CA2644612A1 - System, method and apparatus for hydrogen-oxygen burner in downhole steam generator - Google Patents

Abstract

A downhole burner is used for producing heavy-oil formations. Hydrogen, oxygen, and steam are pumped by separate conduits to the burner, which burns at least part of the hydrogen and forces the combustion products out into the earth formation. The steam cools the burner and becomes superheated steam, which is injected along with the combustion products into the earth formation. Carbon dioxide is also pumped down the well and injected into the formation.

Description

METHOD FOR PRODUCING VISCOUS HYDROCARBON
USING STEAM AND CARBON DIOXIDE
Field of the Invention:

This invention relates in general to methods for producing highly viscous hydrocarbons, and in particular to pumping partially-saturated steam to a downhole burner to superheat the steam and injecting the steam and carbon dioxide into a horizontally or vertically fractured zone.

Background of the Invention:

There are extensive viscous hydrocarbon reservoirs throughout the world. These reservoirs contain a very viscous hydrocarbon, often called "tar", "heavy oil", or "ultraheavy oil", which typically has viscosities in the range from 3,000 to 1,000,000 centipoise when measured at 100 degrees F. The high viscosity makes it difficult and expensive to recover the hydrocarbon. Strip mining is employed for shallow tar sands. For deeper reservoirs, heating the heavy oil in situ to lower the viscosity has been employed.

In one technique, partially-saturated steam is injected into a well from a steam generator at the surface. The heavy oil can be produced from the same well in which the steam is injected by allowing the reservoir to soak for a selected time after the steam injection, then producing the well. When production declines, the operator repeats the process. A downhole pump may be required to pump the heated heavy oil to the surface. If so, the pump has to be pulled from the well each time before the steam is injected, then re-run after the injection. The heavy oil can also be produced by means of a second well spaced apart from the injector well.

Another technique uses two horizontal wells, one a few feet above and parallel to the other. Each well has a slotted liner. Steam is injected continuously into the upper well bore to heat the heavy oil and cause it to flow into the lower well bore. Other proposals involve injecting steam continuously into vertical injection wells surrounded by vertical producing wells.

U.S. patent 6,016,867 discloses the use of one or more injection and production boreholes. A mixture of reducing gases, oxidizing gases, and steam is fed to downhole-combustion devices located in the injection boreholes. Combustion of the reducing-gas, oxidizing-gas mixture is carried out to produce superheated steam and hot gases for injection into the formation to convert and upgrade the heavy crude or bitumen into lighter hydrocarbons. The temperature of the superheated steam is sufficiently high to cause pyrolysis and/or hydrovisbreaking when hydrogen is present, which increases the API gravity and lowers the viscosity of the hydrocarbon in situ. The '867 patent states that an alternative reducing gas may be comprised principally of hydrogen with lesser amounts of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrocarbon gases.

The '867 patent also discloses fracturing the formation prior to injection of the steam.
The '867 patent discloses both a cyclic process, wherein the injection and production occur in the same well, and a continuous drive process involving pumping steam through downhole burners in wells surrounding the producing wells. In the continuous drive process, the '867 patent teaches to extend the fractured zones to adjacent wells.

Summary of the Invention A downhole burner is secured in the well. The operator pumps a fuel, such as hydrogen, into the burner and oxygen to the burner by a separate conduit from the fuel. The operator burns the fuel in the burner and creates superheated steam in the burner, preferably by pumping partially-saturated steam to the burner. The partially-saturated steam cools the burner and becomes superheated. The operator also pumps carbon dioxide into or around the combustion chamber of the burner and injects the carbon dioxide and superheated steam into the earth formation to heat the hydrocarbon therein.

Preferably, the operator initially fractures the well to create a horizontal or vertical fractured zone of limited diameter. The fractured zone preferably does not intersect any drainage or fractured zones of adjacent wells. The unfractured formation surrounding the fractured zone impedes leakage of gaseous products from the fractured zone during a soak interval. During the soak interval, the operator may intermittently pump fuel and steam to the burner to maintain a desired amount of pressure in the fractured zone.

After the soak interval, the operator opens valves at the wellhead to cause the hydrocarbon to flow into the borehole and up the well. The viscous hydrocarbon, having undergone pyrolysis and/or hydrovisbreaking during this process, flows to the surface for further processing. Preferably, the flow occurs as a result of solution gas created in the fractured zone from the steam, carbon dioxide and residual hydrogen. A
downhole pump could also be employed. The carbon dioxide increases production because it is more soluble in the heavy hydrocarbon than steam or hydrogen or a mixture thereof. This solubility reduces the viscosity of the hydrocarbon, and carbon dioxide adds more solution gas to drive the production. Preferably, the portions of the carbon dioxide and hydrogen and warm water returning to the surface are separated from the recovered hydrocarbon and recycled. In some reservoirs, the steam reacts with carbonate in the rock formation and releases carbon dioxide, although the amount released is only a small percentage of the desired amount of carbon dioxide entering the heavy-oil reservoir.

When production declines sufficiently, the operator may repeat the procedure of injecting steam, carbon dioxide and combustion products from the burner into the fractured zone. The operator may also fracture the formation again to enlarge the fractured zone.

Brief Description of the Drawings:

Figure 1 is a schematic illustrating a well and a process for producing heavy oil in accordance with this invention.

Figure 2 is a schematic illustrating the well of Figure 1 next to an adjacent well, which may also be produced in accordance with this invention.

Figure 3 is a schematic illustration of a combustion device employed with the process of this invention.

Detailed Description of the Invention:

Referring to Figure 1, well 11 extends substantially vertically through a number of earth formations, at least one of which includes a heavy oil or tar formation 15. An overburden earth formation 13 is located above the oil formation 15. Heavy-oil formation 15 is located over an underburden earth formation 17. The heavy-oil formation 15 is typically a tar sand containing a very viscous hydrocarbon, which may have a viscosity from 3,000 cp to 1,000,000 cp, for example. The overburden formation 13 may be various geologic formations, for example, a thick, dense limestone that seals and imparts a relatively-high, fracture pressure to the heavy-oil formation 15. The underburden formation 17 may also be a thick, dense limestone or some other type of earth formation.

As shown in Figure 1, the well is cased, and the casing has perforations or slots 19 in at least part of the heavy-oil formation 15. Also, the well is preferably fractured to create a fractured zone 21. During fracturing, the operator pumps a fluid through perforations 19 and imparts a pressure against heavy-oil formation 15 that is greater than the parting pressure of the formation. The pressure creates cracks within formation 15 that extend generally radially from well 11, allowing flow of the fluid into fractured zone 21. The injected fluid used to cause the fracturing may be conventional, typically including water, various additives, and proppant materials such as sand or ceramic beads or steam itself can sometimes be used.

In one embodiment of the invention, the operator controls the rate of injection of the fracturing fluids and the duration of the fracturing process to limit the extent or dimension of fractured zone 21 surrounding well 11. Fractured zone 21 has a relatively small initial diameter or perimeter 21 a. The perimeter 21 a of fractured zone 21 is limited such that it will not intersect any existing or planned fractured or drainage zones 25 (Figure 2) of adjacent wells 23 that extend into the same heavy-oil formation 15. Further, in the preferred method, the operator will later enlarge fractured zone 21 well 11, thus the initial perimeter 21 a should leave room for a later expansion of fractured zone 21 without intersecting drainage zone 25 of adjacent well 23. Adjacent well 23 optionally may previously have undergone one or more of the same fracturing processes as well 11, or the operator may plan to fracture adjacent well 23 in the same manner as well 11 in the future. Consequently, fractured zone perimeter 21 a does not intersect fractured zone 25. Preferably, fractured zone perimeter 21 a extends to less than half the distance between wells 11, 23. Fractured zone 21 is bound by unfractured portions of heavy-oil formation 15 outside perimeter 21 a and both above and below fractured zone 21. The fracturing process to create fractured zone 21 may be done either before or after installation of a downhole burner 29, discussed below.
If after, the fracturing fluid will be pumped through burner 29.

A production tree or wellhead 27 is located at the surface of well 11 in Figure 1.
Production tree 27 is connected to a conduit or conduits for directing fuel 37, steam 38, oxygen 39, and carbon dioxide 40 down well 11 to burner 29. Fuel 37 may be hydrogen, methane, syngas, or some other fuel. Fuel 37 may be a gas or liquid.
Preferably, steam 38 is partially-saturated steam, having a water vapor content up to about 50 percent. The water vapor content could be higher, and even water could be pumped down well 11 in lieu of steam, although it would be less efficient. Wellhead 27 is also connected to a conduit for delivering oxygen down well 11, as indicated by the numeral 39. Fuel 37 and steam 38 may be mixed and delivered down the same conduit, but fuel 37 should be delivered separately from the conduit that delivers oxygen 39.

Because carbon dioxide 40 is corrosive if mixed with steam, preferably it flows down a conduit separate from the conduit for steam 38. Carbon dioxide 40 could be mixed with fuel 37 if the fuel is delivered by a separate conduit from steam 38. The percentage of carbon dioxide 40 mixed with fuel 37 should not be so high so as to significantly impede the burning of the fuel. If the fuel is syngas, methane or another hydrocarbon, the burning process in burner 29 creates carbon dioxide. In some instances, the amount of carbon dioxide created by the burning process may be sufficient to eliminate the need for pumping carbon dioxide down the well.

The conduits for fuel 37, steam 38, oxygen 39, and carbon dioxide 40 may comprise coiled tubing or threaded joints of production tubing. The conduit for carbon dioxide 40 could comprise the annulus in the casing of well 11.

Combustion device or burner 29 is secured in well 11 for receiving the flow of fuel 37, steam 38, oxygen 39, and carbon dioxide 40. Burner 29 has a diameter selected so that it can be installed within conventional well casing, typically ranging from around seven to nine inches, but it could be larger. As illustrated in Figure 3, a packer and anchor device 31 is located above burner 29 for sealing the casing of well 11 above packer 31 from the casing below packer 31. The conduits for fuel 37, steam 38, oxygen 39, and carbon dioxide 40 extend sealingly through packer 31. Packer 31 thus isolates pressure surrounding burner 29 from any pressure in well 11 above packer 31. Burner 29 has a combustion chamber 33 surrounded by a jacket 35, which may be considered to be a part of burner 29.
Fuel 37, and oxygen 39 enter combustion chamber 33 for burning the fuel. Steam 38 may also flow into combustion chamber 33 to cool burner 29. Preferably, carbon dioxide 40 flows through jacket 35, which assists in cooling combustion chamber 33, but it could alternatively flow through combustion chamber 33, which also cools chamber 33 because carbon dioxide does not burn.
If fuel 37 is hydrogen, some of the hydrogen can be diverted to flow through jacket 35.
Steam 38 could flow through jacket 35, but preferably not mixed with carbon dioxide 40 because of the corrosive effect, Burner 29 ignites and burns at least part of fuel 37, which creates a high temperature in burner 29. Without a coolant, the temperature would likely be too high for burner 29 to withstand over a long period. The steam 38 flowing into combustion chamber 33 reduces that temperature. Also, preferably there is a small excess of fuel 37 flowing into combustion chamber 33. The excess fuel does not burn, which lowers the temperature in combustion chamber 33 because fuel 37 does not release heat unless it burns. The excess fuel becomes hotter as it passes unburned through. combustion chamber 33, which removes some of the heat from combustion chamber 33. Further, carbon dioxide 40 flowing through jacket 35 and any hydrogen that may be flowing through jacket 35 cool combustion chamber 33. A
downhole burner for burning fuel and injecting steam and combustion products into an earth formation is shown in US Pat. 5,163,511.

Steam 38, excess portions of fuel 37, and carbon dioxide 40 lower the temperature within combustion chamber 33, for example, to around 1,600 degrees F, which increases the temperature of the partially-saturated steam flowing through burner 29 to a superheated level.
Superheated steam is at a temperature above its dew point, thus contains no water vapor. The gaseous product 43, which comprises superheated steam, excess fuel, carbon dioxide, and other products of combustion, exits burner 29 preferably at a temperature from about 550 to 700 degrees F.

The hot, gaseous product 43 is injected into fractured zone 21 due to the pressure being applied to the fuel 37, steam 38, oxygen 39 and carbon dioxide 40 at the surface. The fractures within fractured zone 21 increase the surface contact area for these fluids to heat the formation and dissolve into the heavy oil to lower the viscosity of the oil and create solution gas to help drive the oil back to the well during the production cycle. The unfractured surrounding portion of formation 15 can be substantially impenetrable by the gaseous product 43 because the unheated heavy oil or tar is not fluid enough to be displaced.
The surrounding portions of unheated heavy-oil formation 15 thus can create a container around fractured zone 21 to impede leakage of hot gaseous product 43 long enough for significant upgrading reactions to occur to the heavy oil within fractured zone 21.

If fuel 37 comprises hydrogen, the unburned portions being injected will suppress the formation of coke in fractured zone 21, which is desirable. The hydrogen being injected could come entirely from excess hydrogen supplied to combustion chamber 33, which does not burn, or it could be hydrogen diverted to flow through jacket 35. However, hydrogen does not dissolve as well in oil as carbon dioxide does. Carbon dioxide, on the other hand, is very soluble in oil and thus dissolves in the heavy oil, reducing the viscosity of the hydrocarbon and increasing solution gas. Elevating the temperature of carbon dioxide 40 as it passes through burner 29 delivers heat to the formation, which lowers the viscosity of the hydrocarbon it contacts. Also, the injected carbon dioxide 40 adds to the solution gas within the reservoir. Maintaining a high injection temperature for hot gaseous product 43, preferably about 700 degrees F., enhances pyrolysis and hydrovisbreaking if hydrogen is present, which causes an increase in API gravity of the heavy oil in situ.

Simulations indicate that injecting carbon dioxide and hydrogen into a heavy-oil reservoir that has undergone fracturing is beneficial. In three simulations, carbon dioxide at 1%, 10%, and 25% by moles of the steam and hydrogen being injected were compared to each other. The comparison employed two years of cyclic operation with 21 days of soaking per cycle. The results are as follows:

Simulation %C02 Cumulative Oil Produced Steam/Oil Ratio 1 No fracture 0 3,030 14.3 2. Fracture 1 9,561 13.2 3. Fracture 10 20,893 8.99 4. Fracture 25 22,011 5.65 The table just above shows that 25% carbon dioxide is better than 10% carbon dioxide for production and steam/oil ratio. Preferably, the carbon dioxide percentage injected into the reservoir is 10% to 25% or more, by moles of the steam and hydrogen being injected, but is at least 5%.

In the preferred method, the delivery of fuel 37, steam 38, oxygen 39 and carbon dioxide 40 into burner 29 and the injection of hot gaseous product 43 into fractured zone 21 occur simultaneously over a selected period, such as seven days. While gaseous product 43 is injected into fractured zone 21, the temperature and pressure of fractured zone 21 increases. At the end of the injection period, fractured zone 21 is allowed to soak for a selected period, such as 21 days. During the soak interval, the operator may intermittently pump fue137, steam 38, oxygen 39 and carbon dioxide 40 to burner 29 where it burns and the hot combustion gases 43 are injected into formation 15 to maintain a desired pressure level in fractured zone 21 and offset the heat loss to the surrounding formation. No further injection of hot gaseous fluid 43 occurs during the soak period.

Then, the operator begins to produce the oil, which is driven by reservoir pressure and preferably additional solution-gas pressure. The oil is preferably produced up the production tubing, which could also be one of the conduits through which fuel 37, steam 38, or carbon dioxide 49 is pumped. Preferably, burner 29 remains in place, and the oil flows through parts of burner 29. Alternatively, well 11 could include a second borehole a few feet away, preferably no more than about 50 feet, with the oil flowing up the separate borehole rather than the one containing burner 29. The second borehole could be completely separate and parallel to the first borehole, or it could be a sidetracked borehole intersecting and extending from the main borehole.

The oil production will continue as long as the operator deems it feasible, which could be up to 35 days or more. When production declines sufficiently, the operator may optionally repeat the injection and production cycle either with or without additional fracturing. It may be feasible to extend the fracture in subsequent injection and production cycles to increase the perimeter 21a of fractured zone 21, then repeat the injection and production cycle described above. Preferably, this additional fracturing operation can take place without removing burner 29, although it could be removed, if desired. The process may be repeated as long as fractured zone 21 does not intersect fractured zones or drainage areas 25 of adjacent wells 23 (Fig. 2).

By incrementally increasing the fractured zone 21 diameter from a relatively small perimeter up to half the distance to adjacent well 23 (Figure 2), the operator can effectively produce the viscous hydrocarbon formation 15. With each new fracturing operation, the previously fractured portion would provide flow paths for the injection of hot gaseous product 43 and the flow of the hydrocarbon into the well. Also, the previously fractured portion retains heat from the previous injection of hot combustion gases 43.
The numeral 21b in Figures 1 and 2 indicates the perimeter of fractured zone 21 after a second fracturing process. The operator could be performing similar fracturing, injection, soaking and production cycles on well 23 at the same time as on well 11, if desired. The cycles of injection and production, either without or without additional fracturing may be repeated as long as feasible.

Before or after reaching the maximum limit of fractured zone 21, which would be greater than perimeter 21b, the operator may wish to convert well 11 to a continuously-driven system. This conversion might occur after well 11 has been fractured several different times, each increasing the dimension of the perimeter. In a continuously-driven system, well 11 would be either a continuous producer or a continuous injector. If well 11 is a continuous injector, downhole burner 29 would be continuously supplied with fuel 37, steam 38, oxygen 39, and carbon dioxide 40, which bums the fuel and injects hot gaseous product 43 into fractured zone 21. The hot gaseous product 43 would force the oil to surrounding production wells, such as in an inverted five or seven-spot well pattern. Each of the surrounding production wells would have fractured zones that intersected the fractured zone 21 of the injection well. If well 11 is a continuous producer, fuel 37, steam 38, oxygen 39, and carbon dioxide 40 would be pumped to downhole burners 29 in surrounding injection wells, as in a normal five- or seven-spot pattern. The downhole burners 29 in the surrounding injection wells would burn the fuel and inject hot gaseous product 43 into the fractured zones, each of which joined the fractured zone of the producing well so as to force the oil to the producing well.

The invention has significant advantages. The injection of carbon dioxide along with steam and unburned fuel into the formation increases the resulting heavy-oil production.
Heating the carbon dioxide as it passes through the burner increases the temperature of the fractured heavy-oil formation. The carbon dioxide also adds to the solution gas in the formation. The unfractured, heavy-oil formation surrounding the fractured zone impedes leakage of excess fuel, steam and other combustion products into adjacent formations or to the surface long enough for significant upgrading reactions to occur to the heavy oil in the formation. The container maximizes the effects of the excess fuel and other hot gases flowing into the fractured zone. By reducing leakage from the fractured zone, the expense of the fuel, oxygen, and steam is reduced. Also, containing the excess fuel increases the safety of the well treatment. At least part of the fuel, carbon dioxide and heat contained in the produced fluids may be recycled.

While the invention has been shown in only one of its forms, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that it is not so limited but is susceptible to various changes without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, the fractures could be vertical rather than horizontal. In addition, although the well is shown to be a vertical well in Figure 1, it could be a horizontal or slanted well. The fractured zone could be one or more vertical or horizontal fractures in that instance. The burner could be located within the vertical or the horizontal portion. The system could include a horizontal injection well and a separate horizontal production well with a slotted liner located a few feet below and parallel to the horizontal portion of the injection well. In some formations, fracturing may not be needed.

Claims (105)

1. A downole burner for a well, comprising:
a burner casing;
a liner coupled to the burner casing for combusting a fuel and an oxidizer;
an injector coupled to the burner casing for injecting the fuel and the oxidizer into the liner;
a steam channel located inside the burner casing and surrounding exterior surfaces of the injector and the liner; and the liner having a plurality of holes for communicating steam from the steam channel to an interior of the liner downstream from the injector, such that the steam is superheated by combustion of the fuel and oxidizer to increase a steam quality of the steam, the combusted fuel and oxidizer and the superheated steam exiting the liner to enter an oil-bearing formation to upgrade and improve a mobility of heavy crude oils held in the oil-bearing formation.

2. A downhole burner according to Claim 1, wherein the liner comprises an upper section located adjacent to the injector, and a lower section located adjacent to the upper section.

3. A downhole burner according to Claim 2, wherein the upper section has a plurality of holes for injecting steam through the liner.

4. A downhole burner according to Claim 3, wherein the holes extend through the liner at an angle relative to a longitudinal axis of the liner.

5. A downhole burner according to Claim 2, wherein the lower section has a plurality of first holes and a plurality of second holes, the second holes being larger than the first holes, and the second holes being oriented at a 90° angle relative to an internal surface of the liner.

6. A downhole burner according to Claim 1, wherein the injector comprises a first plate having a plurality of holes.

7. A downhole burner according to Claim 6, wherein the holes in the first plate are arranged in concentric rings.

8. A downhole burner according to Claim 1, wherein the injector comprises four plates, each of which has holes.

9. A system for producing viscous hydrocarbons from a well having a casing, comprising:
a plurality of conduits for delivering fuel, an oxidizer and steam from a surface down through the casing;
a downhole burner secured to the plurality of conduits, the downhole burner comprising:
a burner casing;
an injector coupled to the plurality of conduits for injecting the fuel and oxidizer into the well;
a liner coupled to the burner casing located below the injector for combusting the fuel and oxidizer;
a steam channel located inside the burner casing and surrounding exterior surfaces of the injector and the liner; and the liner having a plurality of holes for communicating steam from the steam channel to an interior of the liner downstream from the injector, such that the steam is superheated by combustion of the fuel and oxidizer to increase a steam quality of the steam, the combusted fuel and oxidizer and the superheated steam exiting the liner to enter an oil-bearing formation to upgrade and improve a mobility of heavy crude oils held in the oil-bearing formation.

10. A system according to Claim 9, wherein the liner comprises a first section located adjacent to the injector, and a second section located adjacent to the first section.

11. A system according to Claim 9, wherein the holes extend through the liner at an angle relative to a longitudinal axis of the liner.

12. A system according to Claim 10, wherein the second section has a plurality of first holes and a plurality of second holes, the second holes being larger than the first holes, and the second holes being oriented at a 90° angle relative to an internal surface of the liner.

13. A system according to Claim 9, wherein the injector comprises a first plate having a plurality of holes for injecting the fuel and oxidizer into the burner.

14. A system according to Claim 9, wherein the holes in the first plate are arranged in concentric rings.

15. A system according to Claim 9, wherein the injector comprises four plates, each of which has holes.

16. A method of producing viscous hydrocarbons from a well having a casing, comprising:
(a) providing a downhole burner having a burner casing, an injector, and a liner;
(b) lowering the downhole burner into the well;
(c) delivering fuel, an oxidizer and steam from a surface down through the casing to the downhole burner;
(d) injecting the fuel and oxidizer into the downhole burner with the injector;
(e) combusting the fuel and oxidizer with the liner;
(f) delivering steam through a steam channel located between the burner casing and the injector and liner;
(g) injecting steam from the steam channel, through holes in the liner, to an interior of the liner to superheat the steam with the combusted fuel and oxidizer to increase a steam quality of the steam; and (h) releasing the combusted fuel and oxidizer and the superheated steam from the liner into an oil-bearing formation to upgrade and improve a mobility of heavy crude oils held in the oil-bearing formation.

17. A method according to Claim 16, wherein the liner comprises a first section located adjacent to the injector, and a second section located adjacent to the first section, the first section having a plurality of holes for injecting steam through the liner.

18. A method according to Claim 17, wherein the holes extend through the liner at an angle relative to a longitudinal axis of the liner.

19. A method according to Claim 17, wherein the second section has a plurality of first holes and a plurality of second holes, the second holes being larger than the first holes, and the second holes being oriented at a 90° angle relative to an internal surface of the liner to inject steam further toward a longitudinal axis of the liner.

20. A method according to Claim 16, wherein the injector comprises four plates, at least one of which has holes arranged in concentric rings.

21. A system for producing viscous hydrocarbons from a well having a casing, comprising:
a plurality of conduits for delivering fuel, an oxidizer, CO2 and steam from a surface down through the casing;
a downhole burner secured to the plurality of conduits, the downhole burner comprising:
a burner casing;
an injector coupled to the plurality of conduits for injecting the fuel, oxidizer and CO2 into the well;
a liner coupled to the burner casing located below the injector for combusting the fuel and oxidizer and releasing exhaust gases including the CO2;
a steam channel located inside the burner casing and surrounding exterior surfaces of the injector and the liner;
the liner having a plurality of holes for communicating steam from the steam channel to an interior of the liner downstream from the injector, and the steam is superheated by the combusted fuel and oxidizer to increase a steam quality of the steam;
and the exhaust gases and the superheated steam exiting the liner to enter an oil-bearing formation to upgrade and improve a mobility of heavy crude oils held in the oil-bearing formation.

22. A system according to Claim 21, wherein the liner comprises a first section located adjacent to the injector, and a second section located adjacent to the first section, the first section having a plurality of holes for injecting steam through the liner.

23. A system according to Claim 22, wherein the holes extend through the liner at an angle relative to a longitudinal axis of the liner.

24. A system according to Claim 22, wherein the second section has a plurality of first holes and a plurality of second holes, the second holes being larger than the first holes, and the second holes being oriented at a 90° angle relative to an internal surface of the liner to inject steam further toward a longitudinal axis of the liner.

25. A system according to Claim 21, wherein the injector comprises four plates, at least one of which has holes arranged in concentric rings.

26. A downhole burner for a well, comprising:
a burner casing;
a liner coupled to the burner casing for combusting a fuel and an oxidizer;
an injector coupled to the burner casing for injecting the fuel and the oxidizer into the liner;
a steam channel located inside the burner casing and surrounding exterior surfaces of the injector and the liner; and the liner having a plurality of holes for communicating steam from the steam channel to an interior of the liner downstream from the injector, such that the steam is superheated by combustion of the fuel and oxidizer to increase a steam qualify of the steam, the combusted fuel and oxidizer and the superheated steam exiting the liner to enter an oil-bearing formation to upgrade and improve a mobility of heavy crude oils held in the oil-bearing formation.

27. A downhole burner according to Claim 26, wherein the liner comprises an effusion cooling section located adjacent to the injector, and an effusion cooling and jet mixing section located adjacent to the effusion cooling section.

28. A downhole burner according to Claim 27, wherein the effusion cooling section has a plurality of effusion holes that inject small jets of steam through the liner to provide a layer of cooler gases to protect the liner.

29. A downhole burner according to Claim 28, wherein the effusion holes extend through the liner at a 20° angle relative to a longitudinal axis of the liner and are oriented to inject steam downstream of the injector, for moving the injected steam along an interior wall of the liner to lower a temperature thereof.

30. A downhole burner according to Claim 27, wherein the effusion cooling and jet mixing section has a plurality of effusion holes and a plurality of mixing holes, the mixing holes being larger than the effusion holes, and the mixing holes being oriented at a 90° angle relative to an internal surface of the liner to inject steam further toward a longitudinal axis of the liner.

31. A downhole burner according to Claim 26, wherein the injector comprises an injector face plate having a plurality of injection holes for injecting the fuel and oxidizer into the burner, the injector face plate also having an igniter for igniting the fuel and oxidizer injected into the burner.

32. A downhole burner according to Claim 31, wherein the injector face plate has fuel holes and oxidizer holes, each of which is arranged in concentric rings to produce a shower head stream pattern of fuel and oxidizer to move streams of the fuel and oxidizer away from the injector face plate, such that a stand-off distance is provided between a flame of the combusted fuel and oxidizer and the injector face plate to reduce a temperature of the injector face plate.

33. A downhole burner according to Claim 26, wherein the injector comprises (a) a cover plate having an oxidizer inlet, (b) an oxidizer distribution manifold plate having an oxidizer manifold and oxidizer holes coupled to the oxidizer inlet, and (c) a fuel distribution manifold plate having oxidizer holes, a fuel inlet, a fuel manifold for routing fuel through an interior of the fuel distribution manifold plate for cooling the fuel distribution plate, and fuel holes.

34. A downhole burner according to Claim 26, wherein the injector comprises a cover plate on top of an oxidizer distribution manifold plate, the oxidizer distribution manifold plate is on top of a fuel distribution manifold plate, and the fuel distribution manifold plate is on top of an injector face plate.

35. A system for producing viscous hydrocarbons from a well having a casing, comprising:
a plurality of conduits for delivering fuel, an oxidizer and steam from a surface down through the casing;
a downhole burner secured to the plurality of conduits, the downhole burner comprising:
a burner casing;
an injector coupled to the plurality of conduits for injecting the fuel and oxidizer into the well;
a liner coupled to the burner casing located below the injector for combusting the fuel and oxidizer;
a steam channel located inside the burner casing and surrounding exterior surfaces of the injector and the liner; and the liner having a plurality of holes for communicating steam from the steam channel to an interior of the liner downstream from the injector, such that the steam is superheated by combustion of the fuel and oxidizer to increase a steam quality of the steam, the combusted fuel and oxidizer and the superheated steam exiting the liner to enter an oil-bearing formation to upgrade and improve a mobility of heavy crude oils held in the oil-bearing formation.

36. A system according to Claim 35, wherein the liner comprises an effusion cooling section located adjacent to the injector, and an effusion cooling and jet mixing section located adjacent to the effusion cooling section.

37. A system according to Claim 36, wherein the effusion cooling section has a plurality of effusion holes that inject small jets of steam through the liner to provide a layer of cooler gases to protect the liner.

38. A system according to Claim 37, wherein the effusion holes extend through the liner at a 20° angle relative to a longitudinal axis of the liner and are oriented to inject steam downstream of the injector, such that the injected steam moves along an interior wall of the liner to lower a temperature thereof.

39. A system according to Claim 36, wherein approximately 37.5% of the steam provided through the steam channel is injected into the liner by the effusion cooling section.

40. A system according to Claim 36, wherein the effusion cooling and jet mixing section has a plurality of effusion holes and a plurality of mixing holes, the mixing holes being larger than the effusion holes, and the mixing holes being oriented at a 90° angle relative to an internal surface of the liner to inject steam further toward a longitudinal axis of the liner.

41. A system according to Claim 35, wherein the steam has a steam quality of approximately 80% to 100% formed at the surface of the well that is fluidly communicated to the steam channel at a pressure of about 1600 psi.

42. A system according to Claim 35, wherein the downhole burner has a power output of approximately 13 MMBtu/hr for producing about 3200 bpd of superheated steam with an outlet temperature of about 700°F.

43. A system according to Claim 35, wherein the injector comprises an injector face plate having a plurality of injection holes for injecting the fuel and oxidizer into the burner, the injector face plate also having an igniter for igniting the fuel and oxidizer injected into the burner.

44. A system according to Claim 43, wherein the injector face plate has fuel holes and oxidizer holes, each of which is arranged in concentric rings to produce a shower head stream pattern of fuel and oxidizer to move streams of the fuel and oxidizer away from the injector face plate, such that a stand-off distance is provided between a flame of the combusted fuel and oxidizer and the injector face plate to reduce a temperature of the injector face plate.

45. A system according to Claim 35, wherein the injector comprises (a) a cover plate having an oxidizer inlet, (b) an oxidizer distribution manifold plate having an oxidizer manifold and oxidizer holes coupled to the oxidizer inlet, and (c) a fuel distribution manifold plate having oxidizer holes, a fuel inlet, a fuel manifold for routing fuel through an interior of the fuel distribution manifold plate for cooling the fuel distribution plate, and fuel holes,

46. A system according to Claim 35, wherein the injector comprises a cover plate on top of an oxidizer distribution manifold plate, the oxidizer distribution manifold plate is on top of a fuel distribution manifold plate, and the fuel distribution manifold plate is on top of an injector face plate.

47. A method of producing viscous hydrocarbons from a well having a casing, comprising;
(a) providing a downhole burner having a burner casing, an injector, and a liner;
(b) lowering the downhole burner into the well;
(c) delivering fuel, an oxidizer and steam from a surface down through the casing to the downhole burner;
(d) injecting the fuel and oxidizer into the downhole burner with the injector;
(e) combusting the fuel and oxidizer with the liner;
(f) delivering steam through a steam channel located between the burner casing and the injector and liner;

(g) injecting steam from the steam channel, through holes in the liner, to an interior of the liner to superheat the steam with the combusted fuel and oxidizer to increase a steam quality of the steam; and (h) releasing the combusted fuel and oxidizer and the superheated steam from the liner into an oil-bearing formation to upgrade and improve a mobility of heavy crude oils held in the oil-bearing formation.

48. A method according to Claim 47, wherein the liner comprises an effusion cooling section located adjacent to the injector, and an effusion cooling and jet mixing section located adjacent to the effusion cooling section, the effusion cooling section having a plurality of effusion holes that inject small jets of steam through the liner to provide a layer of cooler gases to protect the liner.

49. A method according to Claim 48, wherein the effusion holes extend through the liner at a 20° angle relative to a longitudinal axis of the liner and are oriented to inject steam downstream of the injector, such that the injected steam moves along an interior wall of the liner to lower a temperature thereof.

50. A method according to Claim 48, wherein the effusion cooling and jet mixing section has a plurality of effusion holes and a plurality of mixing holes, the mixing holes being larger than the effusion holes, and the mixing holes being oriented at a 90° angle relative to an internal surface of the liner to inject stem further toward a longitudinal axis of the liner.

51. A method according to Claim 47, wherein the steam has a steam quality of approximately 80% to 100% formed at the surface of the well that is fluidly communicated to the steam channel at a pressure of about 1600 psi.

52. A method according to Claim 47, wherein the downhole burner has a power output of approximately 13 MMBtu/hr for producing about 3200 bpd of superheated steam with an outlet temperature of about 700°F.

53. A method according to Claim 47, wherein the injector comprises an injector face plate having a plurality of injection holes for injecting the fuel and oxidizer into the burner, the injector face plate also having an igniter for igniting the fuel and oxidizer injected into the burner,

54. A method according to Claim 53, wherein the injector face plate has fuel holes and oxidizer holes, each of which is arranged in concentric rings to produce a shower head stream pattern of fuel and oxidizer to move streams of the fuel and oxidizer away from the injector face plate, such that a stand-off distance is provided between a flame of the combusted fuel and oxidizer and the injector face plate to reduce a temperature of the injector face plate.

55. A method according to Claim 47, wherein the injector comprises (a) a cover plate having an oxidizer inlet, (b) an oxidizer distribution manifold plate having an oxidizer manifold and oxidizer holes coupled to the oxidizer inlet, and (c) a fuel distribution manifold plate having oxidizer holes, a fuel inlet, a fuel manifold for routing fuel through an interior of the fuel distribution manifold plate for cooling the fuel distribution plate, and fuel holes.

56. A method according to Claim 47, wherein the well comprises a wellbore configuration selected from the group consisting of vertical and horizontal.

57. A system for producing viscous hydrocarbons from a well having a casing, comprising:
a plurality of conduits for delivering fuel, an oxidizer, CO2 and steam from a surface down through the casing;
a downhole burner secured to the plurality of conduits, the downhole burner comprising:
a burner casing;
an injector coupled to the plurality of conduits for injecting the fuel, oxidizer and CO2 into the well;
a liner coupled to the burner casing located below the injector for combusting the fuel and oxidizer and releasing exhaust gases including the CO2;
a steam channel located inside the burner casing and surrounding exterior surfaces of the injector and the liner;

the liner having a plurality of holes for communicating steam from the steam channel to an interior of the liner downstream from the injector, such that the exhaust gases and the steam cool the liner, and the steam is superheated by the combusted fuel and oxidizer to increase a steam quality of the steam; and the exhaust gases and the superheated steam exiting the liner to enter an oil-bearing formation to upgrade and improve a mobility of heavy crude oils held in the oil-bearing formation.

58. A system according to Claim 57, wherein the liner comprises an effusion cooling section located adjacent to the injector, and an effusion cooling and jet mixing section located adjacent to the effusion cooling section.

59. A system according to Claim 58, wherein the effusion cooling section has a plurality of effusion holes that inject small jets of steam through the liner to provide a layer of cooler gases to protect the liner, and the effusion holes extend through the liner at a 20° angle relative to a longitudinal axis of the liner and are oriented to inject steam downstream of the injector, such that the injected steam moves along an interior wall of the liner to lower a temperature thereof.

60. A system according to Claim 58, wherein the effusion cooling and jet mixing section has a plurality of effusion holes and a plurality of mixing holes, the mixing holes being larger than the effusion holes, and the mixing holes being oriented at a 90° angle relative to an internal surface of the liner to inject steam further toward a longitudinal axis of the liner.

61. A system according to Claim 57, wherein the injector comprises an injector face plate having a plurality of injection holes for injecting the fuel and oxidizer into the burner, the injector face plate also having an igniter for igniting the fuel and oxidizer injected into the burner.

62. A system according to Claim 61, wherein the injector face plate has fuel holes and oxidizer holes, each of which is arranged in concentric rings to produce a shower head stream pattern of fuel and oxidizer to move streams of the fuel and oxidizer away from the injector face plate, such that a stand-off distance is provided between a flame of the combusted fuel and oxidizer and the injector face plate to reduce a temperature of the injector face plate.

63. A system according to Claim 57, wherein the injector comprises (a) a cover plate having an oxidizer inlet, the cover plate is located on (b) an oxidizer distribution, manifold plate having an oxidizer manifold and oxidizer holes coupled to the oxidizer inlet, and the oxidizer distribution manifold plate is on top of (c) a fuel distribution manifold plate having oxidizer holes, a fuel inlet, a fuel manifold for routing fuel through an interior of the fuel distribution manifold plate for cooling the fuel distribution plate, and fuel holes, and the fuel distribution manifold plate is located on top of (d) an injector face plate.

64. A downhole burner for a well, comprising:
a burner casing;
a liner coupled to the burner casing for combusting a fuel and an oxidizer;
an injector coupled to the burner casing for injecting the fuel and the oxidizer into the liner;
a steam channel located inside the burner casing and surrounding exterior surfaces of the injector and the liner; and the liner having a plurality of holes for communicating steam from the steam channel to an interior of the liner downstream from the injector, such that the steam is superheated by combustion of the fuel and oxidizer to increase a steam quality of the steam, the combusted fuel and oxidizer and the superheated steam exiting the liner to enter an oil-bearing formation to upgrade and improve a mobility of heavy crude oils held in the oil-bearing formation.

65. A downhole burner according to Claim 64, wherein the liner comprises an effusion cooling section located adjacent to the injector, and an effusion cooling and jet mixing section located adjacent to the effusion cooling section.

66. A downhole burner according to Claim 65, wherein the effusion cooling section has a plurality of effusion, holes that inject small jets of steam through the liner to provide a layer of cooler gases to protect the liner.

67. A downhole burner according to Claim 66, wherein the effusion holes extend through the liner at a 20° angle relative to a longitudinal axis of the liner and are oriented to inject steam downstream of the injector, for moving the injected, steam along an interior wall of the liner to lower a temperature thereof.

68. A downhole burner according to Claim 65, wherein the effusion cooling and jet mixing section has a plurality of effusion holes and a plurality of mixing holes, the mixing holes being larger than the effusion holes, and the mixing holes being oriented at a 90° angle relative to an internal surface of the liner to inject steam further toward a longitudinal axis of the liner.

69. A downhole burner according to Claim 64, wherein the injector comprises an injector face plate having a plurality of injection holes for injecting the fuel and oxidizer into the burner, the injector face plate also having an igniter for igniting the fuel and oxidizer injected into the burner.

70. A downhole burner according to Claim 69, wherein a gap is formed between an outer diameter of the injector face plate and an inner diameter of the liner so that steam can leak past and cool the injector face plate.

71. A downhole burner according to Claim 70, wherein the burner casing and the liner each have a wall thickness of about 0.125 inches, the steam channel has an annular width between the liner and the burner casing of about 0.375 inches.

72. A downhole burner according to Claim 69, wherein the injector face plate has fuel holes and oxidizer holes, each of which is arranged in concentric rings to produce a shower head stream pattern of fuel and oxidizer to move streams of the fuel and oxidizer away from the injector face plate, such that a stand-off distance is provided between a flame of the combusted fuel and oxidizer and the injector face plate to reduce a temperature of the injector face plate.

73. A downhole burner according to Claim 64, wherein the injector comprises (a) a cover plate having an oxidizer inlet, (b) an oxidizer distribution manifold plate having an oxidizer manifold and oxidizer holes coupled to the oxidizer inlet, and (c) a fuel distribution manifold plate having oxidizer holes, a fuel inlet, a fuel manifold for routing fuel through an interior of the fuel distribution manifold plate for cooling the fuel distribution plate, and fuel holes.

74. A downhole burner according to Claim 64, wherein the injector comprises a cover plate on top of an oxidizer distribution manifold plate, the oxidizer distribution manifold plate is on top of a fuel distribution manifold plate, and the fuel distribution manifold plate is on top of an injector face plate.

75. A system for producing viscous hydrocarbons from a well having a casing, comprising:
a plurality of conduits for delivering fuel, an oxidizer and steam from a surface down through the casing;
a downhole burner secured to the plurality of conduits, the downhole burner comprising:
a burner casing;
an injector coupled to the plurality of conduits for injecting the fuel and oxidizer into the well;
a liner coupled to the burner casing located below the injector for combusting the fuel and oxidizer, the liner having an interior that defines a gap between the interior and an exterior of the injector for permitting steam to leak past and cools the injector;
a steam channel located inside the burner casing and surrounding exterior surfaces of the injector and the liner; and the liner having a plurality of holes for communicating steam from the steam channel to an interior of the liner downstream from the injector, such that the steam is superheated by combustion of the fuel and oxidizer to increase a steam quality of the steam, the combusted fuel and oxidizer and the superheated steam exiting the liner to enter an oil-bearing formation to upgrade and improve a mobility of heavy crude oils held in the oil-bearing formation.

76. A system according to Claim 75, wherein the liner comprises an effusion cooling section located adjacent to the injector, and an effusion cooling and jet mixing section located adjacent to the effusion cooling section.

77. A system according to Claim 76, wherein the effusion cooling section has a plurality of effusion holes that inject small jets of steam through the liner to provide a layer of cooler gases to protect the liner.

78. A system according to Claim 77, wherein the effusion holes extend through the liner at a 20° angle relative to a longitudinal axis of the liner and are oriented to inject steam downstream of the injector, such that the injected steam moves along an interior wall of the liner to lower a temperature thereof.

79. A system according to Claim 76, wherein approximately 37.5% of the steam provided through the steam channel is injected into the liner by the effusion cooling section.

80. A system according to Claim 76, wherein the effusion cooling and jet mixing section has a plurality of effusion holes and a plurality of mixing holes, the mixing holes being larger than the effusion holes, and the mixing holes being oriented at a 90° angle relative to an internal surface of the liner to inject steam further toward a longitudinal axis of the liner.

81. A system according to Claim 75, wherein the steam has a steam quality of approximately 80% to 100% formed at the surface of the well that is fluidly communicated to the steam channel at a pressure of about 1600 psi.

82. A system according to Claim 75, wherein the downhole burner has a power output of approximately 13 MMBtu/hr for producing about 3200 bpd of superheated steam with an outlet temperature of about 700°F.

83. A system according to Claim 75, wherein the injector comprises an injector face plate having a plurality of injection holes for injecting the fuel and oxidizer into the burner, the injector face plate also having an igniter for igniting the fuel and oxidizer injected into the burner.

84. A system according to Claim 83, wherein the injector face plate has fuel holes and oxidizer holes, each of which is arranged in concentric rings to produce a shower head stream pattern of fuel and oxidizer to move streams of the fuel and oxidizer away from the injector face plate, such that a stand-off distance is provided between a flame of the combusted fuel and oxidizer and the injector face plate to reduce a temperature of the injector face plate.

85. A system according to Claim 75, wherein the injector comprises (a) a cover plate having an oxidizer inlet, (b) an oxidizer distribution manifold plate having an oxidizer manifold and oxidizer holes coupled to the oxidizer inlet, and (c) a fuel distribution manifold plate having oxidizer holes, a fuel inlet, a fuel manifold for routing fuel through an interior of the fuel distribution manifold plate for cooling the fuel distribution plate, and fuel holes.

86. A system according to Claim 75, wherein the injector comprises a cover plate on top of an oxidizer distribution manifold plate, the oxidizer distribution manifold plate is on top of a fuel distribution manifold plate, and the fuel distribution manifold plate is on top of an injector face plate.

87. A method of producing viscous hydrocarbons from a well having a casing, comprising:
(a) providing a downhole burner having a burner casing, an injector, and a liner;
(b) lowering the downhole burner into the well;
(c) delivering fuel, an oxidizer and steam from a surface down through the casing to the downhole burner;
(d) injecting the fuel and oxidizer into the downhole burner with the injector;
(e) combusting the fuel and oxidizer with the liner;
(f) delivering steam through a steam channel located between the burner casing and the injector and liner;

(g) injecting steam from the steam channel, through holes in the liner, to an interior of the liner to superheat the steam with the combusted fuel and oxidizer to increase a steam quality of the steam; and (h) releasing the combusted fuel and oxidizer and the superheated steam from the liner into an oil-bearing formation to upgrade and improve a mobility of heavy crude oils held in the oil-bearing formation.

88. A method according to Claim 87, wherein step (g) further comprises leaking steam past the injector and cooling the injector with a gap located between an interior of the liner and an exterior of the injector.

89. A method according to Claim 87, wherein the liner comprises an effusion cooling section located adjacent to the injector, and an effusion cooling and jet mixing section located adjacent to the effusion cooling section, the effusion cooling section having a plurality of effusion holes that inject small jets of steam through the liner to provide a layer of cooler gases to protect the liner.

90. A method according to Claim 89, wherein the effusion holes extend through the liner at a 20° angle relative to a longitudinal axis of the liner and are oriented to inject steam downstream of the injector, such that the injected steam moves along an interior wall of the liner to lower a temperature thereof.

91. A method according to Claim 89, wherein the effusion cooling and jet mixing section has a plurality of effusion holes and a plurality of mixing holes, the mixing holes being larger than the effusion holes, and the mixing holes being oriented at a 90° angle relative to an internal surface of the liner to inject steam further toward a longitudinal axis of the liner.

92. A method according to Claim 87, wherein the steam has a steam quality of approximately 80% to 100% formed at the surface of the well that is fluidly communicated to the steam channel at a pressure of about 1600 psi.

93. A method according to Claim 92, wherein the steam arriving at the steam channel has a steam quality of about 70% to 90%, and wherein approximately 37.5% of the steam provided through the steam channel is injected into the liner by the effusion cooling section.

94. A method according to Claim 87, wherein the downhole burner has a power output of approximately 13 MMBtu/hr for producing about 3200 bpd of superheated steam with an outlet temperature of about 700°F.

95. A method according to Claim 87, wherein the injector comprises an injector face plate having a plurality of injection holes for injecting the fuel and oxidizer into the burner, the injector face plate also having an igniter for igniting the fuel and oxidizer injected into the burner.

96. A method according to Claim 95, wherein the injector face plate has fuel holes and oxidizer holes, each of which is arranged in concentric rings to produce a shower head stream pattern of fuel and oxidizer to move streams of the fuel and oxidizer away from, the injector face plate, such that a stand-off distance is provided between a flame of the combusted fuel and oxidizer and the injector face plate to reduce a temperature of the injector face plate.

97. A method according to Claim 87, wherein the injector comprises (a) a cover plate having an oxidizer inlet, (b) an oxidizer distribution manifold plate having an oxidizer manifold and oxidizer holes coupled to the oxidizer inlet, and (c) a fuel distribution manifold plate having oxidizer holes, a fuel inlet, a fuel manifold for routing fuel through an interior of the fuel distribution, manifold plate for cooling the fuel distribution plate, and fuel holes.

98. A method according to Claim 87, wherein the well comprises a wellbore configuration selected from the group consisting of vertical and horizontal.

99. A system for producing viscous hydrocarbons from a well having a casing, comprising:
a plurality of conduits for delivering fuel, an oxidizer, CO2 and steam from a surface down through the casing;

a downhole burner secured to the plurality of conduits, the downhole burner comprising:
a burner casing;
an injector coupled to the plurality of conduits for injecting the fuel, oxidizer and CO2 into the well;
a liner coupled to the burner casing located below the injector for combusting the fuel and oxidizer and releasing exhaust gases including the CO2, the liner having an interior that defines a gap between the interior and an exterior of the injector for permitting steam to leak past and cools the injector;
a steam channel located inside the burner casing and surrounding exterior surfaces of the injector and the liner;
the liner having a plurality of holes for communicating steam from the steam channel to an interior of the liner downstream from the injector, such that the exhaust gases and the steam cool the liner, and the steam is superheated by the combusted fuel and oxidizer to increase a steam quality of the steam; and the exhaust gases and the superheated steam exiting the liner to enter an oil-bearing formation to upgrade and improve a mobility of heavy crude oils held in the oil-bearing formation.

100. A system according to Claim 99, wherein the liner comprises an effusion cooling section located adjacent to the injector, and an effusion cooling and jet mixing section located adjacent to the effusion cooling section.

101. A system according to Claim 100, wherein the effusion cooling section has a plurality of effusion holes that inject small jets of steam through the liner to provide a layer of cooler gases to protect the liner, and the effusion holes extend through the liner at a 20° angle relative to a longitudinal axis of the liner and are oriented to inject steam downstream of the injector, such that the injected steam moves along an interior wall of the liner to lower a temperature thereof.

102. A system according to Claim 100, wherein the effusion cooling and jet mixing section has a plurality of effusion holes and a plurality of mixing holes, the mixing holes being larger than the effusion holes, and the mixing holes being oriented at a 90°
angle relative to an internal surface of the liner to inject steam further toward a longitudinal axis of the liner.

103. A system according to Claim 99, wherein the injector comprises an injector face plate having a plurality of injection holes for injecting the fuel and oxidizer into the burner, the injector face plate also having an igniter for igniting the fuel and oxidizer injected into the burner, the burner casing and the liner each have a wall thickness of about 0,125 inches, the steam channel has an annular width between the liner and the burner casing of about 0.375 inches.

104, A system according to Claim 103, wherein the injector face plate has fuel holes and oxidizer holes, each of which is arranged in concentric rings to produce a shower head stream pattern of fuel and oxidizer to move streams of the fuel and oxidizer away from the injector face plate, such that a stand-off distance is provided between a flame of the combusted fuel and oxidizer and the injector face plate to reduce a temperature of the injector face plate.

105. A system according to Claim 99, wherein the injector comprises (a) a cover plate having an oxidizer inlet, the cover plate is located on (b) an oxidizer distribution manifold plate having an oxidizer manifold and oxidizer holes coupled to the oxidizer inlet, and the oxidizer distribution manifold plate is on top of (c) a fuel distribution manifold plate having oxidizer holes, a fuel inlet, a fuel manifold for routing fuel through an interior of the fuel distribution manifold plate for cooling the fuel distribution plate, and fuel holes, and the fuel distribution manifold plate is located oil top of (d) an injector face plate.