CA2637800A1 - Multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system employing real-time automatic scene profiling and mode control - Google Patents

Abstract

A multi-mode parallel 3-D graphics system having multiple graphics processing pipelines with multiple GPUs supporting a parallel graphics rendering process having time, frame and object division modes of operation, wherein each GPU
comprises video memory, a geometry processing subsystem and a pixel processing subsystem, and wherein 3D scene profiling is performed in real¬ time, and the parallelization state/modes of the system are dynamically controlled to meet graphics application requirements. The multiple modes of parallel graphics rendering use real-time graphics application profiling, and dynamic control over time-division, frame-division, and object-division modes of parallel operation, within the same parallel graphics platform, which can be realized on PC- based computing system architectures.

Description

MULTI-MODE PARALLEL GRAPHICS RENDERING SYSTEM EMPLOYING REAL-TIME
AUTOMATIC SCENE PROFILING AND MODE CONTROL

Applicant: Lucid Information Technology, Ltd.
BACKGROUND OF INVENTION
Technical Field The present invention relates generally to the field of computer graphics rendering, and more particularly, ways of and means for improving the performance of parallel graphics rendering processes supported on multiple GPU-based 3D graphics platforms associated with diverse types of computing machinery.

Brief Description of the State of Knowledge in the Art There is a great demand for high performance three-dimensional (3D) computer graphics systems in the fields of product design, simulation, virtual-reality, video-gaming, scientific research, and personal computing (PC). Clearly a major goal of the computer graphics industry is to realize real-time photo-realistic 3D imagery on PC-based workstations, desktops, laptops, and mobile computing devices.
In general, there are two fundamentally different classes of machines in the 3D computer graphics field, namely: (1) Object-Oriented Graphics Systems, also known as Graphical Display List (GDL) Graphics Systems, wherein 3D scenes are represented as a complex of geometric objects (primitives) in 3D continuous geometric space, and 2D views or images of such 3D scenes are computed using geometrical projection, ray tracing, and light scattering/reflection/absorption modeling techniques, typically based upon laws of physics; and (2) VOlume ELement (VOXEL) Graphics Systems, wherein 3D scenes and objects are represented as a complex of voxels (x,y,z volume elements) represented in 3D Cartesian Space, and 2D views or images of such 3D voxel-based scenes are also computed using geometrical projection, ray tracing, and light scattering/reflection/absorption modeling techniques, again typically based upon laws of physics.
Examples of early GDL-based graphics systems are disclosed in US Patent No.
4,862,155, whereas examples of early voxel-based 3D graphics systems are disclosed in US Patent No. 4,985,856, each incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
In the contemporary period, most PC-based computing systems include a 3D
graphics subsystem based the "Object-Orient Graphics" (or Graphical Display List) system design. In such graphics system design, "objects" within a 3D scene are represented by 3D
geometrical models, and these geometrical models are typically constructed from continuous-type 3D
geometric representations including, for example, 3D straight line segments, planar polygons, polyhedra, cubic polynomial curves, surfaces, volumes, circles, and quadratic objects such as spheres, cones, and cylinders. These 3D geometrical representations are used to model various parts of the 3D scene or object, and are expressed in the form of mathematical functions evaluated over particular values of coordinates in continuous Cartesian space. Typically, the 3D geometrical representations of the 3D
geometric model are stored in the format of a graphical display list (i.e. a structured collection of 2D
and 3D geometric primitives). Currently, planar polygons, mathematically described by a set of vertices, are the most popular form of 3D geometric representation.
Once modeled using continuous 3D geometrical representations, the 3D scene is graphically displayed (as a 2D view of the 3D geometrical model) along a particular viewing direction, by repeatedly scan-converting the graphical display list. At the current state of the art, the scan-conversion process can be viewed as a "computational geometry" process which involves the use of (i) a geometry processor (i.e. geometry processing subsystem or engine) as well as a pixel processor (i.e. pixel processing subsystem or engine) which together transform (i.e.
project, shade and color) the display-list objects and bit-mapped textures, respectively, into an unstructured matrix of pixels. The composed set of pixel data is stored within a 2D frame buffer (i.e. Z buffer) before being transmitted to and displayed on the surface of a display screen.
A video processor/engine refreshes the display screen using the pixel data stored in the 2D
frame buffer. Any changes in the 3D scene requires that the geometry and pixel processors repeat the whole computationally-intensive pixel-generation pipeline process, again and again, to meet the requirements of the graphics application at hand. For every small change or modification in viewing direction of the human system user, the graphical display list must be manipulated and repeatedly scan-cot--verted. This, in turn, causes both computational and buffer contention challenges which slow down the working rate of the graphics system. To accelerate this computationally-intensive pipeline process, custom hardware including geometry, pixel and video engines, have been developed and incorporated into most conventional "graphics display-list" system designs.
In order to render a 3D scene (from its underlying graphical display lists) and produce high-resolution graphical projections for display on a display device, such as a LCD panel, early 3D
graphics systems attempted to relieve the host CPU of computational loading by employing a single graphics pipeline comprising a single graphics processing unit (GPU), supported by video iuemory.
As shown in Fig. IA, a typical PC based graphic architecture has an external graphics card (105). The main components of the graphics card (105) are the graphics processing unit (GPU) and video memory, as shown. As shown, the graphic card is connected to the display (106) on one side, and the CPU (101) through bus (e.g. PCIExpress) (107) and Memory Bridge (103, termed also "chipset", e.g. 975 by Intel), on the other side.
Fig. iB illustrates a rendering of three successive frames by a single GPU.
The application, assisted by graphics library, creates a stream of graphics commands and data describing a 3D scene.
The stream is pipelined through the GPU's geometry and pixel subsystems to create a bitmap of pixels in the Frame Buffer, and finally displayed on a display screen. A
sequence of successive frames generates a visual illusion of a dynamic picture.
As shown in Fig. 1 B, the structure of a GPU subsystem on a graphic card comprises: a video memory which is external to GPU, and two 3D engines: (i) a transform bound geometry subsystem (224) for processing 3D graphics primitives; (ii) and a fill bound pixel subsystem (225). The video memory shares its storage resources among geometry buffer (222) through which all geometric (i.e.
polygonal) data is transferred, commands buffer, texture buffers (223), and Frame Buffer (226).
Limitations of a single graphics pipeline rise from its typical bottlenecks.
The first potential bottleneck (221) stems from transferring data from CPU to GPU. Two other bottlenecks are video memory related: geometry data memory limits (222), and texture data memory limits (223). There are two additional bottlenecks inside the GPU: transform bound (224) in the geometry subsystem, and fragment rendering (225) in pixel subsystem. These bottlenecks determine overall throughput. In general, the bottlenecks vary over the course of a graphics application.
In high-performance graphics applications, the number of computations required to render a 3D scene and produce high-resolution graphical projections, greatly exceeds the capabilities of systems employing a single GPU graphics subsystem. Consequently, the use of parallel graphics pipelines, and multiple graphics processing units (GPUs), have become the rule for high-performance graphics system architecture and design, in order to relieve the overload presented by the different bottlenecks associated with single GPU graphics subsystems.
In Fig. 2A, there is shown an advanced chipset (e.g. Bearlake by Intel) having two buses (107, 108) instead of one, and allowing the interconnection of two external graphics cards in parallel:
primary card (105) and secondary card (104), to share the computation load associated with the 3D
graphics rendering process. As shown, the display (106) is attached to the primary card (105). It is anticipated that even more advanced commercial chipsets with >2 busses will appear in the future, allowing the interconnection of inore than two graphic cards.
As shown in Fig. 2B, the general software architecture of prior art graphic system (200) comprises: the graphics application (201), standard graphics library (202), and vendor's GPU driver (203). This graphic software environment resides in the "prograrn space" of main memory (102) on the host computer system. As shown, the graphic application (201) runs in the program space, building up the 3D scene, typically as a data base of polygons, each polygon being represented as a set of vertices. The vertices and others components of these polygons are transferred to the graphic card(s) for rendering, and displayed as a 2D image, on the display screen.
In Fig. 2C, the structure of a GPU subsystem on the graphics card is shown as comprising: a video memory disposed external to the GPU, and two 3D engines: (i)'a transform bound geometry subsystem (224) for processing 3D graphics primitives; and (ii) a fill bound pixel subsystem (225).
The video memory shares its storage resources among geometry buffer (222), through which all geometric (i.e. polygonal) data is transferred to the commands buffer, texture buffers (223), and Frame Buffer FB (226).
As shown in.Fig. 2C, the division of graphics data among GPUs reduces (i) the bottleneck (222) posed by the video memory footprint at each GPU, (ii) the transform bound processing bottleneck (224), and (iii) the fill bound processing bottleneck (225).
However, when using a multiple GPU graphics archiecture of the type shown in Figs. 2A
through 2C, there is a need to distribute the computational workload associated with interactive parallel graphics rendering processes. To achieve this objective, two different kind of parallel rendering methods have been applied to PC=based dual GPU graphics systems of the kind illustrated in Figs. 2A through 2C, namely: the Time Division Method of Parallel Graphics Rendering illustrated in Fig. 2D; and the Image Division Method of Parallel Graphics Rendering illustrated in Fig. 2E.
Notably, a third type of method of parallel graphics rendering, referred to as the Object Division Method, has been developed over the years and practived exclusively on complex computing platforms requiring complex and expensive hardware platforms for compositing the pixel output of the multiple graphics pipelines. The Object Division Method, illustrated in Fig. 3A, can be found applied on conventional graphics platforms of the kind shown in Fig. 3, as well as specialized graphics computing platforms as described in US Patent Application Publication No. US
2002/0015055, assigned to Silcon Graphics, Inc. (SGI), published on February 7, 2002, and incorporated herein by reference.
While the differences between the Image, Frame and Object Division Methods of Parallel Graphics Rendering will be described below, it will be helpful to first briefly describe the five (5) basic stages or phases of the parallel rendering process, which all three such methods have in common, namely:
(1) the Decomposition Phase, wherein the 3D scene or object is analyzed and its corresponding graphics display list data and commands are assigned to particular graphics pipelines available on the parallel multiple GPU-based graphics platform;
(2) the Distribution Phase, wherein the graphics display list data and commands are distributed to particular available graphics pipelines determined during the Decomposition Phase;
(3) the Rendering Phase, wherein the geometry processing subsystem/engine and the pixel processing subsystem/engine along each graphics pipeline of the parallel graphics platform uses the graphics display list data and commands distributed to its pipeline, and transforms (i.e. projects, shades and colors) the display-list objects and bit-mapped textures into a subset of unstructured matrix of pixels;

(4) the Recomposition Phase, wherein the parallel graphics platform uses the multiple sets of pixel data generated by each graphics pipeline to synthesize (or compose) a final set of pixels that are representative of the 3D scene (taken along the specified viewing direction), and this final set of pixel data is then stored in a frame buffer; and (5) the Display Phase, wherein the final set of pixel data retreived from the frame buffer; and provided to the screen of the device device of the system. As will be explained below with reference to Figs. 3B through 3D, each of these methods of parallel graphics rendering has both advantages and disadvantages.

Image Division Method of Parallel Graphics Rendering As illustrated in Fig. 2D, the Image Division (Sort-First) Method of Parallel Graphics Rendering distributes all graphics display list data and commands to each of the graphics pipelines, and decomposes the final view (i.e. projected 2D image) in Screen Space, so that, each graphical contributor (e.g. graphics pipeline and GPU) renders a 2D tile of the final view. This mode has a limited scalability due to the parallel overhead caused by objects rendered on multiple tiles. There are two image doinain modes, all well known in prior art. They differ by the way the final image is divided among GPUs.
(l) The Split Frame Rendering mode divides up the screen among GPUs by continuous segments. e.g. two GPUs each one handles about one half of the screen. The exact division may change dynamically due to changing load accross the screen image. This method is used inVidia's SLITM multiple-GPU graphics product.
(2) Tiled Frame Rendering mode divides up the image into small tiles. Each GPU
is assigned tiles that are spread out across the screen, contributing to good load balancing. This method is implemented by ATI's CrossfireTM multiple GPU graphics card solution.
In image division, the entire database is broadcast to each GPU for geometric processing.
However, the processing load at each Pixel Subsystem is reduced to about 1M.
This way of parallelism relieves the fill bound bottleneck (225). Thus, the image division method ideally suits graphics applications requiring intensive pixel processing.

Time Division (DPlex) Method of Parallel Graphics Rendering As illustrated in Fig. 2F, the Time Division (DPlex) Method of Parallel Graphics Rendering distributes all display list graphics data and commands associated with a first scene to the first graphics pipeline, and all graphics display list data and commands associated with a second/subsequent scene to the second graphics pipeline, so that each graphics pipeline (and its individual rendering node or GPU) handles the processing of a full, alternating image frame. Notably, while this method scales very well, the latency between user input and final display increases with scale, which is often irritating for the user. Each GPU is give extra time of N time frames (for N

parallel GPUs) to process a frame. Referring to Fig. 3, the released bottlenecks are those of transform bound (224) at geometry subsystem, and fill bound (225) at pixel subsystem.
Though, with large data sets, each GPU must access all of the data. This requires either maintaining multiple copies of large data sets or creating possible access conflicts to the source copy at the host swelling up the video memory bottlenecks (222, 223) and data transfer bottleneck (221).

Object Division (Sort-last) Method of Parallel Graphics Renderina As illustrated in Fig. 3B, the Object Division (Sort-last) Method of Parallel Graphics Rendering decomposes the 3D scene (i.e. rendered database) and distributes graphics display list data and commands associated with a portion of the scene to the particular graphics pipeline (i.e. rendering unit), and recombines the partially rendered pixel frames, during recomposition. The geometric database is therefore shared among GPUs, offloading the geometry buffer and geometry subsystem, and even to some extend the pixel subsystem. The inain concern is how to divide the data in order to keep load balance. An exemplary multiple-GPU platform for supporting the object-division method of Fig. 3B is shown in Fig. 3A. The platform requires complex and costly pixel compositing hardware which prevents its current application in a modern PC-based computer architecture.

Today, real-time graphics applications, such as advanced video games, are more demanding than ever, utilizing massive teactures, abundance of polygons, high depth-complexity, anti-aliasing, multipass rendering, etc., with such robustness growing exponentially over time.

Clearly, conventional PC-based graphics system fail to address the dynamically changing needs of modern graphics applications. By their vary nature, prior art PC-based graphics systems are unable to resolve the variety of bottlenecks that dynamically arise along graphics applications.
Consequently, such prior ai-t graphics systems are often unable to maintain a high and steady level of performance throughout a particular graphics application.

Indeed, a given pipeline along a parallel graphics system is only as strong as the weakest link of it stages, and thus a single bottleneck determines the overall throughput along the graphics pipelines, resulting in unstable frame-rate, poor scalability, and poor performance.

While each parallelization mode described above solves only part of the bottleneck dilemma, currently existing along the PC-based graphics pipelines, no one parallelization method, in and of itself, is sufficient to resolve all bottlenecks in demanding graphics applications.

Thus, there is a great need in the art for a new and improved way of and means for practicing parallel 3D graphics rendering processes in modern multiple-GPU based computer graphics systems, while avoiding the shortcomings and drawbacks of such prior art methodologies and apparatus.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, a primary object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved method of and apparatus for practicing parallel 3D graphics rendering processes in modern multiple-GPU based computer graphics systems, while avoiding the shortcomings and drawbacks associated with prior art apparatus and methodologies.
Another object of the present invention is to provide such apparatus in the form of a multi-mode multiple graphics processing unit (GPU) based parallel graphics system having multiple graphics processing pipelines with multiple GPUs supporting a parallel graphics rendering process having time, frame and object division modes of operation, wherein each GPU
comprises video memory, a geometry processing subsystem and a pixel processing subsystem, and wherein 3D scene profiling is perfonned in real-time, and the parallelization state/mode of the system is dynamically controlled to meet graphics application requirements.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system having multiple graphics pipelines, each having a GPU and video memory,, and supporting multiple modes of parallel graphics rendering using'real-time graphics application profiling and configuration of the multiple graphics pipelines supporting multiple modes of parallel graphics rendering, namely, a time-division mode, a frame-division mode, and an object-division mode of parallel operation.
Another object of the present invention is to provide such a multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system, which is capable of dynamically =handling bottlenecks that are automatically detected during any particular graphics application running on the host computing system.
Another object of the present invention is to provide such a multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system, wherein different paralielization schemes are employed to reduce pipeline bottlenecks, and increase graphics performance.
Another object of the present invention is to provide such a multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system, wherein image, time and object division methods of parallelization are implemented on the same parallel graphics platform.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a novel method of multi-mode parallel graphics rendering that can be practiced on a multiple GPU-based PC-level graphics system, and dynamically alternating among time, frame and object division modes of parallel operation, in real-time, during the course of graphics application, and adapting the optimal method to the real time needs of the graphics application.
Another object of the present invention is to provide such a multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system, which is capable of supervising the performance level of a graphic application by dynamically adapting different parallelization schemes to solve instantaneous bottlenecks along the graphic pipelines thereof.
Another object of the present invention is to provide such a multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system, having run time configuration flexibility for various parallel schemes to achieve the best parallel performance.
Another object of the present invention is to provide such a multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system having architectural flexibility and real-time profiling and control capabilities which enable utilization of different modes for high and steady performance along the application running on the associated host system.
Another object of the present ' invention is to provide a novel method of multi-mode parallel graphics rendering on a multiple GPU-based graphics system, which achieves improved system performance by using adaptive parallelization of multiple graphics processing units (GPUs), on conventional and non-conventional platform architectures, as well as on monolithic platforms, such as multiple GPU chips or integrated graphic devices (IGD).
Another object of the present invention is to provide a multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system, wherein bottlenecks are dynamically handled.
Another object of the present invention is to provide such a multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system, wherein stable performance is maintained throughout course of a graphics application.

Another object of the present invention to provide a multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system supporting software-based adaptive graphics parallelism for the best performance, seamlessly to the graphics application, and compliant with graphic standards (e.g. OpenGL
and Direct3D).
Another object of the present invention is to provide a multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system, wherein all parallel modes are implemented in a single architecture.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system, wherein the architecture is flexible, supporting fast inter-mode transitions.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system which is adaptive to changing to meet the needs of any graphics application during the course of its operation.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system, which can be implemented using a software implementation of present invention.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system, which can be realized using a hardware implementation.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system, can be realized as chip implementation.

..........._ Another object of the present invention is to provide a multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system, which can be realized as an integrated monolithic implementation.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system, which can be implemented using IGD technology.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system, characterized by run-time configuration flexibility for various parallel schemes to achieve the best parallel performance.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system which operates seamlessly to the application and is compliant with graphic standards (e.g.
OpenGL and Direct3D).
Another object of the present invention is to provide a multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system, which can be implemented on conventional multi-GPU platforms replacing image division or time division parallelism (e.g. SLI by Nvidia).
Another object of the present invention is to provide a multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system, which enables the multiple GPU platforin vendors to incorporate the solution in their systems supporting only image division and time division modes of operation.
Another object of the present invention is to provide such multiple GPU-based graphics system, which enables implementation using low cost multi-GPU cards.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system implemented using IGD technology, and wherein it impossible for the IGD
to get disconnected by the BIOS when an external graphics card is connected and operatirig.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a multiple GPU-based graphics system, wherein a new method of dynamically controlled parallelism improves the system's efficiency and performance.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system, which can be implemented using an IGD supporting more than one external GPU.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system, which can be implemented using an IGD-based chipset having two or more IGDs.
These and other objects of the present invention will become apparent hereinafter and in the claims to invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

For a more complete understanding of how to practice the Objects of the Present Invention, the following Detailed Description of the Illustrative Embodiments can be read in conjunction with the accompanying Drawings, briefly described below:

Fig. IA is a graphical representation of a typical prior art PC-based computing system employing a conventional graphics architecture driving a single external graphic card (105);
Fig. 1B a graphical representation of a conventional GPU subsystem supported on the graphics card of the PC-based graphics system of Fig. 1 A;
Fig. 1C is a graphical representation of a conventional method rendering successive 3D scenes using single GPU graphics platform;
Fig. 2A is a graphical representation of a typical prior art PC-based computing system employing a conventional dual-GPU graphic architecture comprising two external graphic cards (i.e.
primary (105) and secondary (107) graphics cards) connected to the host computer, and a display device (106) attached to the primary graphics card;
Fig. 2B is a graphical representation illustrating the general software architecture of the prior art PC-based graphics system shown in Fig. 2A;
Fig. 2C a graphical representation of a conventional GPU subsystem supported on each of the graphics cards employed in the prior art PC-based computing system of Fig. 2A;
Fig. 2D is a graphical representation of a conventional parallel graphics rendering process being carried out according to the Time Division Method of parallelism using the dual GPUs provided on the prior art graphics platform illustrated in Figs. 2A through 2C;
Fig. 2E. is a graphical representation of a conventional parallel graphics rendering process being carried out according to the Image Division Method of parallelism using the dual GPUs provided on the prior art graphics platform illustrated in Figs. 2A through 2C;
Fig. 3A is a schematic representation of a prior art parallel graphics platform comprising multiple parallel graphics pipelines, each supporting video memory and a GPU, and feeding complex pixel compositing hardware for composing a final pixel-based image for display on the display device;
Fig. 3B is a graphical representation of a conventional parallel graphics rendering process being carried out according to the Object Division Method of parallelism using multiple GPUs on the prior art graphics platform of Fig. 3A;
Fig. 4A is a schematic representation of the multi-mode parallel 3D graphics rendering system of present invention employing automatic 3D scene profiling and multiple GPU
and state control, wherein the system supports three primary paralletization stages, namely, Decompose (401), Distribute (402) and Recompose (403), and wherein each stage is configured (i.e. set up) into a sub-state by set of parameters A for 401, B for 402, and C for 403, and wherein the "Parallelism State" for the overall parallel graphics system is established or determined by the combination of sub-states of these component stages;
Fig. 4A1 is a schematic representation for the Mode Definition Table which shows the four combinations of sub-modes A:B:C for realizing the three Parallel Modes of the parallel graphics system of the present invention, and its one Single (GPU) (Non-Parallel Functioning) Mode of the system of present invention, if needed;
Fig. 4B is a State Transition Diagram for the multi-mode parallel 3D graphics rendering system of present invention, illustrating that a parallel state is characterized by A, B, C sub-state parameters, that the non-parallel state (single GPU) is an exceptional state, reachable from any state by a graphics application or PCM requirement, and that all state transitions in the system are controlled by Profiling and Control Mechanism (PCM), wherein in those cases of known and previously analyzed graphics applications, the PCM, when triggered by events (e.g. drop of FPS), automatically consults the Behavioral Database in course of application, or otherwise, makes decisions which are supported by continuous profiling and analysis of listed parameters, and/or trial and error event driven or periodical cycles;
Fig. 5A is a schematic representation of process carried out by the Profiling and Control Cycle in the Profiling and Control Mechanism employed in the multi-mode parallel 3D
graphics rendering system of present invention, shown in Fig. 4A;
Fig. 5B is a schematic representation of process carried out by the Periodical Trial & Error Based Control Cycle in the Profiling and Control Mechanism employed in the multi-mode parallel 3D
graphics rendering system of present invention, shown in Fig. 4A;
Fig. 5C is a schematic representation of process carried out by the Event Driven Trial & Error Control Cycle in the Profiling and Control Mechanism employed in the multi-mode parallel 3D
graphics rendering system of present invention, shown in Fig. 4A;
Fig. 5D is a schematic representation showing the various inputs into, and tasks of the Application Profiling and Analysis Module within the Profiling and Control Mechanism employed in the multi-mode parallel 3D graphics rendering system of present invention, shown in Fig. 4A;
Fig. 6A is a schematic block representation of a general software-based architecture of the multi-mode parallel 3D graphics rendering system of present invention depicted in Fig. 4A, and illustrating the Profiling and Control Mechanism (400) supervising the flexible parallel rendering structure which enables the real-time adaptive, multi-mode parallel 3D
graphics rendering system of present invention;
Fig. 6B is a schematic block representation of a general hardware-based architecture of the multi-mode parallel 3D graphics rendering system of present invention depicted in Fig, 4A, and illustrating the Profiling and Control Mechanism (400) that supervising the flexible Hub-based parallel rendering structure which enables the real-time adaptive, multi-mode parallel 3D graphics rendering system of present invention;
Fig. 7A is a schematic block representation of an illustrative software-based architecture of the multi-mode parallel 3D graphics rendering system of present invention (700), employing two GPUs and software package (701) comprising the Profiling and Control Mechanism (400) and a suit of three parallelism driving the software-based Decomposing Module (401'), Distributing Module (402') and Recomposing Module (403').
Fig. 7B is a schematic block representation of an illustrative hardware-based architecture of the multi-mode parallel 3D graphics rendering system of present invention (710), employing two GPUs, Graphic Hub (comprising Distributor Module 402" and Recomposer Module 403") and software components comprising the Profiling and Control Mechanism (400) and Decomposing Module (401);
Fig. 8A is a schematic block representation of a hardware-based embodiment of the multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system of the present invention present invention, using multiple discrete graphic cards and hardware-based distributor and recomposer components (402"
and 403") implemented on a hardware-based hub of the present invention;
Fig. 8B is a schematic block representation of a first illustrative hardware-based embodiment of the multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system of the present invention present invention, using a discrete dual graphics cards and hardware-based distributor and recomposer components (402" and 403 ") implemented on a hardware-based hub of the present invention;
Fig. 8C is a schematic block representation of a second illustrative hardware-based embodiment of the multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system of the present invention, using discrete multiple graphics cards and hardware-based distributor and recomposer components (402"
and 403") implemented on a hardware-based hub of the present invention;
Fig. 8D is a schematic block representation of a third illustrative hardware-based embodiment of the multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system of the present invention, using discrete multiple graphics cards and hardware-based distributor and recomposer components (402"
and 403") implemented on a hardware-based hub of the present invention;
Fig. 8E is a schematic block representation of a software-based implementation of the multi-mode parallel graphics rendering systein of the present invention, using multiple discrete GPUs, and software-based decomposer, distributer and recomposer components (701) implemented within host memory space of the host computing system;
Fig. 8F is a schematic block representation of a first illustrative embodiment of a software-based implementation of the multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system of the present invention, employing discrete dual GPU graphics cards and software-based decomposer, distributer and recomposer components (701) implemented within host memory space of the host computing system;
Fig. 8G is a schematic block representation of a second illustrative embodiment of a software-based implementation of the multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system of the present invention, employing discrete dual GPU graphics cards and software-based decomposer, distributer and recomposer components (701) implemented within host memory space of the host computing system;
Fig. 8H is a schematic block representation of a third illustrative embodiment of a software-based implementation of the multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system of the present invention, employing discrete dual GPU graphics cards and software-based decomposer, distributer and recomposer components (701) implemented within host memory space of the host computing system;
Fig. 9A is a schematic block representation of a generalized hardware implementation of the multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system of the present invention, wherein multiple GPUs (715) and hardware-based distributor and recomposer (hub) components (402" and 403") the present invention are implemented on a single graphics display card (902), and to which the display device is attached;
Fig. 9B is a schematic block representation of an illustrative embodiment of the multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system of the present invention, wherein multiple GPUs (715) and hardware-based distributor and recomposer (hub) components (402" and 403") the present invention are implemented on a single graphics display card (902), and to which the display device is attached;
Fig. l0A is a schematic block representation of a generalized hardware implementation of the multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system of the present invention using system on chip (SOC) technology, wherein multiple GPUs and the hardware-based distributor and recomposer are implemented on a single SOC-based graphics chip (1001) on a single graphics card (1002), while the software-based decomposer component is implemented in host memory space of the host computing system;
Fig. 10B is a schematic block representation of an illustrative embodiment of a SOC
implementation of the multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system of the present invention, wherein multiple GPUs and hardware distributor and recomposer components are realized on a single SOC implementation of the present invention (1001) on a single graphics card (1002), while the software-based decomposer component is implemented in host memory space of the host computing system;
Fig. l OC is a schematic block representation of an illustrative embodiment of the multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system of the present invention, employing a multiple GPU chip installed on a single graphics card, and the software-based decomposer, distributor, and recomposer components of the present invention implemented in host memory space, and to which a single graphics card is attached, and to which the display device is attached;
Fig. 1 I A is a schematic block representation of an illustrative embodiment of the multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system of the present invention, implemented using (i) an integrated graphics device (IGD, 1101) within the memory bridge (1101) of the host computing system, implementing the hardware-based distributor and recomposer components of present invention, (ii) the software-based decomposer and distributor components of the present invention implemented within the host memory space, and (iii) multiple graphics display cards (717) connected to the IDG, and to which the display device is attached; and Fig. 11 B is a schematic block representation of an illustrative embodiment of the multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system of the present invention, implemented using an integrated graphics device (IGD, 1112) within the memory bridge (1111) of the host computing system, and the software-based decomposer, distributor and recomposer components of the present invention implemented within the host memory space, and (iii) multiple graphics display cards (717) connected to the IDG, and to which the display device is attached.

BEST MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE PRESENT INVENTION

Referring to the Fig_ 4A through II 1B in the accompanying Drawings, the various illustrative embodiments of the multiple-mode multiple GPU-based parallel graphics rendering system and process of the present invention will now be described in great detail, wherein like elements will be indicated using like reference numerals.
In general, one aspect of the present invention teaches how to dynamically retain high and steady performance of a three-dimensional (3D) graphics system on conventional platforms (e.g. PCs, laptops, servers, etc.), as well as on silicon level graphics systems (e.g.
graphics system on chip (SOC), and integrated graphics device IGD implementations). This aspect of the present invention is accomplished by means of novel architecture of adaptive graphics parallelism having both software and hardware embodiments.
The multiple-mode multiple GPU-based parallel graphics rendering system fulfills the great need of the marketplace by providing a highly-suited parallelism scheme, wherein different GPU-parallel rendering schemes dynamically, alternate throughout the course of any pai-ticular graphics application, and adapting the optimal parallel rendering method (e.g. Image, Time or Frame Division Method) in real-time to meet the changing needs of the graphics application.

Multi-mode Parallel Graphics Rendering System Employing Automatic Profiling And Control As shown in Fig. 4A, the multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system of present invention employing automatic 3D scene profiling and multiple GPU control comprising:
Multi-mode Parallel Rendering Subsystem including three parallelization stages realized by a Decompose Module (401), Distribute Module (402) and Recompose Module (403), and an array of Graphic Processing Units (GPUs); and (ii) Profiling and Control Mechanism (PCM) 400. Each stage is induced (i.e. set up) into a sub-state by set of parameters; A for 401, B for 402, and C for 403.
The state of parallelism of the overall graphic system is established by the combination of sub-states A, B and C, as listed in the Mode/State Definition Table of Fig. 4Al and as it will be elaborated hereinafter.
The unique flexibility of the multi-mode parallel graphics system stems from its ability to quickly change its sub-states, resulting in transition of the overall graphic system to another parallel state: Object Division State, Iinage Division State or Time Division, as well as to other potential parallelization schemes.
The array of GPUs (407) comprises N pairs of GPU and Video Memory pipelines, while only one of them, termed "primary," is responsible for driving the display unit (e.g. LCD panel and the like). Each one of the staging blocks (i.e. Decompose Module (401), Distribute Module (402) and Recompose Module (403), carries out all functions required by the different parallelization schemes supported on the multi-mode parallel graphics rendering platform of the present invention.
The Decompose Module (401) splits up the stream of graphic data and commands according to the required parallelization mode. In general, the typical graphics pipeline is fed by stream of commands and data from the application and graphics library (OpenGL or Direct 3D). This stream, which is sequential in nature, has to be properly handled and eventually partitioned, according to parallelization method. The Decompose Module can be set to different decomposing sub-states (Al through A4), according to Fig. 4A] : Object decomposition, Image decomposition, Alternate decomposition, and Single, for Object Division, Image Division, Time Division and Single GPU (non parallel), respectively. Each one of these parallelization states will be described in great technical detail below.
The Distribute Module (402) physically distributes the streams of data and commands to the cluster of GPUs. This Module is set to one of its BI through B3 sub-states of Divide and Broadcast, for Object Division and Image Division States, respectively, and Single GPU
substate, for the Time Division and Single GPU (i.e. non parallel system state).
The Re-compose Module (403) merges together the partial results of multiple graphics pipelines, according to parallelization mode. The resulting final Frame Buffer (FB) is sent into the display device. This Module has three (C1 through C3) sub-states. The Test based sub-state carries out re-composition based on predefined test performed on pixels of partial frame buffers; typically these are depth test, stencil test, or combination thereof. The Screen based sub-state combines together parts of the final frame buffers, in a puzzle like fashion, creating a single image. The None mode makes no merges, just moves one of the pipeline frame buffers to the display, as required in time division parallelism or in single GPU (non parallel).
The combination of all sub-states creates different parallelization schemes of the graphic system. A Definition Table of Sub-states is given in Fig. 4A1. The following discussion matches these sub-states with parallelization schemes of the Multi-mode Parallel Rendering System.

lmaae Division State of Operation:
In the Image division State of Operation, the Decompose Module, when set on Image Decomposition functional submode (A=2), multiplicates the same command and data stream to all GPUs, and defines unique screen portion for each one, according to the specific image division mode in use (e.g. split screen, or tiled screen). The Distribute Module physically broadcasts the stream to all GPUs by setting up to Broadcast, B=2. Finally the Recompose Module collects all the partial images into final frame buffer, performing the screen based composition, C=2.

Time Division State of Operation:
In the Time Division State of Operation, each GPU renders the next successive frame. The Decompose Module is set to Alternate mode, A=3, alternating the command and data stream among GPUs on frame basis. The Distribute Module is set on Single mode, B=3, physically moving the stream to the designated GPU. Finally the Recompose Module is set on None, C=3, since no merge is needed and the frame buffer is just moved from the designated GPU to the screen for display.

Object Division State of Operation:
In the Object Division State of operation, the Decompose Module is set on Object Decomposition, A=1, decomposing the command and data stream, and targeting partial streams to different GPUs. The Distribute Module is set on Divide, B=1, physically delivering the partial commands and data to GPUs. Finally the Recompose Module is set on Test based mode, C=1, compositing the frame buffer color components of GPUs, based on depth and/or stencil tests.

Single GPU State of Operation:
While the Single GPU State of Operation is a non parallel state of operation, it is allowed and supported in the system of the present invention as it is beneficial in some exceptional cases.. In the Single GPU State, the Decompose, Distribute, and Recompose Modules are set on Single (A=4), Single (B=3) and None (C=3), respectively. Only one GPU, of all pipelines, is used in the single case.
The Profiling and Control Mechanism (PCM) As shown in Fig. 4A, the Profiling and Control Mechanism (PCM) comprises tri-parte structure comprising: Decompose Module (401); Distribute Module (402); and Recompose Module (403). As shown in Fig. 4A, the PCM comprises three algorithmic modules, namely:
(1) Application Profiling and Analysis Module (407);
(2) Parallel Policy Management Module (408); and (3) Distributed Graphic's Function Control Module (409).
As indicated in the Module Definition Table of Fig. 4A1, each such Module (401), (402) and (403) has a sub-state, and each allowed state of the multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system (i.e. Image-Division State, Time-Division State, Object-Division State, and Single GPU State) is the determined by the combination of these sub-states, at any instant in time.
By virtue of such multi-state behavior of the parallel graphics rendering system of present invention, it is capable of high flexibility and high performance in comparison to prior art parallel graphics rendering systems.

As shown in Fig. 4A, the PCM (400) controls the state of the overall multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system, as well as the substates of the modules (401), (402) and 403, and interstate transitions thereof. The PCM (400) performs such system functions using two data stores, namely:
the Historical Repository (404); and the Behavioral Profile DB (405).
As shown in the state transition diagram of Fig. 4B, when a graphics application starts, the PCM tries identifying whether this application is previously known to the system. All analyzed and known application profiles are stored in the Behavioral Profile DB (405). In case of a previously known application the optimal starting state is recommended by the DB, and also further on the behavioral database assists the PCM in course of application. Otherwise, as shown in Fig. 5C, a trial and error cycle of trying out all three parallelization schemes is exercised to choose the optimal one.
During the course of application the decision making on optimal paralielization is either supported by continuous profiling and analysis, and/or on trial and error.
Trial & error is based on comparing results of a single (or very few) cycle spent by the system at each parallelization state. As shown in Fig. 5D, Trial & error can be driven by an event, e.g. drop of frame rate, or as indfcated in Fig. 5C, performed periodically.
As indicated in the Mode Definition Table of Fig. 4A1, each parallel state is characterized by A, B, C sub-state parameters. The non-parallel state (i.e. "singl"e GPU state) is an exceptional state, which is reachable from any parallel state by application or by PCM demand.
As shown in the state transition diagram of Fig. 4B, the PCM considers the following parameters for determining when a state transition should occur:
(1) High texture volume, where a high value of this parameter will trigger (i.e. indicate) a transition to the Image Division and/or Time Division state of operation;
(2) High screen resolution, where a high value of this parameter will trigger a transition to the Image Division, and/or Time Division state of operation;
(3) High pixel layer depth, where a high value of this parameter will trigger a transition to the Image Division state of operation;
(4) High polygon volume, where a high value of this parameter will trigger a transition to the Object Division state of operation;
(5) FPS drop, where this parameter will trigger a transition to the trial &
error cycle;
(6) Same FB, where this parameter will trigger use in successive frames, as a preventive condition from Time Division state of operation; and (7) High video memory footprint, where a high value of this parameter will trigger a transition to the Object Division state of operation.

Reference now is made to Fig. 5A showing a flowchart of the "Profiling And Control Cycle Process" wherein a state transition is based on above listed parameters (1)-(7). In this process, Steps A-C test whether the graphics application is listed in the Behavioral DB. If the application is listed in the Behavioral DB, then application's profile is taken from the DB (step E), a preferred state is set (at Step G), N successive frames are rendered (steps I-J), performance data collected (step K), by the way addition to Historical Repository (step M) and analyzed for next optimal state (step F). Upon conclusion of application, the Behavioral DB is updated at Step N by the collected data from Historical Repository.
As depicted in Fig. 513, the "Periodical Trial & Error" Process differs from the above process/method in its empirical approach. The best parallelization scheme for the graphical application at hand is chosen by a series of trials (Steps A-M). After N
frames (performed during Steps N-O) another periodical trial is done. In order to omit slow and not necessary trials, a preventive condition for any of parallelization schemes can be set and tested (during Steps B, E, and H), such as use by the application of the Frame Buffer FB for the next successive frame, which prevents entering the Time Division State.
Fig. 5C shows flowchart of a slightly different empirical approach, in which the tests towards change of state are done only in case of drop-in-frame-rate event (as indicated during Steps 0, B-M) As shown in Fig. 4A, the Profiling and Control Mechanism (PCM) comprises three algorithmic components, namely: a Application Profiling and Analysis Module (407); Parallel Policy Management Module (408) and Distributed Graphics Function Control. Each of these components will now be described in greater technical detail with reference to Fig, 5D.

The Application Profiling and Analysis Module As shown in Fig. 5D, the Application Profiling and Analysis (407) module monitors and analyzes profiling data of running application. The inputs into and the tasks of the Application Profiling and Analysis Module are shown in Fig. 5D.
The Application Profiling and Analysis Module performs its analysis based on the following:
(1) The performance data collected from several sources, such as vendor's driver, GPUs, chipset, and optionally - from graphic Hub;
(2) Historical repository (404) which continuously stores up the acquired data (i.e. this data having historical depth, and beingused for constructing behavioral profile of ongoing application);
(3) Knowledge based Behavioral Profile DB (405) which is an application profile library of priorly known graphics applications (and further enriched by newly created profiles based on data from the Historical Depository).

The choice of parallelism is based on profiling and analysis of the system's performance at Performance Data Inputs from several sources within the graphics system: GPUs, vendor's driver, chipset, and graphic Hub (optional). The performance data includes the following components, needed for estimating the performance and locate casual bottlenecks:
(i) texture count (ii) screen resolution (iii) polygon volume (iv) at each GPU utilization of (a) Geometry engine (b) Pixel engine (c) Video memory (v) Utilization of CPU
(vi) total pixels rendered (vii) total geometric data rendered (viii) workload of each GPU
(ix) volumes of transferred data The Performance Data is fed and processed for real time analysis and following tasks of the Application Profiling and Analysis module:
(1) Recognition of application (2) Processing of trial & error results (3) Utilization of application profile from Behavioral DB
(4) Data Aggregation in Historical Repository (5) Analysis of input performance data (6) Analysis based on integration of (a) frame-based "atornic" performance data (b) aggregated data at Historical Repository (c) Behavioral DB data (7) Detection of rendering algorithms used by application (8) Detection of use of FB in next successive frame as a preventive condition for time division mode (9) Recognition of preventive conditions for other parallel modes (10) Evaluation of pixel layer depth at the pixel subsystem of GPU

(11) Frame/sec count (12) Detection of critical events (e.g. frame/sec drop) (13) Detection of bottlenecks in graphics pipeline (14) Measure and balance of load among GPUs (15) Update Behavioral DB from Historical Depository (16) Selection of optimal parallel mode Selection Of Optimal Parallel Method (i.e. State) By The PCM
Each parallel mode excels in a different set of bottlenecks.

In a well defined case, Object-Division Method supersedes the other division modes in that it reduces more bottlenecks. In contrast to Image-Division, that reduces only the fragment/fill bound processing at each GPU, the Object-Division Mode relaxes bottleneck across the pipeline: (i) the geometry (i.e. polygons, lines, dots, etc) transform processing is offloaded at each GPU, handling only 1/N of polygons (N - number of participating GPUs) ; (ii) fill bound processing is reduced since-less polygons are feeding the rasterizer, (iii) less geometry memory is needed; (iv) less texture memory is needed.
The Time-Division Mode is favorable for the bottlenecks of transform and fill by allowing more time, however the video memory bottleneck remains unsolved. Moreover, this method suffers from severe problems such as (i) CPU bottlenecks, (ii) the GPU generated frame buffers are not available to each other in cases the previous frame is required as a start point for the successive one, and (iii) from pipeline latency. In many applications these are stoppages from using time division;
however, for some other applications this method may be suitable and perform better than other parallelization schemes.
Automated transition to the Object-Division State of operation effectively releases the parallel graphics system of the present invention from transform and video memory loads. However, for fill loads, the Object Division State of operation will be less effective than the Image Division State of operation.
At this juncture it will be helpful to consider under what conditions a transition from the Object Division State to the Image-Division State can occur, so that the parallel graphics system of the present invention will perform better "fill loads", especially in higher resolution.
Notably, the duration of transform and fill phases differ between the Object and lmage Modes (i.e. States) of operation. For clarity purposes, consider the case of a dual GPU system. Image-division render time is given by:
(1) TobiDiõ = Transform + Fill/2 whereas in Object-Division the fill load does not reduce in the same factor as transform load.
The render time is:
(2) Ttm6Div = Transform/2 + OoePthcomPtexity*Fill/2 The fill function (DnePU,Co, Ptexic,, in Object-Division Mode depends on depth complexity of the scene. Depth complexity is the number of fragment replacements as a result of depth tests (the number of polygons drawn on every pixel). In the ideal case of no fragment replacement (e.g. all polygons of the scene are located on the same depth level) the second component of the Object-Division Modereduces to (2.1) TimsDiv = Transform/2 +Fill/2 However, when depth complexity is getting high, the advantage of Object-Division Mode drops down, and in some cases the Image-Division Mode may even perform better, e.g. applications with small number of polygons and high volume of textures.
The function 4>Depthcompiexity denotes the way the fill time is affected by depth complexity:
2E(L l 2) (3) ~DepthComplexity - E(L) where E(L) is the expected number of fragments drawn at pixel for L total polygon layers.
In ideal case (DDep,hComplexity = 1. E is given by:

1 m-I
(3.1) E(m) = 1 + -~ E(i) rn ,e For a uniform layer-depth of L throughout the scene, the following algorithm is used to find switching conditions from Object-Division Mode to Image-Division Mode:
(4) _ chose - div _ mod e(Transform, Fill) Fill Transform Fill ~De ObjectDivision Transform + 2 > 2 + , 2 X pthCotnplexity Im ageDivision otherwise An algorithm to choose between Image-Division and Object-Division Modes detects which of transform and fill bound processing is smaller. Once the layer-depth reaches some threshold value throughout the scene; Object-Division Mode will not minimize the Fill function any more.

Example: Consideration Of A General Scene:
Denote the time of this drawing of n polygons and p pixels as Render(n,p), and by P the time taken to draw one pixel. Here the drawings time is assumed to be constant for all pixels (which may be a good approximation, but is not perfectly accurate). Also, it is assumed that the Render function, which is linearly dependent on p (the number of pixels actually drawn), is independent of the number of non-drawings that were calculated. This means that if the system has drawn a big polygon that covers the entire screen surface first, then for any additional n polygons: Re nder(n, p) = p x P.

(5) Re nder(n, p) P x I{x ( LayerDepth(x) = i}I x E(i) The screen space of general scene is divided into sub-spaces based on the layer-depth of each pixel.
This leads to some meaningful figures.

For example, suppose a game engine has most of the screen (90%) with a depth of four layers (the scenery) and a small part covered by the player (10%) with a depth of 20 layers. The value of Render without Object Division Mode support is given by:

Re nder(n, p) = p x 0.9 x E(4) + p x 0.1 x E(20) = 2.2347739657143681 x p While with Object-Division Mode support, one gets:

Re nder(n / 2, p) = p x 0.9 x E(4 / 2) + p x 0.1 x E(20 / 2) =1.6428968253968255 x p Notably, the improvement factor in this case is thus 1.3602643398952217.
A CAD engine, on the other hand, might have a constant layer depth of 4.
The following table shows the improvement factor for interesting cases:

Big part (90%). layer depth Small part (10%) layer depth Object-Division,improvement factor on the Render function x x E(x) (this follows immediately from above) 2 4 1.4841269841269842 4 2 1.3965517241379308 100 1.2594448158034022 It is easily seen that when the layer depth (DpePti,co,,,,,ir,i,Y is getting larger, the Object Division Mode is not improving the rendering time by a large amountm and if rendering time is the bottleneck of the total frame calculation procedure, then the Image-Division Mode might be a better approach.
The analysis results by Application Profiling and Analysis Module are passed down to the next module of Parallel Policy Management Module.

Parallel Policy Management Module Parallel Policy Management module (408) makes up final decision regarding the preferred parallel mode, based on profiling and analysis results of the previous module.
The decision is made per some N frames basis. As shown above, the layer depth factor, differentiating between the effectiveness of object division vs. image division can be evaluated by analyzing the relationship of geometric data vs. fragment data at a scene, or alternatively can be found heuristically. illustrative control policies have ben described above and in Figures 5A-5C.

Distributed Graphic Function Control Distributed Graphic Function Control Module (409) carries out all the functions associated with the different parallelization modes according to decision made by the Parallel Policy Management Module. The Distributed Graphic Function Control Module (409) drives directly the configuration sub-states of the Decompose, Distribute and Recompose Modules, according to the parallelization mode. Moreover, it includes drivers needed for hardware components such as graphic Hub, described herein later in the specifications.

The General Software Architecture of present invention The multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system of present invention employing automatic scene profiling and mode control has two principally different embodiments, expressed in software and hardware, although both are embraced by the scope and spirit of the present invention illustrated in Fig. 4A.
As illustrated in Fig. 6A, a generalized software embodiment is the new General Software Architecture of present invention, block, showing the Profiling and Control Mechanism (400) that supervises the flexible parallel structure of multi-GPU rendering system. The Profiling and Control Mechanism has been already thoroughly described in reference to Fig. 4A.
The multiple-GPU rendering system comprises of Decompose Module (401'), Distribute Module (402'), Recompose Module (403'), and Cluster of Multiple GPUs (410').
The Decompose Module is implemented by three software modules, OS-GPU
interface and Utilities, Division Control and State Monitoring.
OS-GPU Interface and Utilities performs all the functions associated with interaction with the Operation System, graphic library (e.g. OpenGL or DirectX), and interfacing with GPUs. It is responsible for interception of the graphic commands from the standard graphic library, forwarding and creating graphic commands to Vendor's GPU Driver, controlling registry and installation, OS
services and utilities. Another task of this module is reading performance data from different sources (GPUs, vendor's driver, chipset) and forwarding the data to Profiling and Control Mechanism.
Division Control controls the division parameters and data to be processed by each GPU, according to parallelization scheme, e.g. division of data among GPUs in object division mode, or image partition among GPUs in image division mode.
In Object Division Mode the polygon division control consists of sending each polygon randomly to a different GPU. This is an easy algorithm to implement, while turns out to be quite efficient. There are different variants on this basic algorithm.

Distribution of vertex arrays Instead of randomly dividing the polygons, every even polygon can be sent to GPUI and every odd polygon to GPU2 (or more GPUs accordingly). Or alternatively, vertex-arrays are kept in their entirety and sent to different GPUs, as the input might be of the form of vertex arrays, and dividing it may be too expensive.

Dynamic load balancing by nolygons GPU loads are detected at real time and the next polygon is sent to the least loaded GPU.
Dynamic load balancing by complex objects (built out of polygons). GPU loads are detected at real time and the next object is sent to the least loaded GPU.

State Monitoring handles state validity across the system The graphic libraries (e.g. OpenGL and DirectX) are state machines.
Parallelization must preserve cohesive state across the graphic system. It is done by continuous analysis of all incoming commands, while the state commands and some of the data must be duplicated to all pipelines in order to preserve the valid state across the graphic pipeline. This function is exercised mainly in object division scheme, as disclosed in detail in inventor's previous pending patent PCT/I L04/001069.
The Di'stribute Module is implemented by the Distribution Management module, which addresses the streams of commands and data to the different GPUs via chipset outputs, according to needs of the parallelization schemes.
The Re-compose Module is realized by two modules: (i) Merge Management handling the read-back of frame buffers and the compositing sub-states of: test based, screen based and none. (ii) Merger is an algorithmic module that performs the different compositing algorithms:
The Test Based sub-state suits compositing of object division. Sets of Z-buffer, stencil-buffer and color-buffer are read back from GPU FBs to host's memory for compositing.
The pixels of color-buffers from different GPUs are merged into single color-buffer, based on per pixel comparison of depth and/or stencil values (e.g. at given x-y position only the pixel associated with the lowest z value is let out to the output color-buffer). This is a software technique to perform hidden surface elimination among multiple frame buffers required for object division mode.
Frame buffers are merged based on depth and stencil tests. Stencil tests, with or without combination with depth test, are used in different multipass algorithms. The final color-buffer is down-loaded to the primary GPU for display.

Screen Based sub-state suits Image Divisiori parallelism Screen based compositing is a puzzle like merging of image portions from all GPUs into a single image at the primary GPU, and sent out to display. It is a much simpler procedure than Test Based, no tests are needed. While the primary GPU is sending its color-buffer segment to display, the Merger reads back other GPUs color-buffer segments to host's memory just for downloading them into primary GPU's FB for display.

None functioning mode is a non-compositing option moving the incoming Frame Buffer to the display. It is used when no compositing is required. In time division a single color-buffer is just read back from a GPU to host's meinory and downloaded to primary GPU for display. In a non-parallel case of single GPU, usually the primary GPU is employed for rendering, so no host memory transit is needed.

The Hardware Hub Based Architecture Of Present Invention The hardware embodiment is the new Graphic Hub Based Architecture of present invention, block diagramed in Fig. 6B, showing the Profiling and Control Mechanism (400) that supervises the flexible Hub based structure creating a real-time adaptively parallel multi-GPU system. Since the Profiling and Control Mechanism (400) has been already thoroughly described in reference to Fig.
4A, we concentrate on the Decompose (401'), Distribute (402"), and Recompose (403") modules.
The Decompose is a software module residing in the host, while Distribute and Recompose Modules are hardware based components residing in the Hub hardware, external to the host.
The Decompose Module is similar to the one of software embodiment, described above.
Therefore we indicate only the dissimilarities of this module in hardware embodiment of present invention.

OS-GPU Interface and Utilities Additional source of performance data, on top of the GPUs, vendor's driver, and chipset, is the internal profiler in the Hub Distribute Module, as shown in Fig. 6B.
Additional function of the OS-GPU Interface and Utilities block is driving the Hub hardware by means of soft driver.

Division Control All commands and data are processed for decomposition in this module and marked for division, however they all are sent in a single stream into Distribute Module of the Hub for physical distribution.
The function of the Graphic Hub hardware is to interconnect the host and the cluster of GPUs, as shown in Fig. 6B. There are two basic functionalities on it:
Distribute Module (402") and Recompose Module (403"). From the functional point of view the Distribute Module resides before the cluster, delivering commands and data for rendering (the "pre GPU unit"), and the Recompose Module that comes after the cluster and collects post rendering data ("post GPU unit"), however physically both units share the same hardware unit (e.g. silicon chip).
The Distribute Module (402") consists of three functional units: Router Fabric, Proftler, and Hub Control.

The Router Fabric is a configurable switch (e.g. 5 way PCI express x 16 lanes switch) that distributes the stream of geometric data and commands to GPUs. It can be set to one of three sub-states described therein before: Divide, Broadcast, and Single.
The Profiler, being close to the raw data passing by, monitors these data for profiling. The collected data is mainly related to the performance of Geometry subsystem.
Another part of Hub profiling is resident to the Recompose Module. Both profilers unify their performance data and deliver it as a feedback to Profiling and Control Mechanism, via Decompose Module.
The Hub Control, a central control unit to the Hub, is under control of the Distributed Graphics Function Control unit of the Profiling and Control Mechanism at the host.
The Recompose Module (403") consists of hardware blocks of Merge management, Merger, Profiler and Router Fabric.
The Merge management unit handles the read-back of frame buffers and the compositing sub-states of: test based, screen based and none, described above in great detail.
The Merger is an algorithmic module that performs the different compositing algorithms of object division, image division and time division.
The Profiler collects performance data related to the pixel subsystem of GPUs.
This data is passed to the other profiling unit (at Distribute Module), unified and moved to the host.
The Router Fabric is a configurable switch (e.g. 5 way PCI express x16 lanes switch) that collects the streams of read-back FB data from GPUs, to be delivered to the Merger unit.

Illustrative Example Of A Software Architecture Of The Multi-Mode Parallel Graphics Renderina System of The Present Invention Fig. 7A shows an illustrative example of software architecture for the multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system of the present invention comprising two GPUs (700).
This illustrative system architecture is implemented on a conventional PC platform with a dual-bus chipset. Its software package (701) comprises Profiling and Control Mechanism (400) and a suit of three parallelisin driving modules namely: the Decomposing Module (401), the Distributing Module (402) and the Recomposing Module (403).

Illustrative Example Of Hardware (Hub-Based) Of The Multi-Mode Parallel Graphics Rendering System of The Present Invention -Fig. 7B. shows an illustrative example of hardware (Hub-based) architecture for the multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system of the present invention (710), implemented on a conventional PC architecture with a single-bus chipset. The illustrative system architecture comprises a software driver (711) and Graphic Hub. The software components comprise the Profiling and Control Mechanism (400), and the Decomposing module (401). The cluster of GPUs (717) includes primary GPU (715 primary) attached to Display and number of secondary GPUs (715).

Various Options For Implementing The Multi-Mode Parallel Gra h~p ~cs System of The Present Invention The multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system of present invention employing automatic profiling and multiple GPU control mechanism has two embodiinents, software and hardware. As such, the present invention can be implemented on a great variety of conventional PC, laptop, servers and other architectures, as well as new systems in the following ways In Fig. 8A, a general approach is shown for a hardware implementation of the system of the present invention using multiple discrete graphic cards. In Figs, 8B-8D, there are shown three possible packaging options. In Fig. 8B, there is shown an extender card (811) with a graphic Hub chip, on a PC motherboard (814), having two graphic card mounted (812, 813).
In Fig. 8C, there is sbown an external multiple-GPU box, having graphic HUB chip on backplane, connected by PClexpress cable to the host. In Fig. 8D, there is shown a Graphic Hub chip (402" + 403") implemented on a motherboard (831), with multiple graphic cards (832).
In Fig. 8E, a general approach is shown for a software implementation of system of the present invention using multiple discrete GPUs. In Figs. 8F-8H, there are three possible three possible options here. In Fig. 8F, there is shown a PC platform with dual GPU
cards plus software embodiment of present invention. In Fig. 8G, there is shown a PC or another platform with descrete multiple GPU card and plus software embodiment of present invention. In Fig.
8H, there is shown an extemal multiple-GPU box, connected by PClexpress cable to the host, plus software embodiment of present invention.
In Fig. 9A, a general approach is shown for a hardware implementation of present invention iasing single graphic card with multiple GPUs. ln Fig. 9b, one option is shown. concept of the above In Fig. 10, a general approach is shown for hardware implementation of system of the present invention using system on chip (SOC) (1001) with monolithic Hub implementation and multiple GPUs. In Fig. lOB, one possible SOC (1001) implementation is shown conceptually.
In Fig. 10C, a general approach is shown for a software implementation of system of the present invention (701) using multiple GPUs chip (1031).
Fig. 11A, a general approach is shown for a hardware implementation of system of the present invention using integrated graphic device (IGD, 1101) implementation including silicon embodiment of hardware distributor and recomposer of present invention. Today the use of IGD is an alternative to external card, only one of them can work at a time. However, the present invention enables joining forces of the IGD with one or more external cards to boost the graphics performance.

In Fig. II B, a general approach is shown for a software implementation of the system of the present invention, wherein an integrated graphics device (IGD, 1111) plus software embodiment of present invention.
While the illustrative embodiments of the present invention have been described in connection with various PC-based computing system applications, it is understood that that parallel graphics systems and rendering processes of the present invention can also be used in video game consoles and systems, mobile computing devices, e-commerce and POS displays and the like.
It is understood that the parallel graphics rendering technology employed in computer graphics systems of the illustrative embodiments may be modified in a variety of ways which will become readily apparent to those skilled in the art of having the benefit of the novel teachings disclosed herein. All such modifications and variations of the illustrative embodiments thereof shall be deemed to be within the scope and spirit of the present invention as defined by the Claims to Invention appended hereto.

Claims (49)

1. A multi-mode GPU-based parallel graphics system having multiple graphics processing pipelines with multiple GPUs supporting a parallel graphics rendering process having time, frame and object division modes of operation, wherein each GPU comprises video memory, a geometry processing subsystem and a pixel processing subsystem, and wherein 3D scene profiling is performed in real-time, and the parallelization state/mode of the system is dynamically controlled to meet graphics application requirements.

2. A multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system having multiple graphics pipelines, each having a GPU and video memory, and supporting multiple modes of parallel graphics rendering using real-time graphics application profiling and configuration of the multiple graphics pipelines supporting multiple modes of parallel graphics rendering, namely, a time-division mode, a frame-division mode, and an object-division mode of parallel operation.

3. A multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system, which is capable of dynamically handling bottlenecks that are automatically detected during any particular graphics application running on the host computing system.

4. A multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system, wherein different parallelization schemes are employed to reduce pipeline bottlenecks, and increase graphics performance.

5. A multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system, wherein image, time and object division methods of parallelization are implemented on the same parallel graphics platform.

6. A multi-mode parallel graphics rendering that can be practiced on a multiple GPU-based PC-level graphics system, and dynamically alternating among time, frame and object division modes of parallel operation, in real-time, during the course of graphics application, and adapting the optimal method to the real time needs of the graphics application.

7. A multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system, which is capable of supervising the performance level of a graphic application by dynamically adapting different parallelization schemes to solve instantaneous bottlenecks along the graphic pipelines thereof.

8. A multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system, having run time configuration flexibility for various parallel schemes to achieve the best parallel performance.

9. A multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system having architectural flexibility and real-time profiling and control capabilities which enable utilization of different modes for high and steady performance along the application running on the associated host system.

10. A multi-mode parallel graphics rendering on a multiple GPU-based graphics system, which achieves improved system performance by using adaptive parallelization of multiple graphics processing units (GPUs), on conventional and non-conventional platform architectures, as well as on monolithic platforms, such as multiple GPU chips or integrated graphic devices (IGD).

11. A multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system, wherein bottlenecks are dynamically handled.

12. A multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system, wherein stable performance is maintained throughout course of a graphics application.

13. A multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system supporting software-based adaptive graphics parallelism for the best performance, seamlessly to the graphics application, and compliant with graphic standards (e.g. OpenGL and Direct3D).

14. A multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system, wherein all parallel modes are implemented in a single architecture.

15. A multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system, wherein the architecture is flexible, supporting fast inter-mode transitions.

16. A multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system which is adaptive to changing to meet the needs of any graphics application during the course of its operation.

17. A multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system, can be implemented using a software implementation.

18. A multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system, can be realized using a hardware implementation.

19. A multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system, can be realized as chip implementation.

20. A multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system, can be realized as an integrated monolithic implementation.

21. A multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system, can be implemented using IGD technology.

22. A multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system, characterized by run-time configuration flexibility for various parallel schemes to achieve the best parallel performance.

23.- A multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system which operates seamlessly to the application and is compliant with graphic standards (e.g. OpenGL and Direct3D).

24. A multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system, can be implemented on conventional multi-GPU platforms replacing image division or time division parallelism (e.g. SLI
by Nvidia)

25. A multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system, which enables the multiple GPU platform vendors to incorporate the solution in their systems supporting only image division and time division modes of operation.

26. A multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system implemented using IGD
technology, and wherein it impossible for the IGD to get disconnected by the BIOS when an external graphics card is connected and operating.

27. A multiple GPU-based graphics system, wherein dynamic management and control over mode parallelism improves the efficiency and performance of the system.

28. A multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system, which can be implemented using an IGD
supporting more than one external GPU.

29. A multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system, which can be implemented using an IGD-based chipset having two or more IGDs.

30. A multi-mode parallel 3D graphics rendering system employing automatic 3D
scene profiling and multiple GPU and state control, wherein the system supports three primary parallelization stages, namely, Decompose, Distribute and Recompose module, and wherein each stage is configured (i.e.
set up) into a sub-state by set of parameters, and wherein the "Parallelism State" for the overall parallel graphics system is established or determined by the combination of sub-states of these component stages.

31 31. A multi-mode parallel 3D graphics rendering system, comprising:
an Application Profiling and Analysis Module; and wherein all state transitions in said system are controlled by a Profiling and Control Mechanism (PCM);
wherein in those cases of known and previously analyzed graphics applications, the PCM, when triggered by events automatically consults a Behavioral Database in course of application, or otherwise, makes decisions which are supported by continuous profiling and analysis of listed parameters, and/or trial and error event driven or periodical cycles.

32. The multi-mode parallel 3D graphics rendering system of claim 31, wherein said PCM
comprises a Profiling and Control Cycle.

33. The multi-mode parallel 3D graphics rendering system of claim 32, wherein said PCM further comprises a Periodical Trial & Error Based Control Cycle

34. The multi-mode parallel 3D graphics rendering system of claim 33, wherein said PCM further comprises an Event Driven Trial & Error Control Cycle.

35. A multi-mode parallel 3D graphics rendering system comprising:
a Profiling and Control Mechanism that supervises a flexible Hub-based parallel rendering structure.

36. A multi-mode parallel 3D graphics rendering system realized using software-based architecture, and comprising: at lest two GPUs and a software package including a Profiling and Control Mechanism and a suit of three parallelism driving a software-based Decomposing Module, Distributing Module and Recomposing Module.

37. A hardware-based architecture of the multi-mode parallel 3D graphics rendering system employing at least two GPUs, a Graphic Hub including a hardware-based Distributor Module and Recomposer Module, and software components comprising a Profiling and Control Mechanism and a Decomposing Module.

38. A multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system comprising multiple discrete graphic cards and a hardware-based distributor and recomposer components implemented on a hardware-based hub structure.

39. A multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system comprising at least two graphics cards and hardware-based distributor and recomposer components implemented on a hardware-based hub strucure.

40. A multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system comprising multiple discrete graphics cards and hardware-based distributor and recomposer components implemented on a hardware-based hub structure.

41. A multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system comprising multiple discrete GPUs, and software-based decomposer, distributer and recomposer components implemented within host memory space of a host computing system.

42. A multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system comprising at least two discrete GPU graphics cards and software-based decomposer, distributer and recomposer components implemented within host memory space of a host computing system.

43. A multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system comprising multiple GPUs and hardware-based distributor and recomposer (hub) components implemented on a single graphics display card, and to which a display device can be attached.

44. A multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system comprising multiple GPUs and hardware-based distributor and recomposer (hub) components implemented on a single graphics display card, and to which a display device can be attached.

45. A multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system comprising multiple GPUs and hardware-based distributor and recomposer components implemented on a single SOC-based graphics chip on a single graphics card, while a software-based decomposer component is implemented in host memory space of a host computing system.

46. A multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system comprising multiple GPUs and hardware distributor and recomposer components implemented on a single SOC, which is mounted on a single graphics card (1002), while a software-based decomposer component is implemented in host memory space of a host computing system.

47. A multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system comprising multiple GPU
chips installed on a single graphics card, and a software-based decomposer, distributor, and recomposer components implemented in host memory space, and to which a single graphics card is connected, and to which a display device can be attached.

48. A multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system comprising:
an integrated graphics device (IGD) within a memory bridge of a host computing system, implementing hardware-based distributor and recomposer components;
software-based decomposer and distributor components implemented within host memory space of said host computing system; and multiple graphics display cards connected to said IDG, and to which a display device can be attached.

49. A multi-mode parallel graphics rendering system comprising:
an integrated graphics device (IGD) within a memory bridge of a host computing system; and software-based decomposer, distributor and recomposer components implemented within host memory space of said host computing system; and multiple graphics display cards connected to said IDG, and to which a display device can be attached.