95 C for polymerase activation; and 45 cycles of 15 s at 95 C; and 1 min at 60 C.
100781 Undiluted RNA extracts of all FIRV prototype strains and field isolates produce strongly positive reactions [median cycle threshold (Ct) value 13.7, range 9.3 ¨ 25.3]. The assay is specific and robust for IIRV in that 34 HEVs are nonreactive and 14 (Echol, 3, 5, 6, 13, 21;
Poliol, 2; EV68, 71; CoxA4, 6, 24; CoxB1) produce only weakly positive reactions (median Ct value 34, range 33 ¨ 34.8); and may be related to virus titer.
100791 Assay sensitivity is determined by comparison of serial dilutions of representative HRV strains and other viral strains. Serial ten-fold dilutions of IIRV 14 RNA
transcripts that show 100% sequence identity to the real-time RT-PCR primers and probe set (SEQ
ID NOS: 1-3) are compared to HEN and other representative viruses. With HRV14 linear amplification is achieved over a 7-log dynamic range from 5x101 to 5x107 copies per reaction.
The assay's detection limit with 24 replicates of is 100% positive at 50 copies; at 5 copies, 37.5 % positive at =
9 copies; and at 1 copy, 2 (8.3%) were positive. In contrast, the 11EV68 transcript is undetectable below approximately 5 x 105 copies per reaction. Nucleic acid extracts of other respiratory viruses, including human respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, parainfluenza viruses 1 - 4, adenovirus, coronaviruses 229E and 0C43, influenza A and B, and human bocavirus are negative by the inventive real-time RT-PCR assay.
100801 Over the linear range of the assay, the coefficient of variation of the mean Ct values =
ranged from 0.24% to 0.94% within runs, and from 0.91% to 2.68% between runs demonstrating robust reproducibility. (FIG. 2.) 10081] Example 4: Use of the real-time RT-PCR assay for identification of HRV in clinical samples. Extracts of ill coded respiratory specimens previously determined to be culture positive for HRV or MEV are prepared and tested simultaneously by the inventive HRV
real-time RT-PCR assay and compared to results obtained from two independent laboratories using different in-house 1-1RV/IIEV RT-PCR assays. Of 87 HRV culture-positive specimens tested, all are identified as HRV by the inventive real-time RT-PCR assay (median Ct value 26.3;
range 14.9-38.5); HRV is also identified in all 87 specimens by one or both of the reference in-house RT-PCR assays. Of 24 HF,V culture-positive specimens, 4 are positive for HRV by the real-time RT-PCR assay (median Ct value 28.8; range 26.2 - 32.1); 1 of these 4 was also identified as FIRV by laboratory B. HEN isolates available from 3 of the 4 HRV
positive specimens were not amplified by the inventive real-time RT-PCR assay, whereas amplicon sequences obtained from all 4 clinical specimens were HRV positive suggesting that both LIRV
and HEV were present in these specimens.
100821 To access the inventive real-time RT-PCR assay in clinical specimens of nasal or throat swabs, volunteers who developed respiratory illnesses characterized by one or more of the following symptoms: cough, congestion, myalgia, chills or fever, donated self-collected samples.
The inventive real-time RT-PCR identified 5 eases with IIRV infection.
Collection began 2 and 6 days after onset of symptoms and continued until at least 2 consecutive specimens tested negative (FIG. 3). The duration of detectable HRV ranged from 11 to 21 days (median 12.5 days). With the exception of case A, where HRV Was detected at comparable levels from both throat and nasal. swabs, throat swabs were either consistently negative for HRV (cases B and C) or became negative earlier than from nasal swabs (ease D). The duration of symptoms for five HRV positive cases ranged from 12 to 24 days (median 16 days); one case (D) had a prolonged paroxysmal cough that persisted for 24 days. The duration of reported symptoms exceeded the duration of detectable HRV by the inventive real-time RT-PCR assay for all cases. Sequencing of a partial region of the HRV VP 1 gene from the specimens obtained from the 5 cases identified two genetically distinct HRV strains that showed the closest sequence identities to HRV86 (amino acid identity score 83.5%) and HRV69 (amino acid identity score 84.6%), respectively.
[0083] Example 5: Detection of HRV amplicons via mass spectroscopy.
Detection of amplification products obtained as in Example 3 was performed essentially as described by Blyn, L, et al. I Clin. Microbial. 2008; 46(2):644-651. Following amplification each PCR mixture is desalted and purified using a weak anion-exchange protocol based on the method of Jiang and Hofstadler (Jiang, Y., and S. A. Hofstadler. Anal. Biachem. 2003; 316:50-57).
ESI-TOF is used to obtain accurate-mass (+1 ppm), high-resolution (M/AM, >10,000 full width half maximum) mass spectra. For each sample, approximately 1.5 j.tl of analyte solution is consumed during the spectral acquisition. Raw mass spectra are postcalibrated with an internal mass standard and deconvolved to average molecular masses. Quantitative results are obtained by comparing the peak heights with an internal PCR calibration standard present in every PCR
well at 300 molecules unless otherwise indicated.
100841 Patent applications and publications mentioned in the specification are indicative of the levels of those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains. The foregoing description is illustrative of particular embodiments of the invention, but is not meant to be a limitation upon the practice thereof. The following claims, including all equivalents thereof, are intended to define the scope of the invention.
100851 The invention is hereby described with relation to the following references and those otherwise identified in the instant specification. Each reference is mentioned for the individual point referred to in the specification as well as for all information contained therein and not explicitly identified in the specification. All references are representative of the knowledge of a person of skill in the art and illustrate other aspects of the present invention as envisioned by the inventors.
REFERENCE LIST
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de Jong.
1999. Improved detection of rhinoviruses in clinical samples by using a newly developed nested reverse transcription-PCR assay. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37:524-530 2. Andries, K., B. Dewindt, J. Snoeks, L. Wouters, H. Moereels, P. J. Lewi, and P. A.
Janssen. 1990. Two groups of rhinoviruses revealed by a panel of antiviral compounds present sequence divergence and differential pathogenicity. I Virol. 64:1117-1123.
3. Atmar, R. L., and P. R. Georghiou. 1993. Classification of respiratory tract picornavirus isolates as enteroviruses or rhinoviruses by using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31:2544-2546.
4. Billaud, G., S. Peny, V. Legay, B. Lina, and M. Valette. 2003. Detection of rhinovirus and enterovirus in upper respiratory tract samples using a multiplex nested PCR. J. Virol.
Methods 108:223-228.
5. Blomqvist, S., A. Skytta, M. Roivainen, and T. Hovi. 1999. Rapid detection of human rhinoviruses in nasopharyngeal aspirates by a microwell reverse transcription-PCR-hybridization assay. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37:2813-2816.
6. Blomqvist, S., C. Savolainen, L. Raman, M. Roivainen, and T. Hovi. 2002.
Human rhinovirus 87 and enterovirus 68 represent a unique serotype with rhinovirus and enterovirus features. I Clin. Microbiol. 40:4218-4223.
the thermal cycles, thereby allowing the quantitative determination of the viral load in the sample based on an amplification plot.
10042]
The HRV virus nucleic acid sequences are optionally amplified before being detected.
The term "amplified" defines the process of making multiple copies of the nucleic acid from a single or lower copy number of nucleic acid sequence molecule. The amplification of nucleic acid sequences is carried out in vitro by biochemical processes known to those of skill in the art.
The amplification agent may be any compound or system that will function to accomplish the synthesis of primer extension products, including enzymes. Suitable enzymes for this purpose include, for example, E. coli DNA polymerase I, Taq polymerase, Klenow fragment of E. coli DNA polymerase I, T4 DNA polymerase, AmpliTaq GoldTM DNA Polymerase [trademark of Hoffman-LaRoche Limited]. other available DNA polymerases, reverse transcriptase (preferably iScript RNase H+ reverse transcriptase), ligase, and other enzymes, including heat-stable enzymes (i.e., those enzymes that perform primer extension after being subjected to temperatures sufficiently elevated to cause denaturation). In a preferred embodiment, the enzyme is hot-start iTaq DNA polymerase from Bio-rad (Hercules, CA).
Suitable enzymes will facilitate combination of the nucleotides in the proper manner to form the primer extension products that are complementary to each mutant nucleotide strand. Generally, the synthesis is initiated at the 3'-end of each primer and proceed in the 5'-direction along the template strand, until synthesis terminates, producing molecules of different lengths. There may be amplification agents, however, that initiate synthesis at the 5'-end and proceed in the other direction. using the same process as described above. In any event, the process of the invention is not to be limited to the embodiments of amplification described herein.
100431 One process of in vitro amplification, which is used according to this invention, is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) described in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,683,202 and 4,683,195. The term "polymerase chain reaction" refers to a process for amplifying a DNA base sequence using a heat-stable DNA polymerase and two ofigonucleotide primers, one complementary to the (+) strand at one end of the sequence to be amplified and the other complementary to the (-)-strand at the other end. Because the newly synthesized DNA strands can subsequently serve as additional templates for the same primer sequences, successive rounds of primer annealing, strand elongation, and dissociation produce rapid and highly specific amplification of the desired sequence. Many polymerase chain processes are known to those of skill in the art and may be used in the process of the invention. For example, DNA is subjected to 30 to 35 cycles of amplification in a thermocycler as follows: 95 C for 30 see, 52 to 60 C for I
min, and 72 C for 1 min, with a final extension step of 72 C for 5 min. For another example, DNA
is subjected to 35 polymerase chain reaction cycles in a thermocyeler at a denaturing temperature of 95 C for 30 see, followed by varying annealing temperatures ranging from 54 to 58 C for l min, an extension step at 70 C for 1 min, with a final extension step at 70 C for 5 mm.
10044] The primers for use in amplifying the mRNA or genomic RNA of I-IRV
may be prepared using any suitable process, such as conventional phosphotriester and phosphodiester processes or automated embodiments thereof so long as the primers are capable of hybridizing to the nucleic acid sequences of interest. One process for synthesizing oligonucleotides on a modified solid support is described in U.S. Patent No. 4,458,066. The exact length of primer will depend on many factors, including temperature, buffer, and nucleotide composition. The primer must prime the synthesis of extension products in the presence of the inducing agent for amplification.
[06451 Primers used according to the process of the invention are complementary to each strand of nucleotide sequence to be amplified. The term "complementary" means that the primers must hybridize with their respective strands under conditions, which allow the agent for polymerization to function. In other words, the primers that are complementary to the 'flanking sequences hybridize with the flanking sequences and permit amplification of the nucleotide sequence. Preferably, the 3' terminus of the primer that is extended is perfectly base paired with the complementary flanking strand.
Preferably, probes possess nucleotide sequences complementary to one or more strands of the 5'-NCR of HRV. More preferably, the primers are complementary to HRV genetic sequences encompassing positions 300-600. Most preferably, primers contain the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 1 and 2. It is appreciated that the complement of SEQ ID NOS: 1 and 2 are similarly suitable for use in the instant invention. It is further appreciated that oligonucleotide sequences that hybridize with SEQ ID
NO: 1 or 2 are also similarly suitable. Finally, multiple positions are available for hybridization on the HRV
genome and will be also suitable hybridization with a probe when used with the proper forward and reverse primers.
100461 Those of ordinary skill in the art will know of various amplification processes that can also be utilized to increase the copy number of target HRV nucleic acid sequence. The nucleic acid sequences detected in the process of the invention are optionally further evaluated, detected, cloned, sequenced, and the like, either in solution or after binding to a solid support, by any process usually applied to the detection of a specific nucleic acid sequence such as another polymerase chain reaction, oligomer restriction (Saiki et al., BioTechnology 3:1008 1012 (1985)), allele-specific oligonucleotide (ASO) probe analysis (Conner et al., RIVAS 80: 278 (1983)), oligonucleotide ligation assays (OLAs) (Landegren et al., Science 241:1077 (1988)), RNase Protection Assay and the like. Molecular techniques for DNA analysis have been reviewed (Landegren et al., Science 242:229 237 (1988)). Following DNA
amplification, the reaction product may be detected by Southern blot analysis, without using radioactive probes. In such a process, for example, a small sample of DNA containing the nucleic acid sequence obtained from the tissue or subject is amplified, and analyzed via a Southern blotting technique.
The use of non-radioactive probes or labels is facilitated by the high level of the amplified signal.
In one embodiment of the invention, one nucleoside triphosphate is radioactively labeled, thereby allowing direct visualization of the amplification product by autoradiography. In another embodiment, amplification primers are fluorescently labeled and run through an electrophoresis system. Visualization of amplified products is by laser detection followed by computer assisted graphic display, without a radioactive signal.
[0047] Other methods of detection amplified oligonucleotide illustratively include gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography, fluorescence, luminescence, gel mobility shift assay, fluorescence resonance energy transfer, nucleotide sequencing, enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay, affinity chromatography, chromatography, immunoenzymatic methods (Ortiz, A and Ritter, E, Nucleic Acids Res., 1996; 24:3280-3281), streptavidin-.
conjugated enzymes, DNA branch migration (Lishanski, A, et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 2000;
28(9):e42), enzyme digestion (U.S. Patent No. 5,580,730), calorimetric methods (Lee, K., Biotechnology Letters, 2003; 25:1739-1742), or combinations thereof 10048] The term "labeled" with regard to the probe is intended to encompass direct labeling of the probe by coupling (i.e., physically linking) a detectable substance to the probe, as well as indirect labeling of the probe by reactivity with another reagent that is directly labeled.
Examples of indirect labeling include detection of a probe using a fluorescently labeled antibody and end-labeling or centrally labeling of a DNA probe with biotin Such that it can be detected with fluoreseently labeled streptavidin. The detection method of the invention can be used to detect RNA (particularly mRNA) or gcnomic nucleic acid in a sample in vitro as well as in vivo.
For example, in vitro techniques for detection of nucleic acid include northern hybridizations, in situ hybridizations, RT-PCR, real-time RT-PCR, and DNase protection. In vitro techniques for detection of genomic nucleic acid include northern hybridizations, RT-PCR, real-time RT-PCR, and DNase protection. Furthermore, in vivo techniques for detection of HRV
include introducing into a subject organism a labeled antibody directed against a capsid or polypeptide component or directed against a particular nucleic acid sequence of HRV. For example, the antibody can be labeled with a radioactive marker whose presence and location in the subject organism can be detected by standard imaging techniques, including autoradiography.
100491 The size of the primers used to amplify a portion of the nucleic acid sequence of FIRV
is at least 5, and often 10, 15, 20, 25, or 30 nucleotides in length.
Preferably, the GC ratio should be above 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, or 60% so as to prevent hair-pin structure on the primer. Furthermore, the amplicon should be sufficiently long enough to be detected by standard molecular biology methodologies. The forward primer is preferably shorter than the reverse primer. Techniques for modifying the Tõ, of either primer are operable herein.
An illustrative forward primer contains LNA-dA and LNA-dT (Glen Research Corporation) so as to match with a corresponding alternate primer.
[0050] An inventive process uses a polymerization reaction which employs a nucleic acid polymerizing enzyme, illustratively a DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase, reverse transcriptasc, or mixtures thereof. It is further appreciated that accessory proteins or molecules are present to form the replication machinery. In a preferred embodiment the polymerizing enzyme is a thermostable polymerase or thermodcgradable polymerase. Use of thermostable polymerases is well known in the art such as Taq polymerase available from Invitrogen Corporation.
Thermostable polymerases allow a polymerization reaction to be initiated or shut down by changing the temperature other condition in the reaction mixture without destroying activity of the polymerase.
100511 Accuracy of the base pairing in the preferred embodiment of DNA
sequencing is provided by the specificity of the enzyme. Error rates for Taq polymerase tend to be false base incorporation of 10-5 or less. (Johnson, Annual Reviews of Biochemistry, 1993:
62:685-713;
= Kunkel, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1992; 267:18251-18254). Specific examples of thermostable polymerases illustratively include those isolated from Therms aquaticus, Therms =
thermophilus, Pyrococcus woesei, Pyrococcu s furiosus, Thermococcus litoralis and Thermotoga maritima. Thermodegradable polymerases illustratively include E. coli DNA
polymerase, the Klenow fragment of E. coli DNA polymerase, T4 DNA polymerase, T7 DNA
polymerase and other examples known in the art. It is recognized in the art that other polymerizing enzymes are similarly suitable illustratively including E. coli, T7, T3, SP6 RNA
polymerases and AMV, M-MLV, and HIV reverse transcriptases.
[00521 The polymerases are optionally bound to the primer. When the HRV is a single-stranded DNA molecule due to heat denaturing the polymerase is bound at the primed end of the single-stranded nucleic acid at an origin of replication. A binding site for a suitable polymerase is optionally created by an accessory protein or by any primed single-stranded nucleic acid.
100531 In a further embodiment detection of PCR products is achieved by mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometry has several advantages over RT-PCR or real-time RI=PCR
systems in that it can be used to simultaneously detect the presence of IIRV
and decipher mutations in target nucleic acid sequences allowing identification and monitoring of emerging strains. Further, mass spectrometers are prevalent in the clinical laboratory.
Similar to fluorescence based detection systems mass spectrometry is capable of simultaneously detecting multiple amplification products for a multiplexed and controlled approach to accurately quantifying components of biological or environmental samples.
100541 Multiple mass spectrometry platforms are suitable for use in the instant invention illustratively including matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI), electrospray mass spectrometry, clectrospray ionization-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI-FTICR), multi-stage mass spectrometry fragmentation analysis (MS/MS), mass spectrometry coupled with liquid chromatography such as high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (11PLC) and ultra performance liquid chromatography isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ID/MS/MS), and variations thereof.
100551 It is appreciated that numerous other detection processes are similarly suitable for measuring an amplification product by detecting a detection signal.
Illustrative examples include, but are not limited to, liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, static fluorescence, dynamic fluorescence, high performance liquid chromatography, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography, enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay, real-time PCR (RT-PCR), gel electrophoresis, or combinations thereof 100561 Preferably, PCR amplification products are generated using complementary forward and reverse oligonucleotide primers. In a non-limiting example, FIRV genetic sequences or fragments thereof are amplified by the primer pair SEQ ID NOS: 1 and 2 that amplify a conserved sequence in the FIRV 5'-NCR encompassing nucleotides 356-563. The resulting amplification product is processed and prepared for detection by processes known in the art. It is appreciated that the complements of SEQ ID NOS: 1 and 2 are similarly suitable for use in the instant invention. It is further appreciated that oligonueleotide sequences that hybridize with SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2 are also similarly suitable. Finally, multiple positions are available for hybridization on the FIRV genome and will be also suitable hybridization with forward and reverse primers that may or may not be used with a probe for real-time RT-PCR.
10057] Optionally, multiple amplification products are simultaneously produced in a PCR
reaction that is then available for simultaneous detection and quantification.
Thus, multiple detection signals are inherently produced or emitted that are separately and uniquely detected in one or more detection systems. It is appreciated that multiple detection signals are optionally produced in parallel. Preferably, a single biological sample is subjected to analysis for the simultaneous or sequential detection of 1-IRV genetic sequences. It is appreciated that three or more independent or overlapping sequences are simultaneously or sequentially measured in the instant inventive process. Oligonucleotide Matched primers (illustratively SEQ
ID NOS: 1 and 2) are simultaneously or sequentially added and the biological sample is subjected to proper thermocycling reaction parameters. For detection by mass spectrometry a single sample of the amplification products from each gene arc simultaneously analyzed allowing for rapid and accurate determination of the presence of I-IRV. Optionally, analysis by real-time RT-PCR is employed capitalizing on multiple probes with unique fluorescent signatures.
Thus, each gene is detected without interference by other amplification products. This, multi-target approach increases confidence in quantification and provides for additional internal control.
100581 In a specific embodiment, the processes further involve obtaining a control sample from a control subject, contacting the control sample with a compound or agent capable of . detecting the presence of IIRV nucleic acid in the sample, and comparing the presence of mRNA
or genomic RNA in the control sample with the presence of mRNA or genomic DNA
in the test sample.
100591 The invention also encompasses kits for detecting the presence of HRV viral nucleic acids in a test sample. The kit, for example, includes a labeled compound or agent capable of detecting a nucleic acid molecule in a test sample and, in certain embodiments, for determining the titer in the sample.
100601 For oligonucleotide-based kits, the kit includes for example: (1) an oligonucleotide, e.g., a detectably labeled oligonucleotide, which hybridizes to a nucleic acid sequence of the HRV virus and/or (2) a pair of primers (one forward and one reverse) useful for amplifying a nucleic acid molecule containing the HRV viral sequence. The kit can also comprise, e.g., a buffering agent, a preservative, or a protein stabilizing agent. The kit can also comprise components necessary for detecting the detectable agent (e.g., an enzyme or a substrate). The kit can also contain a control sample or a series of control samples which is assayed and compared to the test sample contained. Each component of the kit is usually enclosed within an individual container and all of the various containers are usually enclosed within a single package along with instructions for use.
100611 The instant inventive processes are amenable to use for diagnosis of FIRV infection in a subject, insects, and any inclusive other organism capable of infection or transfection by or with HRV.
10062] To increase confidence and to serve as an internal or external control, a purified and titered HRV solution is used as a biological sample. By amplification of a single sample with known quantities of FIRV or of a set of samples representing a titration of HRV, the level of FIRV in the unknown biological sample is determined. Preferably, the purified and titered HRV
solution is analyzed in parallel with the unknown biological sample to reduce inter assay error or to serve as a standard curve for quantitation of unknown HRV in the biological sample. Using purified and titered HRV solution provides for a similar complete genetic base DNA strand for amplification.
100631 In another embodiment, a subgenomic fragment is cloned into a plasmid for amplification, purification, and use as a quantitative comparator or nucleic acid calibrator. In a non-limiting example, a DNA subgenomic fragment of I-IRV is optionally amplified from a positive nasal swab using primers bracketing the RT-PCR target regions in the 5'-NCR of HRV.
It is appreciated that other sequences are similarly suitable for use as a quantitative control. The known concentration of the subgenomic fragment is used to create a standard curve for quantitative determinations and to access amplification efficiency.
100641 Also provided is a kit for detecting HRV infection that contains reagents for the amplification; or direct detection of HRV or portions thereof. An exemplary kit illustratively includes a forward and reverse primer pair, a non-degenerate probe. In a preferred embodiment, the forward and reverse primers have the oligonucleotide sequence SEQ ID NOS:
1 and 2 and a nondegenerate probe of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 3. It is appreciated that a diagnostic kit may optionally contain primers and probes that are the complements of SEQ ID NOS:
1-3 or that hybridize with oligonucleotides SEQ ID NOS: 1-3. It is further appreciated that a diagnostic kit optionally includes ancillary reagents such as buffers, solvents, thermostable polymerases, nucleotides, and other reagents necessary and recognized in the art for amplification and detection of FIRV in a biological sample.
[00651 The invention provides a host cell containing a nucleic acid sequences according to the invention as an alternative to synthetic primer sequence generation.
Plasmids containing the polymerase components of the HRV virus are generated in prokaryotic cells for the expression of the components in relevant cell types (bacteria, insect cells, eukaryotic cells). Preferably, the cell line is a primate cell line. These cell lines may be cultured and maintained using known cell culture techniques such as described in Cells, Julio, ed., 1994, Cell Biology Laboratory Handbook, Academic. Press, NY. Various culturing conditions for these cells, including media formulations with regard to specific nutrients, oxygen, tension, carbon dioxide and reduced serum levels, can be selected and optimized by one of skill in the art.
100661 The preferred cell line of the present invention is a eukaryotic cell line, preferably an insect cell line, such as Sf9 per, transiently or stably expressing one Or more full-length or partial HRV proteins. Such cells can be made by transfection (proteins or nucleic acid vectors), infection (viral vectors) or transduction (viral vectors). The cell lines for use in the present invention are cloned using known cell culture techniques familiar to one skilled in the art. The cells are cultured and expanded from a single cell using commercially available culture media under known conditions suitable for propagating cells.
100671 A host cell is a cell derived from a mammal, insect, yeast, bacteria, or any other single or multicellular organism recognized in the art. Host cells are optionally primary cells or immortalized derivative cells. Immortalized cells are those which can be maintained in-vitro for several replication passages.
100681 In a most preferred embodiment, an HRV antigen such as an amino acid sequence representative of a capsid protein is used as a control for a PCR based assay for the detection and measurement of the presence of HRV in a biological sample. The process of detecting HRV
=
antibodies in a biological sample is optionally performed in parallel with the same or control biological samples that are used to detect HRV genetic sequences.
[0069] A kit for detection of HRV infection in a patient optionally contains reagents for PCR
based detection of HRV genetic sequences, either structural or non-structural, and optionally for detection of antibodies directed to structural I-IRV proteins, The components of the kits are any of the reagents described above or other necessary and non-necessary reagents known in the art for solubilization, detection, washing, storage, or other need for in a diagnostic assay kit.
[0070] The present invention is further illustrated with respect to the following non-limiting examples. The following examples are for illustrative purposes only and are not a limitation on . the practice or scope of the invention.
[0071] Example 1: Obtaining viral strains and clinical specimens. One hundred HRV
prototype strains (strains identification 1A, 1B, 2-86, 88-100) (numbering refers to strain assignment number as illustrated in 'Fla 1 and the description thereof) are kindly obtainable from ViroPharma Inc. (Ledford, R.M.õ/. Virol., 2004; 78:3663-3674) and 85 HRV
field isolates obtained from several sources between 1999 and 2007 were available for study.
IIRV isolates are either sequenced directly or subjected to a single passage in HeLa Ohio cells.
100721 For cell culture, infected cells are incubated at 35 C in 5% CO2 with gentle rocking until reaching full cytopathic effect. Isolates are freeze-thawed twice, clarified by low speed centrifugation and supernatants collected and stored at -70 C. In one study 48 HEV laboratory strains were grown in primary monkey kidney or human RD cells and prepared as above. The studied strains included echoviruses 1-6, 8, 9, 11-25, 29-31; coxsackievirus types A2, A4-6, A8-10, A16, A21, A24, 131-6; enterovirus types 68, 70, 71; and poliovirus types 1,2 and 3. Other respiratory viruses are subjected to testing for specificity including respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, human parainfluenza viruses 1-4, adenovirus, coronaviruscs 229E and 0C43, influenza viruses A and B, and human bocavirus, (1_,u, X., Microbia, 2006;
44:3231-3235). Coded respiratory specimens that were culture positive for HRV
or HEV were provided by California. Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Vanderbilt Medical Center, and University of Rochester Medical Center for clinical validation studies.
Nasal and throat swab specimens are self-obtained by symptomatic volunteers or obtained clinically. These specimens are expressed in 2 ml of chilled viral transport media (Hank's buffered salt solution with 0.5% gelatin) and frozen at -70 C prior to testing.
100731 Example 2: Preparation of nucleic acid and sequencing of viral strains. To identify conserved regions of the sample viral strains all IIRV and HEV viral strains obtained as in Example 1 are subjected to nucleotide sequencing.
100741 Total nucleic acid extracts from all samples collected or obtained as in Example 1 are prepared from 100 pl of infected cell culture lysate or 200 1.t1 of clinical specimen using the NucliSense casyMAGTm extraction system following manufacturer's instructions (bioMerieux, Durham, NC).
. (00751 The 5'NCR of viral strains was sequenced to identify conserved .regions. Extracted viral RNA is reverse transcribed using random hexamer primers (Promcga, Madison, WI) at 52 C for 60 min with Superscript-rm III Reverse Transcriptase (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) following manufacturer's instructions. Five }.11 of the obtained cDNA is amplified in two separate PCR reactions using IIRV species A (SEQ ID NOS: 4 and 5) and B
specific amplification primer sets (SEQ II) NOS: 6 and 7) (Table 1) with the HotStarTaq Master Mix Kit (Qiagen, Chatsworth, CA). PCR cycling conditions are as follows: initial activation step at 95 C
for 15 min followed by 35 cycles of 95 C for I min, 55 C for I min and 72 C
for 1 min, with a final extension of 72 C for 5 min on a GeneAmp PCR System 9700 (Applied Biosystems).
Amplified products are subjected to purification with the Q1Aquick0 PCR
Purification Kit (Qiagen). Sequencing is performed in both directions using the amplification primers and the ABI Prism Bigdyem" Terminator Cycle Sequencing Ready Reaction Kit ver. 3.1 on an ABI
3100 DNA Sequencer (Applied Biosystems). Sequence assembly and editing is accomplished -using Sequencher.rm ver. 3.1.1 software (Gene Codes, Ann Arbor, MI).
Table 1. HRV/HEV primers and probes.
Primer/Probea Sequence (5'- 3.)b Position Real-time RT-PCR
: ...:.... =:. . --=
:
Primer, fwd CPXGCCZGCGTGGY (SEQ ID NO: 1) where Y is C
356-369' Primer, rev GAAACACGGACACCCAAAGTA (SEQ ID NO: 2) 563-543' Probe TCCTCCGGCCCCTGAATGYGGC (SEQ ID NO: 3) 444-465' FigvA 5'NCR:seqUeriCing= :.= = : s : =
= . : = : = .
. . - . . . . . .
. .
Primer, fwd GTACTCTGTTATTCCGGTAACTTTGYAYGCCA (SEQ ID NO: 4) 49-80' Primer, rev CCAACATTCTGTCTAGATACYTGDGCVCCCAT (SEQ ID NO: 5) 655-623' ugvB:5'INICR sequencing. . : : : : :
..!...1. , Primer, fwd A.CTCTGGTACTATGTACC-fTTGTACGCCTGTT (SEQ ID NO: 6) 48-80d (xi co Primer, rev CCACTCTTCTGTGTAGACACYTGDGCDCCCAT (SEQ ID NO: 7) 661-629d co Hini..14. RNA transcript' = = = = = = = =
Primer, fwd - T7 TAATACGACTCACTATAGGGCAAGCACTTCTGTTT (SEQ ID NO: 8) 179-193d Primer, rev - SP6 ATTTAGGTGACACTATAGAAGCATCTGGTAATTTCC (SEQ ID NO: 9) 1089-1074d 0 (xi .1-IEV68 RNA transcript . =:. : . : =
=. . : .
. .
Primer, fwd - T7 TAATACGACTCACTATAGGOTCTTATGAGCAAGCACT (SEQ ID NO: 10) 52-68' Primer, rev - SP6 ATTTAGGTGACACTATAGAAATTACTTCAAAATAACTCAG (SEQ ID NO: 11) 573-554' 'Probes 5'-end-labeled with 6-carboxyfluorescein (FAM) and 3'-end-labeled with Black Hole Quencher' TM
bY=dC or dl. D=dA, dT or dG, dA, dC or dG, P= pyrimidine derivative, a degenerate base mimicking a C/T mix (Glen Research Corporation, 'Archive Report 8.1), X=LNA-dA, Z=LNA-dT (Glen Research Corporation, Archive Report 20.1); underlined sequences are T7 and SP6 promoter sites Nucleotide numbering based on HRV1B (accession no. D00239) dNucleotide numbering based on HRV14 (accession no. K02121) 'Nucleotide numbering based on HEV68 (formally HRV87) (accession no. AY062273) [0076] All obtained sequences are aligned along with previously identified sequences of representative FIRWHEV strains available from CienBank (NIII). As demonstrated in FIG. 1, the alignment identified a conserved region within the 5'NCR between nucleotide positions 356 and 563 (numbering relative to I-IRV B accession no. 1)00239). Subregions were identified to design real-time RT-PCR primer pairs for subsequent evaluation. The most preferred primer pair are represented by SEQ ID NOS: I and 2. The forward primer (SEQ ID NO: 1) is located in a variable region that contains a signature "f" indel at nt position 367. This indel distinguishes all ITRVs from HEVs and is exploited for differential amplification and identification. The forward primer is necessarily shorter in length due to the lower conservation of this region of the 5'NCR.
To compensate LNA-dA and LNA-dT is introduced into the primer at positions 3 and 7 respectively to achieve a balanced T,õ with the reverse primer. It is appreciated that other modifications including sequence length, chemical and other modifications arc similarly operable. Real-time RT-PCR is optimally achieved using the iScriptTm One-step RT-PCR Kit for Probes (BioRad). Other commercial real-time RT-PCR reagent kits performed equally or less optimally. The QuantiTect Probe PCR Kit (Qiagen) and Ag-Path-IDTNA One-Step RT-PCR
Kit (Applied Biosystems) performs comparably, whereas amplification is less efficient with the TaqMane One-Step RT-PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems). Real-time RT-PCR is = unsuccessful using SuperScriptTm Ill Platinum One-Step qRT-PCR Kit (Invitrogen).
100771 Example 3: Real-time RT-PCR to identify HRV and distinguish HEV.
The real-time RT-PCR assay is optimally performed using iScriptTM One-Step RT-PCR Kit for Probes (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA). The reaction is performed in 25 p.1 final volume containing 1 plvl forward and reverse primers, 0.1 p.M probe, and 5 p.1 of nucleic acid extract with the remaining volume made of buffer. Amplification is performed on an iCycler iQ Real-Time Detection =
System (Bio-Rad) using the following thermocycling conditions: 10 min at. 48 C
for reverse transcription; 3 min at 95 C for polymerase activation; and 45 cycles of 15 s at 95 C; and 1 min at 60 C.
100781 Undiluted RNA extracts of all FIRV prototype strains and field isolates produce strongly positive reactions [median cycle threshold (Ct) value 13.7, range 9.3 ¨ 25.3]. The assay is specific and robust for IIRV in that 34 HEVs are nonreactive and 14 (Echol, 3, 5, 6, 13, 21;
Poliol, 2; EV68, 71; CoxA4, 6, 24; CoxB1) produce only weakly positive reactions (median Ct value 34, range 33 ¨ 34.8); and may be related to virus titer.
100791 Assay sensitivity is determined by comparison of serial dilutions of representative HRV strains and other viral strains. Serial ten-fold dilutions of IIRV 14 RNA
transcripts that show 100% sequence identity to the real-time RT-PCR primers and probe set (SEQ
ID NOS: 1-3) are compared to HEN and other representative viruses. With HRV14 linear amplification is achieved over a 7-log dynamic range from 5x101 to 5x107 copies per reaction.
The assay's detection limit with 24 replicates of is 100% positive at 50 copies; at 5 copies, 37.5 % positive at =
9 copies; and at 1 copy, 2 (8.3%) were positive. In contrast, the 11EV68 transcript is undetectable below approximately 5 x 105 copies per reaction. Nucleic acid extracts of other respiratory viruses, including human respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, parainfluenza viruses 1 - 4, adenovirus, coronaviruses 229E and 0C43, influenza A and B, and human bocavirus are negative by the inventive real-time RT-PCR assay.
100801 Over the linear range of the assay, the coefficient of variation of the mean Ct values =
ranged from 0.24% to 0.94% within runs, and from 0.91% to 2.68% between runs demonstrating robust reproducibility. (FIG. 2.) 10081] Example 4: Use of the real-time RT-PCR assay for identification of HRV in clinical samples. Extracts of ill coded respiratory specimens previously determined to be culture positive for HRV or MEV are prepared and tested simultaneously by the inventive HRV
real-time RT-PCR assay and compared to results obtained from two independent laboratories using different in-house 1-1RV/IIEV RT-PCR assays. Of 87 HRV culture-positive specimens tested, all are identified as HRV by the inventive real-time RT-PCR assay (median Ct value 26.3;
range 14.9-38.5); HRV is also identified in all 87 specimens by one or both of the reference in-house RT-PCR assays. Of 24 HF,V culture-positive specimens, 4 are positive for HRV by the real-time RT-PCR assay (median Ct value 28.8; range 26.2 - 32.1); 1 of these 4 was also identified as FIRV by laboratory B. HEN isolates available from 3 of the 4 HRV
positive specimens were not amplified by the inventive real-time RT-PCR assay, whereas amplicon sequences obtained from all 4 clinical specimens were HRV positive suggesting that both LIRV
and HEV were present in these specimens.
100821 To access the inventive real-time RT-PCR assay in clinical specimens of nasal or throat swabs, volunteers who developed respiratory illnesses characterized by one or more of the following symptoms: cough, congestion, myalgia, chills or fever, donated self-collected samples.
The inventive real-time RT-PCR identified 5 eases with IIRV infection.
Collection began 2 and 6 days after onset of symptoms and continued until at least 2 consecutive specimens tested negative (FIG. 3). The duration of detectable HRV ranged from 11 to 21 days (median 12.5 days). With the exception of case A, where HRV Was detected at comparable levels from both throat and nasal. swabs, throat swabs were either consistently negative for HRV (cases B and C) or became negative earlier than from nasal swabs (ease D). The duration of symptoms for five HRV positive cases ranged from 12 to 24 days (median 16 days); one case (D) had a prolonged paroxysmal cough that persisted for 24 days. The duration of reported symptoms exceeded the duration of detectable HRV by the inventive real-time RT-PCR assay for all cases. Sequencing of a partial region of the HRV VP 1 gene from the specimens obtained from the 5 cases identified two genetically distinct HRV strains that showed the closest sequence identities to HRV86 (amino acid identity score 83.5%) and HRV69 (amino acid identity score 84.6%), respectively.
[0083] Example 5: Detection of HRV amplicons via mass spectroscopy.
Detection of amplification products obtained as in Example 3 was performed essentially as described by Blyn, L, et al. I Clin. Microbial. 2008; 46(2):644-651. Following amplification each PCR mixture is desalted and purified using a weak anion-exchange protocol based on the method of Jiang and Hofstadler (Jiang, Y., and S. A. Hofstadler. Anal. Biachem. 2003; 316:50-57).
ESI-TOF is used to obtain accurate-mass (+1 ppm), high-resolution (M/AM, >10,000 full width half maximum) mass spectra. For each sample, approximately 1.5 j.tl of analyte solution is consumed during the spectral acquisition. Raw mass spectra are postcalibrated with an internal mass standard and deconvolved to average molecular masses. Quantitative results are obtained by comparing the peak heights with an internal PCR calibration standard present in every PCR
well at 300 molecules unless otherwise indicated.
100841 Patent applications and publications mentioned in the specification are indicative of the levels of those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains. The foregoing description is illustrative of particular embodiments of the invention, but is not meant to be a limitation upon the practice thereof. The following claims, including all equivalents thereof, are intended to define the scope of the invention.
100851 The invention is hereby described with relation to the following references and those otherwise identified in the instant specification. Each reference is mentioned for the individual point referred to in the specification as well as for all information contained therein and not explicitly identified in the specification. All references are representative of the knowledge of a person of skill in the art and illustrate other aspects of the present invention as envisioned by the inventors.
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Claims (14)
1. A process of detecting human rhinovirus in a biological sample comprising:
producing an amplification product by amplifying a human rhinovirus nucleotide sequence using a forward primer that hybridizes to a region within nucleotides 563 of human rhinovirus, said forward primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 1, and a reverse primer that hybridizes to a region within nucleotides 356-563 of human rhinovirus, under conditions suitable for a polymerase chain reaction; and measuring said amplification product to detect human rhinovirus in said biological sample.
producing an amplification product by amplifying a human rhinovirus nucleotide sequence using a forward primer that hybridizes to a region within nucleotides 563 of human rhinovirus, said forward primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 1, and a reverse primer that hybridizes to a region within nucleotides 356-563 of human rhinovirus, under conditions suitable for a polymerase chain reaction; and measuring said amplification product to detect human rhinovirus in said biological sample.
2. The process of claim 1 wherein said reverse primer is the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.
3. The process of claim 1 wherein said measuring is by hybridizing a probe of SEQ ID NO: 3.
4. The process of claim 3 wherein hybridizing said probe is under conditions suitable for a polymerase chain reaction; and further detecting a first detection signal from said probe hybridized to said amplification product.
5. The process of claim I wherein said detecting diagnoses human rhinovirus infection.
6. The process of claim 1, wherein said step of measuring is by hybridizing a probe to said amplification product to produce a first detection signal, said process further comprising comparing said first detection signal to a second detection signal, wherein said second detection signal results from detection of a second amplification product produced from a sequence of a virus selected from the group consisting of human enterovirus, polio virus, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, human parainfluenza viruses 1-4, adenovirus, coronaviruses 229E and OC43, influenza viruses A and B, and human bocavirus, and the hybridization of a probe to said second amplification product.
7. The process of claim 1, wherein said step of measuring is by hybridizing a probe to said amplification product to produce a first detection signal, said process further comprising comparing said first detection signal to a second detection signal, wherein said second detection signal results from detection of a second amplification product produced from a sequence of human rhinovirus using a forward primer that hybridizes to a region within nucleotides 356-563 of human rhinovirus, and a reverse primer that hybridizes to a region within nucleotides 356-563 of human rhinovirus, and the hybridization of a probe to said second amplification product.
8. The process of claim 7 wherein said second detection signal is generated in parallel with said first detection signal.
9. The process of claim 7, wherein said first detection signal is compared to a third detection signal from a nucleic acid calibrator extracted in parallel to said biological sample.
10. The process of claim 9, wherein said nucleic acid calibrator comprises a known amount of human rhinovirus and a known amount of a medium, the medium comprising buffered saline solution, cell culture medium, acetonitrile, trifluoroacetic acid, or a combination thereof.
11. A kit for detecting human rhinovirus infection comprising:
first forward primer with sequence SEQ ID NO: 1 and a first reverse primer with SEQ ID NO: 2; and a non-degenerate probe.
first forward primer with sequence SEQ ID NO: 1 and a first reverse primer with SEQ ID NO: 2; and a non-degenerate probe.
12. The kit of claim 11 wherein said non-degenerate probe has the sequence SEQ ID NO: 3.
13. The process of claim 1 wherein said detecting is by real-time RT-PCR.
14. An oligonucleotide of sequence SEQ ID NO: 1.
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