CA2642527A1 - Scalable intelligent power supply system and method - Google Patents

Scalable intelligent power supply system and method Download PDF

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Publication number
CA2642527A1
CA2642527A1 CA002642527A CA2642527A CA2642527A1 CA 2642527 A1 CA2642527 A1 CA 2642527A1 CA 002642527 A CA002642527 A CA 002642527A CA 2642527 A CA2642527 A CA 2642527A CA 2642527 A1 CA2642527 A1 CA 2642527A1
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CA
Canada
Prior art keywords
battery
power supply
bus
removable cartridge
battery packs
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Granted
Application number
CA002642527A
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French (fr)
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CA2642527C (en
Inventor
Karl F. Scheucher
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Individual
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Individual
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Priority claimed from US11/672,957 external-priority patent/US8860377B2/en
Priority claimed from US11/672,853 external-priority patent/US8026698B2/en
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to CA2771091A priority Critical patent/CA2771091C/en
Publication of CA2642527A1 publication Critical patent/CA2642527A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of CA2642527C publication Critical patent/CA2642527C/en
Active legal-status Critical Current
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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/4207—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells for several batteries or cells simultaneously or sequentially
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • B60L58/18—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries of two or more battery modules
    • B60L58/19—Switching between serial connection and parallel connection of battery modules
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
    • G01R31/382—Arrangements for monitoring battery or accumulator variables, e.g. SoC
    • G01R31/3835—Arrangements for monitoring battery or accumulator variables, e.g. SoC involving only voltage measurements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/425—Structural combination with electronic components, e.g. electronic circuits integrated to the outside of the casing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/48—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
    • H01M10/482—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte for several batteries or cells simultaneously or sequentially
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J1/00—Circuit arrangements for dc mains or dc distribution networks
    • H02J1/001—Hot plugging or unplugging of load or power modules to or from power distribution networks
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J1/00—Circuit arrangements for dc mains or dc distribution networks
    • H02J1/10—Parallel operation of dc sources
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0063—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with circuits adapted for supplying loads from the battery
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0068—Battery or charger load switching, e.g. concurrent charging and load supply
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/007—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/007—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage
    • H02J7/00712—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the cycle being controlled or terminated in response to electric parameters
    • H02J7/007182—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the cycle being controlled or terminated in response to electric parameters in response to battery voltage
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/14—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries for charging batteries from dynamo-electric generators driven at varying speed, e.g. on vehicle
    • H02J7/1423—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries for charging batteries from dynamo-electric generators driven at varying speed, e.g. on vehicle with multiple batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/36—Arrangements using end-cell switching
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2270/00—Problem solutions or means not otherwise provided for
    • B60L2270/30—Preventing theft during charging
    • B60L2270/32—Preventing theft during charging of electricity
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2270/00—Problem solutions or means not otherwise provided for
    • B60L2270/30—Preventing theft during charging
    • B60L2270/34—Preventing theft during charging of parts
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/7072—Electromobility specific charging systems or methods for batteries, ultracapacitors, supercapacitors or double-layer capacitors

Abstract

A scalable intelligent power-supply system and method capable of powering a defined load for a specified period of time is disclosed and claimed. Multiple external AC and DC inputs supply power to the system if available and required. An internal DC input from a back-up energy source is on board. The back-up energy source is scalable by adding additional energy cartridges such as batteries in racks mounted within frames of the system. The AC and DC inputs (including the internal DC input) are controlled, measured, sensed, and converted by circuitry controlled by the microprocessor into multiple AC and/or DC outputs. A microprocessor manages power input to, within, and output from the system. The performance of a Lithium-ion batteries used to power an automobile can be determined on the basis individual battery packs or individual battery cells within the packs. This enables the clusters or groups of Lithium ion batteries to be used in a vehicle such that these clusters operate and function as a "gas" tank or more appropriately as an "energy" tank.

Claims (233)

1. A power supply comprising at least one removable cartridge battery pack.
2. A power supply as claimed in claim 1 further comprising a plurality of removable cartridge battery packs.
3. A power supply as claimed in claim 2 wherein each removable cartridge battery pack of said plurality of removable cartridge battery packs has an output voltage.
4. A power supply as claimed in claim 3 further comprising a microprocessor wherein each removable cartridge battery pack of said plurality of removable cartridge battery packs is controlled by said microprocessor.
5. A power supply as claimed in claim 4 wherein each removable cartridge battery pack of said plurality of removable cartridge battery packs is selectively interconnected to a load and is selectively disconnected from said load.
6. A power supply as claimed in claim 5 wherein said load is a sense resistor.
7. A power supply as claimed in claim 5 wherein said load is a user defined electrical load.
8. A power supply as claimed in claim 5 wherein said load is a sense resistor in parallel with a user defined electrical load.
9. A power supply as claimed in claim 6 wherein said microprocessor measures the voltage across the load (Vcc, voltage closed circuit) of each removable cartridge battery pack while said each removable cartridge battery pack is interconnected with said load.
10. A power supply as claimed in claim 7 wherein said microprocessor measures the voltage across the load (Vcc, voltage closed circuit) of each removable cartridge battery pack while said each removable cartridge battery pack is interconnected with said load.
11. A power supply as claimed in claim 8 wherein said microprocessor measures the voltage across said user defined load in parallel with said sense resistor (Vcc-load-sense, voltage closed circuit-load-sense) of each removable cartridge battery pack while said each removable cartridge battery pack is interconnected with said loads.
12. A power supply as claimed in claim 6 wherein said microprocessor measures the unloaded voltage (Voc, voltage open circuit) of each removable cartridge battery pack while said each removable cartridge battery pack is disconnected from said load.
13. A power supply as claimed in claim 7 wherein said microprocessor measures the unloaded voltage (Voc, voltage open circuit) of each removable cartridge battery pack while said each removable cartridge battery pack is disconnected from said load.
14. A power supply as claimed in claim 8 wherein said microprocessor measures the voltage across the user defined load (Voc, voltage open circuit) of each removable cartridge battery pack while said each removable cartridge battery pack is disconnected from said load.
15. A power supply comprising a plurality of removable cartridge battery packs, each of said removable cartridge battery packs of said plurality of battery packs has a known Re (internal resistance) and an output voltage, a microprocessor for controlling each removable cartridge battery pack of said plurality of removable cartridge battery packs, each of said removable cartridge battery packs of said plurality of battery packs is selectively interconnected to a user defined load, said microprocessor measures the voltage across said user defined load (Vcc-ul, voltage closed circuit-user load) of each removable cartridge battery pack of said plurality of removable cartridge battery packs while said each removable cartridge battery pack is interconnected with said load, and, said microprocessor measures the unloaded voltage (Voc, voltage open circuit) of each removable cartridge battery pack of said plurality of removable cartridge battery packs while said each removable cartridge battery packs is disconnected from said load, said microprocessor determining a difference between said unloaded voltage (Voc, voltage open circuit) and said loaded voltage (Vcc-ul, voltage closed circuit-user-load) and dividing said difference (Voc minus Vcc-ul) by Re (internal resistance) to determine Icc (closed circuit current).
16. A power supply comprising a plurality of removable cartridge battery packs, each of said removable cartridge battery packs of said plurality of removable cartridge battery packs has a known Re (internal resistance) and an output voltage, a microprocessor for controlling each removable cartridge battery pack of said plurality of removable cartridge battery packs, each of said removable cartridge battery packs of said plurality of battery packs is selectively interconnected to a sense resistor, said microprocessor measures the voltage across said sense resistor (Vcc-sr, voltage closed circuit-sense resistor) of each removable cartridge battery pack of said plurality of removable cartridge battery packs while said each removable cartridge battery pack is interconnected with said sense resistor, and, said microprocessor measures the unloaded voltage (Voc, voltage open circuit) of each removable cartridge battery pack of said plurality of removable cartridge battery packs while said each removable cartridge battery packs is disconnected from said sense resistor, said microprocessor determining a difference between said unloaded voltage (Voc, voltage open circuit) and said loaded voltage (Vcc-sr, voltage closed circuit-sense resistor) and dividing said difference (Voc minus Vcc-sr) by Re (internal resistance) to determine Icc (closed circuit current).
17. A power supply comprising a plurality of removable cartridge battery packs, each of said removable cartridge battery packs of said plurality of battery packs has an Re (internal resistance) and an output voltage, a microprocessor for controlling each removable cartridge battery pack of said plurality of removable cartridge battery packs, each of said removable cartridge battery packs of said plurality of battery packs is selectively interconnected to a user defined load and a known sense resistor (Rsense) in parallel with said user defined load, said microprocessor measures the voltage across said known sense resistor in parallel with said user defined load Vcc-sr-ul (voltage closed circuit-sense resistor-user defined load) of each removable cartridge battery pack of said plurality of removable cartridge battery packs while said each removable cartridge battery pack is interconnected with said user defined load and a known sense resistor (Rsense) in parallel with said user defined load, and, said microprocessor measures the unloaded voltage across said user defined load Vcc-ul (voltage closed circuit-user defined load) of each removable cartridge battery pack of said plurality of removable cartridge battery packs while said each removable cartridge battery packs is disconnected from said known sense resistor, said microprocessor using Vcc-sr-ul, Vcc-ul, Re, and Rsense to determine Icc (closed circuit current user defined load in parallel with Rsense) and Iload (current through user defined load).
18. A power supply as claimed in claim 15 further comprising a charging circuit and wherein said microprocessor selectively interconnects said charging circuit with each of said removable cartridge battery packs or said microprocessor selectively disconnects said removable cartridge battery packs based on Icc.
19. A power supply as claimed in claim 16 further comprising a charging circuit and wherein said microprocessor selectively interconnects said charging circuit with each of said removable cartridge battery packs or said microprocessor selectively disconnects said removable cartridge battery packs based on Icc.
20. A power supply as claimed in claim 17 further comprising a charging circuit and wherein said microprocessor selectively interconnects said charging circuit with each of said removable cartridge battery packs or said microprocessor selectively disconnects said removable cartridge battery packs based on Icc.
21. A power supply comprising a plurality of removable cartridge battery packs, a microprocessor, said microprocessor selectively interconnects each of said removable cartridge battery packs to a battery information bus.
22. A power supply comprising a plurality of removable cartridge energy packs, a microprocessor, said microprocessor selectively interconnects each of said removable cartridge energy packs to an energy pack information bus.
23. A power supply as claimed in claim 21 wherein said removable cartridge battery packs are selected from the group consisting of Li-Ion, Li-Ion polymer, NiMH, NiCd, lead acid and Alkaline batteries.
24. A power supply as claimed in claim 22 wherein said removable cartridge energy packs are selected from the group consisting of Li-Ion, Li-Ion polymer, NiMH, NiCd lead acid and Alkaline batteries.
25. A power supply comprising a plurality of removable cartridge battery packs, a microprocessor, a sensor in proximity to each of said removable cartridge battery packs, a battery information bus, said microprocessor interconnecting said sensor with said battery information bus.
26. A power supply as claimed in claim 25 wherein said sensor is a temperature sensor.
27. A power supply comprising a plurality of removable cartridge battery packs, each of said removable cartridge battery packs is selectively interconnected to a battery bus interconnected with a load, each of said removable cartridge battery packs is selectively interconnected to a charge bus, and, each of said removable cartridge battery packs is selectively interconnected to a battery monitor bus.
28. A power supply as claimed in claim 27 further comprising a microprocessor and wherein said each of said removable cartridge battery packs are selectively interconnected to said battery bus interconnected with said load through a PFET controlled by said microprocessor.
29. A power supply as claimed in claim 27 further comprising a microprocessor and wherein said each of said removable cartridge battery packs are selectively interconnected to said charge bus through a PFET controlled by said microprocessor.
30. A power supply as claimed in claim 27 further comprising a microprocessor and wherein said each of said removable cartridge battery packs are selectively interconnected to said battery monitor bus through a PFET controlled by said microprocessor.
31. A power supply as claimed in claim 27 wherein said battery monitor bus multiplexes voltage measurements indicative of the state of charge of each of said removable cartridge battery packs to said microprocessor.
32. A power supply as claimed in claim 27 wherein each of said removable cartridge battery packs is selectively interconnected to a battery information bus.
33. A power supply as claimed in claim 32 wherein said battery information bus multiplexes voltages representative of temperature measurements indicative of the current through each of removable cartridge battery packs.
34. A power supply as claimed in claim 27 wherein a single removable cartridge battery pack is interconnected with said load to maximize the current through said battery producing heat in said battery.
35. A power supply as claimed in claim 27 wherein each of said plurality of removable cartridge battery packs is interconnected with said load.
36. A power supply comprising a microprocessor, a plurality of removable cartridge battery packs, each of said removable cartridge battery packs is selectively interconnected to a battery bus interconnected with a load, said microprocessor selectively interconnecting any combination of said plurality of removable cartridge battery packs with said battery bus.
37. A power supply comprising a microprocessor, a plurality of removable cartridge battery packs, each of said removable cartridge battery packs is selectively interconnected to a battery bus interconnected with a load, said microprocessor selectively interconnecting some of said removable cartridge battery packs with said load, and, said microprocessor selectively interconnecting the remainder of said removable cartridge battery packs with said charge bus.
38. A power supply comprising a microprocessor, a plurality of removable cartridge battery packs, each of said removable cartridge battery packs is selectively interconnected to a battery bus interconnected with a load, said microprocessor selectively interconnecting some of said removable cartridge battery packs with said load, and, said microprocessor selectively interconnecting the remainder of said removable cartridge battery packs with said charge bus.
39. A power supply comprising a microprocessor, a plurality of removable cartridge battery packs, each of said removable cartridge battery packs is selectively interconnected to a battery bus interconnected with a load, each of said removable cartridge battery packs is selectively interconnected to a charge bus, said microprocessor selectively interconnecting a first portion of said plurality of removable cartridge battery packs with said battery bus, said microprocessor selectively interconnecting a second portion of said plurality of removable cartridge battery packs with said charge bus, said microprocessor selectively interconnecting a third portion of said plurality of removable cartridge battery packs with both said battery bus and said charge bus, and, said microprocessor selectively disconnecting a fourth portion of said plurality of removable cartridge packs from both said charge bus and said battery bus.
40. A power supply comprising a microprocessor, a plurality of removable cartridge battery packs, each of said removable cartridge battery packs is selectively connected or disconnected with a battery bus interconnected with a load, each of said removable cartridge battery packs is selectively connected or disconnected with a charge bus, said microprocessor selectively connecting a first portion of said plurality of removable cartridge battery packs with said battery bus, said microprocessor selectively connecting a second portion of said plurality of removable cartridge battery packs with said charge bus, said microprocessor selectively connecting a third portion of said plurality of removable cartridge battery packs with both said battery bus and said charge bus, and, said microprocessor selectively disconnecting a fourth portion of said plurality of removable cartridge packs from both said charge bus and said battery bus.
41. A power supply as claimed in claim 40 wherein said first, second, third and fourth portions of said plurality of removable cartridge battery packs may include one, more than one, all, or none of the plurality of removable cartridge battery packs.
42. A power supply as claimed in claim 40 wherein said plurality of removable cartridge battery packs includes batteries having different nominal voltages.
43. A power supply as claimed in claim 41 wherein said plurality of removable cartridge battery packs includes batteries having different nominal voltages.
44. A power supply comprising a microprocessor, a plurality of removable cartridge battery packs, each of said removable cartridge battery packs is selectively connected or disconnected with a battery bus interconnected with a load, each of said removable cartridge battery packs is selectively connected or disconnected with a charge bus, and wherein said load includes a direct current to direct current step up converter outputting to said charge bus.
45. A power supply as claimed in claim 44 wherein said charge bus is at a voltage higher than the nominal voltage of each of said removable cartridge battery packs.
46. A power supply as claimed in claim 44 wherein a first portion of said removable cartridge battery packs charge a second portion of said removable cartridge battery packs.
47. A power supply as claimed in claims 40 to 46 wherein said removable cartridge battery packs are dual purpose battery packs.
48. A power supply as claimed in claims 40 to 46 wherein said removable cartridge battery packs are dual purpose Li-Ion battery packs.
49. A power supply as claimed in claims 40 to 46 wherein said removable cartridge battery packs are dual purpose cordless tool battery packs.
50. A power supply comprising a microprocessor, a first temperature sensor for sensing the temperature within the power supply and a second sensor for sensing temperature external to the power supply, said first and second sensor communicating with said microprocessor, a plurality of removable cartridge battery packs, said microprocessor selectively connecting or disconnecting each of said removable cartridge battery packs with a battery bus interconnected with a load depending on either or both of said temperatures.
51. A power supply a microprocessor, a plurality of removable cartridge battery packs, each of said removable cartridge battery packs is selectively connected or disconnected with a battery bus interconnected with a load, each of said removable cartridge battery packs is selectively connected or disconnected with a charge bus, said microprocessor selectively enables each of said removable cartridge battery packs to deliver power, receive power, or to neither deliver nor receive power.
52. A power supply as claimed in claim 51 wherein said removable battery packs are Li-Ion battery packs.
53. A power supply as claimed in claim 52 wherein said removable battery packs are selected from the group of Li-Ion, Li-Ion solid polymer, Lead-Acid, NiMH and Alkaline.
54. A power supply as claimed in claim 51 wherein said microprocessor selectively communicates with each of said plurality of removable battery packs.
55. A power supply comprising a microprocessor, a plurality of removable cartridge battery packs, a thermal sensor in proximity with each of said removable battery packs, said microprocessor being in communication with each thermal sensor and detecting the ambient localized temperature of each of said removable battery pack, each of said removable cartridge battery packs being controlled by said microprocessor, said microprocessor selectively interconnects or disconnects each of said removable cartridge battery packs with a battery bus interconnected with a load, said microprocessor selectively interconnects or disconnects each of said removable cartridge battery packs with a charge bus, said microprocessor selectively interconnects or disconnects each of said removable cartridge battery packs with a battery monitor bus, and, operation of each of said removable battery pack is a function of the ambient temperature of each of said removable battery pack.
56. A power supply comprising a microprocessor, a plurality of removable cartridge battery packs, a thermal sensor in proximity with each of said removable battery packs, said microprocessor being in communication with each thermal sensor and detecting the ambient localized temperature of each of said removable battery pack, each of said removable cartridge battery packs being controlled by said microprocessor, said microprocessor selectively interconnects or disconnects each of said removable cartridge battery packs with a battery bus interconnected with a load, said microprocessor selectively interconnects or disconnects each of said removable cartridge battery packs with a battery monitor bus, and, said microprocessor operates each of said removable cartridge battery pack as a function of the current through each said removable cartridge battery pack and said ambient localized temperature of each of said removable battery pack.
57. A power supply as claimed in claim 55 wherein an optical transistor couples said microprocessor and said thermal sensor.
58. A power supply as claimed in claim 56 wherein an optical transistor couples said microprocessor and said thermal sensor.
59. A power supply comprising: a plurality of battery packs; each of said plurality of battery packs includes a battery interface circuit; a microprocessor; said battery interface circuit includes: a battery bus output branch having a first transistor operated by said microprocessor, a charging bus input branch having a second transistor operated by said microprocessor, a battery bus monitoring branch having a third transistor operated by said microprocessor, and, said microprocessor coupling said battery bus monitoring branch of said battery interface circuit to said battery and periodically disconnecting each of said battery packs from said battery bus output branch.
60. A power supply as claimed in claim 59 further comprising a temperature sensor in proximity to each of said plurality of battery packs wherein said microprocessor periodically operates a fourth transistor coupling said battery information bus of said interface circuit to said temperature sensor.
61. A power supply as claimed in claim 59 wherein said microprocessor operates said first and second transistors to direct current flow to said battery bus output branch and said battery or to direct current flow to said battery based on information conveyed to said microprocessor by said battery bus monitoring branch.
62. A power supply comprising a microprocessor, a plurality of battery packs, each of said plurality of battery pack includes an interface circuit associated therewith, and, said microprocessor operating each of said interface circuits selectively interconnecting certain battery pack(s) with a load.
63. A power supply as claimed in claim 62 wherein said battery packs are cordless tool battery packs.
64. A power supply as claimed in claim 63 wherein said battery packs are Li-Ion battery packs.
65. A power supply as claimed in claim 62 wherein said battery packs are Li-Ion polymer batter packs.
66. A power supply as claimed in claim 62 wherein said battery packs are NiMH.
67. A power supply as claimed in claim 62 wherein said battery packs are Alkaline.
68. A process for operating a power supply having a plurality of battery packs, comprising the steps of:

selecting a battery pack for examination;

monitoring a battery bus output branch associated with the selected battery pack and measuring the voltage thereon while supplying a load;

monitoring a battery bus output branch associated with the selected battery pack and measuring the voltage thereon while disconnected from said load; and, comparing the unloaded and loaded voltages.
69. A process for operating a power supply as claimed in claim 68 further comprising the steps of:

applying charging current based on the difference between the unloaded and loaded voltages.
70. A process for operating a power supply as claimed in claim 68 further comprising the steps of:

permitting the selected battery to continue supplying the load based on the difference between the unloaded and loaded voltages,
71. A process for operating a power supply as claimed in claim 68 further comprising the steps of:

applying charging current based on the difference between the unloaded and loaded voltages; and, permitting the selected battery to continue supplying the load based on the difference between the unloaded and loaded voltages.
72. A process for operating a power supply having a plurality of battery packs, comprising the steps of:

selecting a battery pack for examination;

monitoring a battery bus output branch associated with the selected battery pack and measuring the voltage thereon while supplying a user defined load;

monitoring a battery bus output branch associated with the selected battery pack and measuring the voltage thereon while a test resistor is switchably connected in parallel with the user defined load; and, comparing the voltage measured across the user defined load with the voltage measured across the user defined load in parallel with the test resistor.
73. A process for operating a power supply as claimed in claim 72 further comprising the steps of:

applying charging current based on the difference between the voltage measured across the user defined load with the voltage measured across the user defined load in parallel with the test resistor.
74. A process for operating a power supply as claimed in claim 72 further comprising the steps of:

permitting the selected battery to continue supplying the user defined load.
75. A process for operating a power supply as claimed in claim 72 further comprising the steps of:

applying charging current based on the difference between the voltage measured across the user defined load with the voltage measured across the user defined load in parallel with the test resistor; and, permitting the selected battery to continue supplying the user defined load.
76. A process for operating a power supply having a plurality of battery packs, comprising the steps of:

selecting a battery pack for examination;

monitoring a battery bus output branch associated with the selected battery pack and measuring the voltage thereon while interconnected with a test resistor of known value;
monitoring a battery bus output branch associated with the selected battery pack and measuring the voltage thereon while disconnected from said test resistor; and, comparing the voltage measured across the user defined load with the voltage measured across the user defined load in parallel with the test resistor.
77. A process for operating a power supply as claimed in claim 76 further comprising the steps of:

applying charging current based on the difference between the voltage measured across the user defined load with the voltage measured across the user defined load in parallel with the test resistor.
78. A process for operating a power supply as claimed in claim 76 further comprising the steps of:

permitting the selected battery to continue supplying the user defined load based on the difference between the voltage measured across the user defined load with the voltage measured across the user defined load in parallel with the test resistor.
79. A process for operating a power supply as claimed in claim 76 further comprising the steps of:

applying charging current based on the difference between the voltage measured across the user defined load with the voltage measured across the user defined load in parallel with the test resistor; and, permitting the selected battery to continue supplying the user defined load based on the difference between the voltage measured across the user defined load with the voltage measured across the user defined load in parallel with the test resistor.
80. A process for operating a power supply having a plurality of battery packs, comprising the steps of:

selecting a battery pack for examination; and, measuring the external ambient temperature in the vicinity of the battery pack.
81. A process for operating a power supply having a plurality of battery packs, comprising the steps of:

measuring the external ambient temperature in the vicinity of each of the battery packs;
selecting a battery pack(s) for operation and connection to a load;

monitoring a battery bus output branch associated with each of the selected battery packs and measuring the voltages thereon while supplying a load;

monitoring a battery bus output branch associated with each of the selected battery packs and measuring the voltages thereon while disconnected from said load; and, comparing the unloaded and loaded voltages of each respective battery selected for operation and connection to said load.
82. A process for operating a power supply having a plurality of battery packs as claimed in claim 81 further comprising the steps of:

selecting additional battery packs(s) for operation and connection to said load.
83. A process for operating a power supply having a plurality of battery packs as claimed in claim 81 further comprising the steps of:

discontinuing operation of previously selected battery pack(s).
84. A process for operating a power supply having a plurality of battery packs as claimed in claim 81 further comprising the steps of:

selecting additional battery packs(s) for operation and connection to said load; and, discontinuing operation of previously selected battery pack(s).
85. A process for operating a power supply having a plurality of battery packs, comprising the steps of:

monitoring a battery bus output branch associated with each of the selected battery packs and measuring the voltages thereon while supplying a load, said load including a direct current to direct current step up converter;

monitoring a battery bus output branch associated with each of the selected battery packs and measuring the voltages thereon while disconnected from said load;

comparing the unloaded and loaded voltages of each respective battery selected for operation and connection to said load; and, identifying battery packs to be charged depending on said comparison of said unloaded and loaded voltages on each of the respective battery bus output branch(es);
86. A process for operating a power supply as claimed in claim 85 further comprising the steps of charging the identified battery packs.
87. A process for operating a power supply as claimed in claim 85 wherein said step of charging the identified battery packs is performed at a voltage higher than the nominal voltage of each of said battery packs.
88. A process for operating a power supply as claimed in claims 68-87 wherein said battery packs are removable cartridge battery packs.
89. A power supply as claimed in claim 59 wherein each said battery bus output branch and charging input bus branch include a diode to direct current flow in each interface circuit.
90. A power supply as claimed in claim 60 wherein each said battery bus output branch and charging input bus branch include a diode to direct current flow in each interface circuit.
91. A power supply as claimed in claim 61 wherein each said battery bus output branch and charging input bus branch include a diode to direct current flow in each interface circuit.
92. A power supply as claimed in claim 62 wherein each said battery bus output branch and charging input bus branch include a diode to direct current flow in each interface circuit.
93. A power supply comprising a microprocessor and k batteries in parallel, where k is any integer, each battery is switchably interconnected with k loads, a charge bus switchably interconnected with said batteries, a monitor bus switchably interconnected with said k batteries, and an r sense bus switchably interconnected with said batteries, said microprocessor directing power into and out of each of said k batteries.
94. A power supply as claimed in claim 93 wherein said microprocessor prioritizes said k loads and disconnects loads in a prescribed order.
95. A power supply as claimed in claim 93 wherein diodes direct current flow from said k batteries toward k loads and direct current flow from said charge bus toward said k batteries.
96. A rack for housing a plurality of removable cartridge batteries comprising at least one shelf, each of said removable cartridge type batteries includes a first electrical contact and a second electrical, said shelf includes first electrical connectors which matingly engage said first electrical contacts of said battery and second electrical connectors which matingly engage said second electrical contacts, and, first and second wires affixed to each of said first and second electrical connectors.
97. A rack for housing a plurality of removable cartridge batteries as claimed in claim 96 wherein said shelves include printed circuits thereon.
98. A rack for housing a plurality of removable cartridge batteries as claimed in claim 97 wherein said printed circuits are battery interface circuits and wherein said first and second connectors engage a portion of said printed circuit.
99. A rack for housing a plurality of removable cartridge batteries as claimed in claim 97 wherein said first and second wires associated with each battery are affixed to said appropriate places of each printed circuit.
100. A rack for housing a plurality of removable cartridge batteries as claimed in claim 96 further comprising a battery interface circuit associated with each battery and wherein said first and second wires are affixed to said battery interface circuit.
101. A rack for housing a plurality of removable cartridge batteries as claimed in claim 100 further comprising a printed battery interface circuit on a printed circuit board attached to the rack.
102. A rack for housing a plurality of removable cordless tool batteries comprising at least one shelf, each of said removable cordless tool batteries includes a first electrical contact and a second electrical contact, said shelf includes first electrical connectors which matingly engage said first electrical contacts of said battery and second electrical connectors which matingly engage said second electrical contacts, and, first and second wires affixed to each of said first and second electrical connectors.
103. A rack for housing a plurality of removable cartridge batteries as claimed in claim 97 wherein said shelves including printed circuits thereon also include connectors for connection with a motherboard.
104. A rack for housing a plurality of removable cartridge batteries as claimed in claim 98 wherein said shelves including printed circuits thereon also include connectors for connection with a motherboard.
105. A rack for housing a plurality of removable cartridge batteries comprising at least one shelf, each of said removable cartridge type batteries includes a first electrical contact and a second electrical contact, said shelf includes first electrical connectors which matingly engage said first electrical contacts of said battery and second electrical connectors which matingly engage said second electrical contacts, said at least one shelf includes printed circuits, said printed circuits are battery interface circuits, said first and second connectors engage a portion of said printed circuit, and said at least one shelf includes a connector mounted thereon for connection with a motherboard.
106. A rack for housing a plurality of removable cartridge batteries as claimed in claim 105 further comprising a plurality of shelves each having a plurality of battery interface circuits thereon interconnected with a connector mounted thereon for connection to a motherboard.
107. A rack for housing a plurality of removable cartridge batteries comprising at least one shelf, each of said removable cartridge type batteries includes a first electrical contact and a second electrical, said shelf includes first electrical connectors which matingly engage said first electrical contacts of said battery and second electrical connectors which matingly engage said second electrical contacts, a printed circuit board affixed to said rack, said printed circuit board includes a battery interface circuit and battery interface connector corresponding to each of said removable cartridge type batteries, said first and second wires are affixed to each first and second electrical connector of each said battery and to each respective battery interface connector enabling communication and control of each of said removable cartridge batteries.
108. A rack for housing a plurality of removable cartridge batteries comprising a plurality of shelves, said shelves arranged in a stack having a bottom shelf and a top shelf, said shelves being vertically spaced apart each other, said shelves include a plurality of bores therethrough, a plurality of interconnecting rods extending vertically through said bores in said shelves, a plurality of hollow spacing tubes reside concentrically around said plurality of interconnecting rods and intermediate each of said shelves spacing said shelves apart; and, fasteners affixed to said interconnecting rods beneath said bottom shelf and above said top shelf.
109. A rack for housing a plurality of removable cartridge batteries as claimed in claim 108 wherein a battery array is formed by said plurality of shelves in combination with said spacing tubes and said interconnecting rods.
110. A rack for housing a plurality of removable cartridge batteries as claimed in claim 108 further comprising a frame fastener.
111. A rack for housing a plurality of removable cartridge batteries as claimed in claims 96 or 105 wherein said shelves are adapted to interlock with removable cartridge batteries.
112. An enclosure for housing a battery rack having a plurality of batteries comprising at least one frame portion, first and second fastening bars affixed to said frame portion, first and second connecting rods attached to said first and second fastening bars and extending therefrom, said battery rack includes a frame fastener, and, said first and second fastening bars interconnected with said frame fastener to secure said battery rack to said frame.
113. An enclosure for housing a battery rack having a plurality of batteries as claimed in claim 112 further comprising a rearward portion and wherein an electrical motherboard is mounted to said rearward portion.
114. An enclosure for housing a battery rack having a plurality of batteries as claimed in claim 113 further comprising a front door portion and wherein said front door portion includes a vent and a fan.
115. An enclosure for housing a battery rack having a plurality of batteries as claimed in claim 114 wherein said front door portion further includes a lip enabling storage of said rack during maintenance.
116. An enclosure for housing a plurality of battery racks each having a plurality of batteries comprising a plurality of frame portions hinged together, and, each of said battery racks resides in a frame portion.
117. An enclosure for housing a plurality of battery racks each having a plurality of batteries as claimed in claim 116 wherein one of said frame portions is a rear portion.
118. An enclosure for housing a plurality of battery racks each having a plurality of batteries as claimed in claim 117 wherein one of said frame portions is a front door portion.
119. A power supply comprising a plurality of battery racks each having a plurality of batteries, a plurality of frame portions hinged together, and, each of said battery racks resides in a frame portion.
120. A power supply comprising a plurality of battery racks each having a plurality of batteries as claimed in claim 119 wherein one of said frame portions is a rear portion.
121. A power supply comprising a plurality of battery racks each having a plurality of batteries as claimed in claim 119 wherein one of said frame portions is a front door portion.
122. A power supply comprising a plurality of battery racks each having a plurality of batteries as claimed in claim 119 wherein one of said frame portions is a rear portion and wherein one of said frame portions is a front door portion.
123. A power supply comprising a plurality of battery racks each having a plurality of batteries as claimed in claim 122 wherein an electrical motherboard is mounted to said rearward portion and wherein said front door portion includes a vent and a fan.
124. A process for servicing a power supply which includes a plurality of frame portions hinged together, each frame securing an arrayed rack of batteries, comprising the steps of:
unlocking a frame from the next adjacent frame; and, rotating said next adjacent frame to expose the frame to be serviced.
125. A process for servicing a power supply which includes a plurality of frame portions hinged together, each frame securing an arrayed rack of batteries as claimed in claim 124, wherein the next adjacent frame includes a motherboard for controlling each said rack of said plurality of arrayed batteries.
126. A process for servicing a power supply which includes a plurality of frame portions hinged together, each frame securing an arrayed rack of batteries as claimed in claim 124, wherein the next adjacent frame includes a front door having a vent and a fan.
127. A process for servicing a power supply which includes a plurality of frame portions hinged together, each frame securing an arrayed rack of batteries as claimed in claim 124, further comprising the steps of:

separating the hinged portions by removing the pin from the hinge.
128. A process for controlling a power supply having k inputs and n outputs, comprising the steps of:

sensing the availability of the inputs;
measuring the inputs;

charging one or more of the inputs;
converting the inputs; and, controlling the power to the outputs and the inputs.
129. A process for controlling a power supply having k inputs and n outputs as claimed in claim 128 wherein one or more of the inputs is a plurality of battery packs arrayed in parallel with each other.
130. A process for controlling a power supply having k inputs and n outputs as claimed in claim 128 wherein said inputs are a combination of alternating current and direct current inputs.
131. A process for controlling a power supply having k inputs and n outputs as claimed in claim 128 wherein said outputs are a combination of alternating current and direct current outputs.
132. A power supply comprising:

an alternating current input source selectively coupled to an AC/DC converter;

said AC/DC converter selectively coupled with an intermediate DC bus, a second DC bus and a third DC bus;

a first, second, and third direct current input source selectively coupled with said intermediate DC bus, a first DC bus, said second DC bus and said third DC bus;

said intermediate DC bus selectively coupled with a first DC output, a DC/AC
inverter, and a third DC/DC converter;

said third DC/DC converter being coupled to a second DC output and a third DC
output;
said first DC bus coupled to a first DC/DC converter;

said first DC/DC converter selectively coupled to said intermediate DC bus, said third DC
bus and a DC charge bus;

said second DC bus coupled to a second DC/DC converter;

said second DC/DC converter selectively coupled to said intermediate DC bus, said third DC bus and said DC charge bus;

said third DC bus coupled to a fourth DC output and said third DC bus is selectively coupled to a fourth DC/DC converter;

said fourth DC/DC converter being coupled to a fifth and sixth direct current output; and, said charge bus coupled to said third direct current input source.
133. A power supply as claimed in claim 132 wherein each direct current bus is coupled to its energy source by a diode.
134. A power supply as claimed in claim 132 wherein all selectively coupling is performed by switches.
135. A power supply as claimed in claim 132 wherein all selectively coupling is performed by transistors.
136. A power supply as claimed in claim 135 wherein said transistor is a PFET.
137. A power supply comprising:

an alternating current input source switchably interconnected to an AC/DC
converter;
said AC/DC converter includes an output switchably interconnected with an intermediate DC bus, a second DC bus and a third DC bus;

a first, second, and third direct current input source switchably interconnected with said intermediate DC bus, a first DC bus, said second DC bus and said third DC bus;

said intermediate DC bus switchably interconnected with a first DC output, a DC/AC
inverter, and a third DC/DC converter;

said third DC/DC converter being switchably interconnected to a second DC
output and a third DC output;

said first DC bus coupled to a first DC/DC converter;

said first DC/DC converter switchably interconnected to said intermediate DC
bus, said third DC bus and a DC charge bus;

said second DC bus switchably interconnected to a second DC/DC converter;

said second DC/DC converter switchably interconnected to said intermediate DC
bus, said third DC bus and said DC charge bus;

said third DC bus coupled to a fourth DC output and said third DC bus is selectively coupled to a fourth DC/DC converter;

said fourth DC/DC converter being coupled to a fifth and sixth direct current output; and, said charge bus coupled to said third direct current input source.
138. A power supply as claimed in claim 137 further comprising a diode downstream of every switchable interconnection.
139. A power supply as claimed in claim 137 where every switchable interconnection is a PFET.
140. A power supply as claimed in claim 132 where all selective coupling is controlled by a microprocessor.
141. A power supply as claimed in claim 137 where all switchable connections are controlled by a microprocessor.
142. A power supply comprising:

an alternating current input source selectively coupled to an AC/DC converter;

said AC/DC converter selectively coupled with a DC bus;

an arrayed battery direct current input source comprising a plurality of batteries selectively coupled with said DC bus;

said DC bus coupled to a DC/DC converter which is coupled to said battery array to selectively charge any one or more of said arrayed batteries; and, said DC bus is coupled to an output.
143. A power supply comprising:

an input source power source selectively coupled to a DC bus;

an arrayed battery direct current input source comprising a plurality of batteries selectively coupled with said DC bus;

said DC bus coupled to said battery array to selectively charge any one or more of said arrayed batteries; and, said DC bus is coupled to an output.
144. A power supply as claimed in claim 143 wherein said input source is an alternating current source.
145. A power supply as claimed in claim 143 wherein said input source is a direct current source.
146. A power supply as claimed in claim 143 wherein said input source is a combination of alternating current and direct current sources.
147. A power supply as claimed in claims 142-146 wherein all selective coupling is performed by switches.
148. A power supply as claimed in claims 142-146 wherein all selectively coupling is performed by transistors.
149. A power supply as claimed in claims 148 wherein said transistor are PFET.
150. A power supply comprising:

an plurality of input power sources selectively coupled to a DC bus;
a plurality of batteries selectively coupled with said DC bus;

said DC bus selectively coupled to said battery array to selectively charge any one or more of said plurality of batteries; and, said DC bus is coupled to plurality of output.
151. A power supply comprising:

a direct current input source selectively coupled with a DC bus;

an arrayed battery direct current input source comprising a plurality of batteries selectively coupled with said DC bus;

said DC bus coupled to a DC/DC converter which is coupled to said battery array to selectively charge any one or more of said arrayed batteries; and, said DC bus is coupled to an output.
152. A power supply as claimed in claims 151-152 wherein all selectively coupling is performed by switches.
153. A power supply as claimed in claims 151-152 wherein all selectively coupling is performed by transistors.
154. A power supply as claimed in claim 153 wherein said transistors are PFET.
155. A power supply as claimed in claims 142 to 154 wherein all selective coupling is controlled by a microprocessor.
156. A power supply comprising k inputs, 1 inverters, m converters, n outputs, and a microprocessor, said microprocessor measuring the output voltages and currents of said k inputs, 1 inverters, m converters and n outputs and applying a control algorithm based on said voltages and currents.
157. A power supply as claimed in claim 156 wherein said microprocessor measures ambient temperature in proximity to said 1 inverters and m converters and applies said control algorithm based on said voltages, currents and temperatures.
158. A power supply as claimed in claim 157 wherein said microprocessor measures ambient temperature on the interior of the power supply and externally to the power supply and applies said control algorithm based on said voltages, currents and temperatures.
159. A power supply as claimed in claims 4, 9-22, 25, 28-31, 36-40, 44, 50, 51, 54-62, 93, 94, 140, 141 and 155-158 wherein said microprocessor is programmable via an Ethernet connection.
160. A power supply comprising:

a plurality of user defined alternating current input sources selectively coupled to an AC/DC converter;

said AC/DC converter selectively coupled with a DC bus;

a plurality of user defined direct current input sources selectively coupled with said DC
bus;

an arrayed battery direct current input source comprising a plurality of batteries selectively coupled with said DC bus;

said DC bus coupled to a DC/DC converter which is coupled to said battery array to selectively charge any one or more of said arrayed batteries;

said DC bus is coupled to an output;

a microprocessor switchably interconnected with said battery of said plurality of batteries and interconnected with voltage, current and temperature sensors associated with said sources and said converters;

said microprocessor applying an algorithm to control the power management, use and output from said power supply.
161. A process for controlling a power supply, comprising the steps of:

measuring voltages and currents of each input source and output load; and, routing power between said inputs and said outputs and said inputs.
162. A process for controlling a power supply as claimed in claim 161 further comprising the steps of:

measuring voltages, currents and temperatures of internal buses and converters.
163. A process for controlling a power supply as claimed in claim 162 further comprising the steps of measuring temperatures within an enclosure housing said power supply and measuring temperatures externally to said power supply.
164. A process for controlling a power supply, said power supply including:

an alternating current input source selectively coupled to an AC/DC converter;
said AC/DC converter selectively coupled with an intermediate DC bus, a second DC
bus and a third DC bus; a first, second, and third direct current input source selectively coupled with said intermediate DC bus, a first DC bus, said second DC bus and said third DC bus;
said intermediate DC bus selectively coupled with a first DC output, a DC/AC
inverter, and a third DC/DC converter; said third DC/DC converter being coupled to a second DC
output and a third DC output; said first DC bus coupled to a first DC/DC
converter; said first DC/DC converter selectively coupled to said intermediate DC bus, said third DC bus and a DC charge bus; said second DC bus coupled to a second DC/DC converter;
said second DC/DC converter selectively coupled to said intermediate DC bus, said third DC
bus and said DC charge bus; said third DC bus coupled to a fourth DC output and said third DC bus is selectively coupled to a fourth DC/DC converter; said fourth DC/DC
converter being coupled to a fifth and sixth direct current output; and, said charge bus coupled to said third direct current input source, comprising the steps of:

measuring voltages and currents of each input source and output load interconnected with an interface to a microprocessor;

measuring voltages, currents and temperatures of internal buses and converters interconnected with an interface to a microprocessor;

applying a programmable control algorithm to control the selective coupling of said input sources, said converters, and said buses; and, routing power between said inputs, said outputs and back to said inputs.
165. A process for controlling a power supply as claimed in claim 164 wherein at least one of the inputs is an array of battery packs.
166. A process for controlling a power supply as claimed in claim 165 wherein said battery packs are Li-Ion battery packs.
167. A process for controlling a power supply as claimed in claim 166 wherein said battery packs are NiMH battery packs.
168. A process for controlling a power supply as claimed in claim 166 wherein said battery packs are Li-Ion polymer battery packs.
169. A process for controlling a power supply as claimed in claim 166 wherein said battery packs are lead acid battery packs.
170. A process for controlling a power supply as claimed in claim 166 wherein said battery packs are alkaline battery packs.
171. A process for controlling a power supply, comprising the steps of:

measuring voltages and currents of each input source and output load interconnected with an interface to a microprocessor;

measuring voltages, currents and temperatures of internal buses and converters interconnected with an interface to a microprocessor;

applying a programmable control algorithm to control the routing of power between said inputs, said outputs and back to said inputs.
172. A power supply comprising a plurality of removable cartridge battery packs wherein a portion of said plurality includes batteries having a first chemistry and the remainder of said plurality is comprised of batteries having a second chemistry.
173. A power supply as claimed in claim 172 wherein said first portion of said batteries is selected from the group consisting of Li-Ion, Li-Ion polymer, NiCd, lead-acid, alkaline and NiMH.
174. A power supply as claimed in claim 172 wherein said second portion of said batteries is selected from the group consisting of Li-Ion, Li-Ion polymer, NiCd, lead-acid, alkaline and NiMH.
175. A power supply comprising a first direct current to direct current converter and a second direct current to direct current converter, and, said first and second converters having adjustable output voltages.
176. A power supply as claimed in claim 175 further comprising a microprocessor coupled to said first and second converters for controlling said output voltages of said converters.
177. A power supply as claimed in claims 175 or 176 wherein said converters each have an oring diode located on the outputs of said converters and said converters are ored together.
178. A power supply as claimed in claim 177 wherein said diodes are Schottky diodes.
179. A power supply comprising:

a user defined direct current input source;

an arrayed battery direct current input source comprising a plurality of batteries;

a first direct current to direct current converter coupled with said user defined direct current input source and a second direct current to direct current converter coupled with said arrayed battery direct current input source, and, said first and second converters having adjustable output voltages; and, a microprocessor coupled to said first and second converters for controlling said output voltages of said converters and the contribution of each of said direct current sources to the energy flowing on said DC bus.
180. A power supply as claimed in claim 179 wherein said converters have an oring diode located on said outputs of said converters and said converters are ored together.
181. A power supply as claimed in claim 180 wherein said diodes are Schottky diodes.
182. A power supply comprising:

a user defined alternating current input coupled with an alternating current to direct current converter;

an arrayed battery direct current input source comprising a plurality of batteries;

a first direct current to direct current converter coupled with said user defined direct current input source and a second direct current to direct current converter coupled with said arrayed battery direct current input source, and, said first and second converters having adjustable output voltages;

a DC bus coupled to said battery array to selectively charge any one or more of said arrayed batteries and said DC bus is coupled to an output;

a microprocessor coupled to said first and second converters for controlling said output voltages of said converters and the contribution of each of said direct current sources to the energy flowing on said DC bus.
183. A process for controlling a power supply having first and second direct current to direct current converters outputting to a common bus, comprising the steps of:
controlling the output voltage of each of said direct current to direct current converters using a microprocessor.
184. A process for controlling a power supply as claimed in claim 183 wherein each of said converters is arranged in a diode oring fashion coupled to said common bus.
185. A power supply comprising a plurality of removable cartridge battery packs in parallel, a direct current to alternating current inverter, and at least one alternating current output.
186. A power supply as claimed in claim 185 wherein said removable cartridge battery packs are arranged in parallel with each other and include a common battery bus for communicating power to said inverter, each of said battery packs includes an output and a diode arranged in series with said output of said battery pack communicating power to said common battery bus.
187. A power supply as claimed in claim 186 further comprising a DC to DC
converter interposed between said common battery bus and said inverter.
188. A power supply as claimed in claim 187 further comprising an AC input.
189. A power supply as claimed in claim 188 further comprising an AC-DC
converter communicating with said AC input.
190. A power supply as claimed in claim 189 wherein said output of said AC-DC
converter is ored together with said output of said common battery bus.
191. A power supply as claimed in claim 190 wherein said output of said AC-DC
converter is interconnected with a diode and said common battery bus is interconnected with a diode and wherein said diodes are interconnected in an oring fashion.
192. A power supply as claimed in claim 191 wherein said interconnection of said diodes is interconnected with said DC-AC inverter.
193. A power supply comprising at least one removable cartridge battery pack.
194. A power supply as claimed in claim 193 further comprising a plurality of removable cartridge battery packs.
195. A power supply as claimed in claim 193 wherein each of at least one removable cartridge battery pack is of a quick-disconnect, rechargeable type.
196. A power supply as claimed in claim 193 further comprising a microprocessor wherein the operation of each of at least one removable cartridge battery pack is controlled by said microprocessor.
197. A power supply as claimed in claim 193 wherein each of at least one removable cartridge battery pack is selectively interconnected to a load and is selectively disconnected from said load under the control of said microprocessor.
198. A power supply as claimed in claim 196 further comprising a charging circuit wherein each of at least one removable cartridge battery pack is selectively interconnected to said charging circuit and is selectively disconnected from said charging circuit under the control of said microprocessor.
199. A power supply as claimed in claim 196 further comprising a battery information bus wherein each of at least one removable cartridge battery pack is selectively interconnected to said battery information bus and is selectively disconnected from said battery information bus under the control of said microprocessor.
200. A power supply as claimed in claim 196 wherein each of at least one removable cartridge battery pack has an output voltage.
201. A power supply as claimed in claim 200 further comprising a battery monitor bus wherein each of at least one removable cartridge battery pack is selectively interconnected to said battery monitor bus and is selectively disconnected from said battery monitor bus under the control of said microprocessor.
202. A power supply as claimed in claim 201 wherein said microprocessor measures said output voltage of said cartridge battery pack when it is selectively interconnected with said battery monitor bus.
203. A power supply as claimed in claim 193 wherein any of at least one removable cartridge battery pack are dual-purpose battery packs.
204. A power supply as claimed in claim 196, further comprising N loads and N
load switches for each of at least one removable cartridge battery pack wherein each of at least one removable cartridge battery pack is switchably interconnected or disconnected with any of said N loads under the control of said microprocessor.
205. A power supply as claimed in claim 204 wherein at least one of said N
loads is a DC to DC, voltage step up or voltage step down, power conversion unit.
206. A power supply as claimed in claim 204 wherein at least one of said N
loads is a DC to AC power conversion unit.
207. A power supply as claimed in claim 205 wherein the output voltage of said DC to DC power conversion unit may be adjusted under the control of said microprocessor.
208. A power supply as claimed in claim 206 wherein the output of said DC to DC
power conversion unit is switchably interconnected to charge at least one removable cartridge battery pack under the control of said microprocessor.
209. A power supply comprising a plurality of quick disconnect removable cartridge battery packs, each of said removable cartridge battery packs is selectively interconnected to a battery bus interconnected with a load, each of said removable cartridge battery packs is selectively interconnected to a charge bus, and, each of said removable cartridge battery packs is selectively interconnected to a battery monitor bus.
210. A power supply as claimed in claim 209 further comprising a microprocessor, said microprocessor selectively interconnecting a first portion of said plurality of removable cartridge battery packs with said battery bus, said microprocessor selectively interconnecting a second portion of said plurality of removable cartridge battery packs with said charge bus, said microprocessor selectively interconnecting a third portion of said plurality of removable cartridge battery packs with both said battery bus and said charge bus, and, said microprocessor selectively disconnecting a fourth portion of said plurality of removable cartridge packs from both said charge bus and said battery bus, n claim wherein said first, second, third and fourth portions of said plurality of removable cartridge battery packs may include one, more than one, all, or none of the plurality of removable cartridge battery packs.
211. A battery electric vehicle power supply system comprising at least one removable cartridge battery pack, a battery bus, a charge bus, a battery monitor bus, a battery information bus, switches between each of at least one removable cartridge battery pack and each of said battery bus, charge bus, battery monitor bus, and battery information bus, and a microcontroller, said microcontroller selectively connecting or disconnecting each of at least one removable cartridge battery pack from each of said battery bus, charge bus, battery monitor bus, or battery information bus by controlling said switches, said battery bus being connected to said battery electric vehicle motor system so as to provide power for said motor system, said charge bus being connected to said vehicle motor system so as to recapture regenerative energy from said system for the purposes of recharging at least one removable cartridge battery pack.
212. A battery electric vehicle service station comprising at least one removable cartridge battery pack, a battery bus, a charge bus, a battery monitor bus, a battery information bus, switches between each of at least one removable cartridge battery pack and each of said battery bus, charge bus, battery monitor bus, and battery information bus, and a microcontroller, said microcontroller selectively connecting or disconnecting each of at least one removable cartridge battery pack from each of said battery bus, charge bus, battery monitor bus, or battery information bus by controlling said switches.
213. A process for operating a power supply having a plurality of battery packs, comprising the steps of:

selecting a battery pack for examination;

connecting said selected pack to a first combination of loads and charging current including no loads and no charging current;

measuring said selected pack first output voltage while connected to said first combination of loads and charging current;

connecting said selected pack to a second combination of loads and charging current, different from said first combination of loads and charging current, including no loads and no charging current;

measuring said selected pack second output voltage while connected to said second combination of loads and charging current;

comparing said first output voltage to said second output voltage; and, connecting said selected pack to a third combination of loads and charging current, including no loads and no charging current, based upon the result of comparing said first output voltage to said second output voltage.
214. A process for operating a power supply having a plurality of battery packs, comprising the steps of:

interconnecting each of said battery packs with a combination of loads, a charging current, or any combination of said loads and charging current including no load and no charging current.
215. A process as claimed in claim 214 comprising the further step of:

deciding the interconnection state of each of said batteries based on at least one system parameter.
216. A process as claimed in claim 215 wherein said system parameter is voltage.
217. A process as claimed in claim 215 wherein said system parameter is temperature.
218. A process as claimed in claim 215 wherein said system parameter is current.
219. A process as claimed in claim 215 wherein said system parameter is battery capacity.
220. A process as claimed in claim 215 wherein said system parameter is battery state of charge.
221. A process for operating a power supply having a plurality of power converters, each having an adjustable output, comprising the steps of:
measuring the output of each of said power converters; and, adjusting the output of each of said power converters as required to achieve a desired output.
222. A process for operating a power supply as claimed in claim 221, wherein each of said power converters share a common output load.
223. A process for operating a power supply as claimed in claim 221, wherein each of said power converters share a common input power source.
224. A process for operating a power supply, comprising the steps of:
measuring the voltage of and current in each input and output; and, mixing power between said inputs and said outputs and said inputs.
225. A process for operating a power supply as claimed in claim 224 further comprising the step of:

measuring the voltage of, the current in, and the temperature of each internal bus and each power converter.
226. A process for operating a power supply as claimed in claim 225 further comprising the steps of:

measuring temperatures within an enclosure housing said power supply; and, measuring temperatures external to said power supply enclosure.
227. A process for operating a power supply as claimed in claim 224 where at least one of the inputs is an array of battery packs.
228. A process for operating a power supply as claimed in claim 227 wherein said battery packs are Li-ion battery packs.
229. A process for operating a power supply as claimed in claim 227 wherein said battery packs are removable cartridge battery packs.
230. A process for operating a power supply having a plurality of battery packs, comprising the steps:

measuring the temperature of said battery packs; and, determining the interconnection of said battery packs to system loads based on their temperature.
231. A process for operating a power supply having a plurality of battery packs, comprising the steps of:

measuring the state of charge of each of said battery packs during discharge of each of said batteries;

terminating discharge of each battery at a given threshold state of charge;
measuring the state of charge of each battery during charging;
terminating charging at second threshold.
232. The process of refueling a battery electric vehicle comprising the steps of:
removing discharged removable cartridge battery packs from said vehicle;
replacing said packs with charged removable cartridge battery packs;

calculating the charge energy level and condition of removed removable cartridge battery packs;

calculating the charge energy level and condition of replaced removable cartridge battery packs;

calculating a refueling fee based upon the difference of the calculated charge energy levels and conditions of removed versus replaced removable cartridge battery packs;

recharging removed removable cartridge battery packs; and, rendering removed removable cartridge battery packs suitable for resale as replacement removable cartridge battery packs.
233. A power supply comprising a plurality of battery racks each having a plurality of batteries as claimed in 123 wherein said motherboard is connected to each of said battery racks.
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US11/672,957 2007-02-08
US11/672,853 2007-02-08
US11/672,853 US8026698B2 (en) 2006-02-09 2007-02-08 Scalable intelligent power supply system and method
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